]B kV \uD VVD

 VD

wV >t Vt

 D [ V_Kz wD
[ V^.

m u m
 >tw kVu_  V^ z\ _k|^
B^ > V\ B[|[.
 VD |m.  ]Vs _k| zB
  VD >tw kVu[ \[ uD [
VuVD |m. 3D mB\V xk u
uVuz x>B V\ m.
 VD gzD.  Az K^
  B^, _k|^, gVV \ _k| 
VB^, >V_oB_ V[^ \[ u m.
\uD B_Vk[ zA^  ]z[m _k|^
V[k  V> u \ msz u|^
B c>D V[VzD. VBV kw>
 >V_VBD, | >V, [.
mV| gB   ]_ko \VkD g]_
BVzD. ku_ _ V A  [k
>V_VBD tD >V[\ wVF \uV|
BV>VzD. DA, kD \uD >
 V[ V _k|^ ]VV  V
\uD VkM[ ]zDV >V.
_k| >tw  u  Amz _ \|
z|[. [ ]_ m_ \uD



\V[ \T gBV
kVVF F>. Vm
V\VMB \V^,
VB^,Vzk^,
]^ V[k
|.
  V >tw]uzD
V\VMB EuzD B
WsB kV >VA
k c]|m[.
 Vs D]uz _
wR [ ]_ D \sB
V> > ""A> sVD''
[ ||^m.
 V >t \[^ >D
\uD k^ VB
kl. >D \uD
k^lVV V\VMB
VBD >tw][ 
z]_ ||^.
  >VV \>M
]B V [ _ >t
 u z|m.
 VV, M, >Vt, kV[
kV V[ gEBD 
V> uB  B >k_
 m^.
  _V \VkDD,
ykDD gB  V>
Wl B[|[.
]B kV \uD VVD
  V]_ "D" [ V_
B[|>s_. _,
k, \[D [ Vu^
B[|>[. \m
BVm >t k B[>V_
">t  _" [ 58km
AV| z|[m.
  V]_ x>uD, 
D,  D  J[
^ >>V 
|m. x>uD >[ \m
lKD, D VA]KD
B_>V VV_
z]^ m\V o_ J
s>VD >|m.
 VB \[ x]\V[
\ml_ J[VD >t>
WsV. mk  D
|m. VD D 
VD mkBVzD. \z
m^  B^
V]B .
 J[ ^ >>V
BV Vz c
]B V >s[V.
J[ ^ uB >k_^
[k\V:

 ]B kV \uD VVD

zA >D D D

D > _ V >[ VAD >uV \m
D \m
D WsB 4440 3700 1850
g|^
]_ ]BV, ]BV, >V_ E\>VsBV,
> ]AD > s VBV, >D>V,
Ak^ ^, z[> >R  V,
xk^, xER,      V a [G wV,
\VE, k^j ] \V[,
xVVB, ]l[ VB[, E \m gEB, _
wk[ V[, mkV, \m
]B[ \V[, \>[ VV,
mk VB \V,
V\V[, > V
Ak[ 4449 3700 449

VB 549 59 49
Ak[

V V_, xmV, o, zz, |>V
_^ xmzz, BVs kV, sBVw V,
\V, k_ z>V
V, u
V,
nz,
]um,
uDm o,
m V_,
m, k, Eu,

D B VFE k] x>_ k aB[ x]\V[ x>_
^ |V[ k x>_ x] c k]
\V[ k k


 ]B kV \uD VVD

D B 89 59 49
[

sBz 7 5 3
B Ak

k^ ]BD ]BD, ]BD, >V_
B[|]B >V_VBD, VBD
 _ \VAVD,
 ObD,
>AVD
  V  \[_ >
 V ^
E>k z|k[ gkV.
 V]_ Jk>V ,
""]umD VD'' 
Vw, VB \[^ >tw]_
z|k uB F]
EA[ gE F>. k >s
>[.
 zW \[D  V]_
]u][ x>_ ][ V|
>.
>k[ c]B_, VD ][
1.  :
V| >k[ |V>[.
  V  V| >uV 
3D ][ V| >k[  _
z]B c^B>V >m.
BV _ z|k[
 k_ >D kE,
4D ][ V| >k[ 
mxD >V [>VzD.
 Vx [
[ Vl_ s_ DA
5D ][ V| >k[ 
E[D V>m.
z|k[
k^ D  \VB |k.
6D ][ V| >k[  g|
 V ^ kVk,
VV| V>[
s_k, \B [  
7D ][ V| >k[  _k
BV_ w.
|V kVaBV>[
  V  E_ x>Vk>V
8D ][ V| >k[ 
c]B[ V>[ \AD
_ DV
Vk>V DV \AD
 V gE A>.

 ]B kV \uD VVD

9D ][ V| >k[   Vw V| Vs V|, V|,

_ DV V| \uD A_ V| [
10D ][ V| >k[  BVKD wm.
\V>_ DV   V Vw[ >D
 z|kB V ku cR, mx \V
 u E]VD m. VsDD Vw[
 z|k[ \BD k Vkm >\VD
B|m [ \B]_ sBm. Vw[ E[\V
suVB VV. [ Ao sBm. k^ ] 
m u V| \VB |k.
km z W  ^ kk[, [M, Vw[
E[D \m >tw]_ gB B >VB Vw
]M kaV| xB \[ u 
 B^ z|[.
x|]V.
  V Vw[ V[
 z|kM[ kV
AtkV sV[.
Vk^ E]V>
V[ Vsl[ z
BuV. V>[ D _B Bm[
_ DV, V_ AV > Vkm
DV gBV At >\VD s>V[.
 \[Vk.  V]_ AV D E>
\[[ B kV \V ]>m.
[ - _ VB  V_ kk[ Vu
z|k[ zD,  VzD
c]B_  Vu V| >k[, \B]_
]B[ (V> AoV k[. "k"
V_ c [D _ W> V_
>>V_) [ V>D,
|V>[   \ B k  D  [ , VB \[[ \uD ]V
g]V[ kBD  >V_s
2. Vw  F>k[.
 V Vw V| >uV>B   V Vw gE
> ]E \Vk VV[ V>V|
c^B>V >m. xz k>m.



 "]V" ]_ >
_ VV[ [
V_ DV >Vum
E>V[. VFBV [D
Ak DVB ka
Vum  V Vw
\sm E *V. V
"\D" [ ]_ >>V
_ >sm.
3. VB 
  V VB  \m,
]_ko, V\V>AD
\Vk c^B>V
>m.
 \m VB[ >
\VD, Vu mx
\VD s. *[ V
B[ E[\V sBm.
k^ kD  \VB
|k.
 VB \[^ \V[, k],
aB[ V[ BV_
w. VB^
>tw Vu k>>V_, >t
\Va \uD B][
>\V \m sBm
D VD.
 xmz|t k] [
VB \[[  k^s
F>>V_ ""_BV V'' [
EA B uV[.
 >VB[ [ \[[
E> TVD k^VD
]B kV \uD VVD
sV[. km \s
V| E>
Vu AkVkV.
 gB  >
|aB[ [ \[
Vkz >kV >
kwBk[,
 >BVVm k[
|aB[, >BVVD
[ ]_ , Vw \uD
zW \[_ |
 xB>V[.
 k \m VEzD,
|_kVzD V|
>k[.
  V VB \[^
V>V_ tD xuk[
kDD W[ VB[ [k[
kB kl_ >V[
>V_VBD um.
zW \[^:
 Jk> >s >tw]_
 zW \[D gE
A>. k^ k [
w.
 k_ t E>kV
V, V, {, gF, ^,
aM, [ gBV B
k^_^ gk.

 ]B kV \uD VVD

\[^ g z] EA

V DA \ x_z > V|>V[
V ]Vs z] kz z]
{ V_o \ z]
>z V| V|>V[
^ >V \z]_]uz V^
V|>V[
[ wM \z] \lKz Vk >>V[
gF V] \z]  V|>V[
]B\V[ > z] kBVz _o
MB V|>V[.
 V gE x cu]l_ g[  z (1/6)
  V]_ \[VE x WkBV kom.
kw]_ >m. \[[   V]_ ^ kV[D
k>[, V,  [D  V  >m.
wV[. k
 kV\ x [um. \D → V| → kV| → uD
>>z z J> \  V\^ J>V B
gEz kD c\B kV_ Wkm.
u>V[, >B k^ \[D,
 V[, \] Vw[, V]l_, k DD
Vu VB[ V[ [_VD w.
 V \[^ ] kkV>  V \[
gEB ]. J VV>V W
 WkV]_ z c>sBV J kV:
nDz, VBD  V]_ >tw^ >
[  z^ B_. Vm \VaBD, VD
 \[m l_ VV, [uVKD, nm k
z], BV  \uD BuBV Wz]_ kVm
> [ V[z ^ k>. ku ]^ [
>. w>. k zE, x_,
 WkD k kD E[ \>D, F>_, V  nm
xB kkVBV >. k|D.

 ]B kV \uD VVD

1. zE:  z kV> \^ >k

 zE] [m \ _m *k .
z]B zzD z]l_  *[ >_ km xB
kV> \^ k|k \uD >VaVzD. k^ u B
zk [ w. KD ~|.
 kBV|>_ km xB  z]l_ kV> c\^
>VaVzD. c cu] Fm su.
 >[ |>_, VF M
 _ >Fk\V k
l|>_ V[ >Va_D
k^ \uV. F>_ W \^ ka.
 zE W \^ x[ 5. V :
_m BV[ [   V ] [m V
k. k> z>VzD. gV_
2. x_: >tw]_ VkD _.
 V| > V> D A_k k kV[\w VFm kE
D x_ Wz]BVzD. uV_ z]B VBV
 z kV> \^ \F_ ]. [>,
>Vao_ ~|. ""x_ zED x\l[
 k^ gB _m Vk ]m
[ w. _oB_ wm |zmB m
 x_ W \^ ]\V_ V B[>V k V^D.''
_m \VBV[ [  [ E]V Vo[ JD B
k. xm.
3. \>D :  z kV> \^ \k _m
 kD t Wz]B \>D ^k .
m.  Tt k^ k\l[
 z kV> \^ kV\ V\V  >Va \u
>Va \uV>V_ k^ V.
kV [ w.  Vuk _m VB
 \w V ][ \>W VW \^ ka.
\[ VzD. V^ D, V^,
4. F>_ : AV^ [ k|D.
 _ V> z]B F>_ WD V^ [m { gbzD,
m.  bzD l_ u|D


 ]B kV \uD VVD

V>_ cEB u k>VzD. > nm ]zD cB

AV^ [m TD, V, V^DJ[k|D.
ku, V, WBV\ x>oB k.
AV^ k>VzD. 1. x>uV^
V^ D 2. V^
{ gbzD  bzD 3. cV^ gB gzD.
B u|D V>_ ck x>uV^
\B\V V| V^ D WD, Vm gB |
\m^m. ]_ >sl[ >VaD x>uV^ |D. c_ c^
V^ V__ xB D cl^ >V[k>uzD, Bzk>uzD
kzD  V]D gkV^. V>_ g>V\V c^>V_ ku
u V|DVm >k[ >s [ x>uV^ [.
VmkV V|kV >s kB WD
BuB  V|k]_. V>_ kV ]zD, cB WD
cE _VzD Vm [>V_ z|^m. nm ]zD
>M kB B V| cB W^ [k\V
k]_. V^ V_^ V zE \D \ V> xD
VV >[\ VzD. x_ V|D V| V> xD
_V V_D >k[, >s, >Va
\>D kBKD kB_ V> xD
x>oBk[ BVVkm k >V
F>_ KD _ V> xD
\]zD.  Vo_ k Jk
cBV|km V Vm. kV V V WxD V WD
VKzD ], m zD. V> xD
], WD V> > zzD. >tV_ c^ Wz] kV
m [m Vu w nm ]V |^m.
zzD. V^ D ] Vm
l_ \>>VzD. V^ Vm [m VD [ V^|D.
]^ nm k: Vm E Vm, DVm [
1. zE ] | kBV |^m.
2. x_ ] EVm
3. \> ] EVm [m  V[ V
4. F>_ ] ^ gzD. EVm [k\V
5. V ] \D


 ]B kV \uD VVD

k  sBuVD ] DVm EVm

V  VD zE zVD, BV\D
_  cE kl_ D x[M VD
uV|  B[ \D D
x_ VVD \V
\V  x[M D
BV\D  ^ D \>D gVxD k
EVm gD  V[ g F>_ gVxD uV|
V > BVD. V xmkM_, _
DVm [M
DVm [m { g[ kV W]uzD \ z
V gzD. g_ c^ V^ E>kV zD [>V_
[M| \V>D g kV |^m.
V . m  V V^
kV >V_ DVm WxD VmD gB |
|m. g_ c^ [M| x>uV^^ ]l_ c^
\V>D [k\V g D w y\VM[. ku[
VmV |^.
V\V kV ]lKD w_
E], kVE  kM_ k|^m. kV ]lKD
VD kVD \^, k[ >Va_
gM, g  xmkM_ c, VmVz, > W]_
VD c^ \^, k^, sz^,
gk, AVE  V VD W x>oBku V^
nE, V]  zVD [[. V^, V__
\Va, >  x[M [BV B_|[m. m
VD ]zD cB V^ [k\V
\VE, zM  [M |^m.
VD
EVm, DVm gBku
k > ]z cBk [
m km^.

