MEE4006 Module1 Notes

MEE4006: COMPUTATIONAL
FLUID DYNAMICS (CFD)

B.Tech
Sivakumar, R
SMBS, VIT Chennai
Objectives
 To provide the students with sufficient

background to understand the mathematical
representation of the governing equations of fluid
flow and heat transfer.
 To enable the students to understand different
discretization techniques and solve convection,
diffusion problems.
 To help the students to understand the grid
generation.
 To teach students how to apply explicit, implicit
and semi-implicit methods to solve fluid flow
problems using CFD techniques.
Expected Outcome at the end of the course
 Student will be able to Outcome:

 Possess the knowledge of CFD techniques,
basic aspects of discretization and grid
generation
 Solve fluid flow fields using CFD methods
 Model fluid flow problems and heat transfer
Syllabus: Module-1
Introduction:
CFD overview - Applications of CFD (1 hour).
Syllabus: Module-2
Governing Equations of Fluid Dynamics and Heat

Transfer:
Models of Flow – Conservation and Non-
conservation form - Continuity, Momentum and
Energy Equation in conservation and non-
conservation form (differential equations only) -
Characteristics of PDE's - elliptic, parabolic and
hyperbolic. (6 hours)
Syllabus: Module-3
Discretization and Finite Difference method:

Discretization: Basic aspects of Discretization –
Comparison of finite difference, finite volume and
finite element techniques.
Finite Difference method: Forward, Backward and
Central difference schemes, Transient one and two
dimensional conduction - Explicit, implicit, semi-
implicit and ADI methods - Stability analysis and
error estimation.(7 hours)
Syllabus: Module-4
Grid Generation:
Choice of grid, grid oriented velocity components,
Cartesian velocity components, staggered and
collocated arrangements.(3 hours)
Syllabus: Module-5
Convection and Diffusion:

Steady one-dimensional convection and diffusion -
Central difference, upwind, quick, exponential,
hybrid and power law schemes- False diffusion,
SIMPLE – Algorithm.(7 hours)
Syllabus: Module-6
Turbulence Modeling:
Introduction – Types of Turbulence modeling –
Reynolds Time Averaging – Reynolds Time Averaged
conservation equations – Boussinesq approach –
One equation k -  model.(4 hours)
Syllabus: Module-7
Contemporary issues:
Delivered by industrial experts.(2 hours)
Lecture Plan
Lecture Plan
Module-1
CFD overview - Applications of CFD

What is Fluid Dynamics?
13
What is Fluid Dynamics?
 Science of Fluid Motion
 Fluid flow is studied by
 Experimental Fluid Dynamics
 Theoretical Fluid Dynamics
 Numerically: CFD
 Sufficient knowledge required
14
What is CFD?
15
What is CFD?
Computational
Fluid
Dynamics
16
What is CFD?
Analysis of system involving fluid flow, heat transfer and

associated phenomena such as chemical reactions by means
of
 Mathematical Modeling (Partial Differential Equations)
 Numerical Methods (Discretization & Solution Techniques)
 Software Tools (Pre, Solver & Post Processing Utilities)
Virtual Flow
Laboratory
17
What is CFD?
 High performance computing  Made CFD

possible
18
Why CFD?
19
Why CFD?
 Analysis and Design
1. Simulation-based design instead of “build & test”

 More cost effective and more rapid than EFD
 CFD provides high-fidelity database for
diagnosing flow field
20
Why CFD?
 Analysis and Design
2. Simulation of physical fluid phenomena that are

difficult for experiments
 Full scale simulations (e.g., ships and
airplanes)
 Environmental effects (wind, weather, etc.)
 Hazards (e.g., explosions, radiation, pollution)
 Knowledge and exploration of flow physics

21
Why CFD?
Results of CFD Analysis used in
 Conceptual studies of new designs
 Detailed product development
 Troubleshooting
 Redesign
22
CFD Applications
23
CFD Applications – Automotive
Courtesy: FLUENT Roadshow, 2006

24

25
Vehicle Aerodynamics
 Analyzing drag
 Improving fuel economy by proper external design
26
Underhood Thermal Management

 To predict temperature distribution on the
underhood surfaces
27
Passenger Comfort
 To predict the thermal distribution felt by the
passengers
 To find Footwell flow
 To find flow through compartment 28
Brake Cooling
 Flow rate and heat transfer characteristics
 Heat transfer coefficients are exported to ANSYS
for doing thermal stress analysis 29
Fog Lamp Heat Dissipation