0
 ]B kV \uD VVD

zE x_ \>D F>_ V

>FkD x[ ]\V_ ][ k[ Vuk
>k V[ zDV [ [ s*
ku[ >V[_ [ AD[ lu
VE w] \s OE
\^ zk gB cwk >k \k
z]B gFEB cw>]B ]B \]B
k \l_ V|Va V _ VD m, z
[D
sz Ao, BV \V[, xB_ \ V VF
VF
 Ez V, z , g VD ck zDA,
W s   k_

 k x_ >V\ F>_ zV\V
zE kD  xD
\D >z V[ VE A[ aQ
_ VBV \>D QVw_ V
c \ _ kz, V\, _ *[ ka
] x] k_ c
 >VD V \xw *[ m
 V
BV zEBV x_ BV \> BV s BV V BV
 zE V>V \>D ka D

>Va_ >[ \F>_, _ >_, *[ >_, k\D
|>_ >>_ swV |>_ V|>_ BV_
kBV_


 ]B kV \uD VVD

cV^ D \u WKD  |D.

kV ]zD cB V MD, >> Wz k
cV^ [. cV^ EA kVF>k [>V_  ]z
]zD cB xB cEB cB>V k V_|^.
zm. nm ]zD cV^D kV EA
cV^ [k\V: ] V_|^. V^
zE A>_ >kD D , uA [ |
>sD [ V |^m. >k[,
>_ >s kD k k 
x_ >_ >s, k VV>kV ]m V>_ V^km
Vm  |D. ]\]uz [ c^
V^>_ V>_ kV uA |D. sKD,
\>D _ >kMD uKD >k[ >s k[
c^ kV zD [
>s z
skV D V_|^m.
V^>_
V^  \ [k\V
F>_ _ >s 
VVD.
V]_ km>_
V^ ]^ nm[
V  >k[ , ] gB D
>sB s| m V_Kkm c|. 
>_ [m g,  gB k_ k
kV _V ]zD x>_ \|\ V>_ V^D  V>_
V^, V^, cV^ gzD. ] [m V>V>
V_[. ], W> V>_ D gzD. ,
BV Vm. \u c^ ] D A]
VD, V^, cV^ gBk [D k.  ]
>> Wz EV \B D AV^ ]VD
Bk gzD. _V WzD z|k.
EVm, DVm gBk
2.12 AV^ D
VmkVkB. glD kV
AV^ [m TD, V,
]zD cB>V V_k.
#m, ku, V, WBV\
>> ]z EVk gzD.
x>oBku km gzD. 
kD, szD, \D,
z BV k^BV


 ]B kV \uD VVD

V^ D

V^ AV^

x>V^ V^ cV^

WD Vm

E Vm D Vm

zW \[BV B  mD ]

kB TD, ku, V  kV ]
V_Kkm VkV BVD  gBk AV^ ]^
V\V AV^ V_ \kmD gzD. > | ]D
c|. V^ V_ Vk V BV V|
AV^ V_D ], m \|^. > ]
l_ \m^. gV_ V sxD  ]V
VV ]
x>uV^, V^, cV^
VmsB_
V[ ^ AVz 
_. AV^ ]^ V ]
BV Vk. V FB gBku[ sxD [k\V:
_KD D D V|D
xz u kk  m
kE]:
[ V|k. k^ m _ wB V]_  MD V
KD [ B ]z FB WzD k[ V[ x>_
BV \m^. [kD \V  m  
A]^ BVD [ B km _kV[. m kE ]
BV VkB. |D. kE T[ kE  ,
AV^ ]^ Vz _kV[.
kE] > ]
> ]  [ km [
kE ]  kuuz cBk[
VE ] *|k FD V > ]
VE ] |D. > T[ >  ,
caQ ] Vz _kV[.


VE ]
V skVzD VV|
k>[ V >V|zD B_
>V_VBD kE] 
z|m. m ]l_
[V x_ ]l[ AD 
z|m. kE] [m,
V> \VlVV _m
>[ \]BV> BE[ 
kV  \[[ \uVk[ \_
V >V|m gzD. V>V|m
_k kE k  [>V_
]z B k>m. kE
[m  V k.
VE ]
 |m kD  
>|m >[ V V WzD
[ Vz _K>_ VE
] |D. VE T[ VE 
 Vz _kV[.
VE ]
 [  |m km V
\] m V Vm, >[B
VB Vm V^ [
V F>_ VE ] |D.
VE T[ VE  , Vz
_kV[.
caQ ]
 B VB k_
]B [ >[ V| \]
u xu\ |>_ caQ]
|D. caQ T[ caQ ,
Vz _kV[.
]B kV \uD VVD
mD ]
 ^ kD V ]_
] ] W[ V|>_ mD ]
|D. mD T[ mD ,
Vz _kV[. > ][
kV ], VV ], VmsB_
] gB J[ A]D
c^. kuD m, m
A]^ [ k. ,
] gB D m,
[M| A] [ k.
kV]
V_ ku u 
Am V|>_ kV] |D.
ku uk^ kV k 
kuB VV|kV^.
VV ]
mk V[ A]^ V
WEB BV Vk.
VV ]l_ V, ^
kVm,  kVm>_ x>oBk
D D. V|D g\M[
V u km.
VmsB_ ]
V_ > Tz |_
|m ka|>_, V_ > T[
\sB_,WBV\x>oBk
VmsB_ ]l_ DD.
VmkV m km.
 ]
>[ sDV>  D
k[ V>_ V^km 
] |D. > >V>_
[ k.

 ]B kV \uD VVD

]  V>o>  \

>[ s kB]_ tD J> kVFV> g \[D
 ]lD k[ V>_ \D x Vm.
V^km ] |D. ^ \k]_.
> V>V V>_ [ k. ]\BVkV Vo_ >s ]
, ] [D kVu\BV_ \ m>V^
s|]D V^ [ V|V.
]BVD k.
 ^ >D Vm >V
J ^: >V kzD Vm m
  V][ >V]_, k> V^D V>z z>D
V]_ >> V[ V] [D, k> V]_ D
^ >tw]_ V V>z  [D
s_. B. "V|\D" [ _
  V x>VB]_ >, FB V[^
, kEB, kV [ \V_ mD VV
V[z ^ >>V >V_ u.
VBD m. kaV|
\W :   V \^, nm ^ 
  V]_ ^ tD kam[ >m J>V>
EV \]. uA BD ka. km
km EA z\V > WkV |_ [w
m. W u V.
 ^ >m kV zV V_ cl >
mB >>|zD c\B T[ WkV |_ 
u>. ka.
 \\D Fm V^D c\  B[, ][, t, g^,
\uD Vm\B  V \^ V[ Bu
\ us_. ]D  V \^
  V]_  _s ka.  V]_ k
ko>m. \D AM> \V>V >m.
 kBV, V VMBV,   V \^ V],
^BV V[V  {D, ] swV V[
V Vu AkVk. swV VV. AV
 z ]\][ Vm _ g|>VD ] swV
kmk [\D [ V|D um.
z FBm.


VV>V W
  V]_ kV\
\[ xB >VaVzD.
_ xB lVzD. _ VuD,
g F>_ V[k >
xB >Va_VzD.
 ]BV^ ""cR'' \uD
""\ml_'' \s_ cu]
FB. ""oD'' [
V_ \_oB g
zzD.
  V][ >V]_ 
\Vu x kw]om cA
xB k VVzD. cA
k^  V [
c su.
 _ VV \uD
_V  _
\uD \V  ^
Wk. AV _ >B
^ >>V V
z|m.
 \V .x. J[VD
uVom >twD 
cV\VMB[ kV ck
\u Vm.
  B^  
V\VMB Bk^ [
z|[.
 .. J[VD uV_ ^
x>[ x>o_ >twm[
k>D \uV.
 \^ zl> zz
zD [ B. \V
T|z " kBV \V^"
••••••
]B kV \uD VVD
[ B. \B
u  ku k zD
>uzD |k [ B.
V u\]
  V >tw]om tz,
VDA, VF, E, >D,
\^, kV ]sBD, _,
>>D, xm, kD, Jo
^, kVwwD E cB>
g^, \uD \o[ m
k^ V[ V^ 
 cV\VMB V|z u\]
FB.
z\] :
 MzD \m k^, >
VB^ \uD 
[^, V, DA V[
VD z]D z\]
FB.
 Am (\|), \V (AV),
V>\V (\VD), VBV,
Vu, z\ gB wz
ul_ > xB m
xVzD.
 \uz ul_ xE \uD
>V (V[VM) [ 
EA kVF> mx^
>.
 .. J[VD uV_ ,
Vw V| VB D
xz k>m. |> J[
uV| VD >twD
[ g]]uz
c^VBm.


D \sB VD
 . J[VD uV[
\]l_  VD xz
k>m.  V][ ]
z]B D \sB VD [
VD.
 ][  z _^ \uD
 VB^ [
w|D E]VxD
\\D D \sB
Vm BVzD.
 .. J[VD uV[
z]lom ..
gVD uV[ ]z]
k ^ >tw]_
g]D K]. ^
x>o_ >VD [A
\VD VAu>.
  u B WB
V[^ _V>>V_, km
VD "" VD'' [
w|m.
 >t Vk >,
BVD, B AVD
]B kV \uD VVD
gB _^  u
z|.
 k^sz \uD >kVFAD
|D, ]A _k|
\uD VEA]_ c^
kz> \V^ Vl_ _k|
V[k  u
B c>D V[VzD.
 > V[ [ 
\[ cR >V
V| >tw> gV[
[ BVD z|m.
  V]_, >tw]_
k\VaD V>xD
x|>. >V_
km [ A]B kkkD
kE um.
  V]_ W|^
Bu. \KD k
E>V\, zE V[
VBD  V]_
>V[.

 ]B kV \uD VVD

  V]_ A>, \  \ml_ EBV> [k[

\B^ _kVz u \VkV kE] [ \
]>. \^  xMk >tD [
V ka. >Vusm >[ JD \
 A> \B _s ^  \BD B >ta_
[ wm. A> >>,  >uz kJV.
A> V, V] >\ V[  .. gVD uV[ ]l_
A> \B Q^ V]_ VB \[ |V[ >[
kV>. A>>> [ > >tV tm
Q "sWB sWBD' [D *V[
 ]V.  > \]_ tm
 ]V]AoR_ \ ^ >V \>D Vw
[ B_m. k], \>D _k [
k] gBV  ED\ sib uV[.
V]_ kV> \ \B kVV >tV_ 
QVk. gE xz k>m.
•••



_k^
k Vu V[^
B V[^
>tV_ x>_ x>o_
A B V|>k^ _
kBVk. B^ J[
k|D.
1. V> B^
2. \> B^
3. \>  >t B^.
V> B V[_
>V\Vk:
 Ek>k\M[ B^;
V>sl[ i 
VEB B^, z\V sib
s[ > B^.
\> B_
z>k:
 sB>k\M[ {V|
B^; k\VV[ sib
VM[ c_k B^;
EVB VV[ B^;
sibVk\M[ D
B^; x>VD ]k\M[
]B kV \uD VVD
c>B]D BD; k>V
B^; {V| B^;
\#V B^.
\> >t B_
\Vk:
 x>VD \kk\M[
D B^, VD ]
k\M[ VEz, Vuz,
c>B]D B^, J[VD
]k\M[ kVBD
B^; Wmk\M[
V B^ B^
\>D, >t > >
BVzD.
_k| V[^
 B V[ V[
_k| VAD _km
>VuD \uD _k \[
 u >m V^
B[|[. _k| V[
_ z>k.
 \Vk] \> _k|,
VED\m kB #
_k|^, , VB,


VB, Vi  _
k|^, ] z>m VV
# _k|, hV _k|,
VD AoEl[ nV_
_k|, ED\k\M[ \E _K
_k|^, BVD _k|,
>t V| _k|^ \V\_
AD, \V\, >kV gB
_ V|[.
B V[^
 BAVD; [M ]x^,
VVl ]B >D, ]\
gkV[ \k s
]D WBVB kD; Vsl[
>V hMBD, >l[ k]
> >VVD, \VkDD; kV[
kV[ B zA^.
 _k[ >VuD zm
_k m^ W[.
k^ V> >k^
[D, V>kV[ 
gE KkV >k^
[D, >V \>
>VB\V Vk^ [D
k.
 .. gVD uVom
.. [>VD uV| k
_k^ >tw]_ EV
gE F>.
 _k \, xuV _k,
V _k \uD uV
_k  m k.
]B kV \uD VVD
 xuV _k^ ..
250 x>_ .. 350 k gE
F>.Ek>k\[,sB
>k\[ gBV D\_
z>k gk. k^
V> \Val_ B
kl.
 V _k^ ..
350 x>_ .. 550 k gE
A>. D\_ sibV[
z>kVkV. k^
k\Val_ B k
l.
 uV _k^ ..
350 x>_ .. 550 k gE
A>. D\_ sibV[
z>kVkV. k^
k\Val_ B
kl.
 uV _k^ .. 575
x>_ [>VD uV_
k^ TEBD k gE
A>.
 k^ k\Va, >t\Va
gB | \VaKD
B kl.
 ED\ sibs[ >\l_
_k^,  >Vu
m k>tVVB >V
\]_ >\m gEB
Ws. _k[ >D
VEAD gzD.
0

 ED\ sib VD x>_
uV _k[ kV
mkzm.
 ED\ sib  k[
>V \]_ _k
gEB Ws.
 _k   V \VuB
\ ED\ sibkB
VD.
 ED\ sibk >Vm
gEz k>k_ x>VD
\]k\[, x>VD ED\
k\[, VD ED\k\[
gBV z>kVk.
x>VD \]k\[
(..600630)
 k ED\sibs[ \[ gkV.
km V]_ VBV|
\ um.
 VB  VD AoE.
_k V[ *m V >V|>V.
\]k\ >Vum
_k VK^ kz]
uV.
 k ""\>sV D''
[ k V 
k\Val_ BuV.
 >V]_ \V > k
]VV_ k \B]uz
\VuV.
 km V> > \
\B {sB^ E>[ kVo_
V|m.
]B kV \uD VVD
 \]k\M[  gk>
z|tBV[\  _k|
JD BVD.
 k]M (Parivadhini) [
T kVE_ k k_kV
sV.
 k zk Vl_
x|]BkVkV.
 \|, \V\, \]
kV, k_D, _VkD >kV,
]E, ]z[D gB
_ km zk
Vl_ VVD.
 k\]\D,\]kV
[ |  WsV.
B^
 E]VAo ({sBz Ao),
sE>E>[, \>sV[ ([D
sDAk[),  \_[, 
B[,  ], z[,
B>[, >V (Vl_
|k[), V>B[.
x>VD ED\k\[
(.. 630668)
 k x>VD \]k\M[
\[ gkV.
 km V]_ B kV[
kV (.. 640) VEA]uz
k >>V.
 \V\_AD [ A]B 
ckV z u_
>^ \uD zk Vl_
\ \>V.

 ]B kV \uD VVD

 VD AoEB V[  At k\Va Q >

kV>VB k[>V_ kV>V km kl_ >V.
VV[  AwV. k "">BVD'' [
B^ \>  
 \V\_[, kV>V VV[, BuV.
 km gEl_ _ kVD
p[, p\[, pW], kVB
a]>m.
sBV>[.
B^
x>VD \k[
 g\B[, >[, V
(.. 670  680) ED\[.
 VB \[[ s\V]>[
VD \kk\[
u V_ VEB u
VB^ cR (.. 728  731)
xul (..674)  VD ED\kM[ \V
 [kVB \k[ [ VD \kk\[ ..
km s> V_ VB 728_ gEl_ \>V.
>Vu>V[.  VB \[ VD s
\V]>V_ V_ >Vu
 [  V[ *m B|m
V.
[ _k^ >V_su  V| u V_
]D. \kk\[ V_V.
 "_\' [ ]_ VB  km \]uz z k[
\[[ V> |aBMD \[^ gEz kV>
>V_suV. V]V_, ED\sibkV_
VD ED\k\[ >V uV _k \A
(.. 691  728) xk>m.
 VD ED\k\[ V VD ]k\[
ED\[ [ w V. (..731796)
 k \V\_A]_ u  VD \kM[ uz
Vl_ \uD VEA]_ z ED\sibs[ >DD
VV> Vl_ gB Bk\M[ \\V
ku V. k |D VD ]k\[ _k
\uV u V| V >>|V.
>VzD.  VD ]k\[ sib>
gkV.


 k VEl_ kz
\V^ Vl V.
]\ gkV k[ \
V>kVkV.
J[VD ]k\[
(.. 847870)
 _k \[_ z>
\ u V \ [   J[ VD
] k\[ gkV.
 k >^V [t]_
u D V_ VB
\[ ""pk_'' k[V.
k k >^V >
]k\[  ] DD
Am.
 B^
 VsV[, w_ ], >^V
> ]k\[, u kM
VVB[.
_k E[ x
 VED\z z T\k\M[
ka>V[_V ]k\[,
Wm[, ""V>['' V[
_k \[^ >V
\> g.
 Vw[ ElV_ _k
 >m _kV w>m.
 .. 895 _ ]ADBD V_
_k^ ku u. [
sBVB VwM[ \V
g]> Vw[ E _k
\[[ V> k[
VEz]B uV[.
m[ _k  xz
k>m.
]B kV \uD VVD
_k gEx
 _k Vm \D
VD, V|,    gE
V >m.
 _k E[ tB
gE \D _m
ViD |D. m kM[
|V_ >[VE u
sBm.
 \^  sBVD
(VVD), sB^
 V|VD, V|^ 
VD .
 _k gE xl[ tEB
gE  _m V\D
[>VzD.
 WkV][  z V\D
gzD. V\> Wk ""
k'' >m.
 \B E[ >kV \[
sV. \[z c>sBV
\D, BD
>.
 _k E[ \^
\V]B^ .
kz c>\[, D\
V[, B[ V[ sm
D V|.
 _k E_ J[ kBV
]\[^ >. c
]\[D >\V m.
>uz  >\ k>V.

 ]B kV \uD VVD

 ]om ]\[^  _k V x>VB]_

]^ [D, V\ g_ \ >M kV
]\[^ ^ [D V.
w. VV>V W
 WkB E[ xB  >V\V VEAD xB
kkVBV >m. m >s k \VD ]>m,
k  kD ko. k D \ V\D [
k VD, , [ wm. B_ V|
w. k^ VV>E^ [
 V > z\[ w.
VD [ ]V Wkm  W^ cw, Wk>D
k>V. _m V, VV [D
 _k^ gE V]_ V_ .
c^VE \A^ Em  [mD { 
s. Vw[ V\ gE VVzD.
xz _k^ kaVBV  _k V]KD EB xB
s. ckVzD.
J W  >][ B w,
 _k^ V]_>V[ ] \V [ z.
BD >V[ k>m.  x>VD \]k\[ \V\_
 _k V x>VBD V\, \> l[ B E \
]B, kEB, ] [ >VD [>VzD.
V[z  V>m.  \uD  
 V\^ VD   _k V B
>Mz]_ kV>. >tw]_ xD F>kVk.
V\z kw W  _k[  x>VD
V^ D\>B^ [ \]k\[ V]_ V
B. Vl_^ [ k.
 Vl_z VBV kw  u_ >D, \
 Wz >k>VD D, \V\_[ V Vl_^
[ B. |[.\V\_A]_ c^
 ] _k V u_ >^ >uV]_
B^ AB [D,  Vk >^ [
V [D z|[. w|[.

 ]B kV \uD VVD

 \V\_[  Eu_ _szD B u sBm.

tD EVm ]> k kV[ kV, >\V
D [ w|D V[ Q^ z _s
V Eu\VzD. l[.
 VED\[ V]_ |\V  x>VD \]k\[ VD
Vl_^ \zD kwD \uD Vk> sRD gB
>VBm. k\Va _ BuV.
 VE VV> Vl_ \uD  > [k VsB >D
\V\_A u Vl_ \uD k] > >VVD
gB |D |\V Vl_ gB _ BuV.
[ >V WBVzD.
 _k V]_ VB[\VD,
 VEA]K^ kz
gkVD ]V_
\V^ Vl_ VD
>taB BuV.
]k\[ V]_ m.
m ]k\ V [  VB[\V[ V_ >VzA
w|m. ]x [D gkV[
 \V\ \uD z|tBV[\ V_ >VzA ]B >D
 _k|^ _k^ [D w|m.
z > E>  Vs [k >VBD
cm[. [  ]V.
 x>VD \]k\[ \uD  _k V]_ kV> _VV
x>VD ED\k\[ gBV _VD [ 
l_ k_kV >. D, >kV V>
 E]VAo [ Vu kV [ D
x>VD \]k\[ V]_ BuV.
>E E]D [ {sB  ]DD [ KD
s_ >Vzm. _k V]_ >>VzD.
_s \uD B W  _k V]_ gkVD
 _k V]_ k\Va VB[\VD ] B
_sz x[\  V^.
VKD >t\VaBD Vu  VB[\V^ m Jk gk.
k>. k_ ]V ]QV
 VEA]o> A>  D>, >, \V kV
 E> _s \B\VzD. \KD gBV z>k^.
_s \BD k\Va


 VV_ D\BV 63 VB[
\V_ k gkV.
 gkV^ \V>D [Mk
k_ VFBVkV,
BVkV, >>VkV, ]\a
•••
]B kV \uD VVD
gkV gB V_kD >V
\> >k^.
 [M| gkV_ kV
gV^ ]Vk \uD
VEBV ]\Va gB
_ Bu^V.

 ]B kV \uD VVD

VB 

VB[ >D \m

 [B V]_ ]>
VB Vm [B

gzD. km E[D *[
\m, ]_ko \Vk gzD.
D, ]EV^l[  z] \uD  >tw> ^ B
]kV_ E z]D Vm xuV VB
c^B>V >m. gEBVm xz k>m.
\>M, M V[  x>VD VB 
>V[ _KD, \>  .. gVD uV[ ]l_
 Q kVuV kV VB \[[ |V[
gB kVk[ B zA_  k[ VB
VB[ kVu F] gEB *|D Ws.
VVD k u|]B  x>VD
 VB[ kVu VD VB  [
J[ V V k wm.
|>|m. k,  |Vz z km \[
1. xuV VB^ \Vk\[ kM V\
2.x>VD VB  ]uz k>V. kz B
3. VD VB  k\[ [  BD c|.
xuV VB^ k ""c\l[ >Vw[''
 xuV VB^ >tw [ |^ [.
k >tD \m  |m gEz k> aB[
\ ukVk. >[ ""kVk['' [
wV, kz

 ]B kV \uD VVD

Vu>[, k>  ]k]AD _k|^ VB

k>[ [  BD [ V x^ uD,
c|. pD _k|^ VB
 x>_ VB E[ \[[ V ku
>E> V > uD [.
|k \Vk\[ .  ]_ko _k|_
Vz[, Fko k[ VB \[[ BD,
|\V[ gB km  kz kw 
BVzD. BD V|[.
 \Vk\[  k \B  VB \[[ WkVD
kVu[ [ VB[ \uD V ku^ zm
[D W[ |\V[ k^sz |^, k\
[D wV. D |^, >kVFAD
 x>VD VB E[ E |^ \uD E[\
V TVB[ (.. |^ [.
946996) g]> VwV_  .. 13D uV_ VB^
>VuV[. m[ \_, Vw[ >\lom
x>VD VB  xz s|| >m >MB
k>m. Ws. Wl_ s\
VD VB  VBzD,TVBzD
 _k^ \uD Vw[ l_ kV\ V
TEz z .. 1190 x>_ um. Vw k>[ J[VD
.. 1310 k >tw> zVmM[ g>kV|
g VB^ VD s\ VB[ gEB
VB^ [ w >V.
|[. x>VD Vk\[ z[
 VD VB[ (.. 1190  .. 1216)
WkV> zmD, z  x>VD Vk\ z VB[
VB uD >\m >> s\ VB
AmVlK^ \Vk\[ |m gE VuV.
> VBM[ _k|^  k[ \F]  E>
[. kVu V[VzD.


 ]B kV \uD VVD

 k 1030 D\>B^ B x>VD Vk\[ > VB[

V D mk] V> (.. 1253  .. 1268)
ckVB>V_ ""VD''  k ~wD, Vz V|, k_D
D B uV. \uD Vw  ku
x>VD \Vk\[ > V>V_ ]Ak 
VB[ (..1216  .. 1238) k] \uD D\xD
 k nVk\[ z VB VB[ gB
VBM[ V> gkV. k  B uV.
o V\[, ]B VB  k V]_ VB 
>k V[   B VB V \VBm.
u>V.  k E>DD V VlKzD,
 k ..1219_ J[VD p]_ c^ V>
zVm Vw V| VlKzD V[ >V_ 
k[V. MD VFV^ kF>V.
Vwz g>kV B_  >V_ V[kF> \V^
>V_ >V[ k[ Vw V D D uV.
zVmM\ V|>V.  k \VVV]VV, p\k[
>V_ ""VV| VB [_VD EV.
>VB['' [ x>VD \Vk\[ z[
AwV. (..1268  ..1308)
 k V]_ kl VB  k x>VD Vk\[ >
_ ""VV| VV['' VBM[ \VkV.
[ B V|^m.  km gEl[ Vm >V[
kz z VD kM V| B \VV
Vk\[ z[ E VD VV >twD k>V.
gE A>V.  k  VK^ V_D
VD \Vk\[ > [ z]B k[>V_ ""V_
VB[ (..1238  ..1253) D V VB['' [
 k Vw \[[ J[VD B uV.
V] >Vu>V.  k l[ *m B|m
 Vl_ >
_k>D, W



E[\V A>[ uD
\mz V|k>V.
 k ]_ko _BV
Vlo[ uk VB V gE x
V. kz [ m
kB u
kV\ V VB  *m
xD ^ B|>uz
kakz>m.
VB E[ TE
 x>VD \Vk\[ zM[
\[V > VBzD,
TVBzD l_ u
\ V_ VB V|
m.
 >VB[, _oB g
Vy[ _l[ c>sB
VV. > VBM[
VB u .. 1311_
Vy[ _l[ >]
\VoV >tw][ *m
B|m > VBz
gEB *| >>V.
 _ \z[ k>
m \ >[
g]> >[M]BVsKD
s|]V^. VB
 >[ g]][ 
V| k>V^.
 [ m \ TE
B> V]V_ \m _
>V[^ >MB \mB g
>VV^.
]B kV \uD VVD
 \mB _>V[[ E
lV_ x\BV VB 
TEB>m.
 VB V| xkmD VB
\D m. \\Vm
 k V|VD, kV| 
VD m.
 \[ >\z c>sBV
B^  \
D, >]BD
WBtm VV.
 kB k>uz z
VD EA ]V
B\]V.
 W, W, VBD,
k>_ \uD ]kVB^
[ nm kVB^, kV
V\>D Wk>.
 kV\ \uD kVD
\[ xB >Va_V
>. kV>Va_ FkV
""t A]^'' .
 \^ _k >Va__
~||>.
 VB V| xmzzD
>Vao_ Em sBm.
 VB V| xm^
kV| >_ sD
kV.
0
 ]B kV \uD VVD

 Vu, >V gB E> c^ _V Vl_KD, >

mxV s. \D, \ \D, []^
 ]kVD, \V kVV_ gBku >m^V.
>m. gV^ ]  uV_ \ Vl_^
VkD, D\VkV ]_ u^ . k
VD, s_oA#V k, > \D, \V
\VV>>D, ]TV\ \D [ J[ xB 
VB[ >D [D V >.
D ]. R x[  VA^, V^, s\V^,
cV \uD ] cV gB u ^ V[k VB
_ psVB ]V. V Vl_ \uD 
 Vl_  l_ k, l[ >MEAVzD.
s\VD, VD, VAD gB  \m *VE VlKD, pD
|\V _ VB V> VlKD VB
[ Vz >MmkD V l[ t c[>
um. Wl |mV|[.
 VB^ nDmzD \u  p\V[ pk_[ Vm
 zk Vl_ kVsB> E>[kV_
ckV^. |mVV zkl_ VVD. ]_
]z[D, g\, kB|^ >V\ ^,
z\, ]EV^, m^D *[^, V|D BV^
z[z, E>[kV_ gB V[ {sB^ wz
ku VD. kVF>k.
 Vl_, ]#, \m,  VBm Eu^ z\,
ps_oA# gB _ ]z[D, ]\AD,
c^ |\V Vl_^ V>V\, z[z gB
VB V>kBVzD. _ VVD.
 z VB[ [ \[[  VB \l_ 
>m gEz _ x>[\ >tAkV
sV. \m \VD >t
_ [ Vum.


 ]B kV \uD VVD

 VB^ k\Va, >t gB  ]QVD> VB

| \VaD Vu \[ \Vk\[ l[
k>. \V>k gkV.
 cB_s Wk^ V^  >[VEB g|k>
[ w. VB \[ ] TV\
VB[ >D [ 
Bu^V.