 Automotive fog lamp generate significant amount of
heat  select suitable materials to handle high
thermal loads
 Predict radiation and convection flows in lamp’s
interior 30
CFD Applications – Aerospace & Defence
 Gas turbine engines

 Missiles
 Rocket and Scramjet
engines
 Spacecraft
 Aerodynamics
 Propulsion and
Power
 Heat Transfer
 Fluid Structure
Interaction [FSI]
31
CFD Applications – FSI
 Interaction between
complex fluid flow
and complex
structural and/or
thermal behavior
Fig. : Reed Valve
Displacement,
Temperature,
boundary velocity
Structural CFD
analysis analysis
Pressure,
Heat Flux,
HTC
32
CFD Applications – Turbo machinery
 Fan
 Blower
 Turbine
Fan hub, blade, shroud
Mini air system

simulation for room
Wind turbine – wake effect air-conditioner
33
CFD Applications – Power Generation
 Boilers
 Burners
 Coal Handling
 Combustors
 Duct flows
 Hydro power
 Silencers
 Wind boxes
34
CFD Applications – Oil and Gas
 Burners
 Furnaces
 Deep water
Technology
 Drilling
 Downhole analysis
 Emission control
 Offshore rigs
 Pipeline flow analysis
 Oil spill clean up
35
CFD Applications – Flow Assurance
 Heat transfer in Christmas tree
 Multiphase flow in long pipe
 Severe slugging in riser
 Sand transport in pipes
 Temperature effects in
transportation of viscous oil
 Hydrate formation
 Slug flow around pipe elbow
 Riser V&V
 3 phase separator
 Wave impact on platform
 Launching of lifeboat Courtesy: CD adapco
36
Deep Sea Mining System
Area of interest
• Flexible riser
– 5̴ ,000 m vertical
transport
– Nodules + water
mixture
CFD Applications – Chemical
 Combustion
 Filtration
 Fluid Handling
 Heat and Mass
Transfer
 Pumps
 Reactions
 Refining operations
 Waste handling
Fluidized bed
coater  Water treatment
38
CFD Applications – Electrical
Thermal performance of
 Electrical motors -
Brushless DC motor,
induction motors,
permanent magnet motor,
Sector model of the BrushLess DC motor etc.,
James Kuria & Pyung Hwang, Int. journal of Mech.Engineering, 1(1).
 Drive and power
convertor design
 Generators
Predict flow in complex
regions – around the motor
Alternator
end windings
39
CFD Applications – Electrical
 Fan design & performance

studies
 Supporting analysis – water
flow in cooling jackets and
cooling of associated power
electronics
 Ventilation cooling in large
Generator
electrical machines
40
CFD other Applications
 Biomedical
 Healthcare and Pharmaceutical

 Electronics
 Marine
 Glass processing
 Home and Security
 Environmental and Water quality
 Metals, Minerals and Mining
 Sports Equipments
41
Work done at VIT IC Engine
 Comparison of Toroidal Combustion Chambers in a
Direct Injection Diesel Engine (Dr. Manimaran)
42
Work done at VIT IC Engine
 Flow characteristics of a Diesel Injector Throttle (Rince,
M.Tech)
 Automotive radiator with nano fluid (Reynold, M.Tech)
43
Work done at VIT Aerospace
 Double ramp for hypersonic flow (Lakshman, M.Tech)
 Micro ramp for hypersonic flow (Ashish, Gogoi, M.Tech)
44
Work done at VIT Aerospace
 Flow over a elliptic cylinder with a parabolic plate
behind it (Sagar, Rahul, M.Tech)
45
Work at VIT Industrial
 Optimization of centrifugal fan of an industrial travelling
cleaner (Sumedh, M.Tech)
 Thermal analysis of capacitor bank (Sumedh, M.Tech)
46
Work at VIT Subsea & Chemical
 Heat exchanger effectiveness (Anuprita, M.Tech)
 Heat exchanger effectiveness (Pavan, M.Tech)
47
Work at VIT Subsea & Chemical
 Slurry flow in a vertical riser (Rahul, M.Tech)
 Corrugated pipe (Rince. M.Tech)
48
Work at VIT Medical
 Design of Stent in the Aortic Arc Aneurysm (Reynold,
M.Tech)
49
Work at VIT Electrical
 Thermal analysis of electrical machines (Pavan,
M.Tech)
50
Consultancy – Diesel Filter
 CFD analysis of Diesel Filter
Deliverable: Pressure drop

Chennai
51
Consultancy - TEG heat exchanger
 CFD analysis of heat exchanger for TEG
Spurt innovation,
bangalore 52
Consultancy – TEG heat exchanger
 CFD analysis of heat exchanger for TEG
Deliverable: Temp. difference

Spurt innovation, across TEG, Outlet temperatures
bangalore 53
Consultancy – Space heater
Fresh air
Fresh air outlet
outlet
Bottom
view
Hot air
outlet Hot air
Hot air outlet
inlet Fresh air Hot/Fresh
inlet Existing Design air inlets
Spurt innovation,
bangalore New Design
Experiments Vs Simulations
55
 CFD gives an insight into flow patterns that are difficult,

expensive or impossible to study using Experiments
Experiments Simulations
Quantitative description of flow Quantitative Prediction of flow
phenomena using Measurements phenomena using Simulations
• for a single quantity at a time • for all desired quantities
• at a limited number of locations • with high resolution in space and
and duration time
• for a laboratory scale model • for the actual flow domain
• for a limited range of problems • for virtually any problem and
and operating conditions realistic operating conditions
Error Sources: Measurement Error Sources: Modeling,
Errors, Flow disturbances by the Discretization, Iteration,
probes Implementation
56
 CFD does not replace the measurements completely

 CFD can reduce the amount of experimentation and
the overall cost
Experiments Simulations
Expensive Cheaper
Slow Fast
Sequential Parallel
Single- Purpose Multi- Purpose
 Equipment and Personnel are difficult to transport

 CFD software is portable, easy to use and modify
57
History of CFD
58
History of CFD: 1930 to 1950s
 Earliest numerical solution: for flow past a cylinder (1933)

A.Thom, ‘The Flow Past Circular Cylinders at Low
Speeds’, Proc. Royal Society, A141, pp. 651-666,
London, 1933
 Kawaguti obtains a solution for flow around a cylinder, in
1953 by using a mechanical desk calculator, working 20
hours per week for 18 months
59
 During the 1960s the theoretical division at Los Alamos

contributed many numerical methods that are still in use
today, such as the following methods:
 Particle-In-Cell (PIC)
 Marker-and-Cell (MAC)
 Vorticity-Stream function Methods
 Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE)
 k- turbulence model
60
 During the 1970s a group working under D. Brian Spalding,

at Imperial College, London, develop:
 Parabolic flow codes (GENMIX)
 Vorticity-Stream function based codes
 The SIMPLE algorithm
 The form of the k- equations that are used
today
 Upwind differencing
 ‘Eddy break-up’ and ‘presumed pdf’ combustion
models
61
 In 1980 Suhas V. Patankar published “Numerical Heat

Transfer and Fluid Flow”, probably the most influential
book on CFD
 Previously, CFD was performed using academic, research
and in-house codes. When one wanted to perform a CFD
calculation, one had to write a program
 This is the period during which most commercial CFD
codes originated
62
How CFD works?
63
Steps involved in Modeling
 Creation of the geometry.
 Division of geometry into a
computational mesh
 Application of mass balance, force Cross sectional view of
the 3D Supersonic intake
balance and energy balance
principles to small computational
cells
 Solution of variables such as
velocity, pressure, density,
temperature, stresses,
displacements etc. at various
points in the geometry
64
Steps involved in Modeling
 Pre-Processing – Geometry creation, Meshing & Definition
 Analysis - Solution
 Post-Processing - Visualization
65
Pre-Processing
66
Pre-Processing
 Creation of Geometry
 Grid generation
 Selection of the physical and chemical phenomena
that need to be modeled
 Definition of fluid properties
 Specification of appropriate boundary conditions
67
Pre-Processing - Geometry
Creation of Geometry – the computational domain
 Selection of an
appropriate
Cross sectional view of the 3D
coordinate
Supersonic intake  Determine the
domain size and
shape
 Simplifications, if
any
68
Commercial Packages - Modeling
Pro-Engineer
Catia V5
69
Pre-Processing – Grid Generation
 Sub-division of the domain into a number of smaller, non-

overlapping sub-domains
 Called grid/ mesh of cells/ control volumes/ elements
Cells/ control
volumes/ elements
Grid/ Mesh
70
 Selection of grid type and types of cells
tetrahedron pyramid
triangle
hexahedron
prism or wedge
quadrilateral
71
 Selection of grid type and types of cells
Structured Grid
Block-Structured Grid
UnStructured Grid
72
 Simple Geometries: Quad/ Hexa Meshes