•••


 ]B kV \uD VVD

Vw 

zVm[  ^>t
k Vu g>V^: t>V[  BVV
A>t][  TVaBD V[
_k| V[^: _^ Vw kVu B
 _k|^ >t \uD k c>[.
\Val_ c^. Vw :
 \[[ V^ \uD xuV Vw^:
TD u [.  \VV>D, V[ _
 x>VD V>M[ k|^, \>M \uD
c]\ _k|, x>VD >Vt gBVm zA^
VVM[ >V _k|, V[ku_ Vw uB
T V]M[ ]_, F] Vxm.
[MBVz\ _k|^   V]_ Vw^
z>k. ]EV^, >V
| V[^: gBz] gE F>.
]kVVV| |^ \uD k[ >\V
> |^, x>VD zV cR sBm. Vwm
m VwM[ k[ |^ EBV "Ao' ckDD
kVu >k_ >|[. um.
B V[^  xuV Vw_ V
wV  BAVD Vw[ Auk gkV  k 
BVV  om Vs gu[ z
>  JkV _B V.


 xuV Vw^ >\m ] x>VD V>[
V]_ cR \|\ gE (.. 907  .. 955)
F\s_ EuVVl.
 _k^ gE TEu Vm
Vw  \D kEBB
gD>m.
uV Vw^
 uV Vw  ckVBk
sBVVB Vw[ gkV. k
x>Btm >B
u .. 850_ > Vw
V[ >VV. mk
uV Vw^ gEB\
>\V \>m.
 uV Vw \[^ ..850
x>_ .. 1279 k \V 430
g| gE >.
 uV]_ Vw \
>[M]BVs[ D
z]BD, , VD
(\V, \EB z]^) gB
z]BD k[>V_, k^
 Vw^ .
 sBVB VwM[ \[
x>VD g]> Vw[ (..
871907) E _k \[[
V> >Vum
>V \> B^
uV. \KD Vz
VD >m VBm[
m VV.
]B kV \uD VVD
 c]\ _k|^ k
uB WB >k_
>[.
 g]> VwM[ \[ x>VD
V>[ VB V[ *m
B|m, >[ >V
\mB k[>V_ ""\mD
~wxD VV['' [ D
uV.
 k E>D]K^ V
VlKz V[V_ 
kF>V.>V_"V[kF>
Vw[' [ wV.
 Au >VD V_
Vi  \[ J[VD
iMD >Vu, .. 955_
\\>V.
 x>VD V> z
V]]B[ (.. 949957),
B[ (.. 956857),
VD V>[ 
>Vw[ (.. 956  973),
g]>[ (..956  966) \uD
c>\Vw[ (..965 985)
gBV gE A>.
 \m VV[, \mD
~wxD VV[, V[kF>
Vw[.


x>VD VV Vw[
(.. 985  .. 1014):
 ]kVVV| |^ k
uB F] [.
k Vw z][ ko\ t
\[VkV.
 k  [ n>VD
\>Vk k[ V>
A>D l[ k
z]BD uV.
 AkV  A]B >
VV. z  Ek[
VlD V.
 x wy^  \
V yD k[V, k
V]_ VwE[ A
>[M]BVkD m m
s]>m.
 k \[[ Vk\
V>j V (]k>AD)
[t]_ k[V.
 k _BVB g B
BVstm kB
u ]k\z >V.
 k >\m \^ z>kB
]k\M[ (w / V^V (VV z]),
k VB) V>
s\V]>z \xm
V|>V.
 kV, >V, VDV
gB \[ z]D,
F >Vg z]BD
k[V.
]B kV \uD VVD
 k >\m gE V]_ W
k xB x
|]V.
 k V]_ A> \VBD
 \]B>>V|, g
\D D V\>D A>
\VB]uz [VBV
kwV.
 k k \B> [uV.
km V]_ >V[ >kVD
>Vzm.
 k ..1010gD g|
>V_ yk Vl
V.
 k ..1014_ Bu
F]V.
x>VD V] Vw[
(.. 1014  .. 1044):
 VV VwM[ \V
V] Vw u
]kVV| |^ \uD
> |^  >k_
 >[.
 k mV| (F
>Vg) kkVE (D >),
\D (\V_) gB
 k[V.
 ~w\D  
xk>D uV.
 VB, . \VB
gBVD >Vu>V.


 psBD, VD, \EBV
yuD \uD WVV
y V> z]^ gB x>VD zVm[
, _ m V| (.. 1120  ..1170)
k[m km tE>
BVzD.
 V][ V]_ Vw
Vm Aa[ cWB
F]Bm.
 k kV [ x>VD
\V >Vum 
lom > V| km,
 V VwA]uz
K^ VwD [
l_ >V.
 x>VD V][ >\m k
]B B|[ kuB
VV|D kl_ 
V VwAD [ 
W\V>V. z Vk
gB>D V.
 k > >lom
 V VwA]uz
\VuV.
 k >\m \^ D\V
>sB kB >
VB k[ V
Vz \xm V|>V.
 B^
 xDx Vw[, \Va,
V, V>j V
\>Bk[, B
VV[ \uD EkV>
[,  VV[, VD
]B kV \uD VVD
VV[, xVV[, >
Vw[, c>\ Vw[.
 zVm Vw[ ^
>t, s\ Vw[ cV
gB _^ zVmM[
WkVD, Vbk ku^ u
sz[.
 x>VD zVm Vw[
D\V>sl[\VkV.
 k kB g VB
\ >k. [ Vw
V|z \[VV.
 k Vw V|[ kB
m, VB Vw\
>Vus>V.
 \ VB \[
s \V]> >Vum
o> uV.
 k V]_  Vw
Eom s|> um.
 psBD [ V|[ B
A V>>V_
.. 1077_ z k
zsD  k>V.
 k  kz #mk
V.
 k \z s]>
 k c s>\V k
B>V_, D >s> Vw[
[  B uV.
 Vw  k V]_
Aml um. k >,

 ]B kV \uD VVD

wV, D, Aw] gB Vw gE x

Ak g>>V.  Vw[ WkVD u
 B^ c]\ _k| m.
 D >s> Vw[, W\>  Vw  9 \VVV
\V^, ]u Vw[. m. >
J[VD zVm Vw[ \VV^ \^ [D
 VD zVm[ >[ >k^ g^
t Vw[ [ [D w.
wV.  VwV[ WkV 
 VwV g E z "' [>VzD.  ^
E> [ J[VD >k kV| [D, 
zVm[ gkV. k .. kV|^ >m \D
1205_ \mB u [D, \^ mD
""VwVB['' [ D  >>V VwV|
 VV. sBm.
 Vw \[[ J[VD  V\^ Vw WkV][
V][ (.. 1246  1279) E \V s.
V]_ Vw  E>  V\ BVE [m Vw
>VBm. WkV][  EA D\VzD.
 VkVB[ V[ zB  >D, E>D [
\[^ E, VB V| w ]V kD
E gBk Vw  gEz VA k>.
WzB F>m.  Vw E[ xB kkVF
 VB \[[ VD WkBVzD. m so_
Vk\ >VB[ Vw g_  V (1/6) >m.
V[ E V J[VD  WkkVFm A
V] k[ Vw k] D [
V uV. m[ w m.
Vw xz k>m.  Vw[ u
 B^ >[M]BVsB ko\
 BV \_ mEB Vw[ t>V >m. >V_
 VV]]B[  VD kVszV Vw[
V>[ V sBm.


 ]B kV \uD VVD

 ""V|'' [m Vw[  Vw[ V\ WkV]_

WkV]_xBgzD. tD E> D\V
>[ >k^ VV^ zkV x >|m.
[ w.  WkV k]V kV
 x>VD V> Vw[ V> V\xD 30 z]V 
> c]\ _k|, V\ >. kV z]zD
WkV> uD zkV  ]W] zkV xl_
xB uD skV >>|V.
szm. x>VB W
 V\ WkV> V\  [
 x>VBD kVE\ V^l[
WkV z kMm k>m. V\
l_ V\, ]B,
 c^ zkV
kEB, ] [ V[z D
x >>|.
V >m.
 V\ zlA z]^ ""
 V[ V]_ k,
>D'' [D, V\^
 gB x>VB ^
zl> z] mk] \D
>. k s_ 98
[D w.
V]D,  s_ 98
 V\ WkV] kVB[
V]D >.
m[ V\ WkV z^
 \ x \uD \
EV F>. kVB][
sBVVD u _k|_
c^ kVB \^
z|^.
[ w.
 BV, z], VV
  kVBD, >V kVBD, 
, u gB 
kVBD, V[ kVBD, A
V WBV B
k kVBD gBk z
u>.
>z> gzD.
 [ >M V
 kVB D, c
D m
D V\u
VmVzD EA
\Vm.
Vk_ Tz kV
.


 ]B kV \uD VVD

 Vbk xVD^ ^ [ \V \uD cB\V s\VD

w. V VlVzD.
 E DB[ \V>sD,  x>VD zVm[, zD
z>k ED Vl_[ V]_ B V
VV s.  Vl V.
 ^ ""EV|'' [D >[M]B kVu_
EtA w> \u BV  x>_
V>. Vl_ mkVzD.
 \VoAD, Vs DD,  VD VV[ >V]_
R, Vu gB Vw Vkyk Vl V.
mx^ JD B_V|  sBVB[, V>V\l_
kVD um. (Am V \VkD) VkD
 BV^, VF, ] \uD [ Vl V.
m^ u\] FB. Vl_ xuV Vw[
B z]^ z\]  z  _ c>V
FB. \VzD.
 Vw^V[,k^,A  VwV {sB 
VB kl. kEz x>VD VVD
 >k>VE x Vw V]_ V]D ] Vu.
>V[ >V[ k>m.  Vwm kVsB
 ]VsV  Vw >V, ]\BD, VE
V]_ uD um. VV> Vl_, V>V
 gD V]_ Vw^ \ gB _ VVD.
uVl_D  Vw V]_ 
uV]_ uVl_D [z kEBum. l_ 23
 ^ cBV.
 VwV Vl_[ >M  [B V z
EA >[ s\V\VzD. VwV]_>V[ >t
 VVVwV_  m. > V_>V[ >
> B Vl_, VBD [D guD
> t w  ]   B t     >V[Bm.


 ]B kV \uD VVD

 VwV]_>,>VBD  V\VM[ VB

gB k ^ Vu V E^ E>DD
\]. V VlKD, zDVD
 Ek \V k VV VlKD
]uz c>V VBV V|[.
>V.  >lK^ yk
 V\VM[  k VlKD,  V
]uz c>V VBV VwA]K^ VlKD
>V. VwV VV W
E[V V
Wk]_ s|^.

•••

0
 ]B kV \uD VVD

\m _>VMBD

VBV|, \VV [

\ m _>VMBD _m \VV
_>VMBD, ]V[VD

B[ _o _>VMB][
uV_ \mB nm >[M]B >_
>V V| B_  (\VV, >k, o, Do,
EuVzD. mkVx]D) [Vm.
 VB  TEB> mk \m _>VMBD 
[ u VtB wm.
B|AV_ >V[B >  1325D g| c V[ x\m
_>VMBD, [ sB [ m [ B[ _o
E[ B|AV_ a _>VV xV.
m.
 _o _>V[ x\m [ m
 mk >tw]_ >VEBV
.. 1327_ \ml_ gV
gEA>  VtB 
Bm VK][ [ V
gzD.
 \VoV >[M]BVs[ *m [k WBt>V.
B|m, V\kD k  1335_ x\m [ muz
km ku V. >uz [A ]V u ]_, [V
zV[ .. 1318_VB >[ >] \[V
E[ *m B|>V[. sm VV.
 [ BVy[ m[ \[  kVV 1335_ \ml[
cV[ [k[ .. 1323_ >_ _>V[ [ \[
VV\ VB >Vum VKy[ [ V gEFB
\mB _o _>VMB][ gD>V.
z]BV s>V[.


 VK][ \ \VVV
V[ kVuV [ #>V
\]>V.
 1340gD g| VKy[
kB A (Eu) kV_
V FBV.
 [ Vk >Vm
Vy[ c>V, _>V[
zAy[, BVy[   _
>V[^ gE F>.
 .. 1371_ sB  E[
>] z\V D[, \m
_>V[ y[xVV Vk
>Vum \m _>VMB][
TEz ka kz>V[.
•••
]B kV \uD VVD
 z\V D[ \s
V>s ]B \mVsBD
[ o_ B|A
sk|^m.
 [A ]\Bu gEBV[
gEBV_ \m _>VMBD
TE >m.
 \ml[ E _>VV
E> Vk ..1378_
VD A [ sB
 \[ k[V.
 >[ JD \m _>VMB][
gE xum. \m sB
E[  k>m.

 

INuhg;gpah;fs; tUif
topj;jlq;fs; topahf tpahghuk;
 ,e;jpah gz;ilf;fhyk; njhl;Nl
eil ngw;wJ.
Nkiy ehLfSld; tzpfj;
 gl;Ltopj;jlk; (Silk route)
njhlh;G nfhz;bUe;jJ.
vd;wiof;fg;gl;l Kjy;
,j;njhlh;G mnyf;]hz;lh;
topj;jlj;ij fp.gp. 1453 k; Mz;L
tUifapy; NkYk; tYtile;jJ.
Ml;NlhkhdpaJUf;fpah;fs;
may;ehl;bdh; Kf;fpakhf ,uz;L
fhz;];lhz;b Nehgps;
topfs; %yk; ,e;jpahtpw;Fs;
(,];jhd;Gy;) efuj;ij ifg;gw;wp
Eioa ,aYk;. xd;W
thzpgk; eilngwhky; jil
kpfg;gpugykhd tlNkw;F
tpjpj;jdh;. mNugpah;fs;
vy;iyapYs;s jiutop kw;nwhd;W
gilnaLg;gpd; tpisthf kw;w
fly;top.
,uz;L topj;jlq;fSk; fp.gp. 8
 ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; INuhg;gh> ,e;jpah
Mk; E}w;whz;by; jilg;gl;ld.
kw;Wk; njd; fpof;F Mrpah
 Mrpahtpw;Fk; INuhg;ghtpw;Fk;
Mfpatw;wpw;F ,ilNa thzpgk;
thzpgk; nfhs;is yhgk;
gy;NtW topj;jlq;fspy;
juf;$bajhfNt mike;jpUe;jJ.
eilngw;wJ. mtw;wpy; %d;W
 Fwpg;ghf ,e;jpag; nghUl;fshd
topj;jlq;fs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
gl;L> kpsF kw;Wk; ,Q;rp Nghd;w
tha;ej
; it. mitahtd :
eWkzg;nghUl;fs;> k];ypd;
Mgfhdp];jhd;> kj;jpa Mrpah
ifj;jwp MilfSf;F INuhg;gpa
tiuapYk; : ghurPfk; (<uhd;) kw;Wk;
ehLfspy;> ey;y Njit
rphpah topahf kj;jpa jiuf;fly;
fhzg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpahtpypUe;J
gFjpapy; mike;Js;s
kpsF> kpsfha;> gl;il> ,Q;rp>
mnyf;]hz;bhpah tiuapYk; :
Njq;fha;> rh;f;fiu>
mugpf;fly;> ghurPf tisFlh
rhag;nghUl;fs; Nghd;wit
kw;Wk; nrq;fly; topahf fly;
INuhg;gpa ehLfSf;F
khh;f;fk; Mfpa %d;W Kf;fpa