 Complex Geometries: Tri/ Tetra Mesh
73
 Degree of grid resolution

 Depends on the flow features to be captured
 Examples:
 Boundary layer
 Flow separation
 Recirculation
air fuel
74
 Number of cells
 Computer memory tet
mesh
hex
mesh
wedge mesh
Hybrid mesh for

an IC engine
valve port
75
Commercial Packages - Meshing
GridPro
ICEM CFD
76
Pre-Processing – Selection of physical and
chemical phenomena
 Compressible/ Incompressible flow
 Laminar/ Turbulent flow
 Steady/ Unsteady
 Combustion
 Fluid Structure interaction
 Single phase/ Multiphase flow
77
Incompressible & Compressible flows
 Incompressible Flow  ρ is constant

 Compressible Flow  ρ is variable
 Incompressible flow occurs when the Mach number of the
flow is < 0.3
 If the density changes by more than 5% or more, the flow
is considered to be Compressible flow
 Pressure variation is strong in compressible flow whereas
in incompressible flow, it is very less
air
fuel
HSTDV
Flow through Backward Facing Step
78
Laminar flow
 Smooth
 Steady
 No eddies Reynold’s Experiment
 No swirl
 Layers of fluid seem to slide by one another
 Occurs at low velocities
 Solved using the conservation equations
79
Turbulent flow
 Irregular and fluctuating

 Unsteady
 Eddies are present
Reynold’s Experiment
 Eddies interact with
each other as they move around
 Occurs at high velocities
 Solved using the time averaged conservation
equations
80
Reynolds Number
 Primary parameter used to decide the flow type

 Inertia Force / Viscous Force
 Inertia Force = ρv2/D
 Viscous Force = μv/D2
81
Reynolds Number
 High Reynolds number
Transition to
Turbulent flow
occurs at Re >
2300
 Boundary layer over a flat plate
 Re = 60000 at point A
 Re = 5 x 105 at point B
82
Steady and Unsteady flow
 Defined with respect to time
Schematic of the feedback

air fuel
processes responsible for a
combustion instability
83
Combustion
 Any chemical reaction involved

 Examples:
IC Engine combustion
Gas turbine combustion
84
Single/ Multiphase flow
 Single phase: Gas phase combustion

 Multiphase:
 Droplet flow – Discrete fluid droplets in a
continuous gas
 Fluidized beds
85
Pre-processing – Selection of material
properties
Fluid/ Solid
 Density
 Specify capacity
 Thermal conductivity
 Viscosity
86
Pre-processing – Boundary conditions
OPERATING CONDITIONS
Mach No.= 2.99

Angle of attack = 0
P∞= 0.15 bar;
T∞= 135 K
87
Typical flow boundary conditions
u=0, v=0, w=0

(no slip-condition on the wall)
Far stream b.c.  u=Ua, v=0,w=0, p=pa
No-slip b.c. Exit b.c.

extrapolation
Symmetry
v=0, y-der. = 0
Inlet
b.c.
88
Governing Equations
 Represent mathematical statements of the

Conservation laws of physics
 The mass of a fluid is conserved (Continuity equation)
 The rate of change of momentum equals the sum of the

forces on a fluid particle (Newton’s second law)
 The rate of change of energy is equal to the sum of the

rate of heat addition to and the rate of work done on a
fluid particle (First law of thermodynamics)
89
Governing equations (Incompressible flow)
u v w
Continuity equation:   0
x y z
u u u u p
x-mom.: ( u v  w )     2 u  g x
t x y z x
v v v v p
y-mom.:  (  u  v  w )     2 v  g y
t x y z y
w w w w p
z-mom.: ( u v  w )     2 w  g z
t x y z z
T T T T
Heat balance: C p ( u v  w )  k 2T  Q
t x y z
90
Governing equations (Compressible flow)
Mass balance:   ( u )  ( v)  ( w)

   0
t x y z
( u ) ( u 2 ) ( uv) ( uw)  xx  xy  xz
       g x
Momentum t x y z x y z
Balance  ( v)  ( uv)  ( v 2 ) ( vw)  yx  yy  yz
       g y
(x,y,z) t x y z x y z
equations: ( w)  ( uw) ( vw)  ( w 2 )  zx  zy  zz
       g z
t x y z x y z
u 2  v 2  w v
 xx   p  2   (.V )  yy   p  2   (.V )  yz   zy   (  )
x 3 y 3 y z
w 2  u v u w
 zz   p  2  (.V )  xy   yx  (  )  xz   zx  (  )
z 3 y x z x
Energy  ( e)  ( uH )  ( vH )  ( wH )
    .(kT )    Q
equation t x y z
91
Discretization/ Modeling Method
 Finite Difference Method (FDM)

 Finite Volume Method (FVM)
 Finite Element Method (FEM)
92
Finite Difference Method (FDM)
 Oldest Method
 Easiest Method for simple Geometries
 Differential equations are converted into difference
expressions
 Not suitable for complex flows
dT Ti  Ti 1 Ti 1  Ti
 or
dx x x
i-1 i i+1
93
Finite Volume Method (FVM)
 Conservation equations in integral form

 The solution domain is subdivided into a finite number of
control volumes
 Conservation equations are applied to each control volume
 Suitable for simple and complex geometries
Boundary node
Packages:
Control volume Fluent
CFX
Computational node TASCflow
94
Finite Element Method (FEM)
 While FDM and FVM were applied for flow/ thermal
problems, FEM was initially developed for structural
problems
 In this method, a large structure is divided into small
elements and characteristic of each element is written as a
matrix contribution
 By adding contributions of all elements, we get the matrix
equation for the whole geometry
Packages:
ANSYS
ABACUS
95
Analysing
96
Analysis
 Conserved equations solved iteratively
 Convergence is reached when
 Changes in the solution variables from one iteration to
the next are negligible
 Overall property conservation is achieved
 When local and global errors are below a specified
threshold
 Accuracy depends on
 Accuracy of physical model
 Grid resolution
 Problem setup
97
Commercial Packages – CFD Solver
98
Post-Processing
99
Post-Processing
Visualization
 To see overall flow pattern

 To check separation
 Shocks location
 To identify key flow features
 To check whether boundary conditions and
physical models are appropriate
100
Post-Processing
Visualization tools
 Grid plot
 Vector plot
 Contour plot
 Stream line and path line
 Isosurface
 XY plots
 Animations
101
Post-Processing
Visualization tools
 Grid plot
 Vector plot
 Contour plot
 Stream line and path line tet
mesh
 Isosurface hex
mesh
 XY plots
 Animations
wedge mesh
102
Post-Processing
Visualization tools
 Grid plot
 Vector plot
 Contour plot
 Isosurface
 XY plots
 Animations
103
Post-Processing
Visualization tools
 Grid plot
 Vector plot
 Contour plot
 Isosurface
 XY plots
 Animations
104
Post-Processing
Visualization tools
 Grid plot
 Vector plot
 Contour plot
 Isosurface
 XY plots
 Animations
105
Post-Processing
Visualization tools
 Grid plot
 Vector plot
 Contour plot
 Isosurface
 XY plots
 Animations
106
Post-Processing
Visualization tools
 Grid plot
 Vector plot
 Contour plot
 Isosurface
 XY plots
 Animations
107
Post-Processing
Visualization tools
 Grid plot
 Vector plot
 Contour plot
 Isosurface
 XY plots
 Animations
108
Post-Processing
Numerically reporting tools

 Flux balances
 Surface integrals
 Volume integrals
 Averages
 Forces and moments
109
Commercial Packages – Post-processing
110
CFD Process
Geometry Physics Mesh Solve Reports Post-
Processing
Select Heat Unstructured Steady/ Forces Contours

Geometry Transfer Unsteady Report
ON/OFF
Compressible Structured Iterations/ XY Plot Vectors