1
 

Vw;Wkjpahapd. ,e;j ,U ehl;ilr; Nrh;ej

; ghh;j;jNyhkpNah
gFjpfSf;Fkhd thzpgj;jpy;> la]; vd;gth; Kjd; Kjypy;
Mrpa gFjp thzpgj;ij mNugpa Mg;gphpf;fhtpd; njd;Nfhb
tpahghhpfs; kw;Wk; khYkpfSk;> Kidia te;jile;jhh;.
kj;jpajiuf;fly; kw;Wk; INuhg;gpa mr;rkaj;jpy; mq;F Gay;
gFjp thzpgj;ij ,j;jhypapdh; mjpfkhf tPrpajhy;
nfhz;lhb tpahghuk; nra;J Mg;gphpf;fhtpd; njd; Nfhb
te;jdh;. ,th;fs; Nkw;F INuhg;gpa Kidf;F ‘Gay; Kid” (Cyclone
ehLfshd ];ngapd; kw;Wk; Point) vd;W ngahpl;lhh;. ,jid
Nghh;rR
; fiy thzpgj;jpy; fye;J fle;J nrd;why; Gjpa gFjpfis
nfhs;s mDkjpf;f tpy;iy. fhzyhk; vd ek;gpf;ifia
 fhd;]l
; hz;b Nehgps; ntspg;gLj;jpdhh;. ,jdhy;
ifg;gw;wg;gl;ljhYk;> kw;wth;fspd; Gay;Kid ‘ed;dk;gpf;if Kid”
tpahghu jdpAhpikapdhYk;> (Cape of Good hope) vd
Nkw;F INuhg;gpa ehLfSk; miof;fg;gl;lJ.
tpahghhpfSk; ,e;jpah kw;Wk;  mNj Nghy; fp.gp. 1492y;
,e;NjhNdrpahtpy; cs;s ];ngapidr; Nrh;e;j nfhyk;g];
thridg;nghUl;fs; jPTfSf;Fk; ,e;jpahit mila jpl;lkpl;L
Gjpa kw;Wk; ghJfhg;ghd mjw;F gjpyhf mnkhpf;fhtpy;
fly;topia fz;lwpa Kjypy; fiu ,wq;fpdhh;. gpwF fp.gp.
Kad;wdh;. NkYk; ,jd;%yk; 1498y; Nghh;rR
; f;fiyr; Nrh;ej
;
mNugpa> ntdpbah;fspd; tpahghu th];Nfhlfhkh ,e;jpahit
jdpAhpikia cilj;J> fly;top %yk; Kjd;Kjyhf
JUf;fpah;fspd; vjph;g;ig kPwp> mile;jhh;.
fpof;F gFjpAld; Neub> thzpgj;  Nghh;rR
; fiy njhlh;e;J
njhlh;ig Vw;gLj;j tpUk;gpdh;. lr;Rf;fhuh;fs;> Mq;fpNyah;fs;>
 ,jw;fhf Kjd;Kjypy; Gtpapay; Nldpah;fs; kw;Wk;
fz;Lgpbg;G fly;top fz;lwpaTk; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fs; MfpNahh;
,wq;fpath;fs; Nghh;rR
; f;fPrpah;fs; ,e;jpahtpw;F te;J> gy
kw;Wk; ];ngapd; ehl;lth;fs;. fp.gp. tpahghuf;fplq;Ffis mikj;J
1487 - k; Mz;L Nghh;rR
; f;fy; thzpgj;ij tsh;j;jdh;.

2
 

 ,Wjpapy; me;j ehLfSf;Fs; i. th];Nfhlfhkh

Vw;gl;l tpahghug; Nghl;bapy; (Vasco-da-cama 1498):
,q;fpyhe;J kw;w ehLfis  fp.gp. 1487 y; ghh;jj
; NyhkpNah
tpul;babj;J jdJ thzpgj;ij la]; Nkw;nfhz;l gazj;ij
epiyahf;fpaJld; jd; njhlh;e;J> Nghh;rR
; f;fr
P pa
Ml;rpiaAk; epiy ehl;baJ. khYkpahd th];Nfhlfhkh

ed;dk;gpf;if Kidia fle;J

1. Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpah;fs;:
Nk-27 fp.gp. 1498 Mk; Mz;L
 ,e;jpahtpw;F Gjpa fly;top
,e;jpahtpd; Nkw;F flw;fiuapy;
fz;Lgpbf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; Kjypy;
,wq;fpath;fs; Nghh;rR
; f;
fPrpah;fs; Mth;.
 Nghh;rR
; f;fPrpa kd;duhd
,sturh; n`d;wp khYkpfSf;F
gapw;rp mspf;f mwptpay;
Kiwapy; mike;j gs;sp xd;iw
njhlq;fpdhh;. ,tUf;F fly;
gazj;jpd; kPJ ,Ue;j mike;Js;s Nfhopf;NfhL
Mh;tj;jpd; fhuzkhf khYkp (fs;spf;Nfhl;il) te;jile;jhh;.
n`d;wp vd;W Nghw;wg;gl;lhh;. Nfhopf;$L ,e;J murh;
rhnkhhpd; mtiu tuNtw;W
3
 

cgrhpj;jhh;. Kfkjpah;fspd; jiyikapy; Nghh;rR

; f;fr
P pah;fs;
vjph;g;gpw;fpilNa rhkhpd; 1500 nrg;lk;gh; 13 - y;
murUld; el;G nfhz;L> fs;spf;Nfhl;ilia mile;jdh;.
thzpgk; nra;a mDkjp ngw;W> Nfg;uhy;> rhnkhhpd; murUld;
ntw;wpfukhf jpUk;gpr; nrd;whh;. Nkw;nfhz;l Ngr;Rthh;j;ij
th];Nfhlfhkh jdJ Njhy;tpia jOtpaJ.
gazj;jpw;F Md nryit tpl fytuj;jpdhy; Nghh;rR
; f;fr
P pah;fs;
60 klq;Ffs; ,yhgk; juf;$ba gyh; ,we;jdh;.
nghUl;fs; epuk;gpa fg;giy  ,tUila gazj;jpd; ,uz;L
Nghh;rR
; f;fYf;F nfhz;L Kf;fpaj;Jtk;. xd;W>
nrd;whh; vd tuyhW fs;spf;Nfhl;ilia tpl ey;y
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. JiwKfkhd nfhr;rpia
 kPz;Lk; 1501 y; th];Nfhlfhkh fz;lwpe;jJ. mLj;jJ> ,e;jpa
,e;jpahtpw;F tp[ak; nra;jhh;. murpay; epiyia mwpe;J
%d;W Kiw ,e;jpahtpw;F te;J nfhz;lJ MFk;.
fs;spf;Nfhl;il> nfhr;rpd;
iii. gpuhd;]p];Nfh - b - my;nka;lh
fz;zZ}h; Mfpa ,lq;fis
Nghh;rR
; fPrpa FbapUg;G (Francisco - de-Almeida (1505-1509):

jyq;fshf khw;wp tpahghuj;jpy;  fp.gp. 1505y; Nghh;rR

; f;fr
P pa

<Lgl;lhh;. ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; xU Gjpa

 ,e;jpahtpw;F GJ fly; top rfhg;jk; Muk;gpj;jJ.

fz;lwpe;J cyf tuyhw;wpy; Gjpa  nfhQ;rk; nfhQ;rkhf Ml;fs;

mj;jpahaj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa mDg;gg;gLtJk;> mth;fspy; gyh;

th];Nfhlfhkh Nfushtpy; nfhy;yg;gLJkhf ,Ue;jjhy;

,aw;if va;jpdhh;. epue;jukhf xU itrpuhia

 mtuJ rkhjp nfhr;rpd; (MSeh;) %d;W tUl

Nfhl;ilapy; mike;Js;sJ. fhyj;jpw;F ,e;jpahtpw;F

mDg;GtJ vd;W KbT
ii. ngl;Nuh my;tu]; Nfg;uy; (Pedro
nra;ag;gl;lJ.
Alvarcs Cabral 1500):
 mjd;gb Kjy; itrpuhahf
 th];Nfhlfhkh jpUk;gpa gpd;dh;>
mDg;gg;gl;ltNu gpuhd;]p];
ngl;Nuh my;tu]; Nfg;uy; vd;gth;
Nfh-b-my;nka;lh.
4
 

 xU nghpa flw;gilia  1511y; kyhf;fhit

cUthf;fpdhy; md;wp ifg;gw;wpdhh;. 1513y; Vlidf;
,e;jpahtpy; jk; Mjpf;fj;ij ifg;gw;wpdhh;. ,e;Njh
Vw;gLj;j KbahJ vd vz;zp> Ndrpahtpd; thridg;nghUs;
flw;gilia typik ngwr; (eWkz) jPTfspYk; Nkyhz;ik
nra;J mugpf; flypYk; ,e;jpag; epiyehl;lg;gl;lJ. gpwF 1515
ngUq;fly; gFjpapy; Nghh;r;Rf; Mk; Mz;L.; ghurPf
fPrpah;fspd; nry;thf;if tisFlhtpy; Mh;k]; (Ormuz)
typik ngwr; nra;jhh;. ,jw;fhf jPtpy; JiwKfk; xd;iw fl;b
,th; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa nfhs;if Nkyhz;ikia epiy ehl;bdhh;.
ePyePh;f;nfhs;if (Blue Water  tp[aefu NguuRld; jdJ
Policy) MFk;. mNugpa cwit gyg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhh;.
tpahghhpfis ntw;wp nfhz;L rpwe;j eph;thfpahd ,th;>
Nghh;rR
; f;fPrpahpd; Mjpf;fj;ij ,e;Jf;fNshL R%fkhd cwit
epiy ehl;bdhh;. Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. ngh;rpahTld;
 fp.gp 1509 Mk; Mz;L uh[je;jpu cwT nfhz;lhh;.
my;nka;lh vfpg;jpah;fshy; Nghh;rR
; f;fr
P pah;fs; ,e;jpag;
nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. ngz;fis jpUkzk; nra;tij
Cf;Ftpj;J gy ,lq;fspy;
iv. my;Nghd;]h - b- my;Gfh;f;
FbNaw;wj;ij mikj;jhh;. fy;tp
(Alfonso - de - Albuguerque
tsh;r;rpf;fhf gy gs;spfis
1509-1515):
jpwe;jhh;. ,tUila
 Nghh;rR
; fPrpahpd; ,uz;lhtJ
nfhs;iffspy; fhzg;gl;l
MSeuhf my;Gfh;f; 1509
FiwghL vd;dntd;why;
etk;gh; 5y; gjtpNaw;whh;.
Kfkjpah;fis ntWg;Gld;
Nfhthit 1510y; gP[g;g+h;
elj;jp nry;thf;if ,oe;jhh;.;
Ry;jhdplkpUe;J ifg;gw;wpdhh;.
1515 -brk;gh; 15y; Nfhthtpy;
,e;jpahtpy; Nghh;rR
; f;fPrpa
,we;jhh;.
Mjpf;fj;ij cz;ikahf epiy
 ,th; Ml;rpapy; rjp
ehl;bath; vd Nghw;wg;
xopf;fg;gl;lJ vdNt tpy;ypak;
gLfpd;whh;.

5
 

ngd;bq;fpd; Kd;Ndhb vd rhy;nrl; kw;Wk; g]Pd; gFjpfis

miof;fg;gLfpwhh;. ,oe;jdh;. ,e;jpahtpy; Nfhth>
v. epNdhlh Fd;fh ila+ kw;Wk; lhkd; Mfpa

(Nino -da-Cunha 1529-38): gFjpfNs fp.gp. 1961 tiu

 Nghh;rR
; f;fPrpah;fspd; Nghh;rR
; f;fr
P pahpd; Mjpf;fj;jpy;

jiyikaplj;ij fp.gp. 1530y; ,Ue;jdh;.

nfhr;rpdpypUe;J Nfhthtpw;F  Nghh;rR

; f;fr
P pah;fs; kw;Wk; #uj;

khw;wpdhh;. fp.gp. 1535 y; F[uhj; tpahghhpfspd; vjph;g;gpdhy;

gfJ}h;\h tplkpUe;J ila+ jhd; Kjypy; Kfyha Nguurh;

kw;Wk; g]Pd; gFjpfis [`hq;fPh; Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa

ifg;gw;wpdhh;. fk;ngdpapd; J}jh; Nfg;ld;

`hf;fpd;]pw;F mDkjp
vi. Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpa Ml;rpapy;
kWj;jhh;.
eilngw;w Kf;fpa epfo;Tfs;:
 Nghh;rR
; f;fr
P pah;fs; kl;Lk;
 Nghh;rR
; f;fPrpah;fs; fp.gp 1559 y;
,e;jpahTld; E}W Mz;Lfs;
lhkid ngw;wdh;. fp.gp. 1631 y;
thzpgk; Nkw;nfhz;ldh;.
\h[fhd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy;
gpNurpiy fz;lwpe;jth;fs;
`_f;sp gFjpia ,oe;jdh;.
Nghh;rR
; f;fr
P pah;fs; Mthh;.
 fp.gp. 1661 y; Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpah;fs;
 ngl;Nuh my;tu]; Nfg;uYf;F
jq;fs; FbapUg;G gFjpahd
gpwF te;j v];lthl Nfhth>
gk;ghia> jq;fs; murhpd; kfs;
nfhr;rpd;> fz;zD}h; Mfpa
Nfj;jhpd; kw;Wk; gphpl;b\; murh;
,lq;fspy; gz;lf rhiyfis
,uz;lhk; rhh;y]; MfpNahhpd;
epWtp tpl;Lr; nrd;whh;.
jpUkzj;jpw;F rPjdkhf
vii. Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpahpd; FbapUg;G
(tujl;riz) toq;fpdhh;.
my;yJ thzpgj; jyq;fs;:
 khh;bd; my;Nghd;rh - b -
 Nfhopf;NfhL> nfhr;rpd;>
nrsrh (1542 - 45) cld;
fz;zD}h;> Nfhth> ila+>
Gfo;ngw;w Gdpjh; gpuhd;rp]; Nfh
lhkd;> gk;gha;> rhy;nrl;> g]Pd>;
Nrtpah; ,e;jpah te;jhh;.
`_f;sp> kjuh]pf;F mUfpy;
 ,Wjpahf Vwf;Fiwa midj;J
rhe;Njhk;> Mh;k];> kyhf;fh.
gFjpfisAk; ,oe;jdh;.
kuhj;jpahplk; fp.gp. 1739y;

6
 

viii.Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpah;fspd; Mjpf;fk; Mz;L eilngw;w

,e;jpahtpypUe;J xopaf; fhuzq;fs;: jiyf;Nfhl;il NghUf;Fg;gpwF
 my;Nghd;rh - b - tPor
; ;rpAwj; njhlq;fpaJ. ,J
my;Gfh;f;Ff;Fg; gpd; te;jth;fs; Nghh;rR
; f;fr
P pah;fspd; tPor
; ;rpf;F
jpwikaw;w itrpuha;fs;. top tFj;jJ.
 Coy; epiwe;j eph;thfk;.  ,e;jpahTld; fly; thzpgj;jpy;
 kj ntwp - fpwp];jt kj khw;wk;. Kjd; Kjypy; fye;J nfhz;l
 xOf;ff;FiwT. Nghh;rR
; f;fr
P pah;fs; 1961 tiu
 gpNurpy; fz;Lgpbg;G ,e;jpahTld; njhlh;G
Nghh;rR
; f;fPrpah;fis nfhz;ldh;. ,e;jpahtpy; xU
Nkw;Fg;gf;fk; jpUg;gpaJ. Nguuir Vw;gLj;j Kbahky;

 K];yk
P ;fspilNa gifik. Nghapw;W. ,Wjpahf ,e;jpag;

 gk;gha; ,of;fg;gLjy; - Kf;fpa gpujkh; NeUtpd; rkhjhdf;

JiwKfk; ,og;G. nfhs;iff;F xU

 gpw INuhg;gpa ehLfs; tUif - NrhjidahfNt fhzg;gl;ldh;.

lr;R> gphpl;b\;> gpnuQ;R R%fkhf mth;fis mDg;g

thzpgg;Nghl;bapy; Mjpf;fj;ij vLj;j Kaw;rp Njhy;tpaile;J

epiy ehl;l Kbatpy;iy. Nghhpy; Kbe;jJ.

 ,e;jpa RNjr murh;fspd;  1961 brk;gh; 18y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l

vjph;g;G. xU ehs; Nghhpy; Nfhth> ila+>

 1580 y; ];ngapDld; Nghh;rR

; fy; lhkd; Mfpa vQ;rpapUe;j

,izg;G - ,e;jpahtpw;F Nghh;rR

; f;fr
P pa gFjpfs; ,e;jpa

mDg;gg;gl;l ];ghdpa a+dpadpy; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.

mYtyh;fs; jpwikaw;wth;fs; Rkhh; 480 Mz;Lfhyk;

mth;fs; jq;fs; ehl;bd; ,e;jpahNthL Nghh;rR

; f;

eydpw;fhf Nghh;rR
; f;fPrpaiu fPrpah;fs; njhlh;G nfhz;L

Gwf;fzpj;jdh;. ,e;jpa thzpg tsh;rr

; papYk;>
fiy> fy;tp> gz;ghL
 Nghh;rR
; f;fPrpah;fs;> tp[aefug;
tsh;r;rpapYk; gq;nfLj;Jf;
NguuRld; kl;LNk cwT
nfhz;ldh;.
nfhz;bUe;jdh;. Mdhy;
tp[aefu NguuR fp.gp. 1565-k;

7
 

 me;j fk;ngdp Vuhskhd

,e;jpahTf;F tUif Ghpe;j
Kf;fpa Nghh;rR
; f;fPrpah;fs; : gzj;ij ngw;wpUe;jJ
 th];Nfhlfhkh -1948 kl;Lkpd;wp murNuhL kpf
 my;tNu]; Nfl;uy; - 1500 neUq;fpa njhlh;G
 NyhNgh Nrhu]; - 1503
itj;jpUe;jJ. mth;fs;
 gpuhd;rp];Nfh b
my;nka;lh -nrg;lk;gh; 1505 ,e;jpahit tpl eWkz jPTfs;
 my;Gfh;f;F - 1509 kPJk; kNyahtpYk; ftdk;
 N[hb Nf];l;Nuh - 1545 nrYj;jpdh;.
 lr;Rf;fhuh;fspd; Kjy;
2. lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; (The Dutch):
thzpgj;jyk; k#ypg;gl;bzk;
 INuhg;ghtpy; `hye;J kw;Wk;
(1605) gpwF fp.gp. 1610y; Gypfl;
nejh;yhe;J ehl;lth;fNs
(goNtw;fhL) vd;Dkplj;jpy;
lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; vd;wiof;fg;
thzpgj;jyj;ij epWtp> mq;F
gl;ldh;.
Nfhl;il xd;iw fl;bdh;. fp.gp.
 ];ngapd; ehl;blkpUe;J mjpf
1690 tiu mJNt lr;Rf;fhuh;
caph; Nrjj;Jld; tpLjiy
fspd; jiyikaplkhf
mile;j lr;Rf;fhuh;fs;
jpfo;ej
; J.
jq;fSila tpahghuj;ij
 gpwF ehfg;gl;bdk;
Rje;jpukhf tphpthf;f
jiyikaplkhf khwpaJ. fp.gp.
tpioe;jhh;fs;.
1658y; Nghh;rR
; f;fPrpahplkpUe;J
 lr;Rg; ghuhSkd;wk; fp.gp. 1602
,yq;ifia ifg;gw;wpdh;.
khh;r; 20y; nejh;yhe;jpd; If;fpa
fpof;fpe;jpa thzpff; FOtpw;F i. mk;gha;dh gLnfhiy:
fpof;fpy; 21 Mz;LfSf;F  fp.gp. 1623y; mk;gha;dh cs;s
thzpgk; nra;tjw;F rhrdk; ehL vd;Dkplj;jpy; tpahghu
xd;iw mspj;jJ. Nghl;bf;fhf lr;Rf;fhuh;fs;
 me;j rhrdk; NghhpLjy;> Mq;fpNya tpahghhpfis
rkhjhdk; nra;jy;> ehLfisg; gLnfhiy nra;jNj mk;gha;dh
gpbj;jy;> Nfhl;ilfisf; gLnfhiy vd;wiof;fg
fl;Ljy; Mfpaitfisr; gLfpd;wJ.
nra;tjw;F fk;ngdpf;F  thridg; nghUl;fs;
mjpfhuk; mspj;jJ. kl;Lky;yhJ gl;Lj;Jzpfs;>

8
 

mhprp> fQ;rh> fUePyk;> nerT mth;fspd; typik ,e;jpahtpy;

nghUl;fs; Kjypatw;iw Fd;wpaJ.
Mq;fpNyah;fSld; Nghl;b Nghl  jha;ehl;by; Vw;gl;l Nkhrkhd
Kbahky; ,Wjpapy; 1759y; nghUshjhuepiy.
eilngw;w ngNjuh NghUf;;F  Mq;fpNya gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fspd;
(Battle of Bedera) gpwF Mjpf;f Nghl;b.
Njhy;tpAw;W thzpg  lr;Rf;fhuh;fspd; flw;gil
ikaq;fis Mq;fpNyaUf;F tYtpd;ik.
tpw;Wtpl;L ,e;jpahit tpl;L  lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; thzpgj;jpy;
ntspNawpdh;. rpwe;J tpsq;fpdh;. Mdhy;
ii. gz;lf rhiyfs; (Factories) kf;fSf;F eyk; jUk; Ml;rp
Mz;Lfs; thpirg;gb: mikf;f Ntz;Lnkd;w vz;zk;
 [fhh;j;jh (1619) mk;ghapdh nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy.
(- 1623)
3. Mq;fpNyah;fs;
 kyhf;fh (1641) #uj; (1616)
(The English East India Company)
fhiuf;fhy;(1645)
 Nghh;rR
; fy;> `hye;J Nghd;w
 gpk;yp gl;bzk; (1641)> rpQ;Ruh
INuhg;gpa ehl;bdh;.
(1653)(tq;fhsk;)
 ,e;jpahTld; tpahghuk; nra;J
 fh]pk;g[hh; (1658)> ghuheh$h;
nghUsPl;Ltijf; fz;l
(1658)
Mq;fpNyah;fSk; ,e;jpahTld;
 ghyh#h; (1658)>nfhr;rp (1663)
thzpgk; nra;J nghUsPll
;
 ghl;dh> ehfg;gl;bdk;>
Mh;tk; nfhz;ldh;.
k#ypg;gl;bzk; (1605)
 fp.gp. 1588 Mk; Mz;L cyfpd;
 goNtw;fhL (1610)> GNuhr;>
kpfg;nghpa ];ghdpa
fhk;Ng> mfkjhghj; (F[uhj;)
Nghh;f;fg;gyhd ];ghdpa
Mf;uh (cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;)
Mh;klhit (cilf;f Kbahj
iii.,e;jpahtpy; lr;Rf;fhuh;fspd; fg;gw;gil) ntd;wJ.
Njhy;tpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;:
Cf;fj;ijAk; JzpitAk;
 lr;Rf;fhuh;fSld; njhlh;G
nfhLj;jJ. fp.gp. 1599 y; 100
nfhz;l rpy INuhg;gpag;
tpahghhpfs; xd;W Nrh;e;J
Nghh;fspd; tpisthf
(Merchant of Adventurers)

9
 

Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa mDkjp kWj;jhh;. ,e;j

fk;ngdpia cUthf;fp NkNah #o;epiyapy; fp.gp. 1611y;
gpuGtpd; jiyikapy; fpof;fpy; Mq;fpNyah;fs;
thzpgk; nra;Ak; chpikia k#ypg;gl;bzj;jpy; jq;fsJ
jUk;gb Kjyhk; vyprngj; Kjy; thzpgj; jyj;ij
murpaplk; Kiwapl;ldh;. epWtpdh;.
 mij ghprPypj;j murp 1600 -  fp.gp. 1612y; gphpl;b\; jsgjp
brk;gh; 31-Mk; Njjp fpof;fpy; 15 ng];l; vd;gth;
Mz;LfSf;F tpahghuk; nra;Ak; Nghh;rR
; f;fr
P pah;fis #uj;jpw;F
chpikia fpof;fpe;jpa mUfpYs;s ];thyp vd;w
fk;ngdpf;F nfhLf;Fk; xU ,lj;jpy; Njhw;fbj;jhh;. ,jdhy;
gl;laj;ij toq;fpdhh;. Mq;fpNyahpd; Gfo; cah;ej
; J.
 Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp Kfyhag; Nguurh; [`hq;fPUld;
Vw;gLj;jg;gLtjw;F Kd;Ng [hd; Ngrp thzpg chpikfisg; ngWk;
kpy;nld;`hy; vd;w Mq;fpNya nghUl;L murh; Kjyhk; N[k;]>;
tpahghhp fp.gp. 1599y; epyg;gFjp rh; jhk]; Nuh vd;gtiu J}juhf
topahf tpahghuk; nra;a mDkjp mDg;gpdhh;. mth; 1615y;
Nfl;L ,e;jpah te;jile;jhh;. ,e;jpah te;J Nrh;ej
; hh;. gy
 fp.gp. 1608 Mk; Mz;L tzpf chpikfis ngw;whh;.
,q;fpyhe;J murh; Kjyhk; ,jidj; njhlh;eJ
;
N[k;]; nfhLj;j tpahghuk; Mq;fpNyah;fs; #uj;>
nra;af; Nfhhpa mDkjp Mf;uh>GNuhr; mfkjhghj; Mfpa
fbjj;Jld; Nfg;ld; tpy;ypak; ,lq;fspy; gz;lf rhiyfis
`hf;fpd;]; vd;w Mq;fpNya Vw;gLj;jpdh;.
J}jh;> #uj;jpy; gz;lf rhiyfs;  fp.gp. 1639 k; Mz;L gpuhd;rp];
Vw;gLj;j mDkjp Nfl;L Kfyha Nl vd;w Mq;fpNya mjpfhhp>
Nguurh; [`hq;fPh; muritf;F tp[aefu Nguurpd; gpujp epjpahd
tUif Ghpe;jhh;. re;jpufphp murhplkpUe;J xU
Nghh;rR
; f;fPrpah;fs; kw;Wk; #uj; epyg;gFjpia tpiyf;F thq;fp
tpahghhpfspd; vjph;g;ghy; jw;fhy nrd;idia epWtpdhh;.
[`hq;fPh; `hf;fpd;]pw;F ,q;F fp.gp. 1640y; Gdpj [hh;[;

10
 

Nfhl;il fl;lg;gl;lJ. fp.gp. firman) ngw;whh;. ,e;j rhrdk;>

1668y; Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpNya
fk;ngdp gk;gha; gFjpia Ml;rpapd; khf;d fhh;l;lh
,q;fpyhe;J murh; ,uz;lhk; (kfhrhrdk;) (Magna Carta)
rhh;y]plkpUe;J Mz;Lf;F 10 vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ
gTz;LfSf;F thliff;F
Mq;fpNyahpd; thzpgj;jyq;fs;:
ngw;wJ.  k#ypg;gl;bdk;> kjuh];>
 fp.gp. 1633Mk; Mz;L nfhy;fj;jh> `_f;sp (1651) #uj;>
fpof;fpe;jpahtpy; xhprhtpy; Kjy; mfkjhghj;> GNuhr;> Mf;uh.
thzpgj;jyk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
4. Nldpah;fs;:
fp.gp 1690y; [hg; rhh;dhf; vd;w  nld;khh;f; ehl;ilr;
Mq;fpNya mjpfhhp Rjepjp Nrh;ej
; th;fs; Nldpah;fs;
gFjpapy; xU thzpgj;jyj;ij vd;wiof;fg;gl;ldh;.
Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.
 kw;w INuhg;gpah;fs; ,e;jpahtpy;
 1698y; %d;W [kPd;jhhp tpahghuk; nra;jijf;fz;L
fpuhkq;fis Rjepjp> Nfhtpe;j; fp.gp. 1620y; ,th;fs; ,e;jpah
G+h;> fspfj;jh Nfhl;il te;jdh;.
,q;fpyhe;J kd;dh; %d;whk;
 fp.gp. 1620- k; Mz;L juq;fk;
tpy;ypaj;jpd; epidthf
ghbapYk; fp.gp 1676 - k; Mz;L
jw;Nghija fy;fj;jh gFjpapy;
tq;fhsj;jpYs;s rPuhk;g+h; vd;w
epWtpdhh;. ,e;j %d;W
,lj;jpYk; thzpg ikaq;fis
fpuhkq;fs; jhd; fy;fj;jh
Vw;gLj;jpdh;.
efukhf cUntLj;jJ. rh;
 rPuhk;g+h; Nldpah;fspd;
rhh;y]; mah; vd;gth;
jiyikaplkhf jpfo;e;jJ.
Nfhl;ilapd; Kjy; jiytuhf
thzpgk; nra;tij tpl
epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
fpwp];Jt kjj;ij gug;GtJ
 fp.gp. 1717y; [hd; rh;kd; (John
,th;fspd; jiyaha Nehf;fkhf
Surman) vd;w Mq;fpNya ,Ue;jJ.
mjpfhhp Kfyha Nguurh;  Mdhy; ,th;fshy; epiyahf
g&f;\pahplkpUe;J tpahghu ,e;jpahtpy; fhY}d;w
rYiffs; rhrdq;fis (Royal Kbatpy;iy. ,Wjpahf 1845-y;

11
 

jq;fs; thzpgj;jyq;fis 1672y; rhe;Njhk; gpbf;fg;gl;lJ.