Geometry ON/OFF Steps
Parameters
Domain Flow Convergent Verification Streamlines

Shape and properties Limit
Size
Viscous Precisions Validation

Model
Boundary Numerical
Conditions Scheme
Initial
Conditions
111
Example
Re = 2.03 x 105
Figure : Problem Specification
112
Step - 1
Processing
Select
Geometry
Geometry
Parameters
Domain
Shape and
Size
113
Step - 2
Processing
Heat
Transfer
ON/OFF
Compressible
ON/OFF
Flow
properties
Viscous
Model
Boundary
Conditions
Initial
Conditions
114
Step - 3
Processing
Unstructured
Structured
115
Step - 4
Processing
Steady/
Unsteady
Iterations/
Steps
Convergent
Limit
Precisions
Numerical
Scheme
116
Step - 4
Processing
Steady/
Unsteady
Iterations/
Steps
Convergent
Limit
Precisions
Numerical
Scheme
117
Step - 4
Processing
Steady/
Unsteady
Iterations/
Steps
Convergent
Limit
Precisions
Numerical
Scheme
118
Step - 4
Processing
Steady/
Unsteady
Iterations/
Steps
Convergent
Limit
Precisions
Numerical
Scheme
119
Step - 5
Processing
Forces
Report
XY Plot
Verification
Validation
120
Step - 6
Processing
Contours
Vectors
Streamlines
121
Summary
 CFD is an important tool in many branches of

Science and Engineering
 CFD - a numerical method used to find fluid flow
and heat transfer
 CFD gives an insight into flow patterns that are
difficult, expensive or impossible to study using
Experiments
 CFD – important for fundamental researches and
Research & Applications in industries
122
Summary
 More reliable if the input data, physics of the

model, boundary conditions & discretization
methods are proper
 Visualization of CFD data is an important and
challenging problem, requiring clever use of all
available visualization tools and skills
123
End of Module-1
124

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MEE4006: COMPUTATIONAL

FLUID DYNAMICS (CFD)

 To provide the students with sufficient

 Student will be able to Outcome:

Governing Equations of Fluid Dynamics and Heat

Discretization and Finite Difference method:

Convection and Diffusion:

CFD overview - Applications of CFD

 Science of Fluid Motion

 Fluid flow is studied by

 Experimental Fluid Dynamics

 Theoretical Fluid Dynamics

 Sufficient knowledge required

Analysis of system involving fluid flow, heat transfer and

 High performance computing  Made CFD

 Analysis and Design

1. Simulation-based design instead of “build & test”

 Analysis and Design

2. Simulation of physical fluid phenomena that are

 Knowledge and exploration of flow physics

Results of CFD Analysis used in

 Conceptual studies of new designs

 Detailed product development

Courtesy: FLUENT Roadshow, 2006

Courtesy: FLUENT Roadshow, 2006

Courtesy: FLUENT Roadshow, 2006

Underhood Thermal Management

Courtesy: FLUENT Roadshow, 2006

Courtesy: FLUENT Roadshow, 2006

Courtesy: FLUENT Roadshow, 2006

Fog Lamp Heat Dissipation

 Gas turbine engines

Fig. : Reed Valve

Fan hub, blade, shroud

Mini air system

 Fan design & performance

 Healthcare and Pharmaceutical

 Automotive radiator with nano fluid (Reynold, M.Tech)

 Micro ramp for hypersonic flow (Ashish, Gogoi, M.Tech)

 Thermal analysis of capacitor bank (Sumedh, M.Tech)

 Heat exchanger effectiveness (Pavan, M.Tech)

 Corrugated pipe (Rince. M.Tech)

Deliverable: Pressure drop

Deliverable: Temp. difference

 CFD gives an insight into flow patterns that are difficult,

 CFD does not replace the measurements completely

 Equipment and Personnel are difficult to transport

 Earliest numerical solution: for flow past a cylinder (1933)

 During the 1960s the theoretical division at Los Alamos

 During the 1970s a group working under D. Brian Spalding,

 In 1980 Suhas V. Patankar published “Numerical Heat

 Pre-Processing – Geometry creation, Meshing & Definition

Creation of Geometry – the computational domain

 Sub-division of the domain into a number of smaller, non-

 Selection of grid type and types of cells

 Selection of grid type and types of cells

 Simple Geometries: Quad/ Hexa Meshes

 Degree of grid resolution

Hybrid mesh for

 Compressible/ Incompressible flow

 Laminar/ Turbulent flow

 Fluid Structure interaction

 Single phase/ Multiphase flow