Mq;fpNyah;fSf;F tpw;Wtpl;L fp.gp 1669 y;
k#ypg;gl;bzj;jpYk;> re;jpu
,e;jpahit tpl;L
eh$h; vd;w ,lj;jpYk; gz;lf
ntspNawpdh;. rhiyfs; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
thzpgj;jyq;fs;:  1672 y; fNuhd; jpUk;g
juq;fk;ghb> rPuhk;g+h; mioj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;L
gpuhd;rp]; khh;bd; vd;gth;
5. gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fs; (French):
mDg;gg;gl;lhh;.
 ,e;jpahtpw;F te;j
 mth; fp.gp. 1674 y; gP[g;g+h;
INuhg;gpah;fspy; filrpahf Ry;jhdpd; Ml;rpf;F cl;gl;l
te;jth;fs; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fs;. typf;nfhz;lGuk; MSeh;
n\h;fhd; NyhbaplkpUe;J
 fp.gp 1664-y; gpnuQ;R murh;
ghz;br;Nrhpia ngw;whh;. ,J
gjpdhd;fhk; Y}ap kd;dhpd; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fspd;
fhyj;jpy;> mtUila epjp jiyikaplkhf jpfo;ej ; J. 1740
Kjy; Mq;fpy tpahghu
mikr;rh; fhy;gh;l; vd;gthpd;
fk;ngdpf;Fk; gpnuQ;R tpahghu
Kaw;rpahy; jhd; gpnuQ;R fk;ngdpf;Fk; ,ilNa
fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp ,e;jpahtpy; Nghh; Vw;gl;lJ.
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.  fp.gp. 1742y; ba+g;Ns gpnuQ;R
 kw;w ehd;F fk;ngdpfs; Nghy; fth;duhf nghWg;Ngw;whh;.
my;yhky; ,J xU murhq;f fh;ehlfg; Nghh;fspd; ,Wjpapy;
fk;ngdp MFk;. ,e;jpahtpy; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fspd;
Mjpf;fk; Kbtile;jJ.
,e;jpahtpd; Kf;fpa gpnuQ;R
MSeh;fs; : ,e;jpahtpd; Kf;fpa gpnuQ;R
 gpuhd;Nfhapy; khh;bd; (1706 FbapUg;Gfs; :
y; ,we;jhh;)  #uj; 1667
 nrthyprh; `pgh;l;  k#ypg;gl;bdk; - 1669
(1708 - 1713 >1715- 1718)
 ghz;br;Nrhp - 1673
 ypdhah;(1721-23>1726- 1735)
 Ngdha;l;  re;jpu eh$h;
 Lkh\;  gy#h;
 bA+g;Ns  fhrpk; g[hh;

,e;jpahtpy; gpnuQ;R gz;lf rhiy

(Factories):
 ,e;jpahtpy; KjyhtJ gpnuQ;rp
gz;lf rhiy fp.gp 1668y;
gpuhd;rp]; fNuhd; vd;gtuhy;
#uj;jpy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
kw;w gz;lf rhiyfs;:
 re;jpueh$h; (1690)> kh`p (1725)
fhiuf;fhy; (1739) nkhhprpa];
kw;Wk; hpa+dpad; jPTfs;
12
 

epWtg;gl;l
fk;ngdp Mz;L jiyikafk;

Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpa fpof;fpe;jpa fp.gp. 1498 nfhr;rpd; (1510)> Nfhth (1530 - 1961)

fk;ngdp
lr;R fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp fp.gp. 1602 fpof;Ff; flw;fiu kz;lyk; Gypfl; (1690)
tq;fhsk; - `Pfs
; p (1655)
Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa fp.gp. 1600 Nkw;F flw;fiu : #uj; (1608 - 87) gk;gha;
fk;ngdp (1687 ypUe;J)
fpof;Ff; flw;fiu (Nfhukz;ly;)
tq;fhsk; : kjuh]pd; fPo; (1700 tiu)
fy;fj;jh (1700 ypUe;J)
Nldp\; fpof;fpe;jpa fp.gp. 1616 rPuhk;G+h; (tq;fhsk;) (1676-1845)
fk;ngdp
gpnuQ;R fpof;fpe;jpa fp.gp. 1664 #uj; (1668 - 1673) ghz;br;Nrhp (1673 - 1754)
fk;ngdp

13
 

gpw;fhy nkhfyhah;fs;
 ghguhy; cUthf;fg;gl;L mf;guhy; mikjpg; Nghf;if gpd;gw;wpajhy;

epiyepWj;jg;gl;l nkhfyhag; \h Ngfngh; vd;W

Nguurpd; tPo;rr
; p xsuq;frPg; miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.

Ml;rpapypUe;J Muk;gpf;fpd;wJ.  xsuq;frPg; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa FWfpa

xsuq;frPg; Ml;rpf;F te;j gpwF kdg;ghd;iikAs;s jpl;lq;fis

gytPdkhd gpw;fhy nkhfyha iftpl;lhh;. Mk;ghiur; Nrh;ej

; uh[h

murh;fshy; ehjph;\h kw;Wk; mfkJ n[a; rpq; kw;Wk; khh;thiur; Nrh;ej

;

\h mg;jypapd; gilnaLg;GfshYk; m[pj;rpq; MfpNahhplk; mth;fsJ

nkhfyha rhk;uh[;[pak; KOtJkhf gFjpfs; jpUk;g xg;gilj;jhh;.

mopTw;wJ.  kuhj;jpa murh; rhk;gh[papd;

 fp.gp 1707y; xsuq;frPg;gpd; kfdhd ,sturh; \hFit

kiwtpw;F gpwF mtuJ rpiwapypUe;J tpLjiy nra;jhh;.

Gyth;fshd fhg+ypd; fth;dh;  kuhj;jpah;fSf;F jf;fhzj;jpy;

KfkJ Krhk;> F[uhj;jpd; rh;Nj\;Kfpia toq;fpdhh;. Mdhy;

fth;duhd mrhk;> gP[g;g+hpd; nrsj; toq;fg;gltpy;iy \hFit

fth;dh; fhk; gf;\; kuhj;jpa muruhf mq;fPfhpf;f

MfpNahh;fspNlNa Vw;gl;l tpy;iy.

thhpRhpikg; Nghhpy;> 65 tajhd  ,tUila Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; jhd;

fhg+ypd; fth;duhd KfkJ Krhk; kuhj;jpa ,sturh; \hFtpw;F>
ntw;wp ngw;W Kfyha Nguurh; rhk;gh[papd; rNfhjud; uh[uhkpd;
Mdhh;. kidtpahd jhuhgha;f;FkpilNa
1707 y; nfl;Nghh; vd;w cs;ehl;Lg;
i. Kjyhk; gfJ}h; \h (fp.gp 1707 - 12):
Nghh; eilngw;wJ. ,jpy; \hF
 ,aw;ngah; - KfkJ Krhk; MFk;.
ntw;wp ngw;whh; vd;gJ
Kjyhk; \h Myk; vd;w gl;lj;ij
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. rPff
; pah;fis
Vw;Wf;nfhz;L mhpaizapy;
rkhjhdg; gLj;j rPff
; pa FUthd
mkh;e;jhh;. kw;w ,e;J murh;fsplk;
FU Nfhtpe;j rpq;fpw;F cah;
14
 

khd;rg; toq;fpdhh;. Mdhy; muritapYs;s <uhdp mikg;gpd;

Nfhtpe;j rpq; ,wg;gpw;F gpwF ge;jh jiytNu [Pyg
; pfh;fhd; Mthh;.
gfJ}h; jiyikapy; mlf;fp NkYk; yhd; Fd;th; vd;w [fh;jh;
mth;fSila gFjpia fl;Lf;Fs; \htpd; kidtpapd; Mjpf;fk;
nfhz;L te;jhh;. fp.gp. 1711y; ge;jh Ml;rpapYk; ,Ue;jJ. xsuq;frPg;gpd;
gfJ}iu Njhw;fbj;J> FU Nfhtpe;j FWfpa Nehf;f jpl;lq;fs;
rpq;fhy; fl;lg;gl;l Nyhfhh; iftplg;gl;ld. K];yPk;fs;
Nfhl;ilia ifg;gw;wpdhh;. Mdhy; my;yhNjhh; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gl;l
1712y; rPf;fpah;fs; kPz;Lk; Nyhfhh; [p]pah thpia [_y;gpfh;fhd;
Nfhl;ilia Nghhpl;L kPl;Lf; ePf;fpdhh;.
nfhz;ldh;. he;Njyh murh; [p]pah
rpj;jhh;ry; cld; el;GwT  fp.gp 1206y; Fj;GjPd; Igf;fhy;
Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;
 ge;Njy murh; rpj;jh;ry; kw;Wk; [j; 1564y; mf;guhy; ePf;fg;gl;lJ. 1678
murh; Rukhd; cld; ,ize;J y; xsuq;frPg;ghy; kW
ge;jh gfJ}iu vjph;j;jhh;. fp.gp. 1712 mwpKfg;gLj;jgl;lJ.
y; mtuJ ,wg;G NkYk; xU  Mk;ghpd; n[a;rpq;> kph;rh uh[h
cs;ehl;Lg; NghUf;F fhuzkhf rtha; vd;w gl;lj;Jld; khy;th
mike;jJ. gFjp fth;duhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
 khh;thhpd; m[pj;rpq; khfhuh[h
ii. [fe;jh; \h (fp.gp. 1712 -13):
gl;lj;Jld; F[uhj;jpd; fth;duhf
 Kjyhk; gfJ}h; \htpd; kiwtpw;Fg;
epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
gpwF mthpd; %d;W
 [Pyg
; pfh;fhd; jdJ jf;fhz
thhpRf;fSf;fpilNa Vw;w
mjpfhhp njsyj;fhd; %yk;
thhpRhpikg; Nghhpy;> kpfTk; jpwik
kuhj;jpa murh; \hFTld; fp.gp.
Fiwe;j [fe;jh; \h ntw;wp
1711y; Ngr;Rthh;j;ijf;F Vw;ghL
ngw;whh;.
nra;J> kuhj;jpah;fSf;F
 ,jw;F fhuzk; [_y; gpfh;fhd;
jf;fhzj;jpd; nrsj; kw;Wk;
vd;w gyk; tha;ej
; Kfyha
rh;Nj\;Kfpia toq;fpdhh;
mikr;rhpd; cjtpNa MFk;.
[Pyg
; pfh;fhd;> rPff
; pah;fs; kw;Wk;
 [py;gpfh;fhd; cz;ikahd
ge;jh gfJUld; tpNuhjg; Nghf;F
mikr;ruhf jpfo;ej
; hh; Kfyha

15
 

eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. vd;wiof;fg;gl;l iraJ

Mdhy; [j;jpd; Rukhd; kw;Wk; rNfhjhuh;fs; (mg;Jy;yh fhd;
ge;Njyhtpd; rj;jhh;ry; iraJ kw;Wk; `_ird; myp fhd;
murh;fSld; el;GwitNa guh\h iraJ) Mth;. gUf;rpah;>
Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. ,[huh my;yJ mg;Jy;yhfhid jdJ th[ph;
tUtha; - tptrhak; Kiwia MfTk;> `_ird; mypia jdJ
mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;. mjhtJ kPh; gf;\p MfTk; epakpj;Jf;
Njhlhh;khy; epythp Kiwg;gb nfhz;lhh;. ep[hk; -cy; - Ky;f;
Fwpg;gpl;l mstpy; thp t#y; vd;wiof;fg;gl;l rpd; Fypf;fhd;
nra;ahky; murhq;fk; tUtha; - jf;fhzj;jpd; khfhz fth;duhf
tptrhapfs; kw;Wk; ,ilj;jufh; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
fsplk; xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhz;lJ.  iraJ rNfhjh;fNs Ml;rpapy;
 mth;fs; tptrhapfsplk; tpUk;Gk; mjpfhuk; nrYj;jp te;jdh;.
mstpw;F Vuhskhf thp t#y; iraJ rNfhjh;fSf;Fk;>
nra;jjhy;> tptrhapfs; mlf;F murUf;Fk; Nkhjy; Vw;glNt fp.gp.
Kiwf;F Mshf;fg;gl;ldh;. 1719y; muriu gjtpapypUe;J
 ,J [{y;gpfh;fhdpd; Ml;rpapd; ,wf;fp> nfhd;wdh; iraJ
kpfg;nghpa FiwghlhFk;. ,Wjpapy; rNfhjuh;fs;.
muritg; nghpNahh;fspd;
rjpapdhy; [fe;jh;\h> [Py;gpfh; iv. u‡gp cj; -jhuh];[j; (Rafi -Ud-

fhid jdJ th[ph; gjtpapypUe;J Darasjat)

ePf;fpdhh;. (28- gpg;uthp - 4 [_d; fp.gp. 1719):

 [dthp 1713y; [fe;jh; \h jdJ  nkhfyha Nguurh;fspy;

xd;W tpl;l rNfhjuh; gUf;rpahuhy; kpff;FWfpa fhyk; Ml;rp nra;j

Mf;uhtpy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L ,th; fhrNehapdhy; ,we;jhh;.

nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.
v. u‡gp - cj; - njsyh

iii. gUf;rpah; (fp.gp 1713 - 19) (Farruk ([_d; 6 - nrg;lk;gh; 17 fp.gp. 1719):

Siyar):  ,uz;lhk; \h[fhd;

 gUf;rpah; mhpaizapy; mku vd;wiof;fg;gl;l ,th;

cjtpath;fs; tuyhw;wpy; tapw;Wg;Nghf;F Nehapdhy;

‘murid cUthf;Fgth;fs;” gytPdkile;J ,we;jhh;.

16
 

Fypfhd; vd;w Kfyha mjpfhhp

vi. KfkJ - \h (fp.gp - 1719 - 1748):
tq;fhs RNjr muir
 iraJ rNfhjh;fspdhy; fp.gp.
Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.
1719y; 18 taJ epuk;gpa KfkJ
 KfkJ \htpd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy;
\h Kfyha Nguuruhf
ghurPfj;jpd; neg;Nghypadhd
mhpaizapy; mkh;e;jhh;.
ehjph;\h rhjj;fhdpd; cjtpahy;
 cz;ikahd mikr;rh;fshf
,e;jpahtpw;F gilnaLj;J
iraJ rNfhjuh;fs; jpfo;ej
; dh;.
te;jhh;.
 kw;w ,e;jpa murh;fshd
 KfkJ \htpd; gilfSf;Fk;>
khh;thhpd; m[pj;rpq;> Mk;ghpd;
ehjph; \h tpd;
n[a; rpq;> Rukhd; kw;Wk; [j;
gilfSf;FkpilNa gpg;uthp 13>
gphptpdh; MfpNahhpilNa ey;YwT
1739y; fh;dy; (`hpahdh)
nfhz;ldh; iraJ rNfhjuh;fs;
vd;Dkplj;jpy; eilngw;w fh;dy;
kuhj;jpa murh; \hFTld; cld;
Nghhpy; ehjph;\h ntw;wp ngw;W>
gbf;if nra;J nfhz;L
KfkJ \hit ifjpahf;fp
Rauh[;ak; kw;Wk; jf;fhzj;jpd;
nly;ypia #iuahbdhh;. mur
MW khfhzq;fspd; nrsj; kw;Wk;
fUt+yk; fhypahf;fg;gl;lJ.
rh;Nj\;Kfpia toq;fpdh;. fp.gp
nfhs;isabf;fg;gl;l Njhuha
1720y; `_ird; myp
gzkjpg;G 70 NfhbfshFk;.
nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.
 ,ijf; nfhz;L jdJ ehl;by;
 mg;Jy;yh fhd; mf;uh mUfpy;
ehjph;\h %d;W Mz;Lfs; thp
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhh;. ,jw;Fg; gpwF
t#ypf;fhky; ey;yhl;rp nra;jhh;
KfkJ \h Rje;jpukhf Ml;rp
vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ.
nra;a Muk;gpj;jhh;.
 rpe;J ejpf;F Nkw;Nf cs;s ,e;jpa
 fp.gp. 1722 ep[hk; -cy; - Ky;f;if
gFjpia ehjph;\htplk; ,oe;jJ
jdJ th[ph; Mf KfkJ \h
Kfyhag; NguuR ,e;jpahtpypUe;J
epakpj;Jf;nfhz;lhh;.
nry;Yk; NghJ ehjph;\h> Gfo;ngw;w
 KfkJ \htpd; Ml;rpapy;
Nfh`pD}h; ituj;ijAk;> Kfyha
mjpUg;jp nfhz;L gjtpapypUe;J
Nguurh; \h[fhdpd; kapy;
tpyfp ep[hk; -cy;-Ky;f; fp.gp.
rpk;khrdj;ijAk; vLj;Jr;
1724y; i`juhghj; RNjr muir
nrd;whh;.
Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. ,Nj Nghy; Kh;rpj;

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 

 ,jdhy; Kfyha Nguurpd; epjp fp.gp. 1759y; ,uz;lhk; Myk;fhP ;

epiyik NkYk; rPh; nfl;lJ. jdJ th[puhd ,khj; - cy; -
kfpo;rr
; pia tpUk;Gk; muruhd Ky;f; My; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.
KfkJ \h Mz;L NjhWk;  ,uz;lhk; Myk;fPhpd; Ml;rp
,e;Jf;fspd; gz;bifahd fhyj;jpy; jhd; fp.gp. 1757y;
N`hypia nfhz;lhbdhh;. tq;fhsj;jpy; gpshrp
,jdhy; ,th; KfkJ \h uq;fPyh vd;Dkplj;jpy; rpuh[; - cj; -
vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;. fp.gp. 1748y; njsyhtpd; tq;fhs
KfkJ \h ,we;jhh;. ,uhZtj;jpdUf;Fk;> ,uhgh;l;
vii. mfkJ \h (fp.gp. 1748 - 1754): fpistpd; gphpl;b\;
 KfkJ \htpd; ,wg;gpw;F gpwF ,uhZtj;jpdUf;FkpilNa
mfkJ \h Kfyha Nguuruhf eilngw;w gpshrpg; Nghhpy;
gjtpNaw;Wf;nfhz;lhh;. ,uhgh;l; fpist; ntw;wp ngw;whh;.
 ,tUila fhyj;jpy; jhd; ehjph;  mfkJ \h mg;jyp nly;ypia
\htpd; gilj;jsgjpAk;> ifg;gw;wpdhh; 1750y;
Mg;fhdpa muruhd mkfJ \h kuhj;jpah;fSk; nly;ypapd; rpy
mg;jyp fp.gp. 1748 y; gFjpfis #iuahbdh;.
Kjd;Kiwahf ,e;jpahtpw;F
,uz;lhk; \h Myk; 1759 -1806
gilnaLj;J te;jhh;.
 ,aw;ngah; - mypfhfh; MFk;.
 Kfyhah;fs; gQ;rhg; kw;Wk;
,th; fp.gp. 1759y; Kfyha
Ky;jhd; gFjpfis ,oe;jdh;.
Nguurhf gjtpNaw;whh;.
jdJ th[ph; ,khj; - cy; - Ky;f;
 gjtpNaw;w Muk;gj;jpy; jdJ
vd;gtuhy; FUlhf;fg;gl;lhh;.
th[pUf;F capUf;F gae;J
viii.,uz;lhk; Myk;fPh; (1754 - 59): jiyefiu tpl;L mq;Fkpq;Fk;
 mfkJ \htpd; th[puhd ,khj; - miye;J nfhz;bUe;jhh;.
cy; - Ky;fpd; Jiz nfhz;L ,tUila fhyj;jpy; fp.gp 1761y;
mhpaizapy; mkh;e;jhh;. ghdpgl; (`hpahdh)

 [_d; 23y; Myk;fPh; IIf;Fk; ,khj; - vd;Dkplj;jpy; Mg;fhdpa murh;

cy; - Ky;f;fpw;Fk; fUj;J mfkJ \h mg;jypf;Fk;> kuhj;jpa

NtWghLfs; Njhd;wpd ,Wjpapy; gilfSf;Fk; rjhrptuht;

jiyikapy; ghyh[p gh[puht;
18
 

Ng\;th fhyj;jpy; ,ilNa \hMyk; Mq;fpNyahplk;

%d;whtJ ghdpgl; Nghh; ngd;rd; ngw;w Kjy; Kfyha
eilngw;wJ. fp.gp. 1758y; Nguuruhdhh;.
kuhj;jpah;fs; nly;yp kw;Wk;
yh$iu ifg;gw;wp mfkJ \h ix .,uz;lhk; mf;gh;
mg;jypapd; kfd; kw;Wk; (fp.gp. 1806 - 1837):
itrpuhahd ij%h;\hit  ,uz;lhk; \h Myj;jpw;F gpwF
ntspNaw;wpdh;. ,jw;F ,uz;lhk; mf;gh; ngaustpy;
gopthq;fNt 1761y; mfkJ \h kl;Lk; Kfyha muruhf
mg;jyp gilnaLj;J te;jhh;. kjpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
,e;j %d;whtJ ghdpgl; Nghhpy;  N`];bq;]; gpuGtpd;
mfkJ \h mg;jyp ntw;wp Ntz;LNfhSf;fpzq;f jdJ
ngw;whh; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. Kfyha gjtpfs; kw;Wk;
 mf;Nlhgh; 22> 1764y; gl;lq;fis Jwe;jhh;.
tq;fhsj;jpy; gf;rhh;  ,uz;lhk; mf;gh; fp.gp. 1835y;
vd;Dkplj;jpy; n`f;lh; kd;Nwh Kfyha ehzaq;fis
vd;gth; jiyikapy; gphpl;b\; Gof;fj;jpy; tpLtJ jil
gilfs; xU gf;fKk;> %d;W nra;ag;gl;lJ.
Kfyhag; $l;Lg; gilfshd  ,th; ‘uh[h” vd;Dk; gl;lj;ij
nly;ypapy; \h Myk;> uhk; NkhfDf;F toq;fp> yz;ld;
mNahj;jpapd; R[h - cj; - nrd;W jdJ ngd;rd;
njsyh kw;Wk; tq;fhsj;jpd; njhifia cah;j;Jk; gb
kPhf
; hrpk; Mfpaitfspd; Ntz;LkhW Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhh;.
$l;Lg;gilfs; kWgf;fKk; epd;W
x. ,uz;lhk; gfJ}h; \h
NghhpLk; gf;rhh; Nghh; ,tUila
(Bahadur Shah 1837 - 62):
fhyj;jpy; eilngw;wjhFk;.
 filrp Kfyhag; Nguuruhf
,g;Nghhpy; gphpl;b\hh; mghu
fUjg;gl;lhh;.
ntw;wpaile;jdh; vd;gJ
 1857 ngUk;Gul;rpapy; ,e;jpahtpd;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
Nguuruhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
 fp.gp. 1803y; nly;yp gphpl;b\huhy;
 Gul;rp gphpl;b\huhy; mlf;fg;gl;l
ifg;gw;wg;gl;L ,uz;lhk;
gpwF fp.gp. 1858 y; uq;$d; (gh;kh)

19
 

ehL flj;jg;gl;L fp.gp.1862y;

,we;jhh;.
xi. Kfyhag; Nguurpd; tPo;rr
; pf;fhd
fhuzq;fs;:
 xsuq;frPg;gpd; FWfpa
Nehf;fKila nfhs;iffs;
cjhuzk; [p]pah thp> ,e;J
Nfhtpy;fs; ghjpg;G.
 gyk; ,oe;j gpw;fhy Kfyhag;
Nguurh;fs;.
 Kfyha muritapd;
nfhs;iffs;.
 ,e;jpa murh;fSld; el;GwT
,y;yhik.
 Kfyha mikr;rh;fspd; gjtp
Mirfs;
 thhpRhpikg; Nghh;fs;
 me;epag; gilnaLg;Gfs;
(ehjph;\h kw;Wk; mfkJ \h
mg;jyp gilnaLg;Gfs;)
 kuhj;jpah;fspd; vOr;rp.
 kjr;rhP ;jpUj;j thjpfspd;
jhf;fk;.
 RNjr NguuRf;fs; vOr;rp
(i`juhghj;> tq;fhsk;>
mNahj;jp)
 ,uhZt gykpd;ik

20
 

Ng\;thf;fspd; fPo; kuhj;jpah;fs;

rpth[papd; kuzj;ij njhlh;eJ
;
 jf;fhzk; kw;Wk; k`huh\;buh
mtuJ %j;j kfd; rhk;gh[p (fp.gp.
kiyg;gFjpapy; tho;ej
; kf;fs;
1680 - 89) nghWg;Ngw;wJ.
kuhj;jpah;fs; vd;W
xsuq;frPg;gplk; fpsh;rr
; p> fyfk;
miof;fg;gl;ldh;.
nra;j mtUila kfdhd
 kuhj;jpah;fspd; jiy rpwe;j
mf;gUf;F> rhk;gh[p Gfyplk;
eph;thfpahf rj;ugjp rpth[p
mspj;jhh;.
(Kjyhk; rpth[p) fp.gp. 1620 - 80
 ,jdhy; NfhgKw;w xsuq;frPg;
fhzg;gl;lhh;.
rhk;gh[p kPJ gilnaLj;jhh;. fp.gp.
 eph;thfj;jpy; jdf;F cjtp nra;a
1689y; rq;fNk];th; vd;Dkplj;jpy;
8 egh;fisf;nfhz;l m\;lg;
rq;fNk];th; Nghh; eilngw;wJ.
gpujhd; vd;Dk; mikr;ruit
 xsuq;frPg; ntw;wpngw;W gP[g;g+h;
xd;iw cUthf;fpdhh;.
kw;Wk; Nfhy;nfhz;lhit
mit>
ifg;gw;wpa gpwF rhk;gh[p kw;Wk;
1. gP\;th (m) Ng\;th - gpujk
mtuJ kfdhd \hFit ifJ
mikr;rh;.
nra;J nly;yp rpiwapyilj;jhh;.
2. ke;jphp- fhyKiw mikr;rh
 rhk;gh[p rpiwapNy
3. rr;rpth- cs;Jiw mikr;rh;.
nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.
4. Rke;;j;- ntspAwT mikr;rh;.
 rhk;gh[pf;Fg;gpwF mtuJ
5. Nrdhjpgjp -,uhZt mikr;rh;.
rNfhjuuhd uh[huhk; (fp.gp. 1689 -
6. mkj;jpah- epjp mikr;rh;.
1750) kuhj;jpa Nguuruhfg;
7. gz;bl;uht; - rkaj;jiyth;
nghWg;Ngw;whh;.
8. epahajP\;- ePjpj;Jiw
 fp.gp. 1760 Mk; Mz;L uh[huhkpd;

 Nkw;fz;l 8 mikr;rh;fspd; kuzj;ijj; njhlh;eJ

; > mtuJ

Ng\;th vd;Dk; gpujk mikr;rh; kidtp jhuhgha; jdJ rpWtaJ

kpf Kf;fpakhd gjtp MFk;. kfdhd ,uz;lhk; rpth[pia

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 

kd;duhf;fp eph;thfj;ijj; jhNd jf;fhzj;jpy; nrsj; kw;Wk;

Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. rh;Nj\;Kfp Nghd;w thpfis
 Kfyha kd;dh; xsuq;frPg;gpd; kuhj;jpah;fs; t#ypj;Jf;nfhs;s
kuzj;jpw;Fg; gpwF Kjyhk; gfJ}h; Kiwapl;lhh;.
\h nghWg;Ngw;whh;. ,th;  iraJ rNfhjh;fSld;
rpiwapypUe;j \hFit tpLjiy cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;ljhy;>
nra;jhh;. rpth[p fhyj;jpypUe;j midj;J
 ,jdhy; rjhuh gFjpapypUe;j kuhj;jpa gFjpfSk; \hFtplk;
\hFtpw;Fk;> Nfhy;fhg;g+hpypUe;j jpUk;g xg;gilf;fg;gl;ld. kw;Wk;
jhuhgha;f;FkpilNa fp.gp. 1767y; jf;fhzj;jpy; 6 khfhzq;fspd;
cs;ehl;Lg;Nghh; (nfl; Nghh;) nrsj; kw;Wk; rh;Nj\;Kfp Mfpa
Vw;gl;lJ. ghyh[p tp];tehj; vd;w thpfs; t#ypj;J nfhs;s
nfhq;fd; gpuhkzhpd; Jizahy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;ldh;.
jhuhgha; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L \hF  ,jw;F ifkhWjyhf
ntw;wp ngw;whh;. jf;fhzj;jpy; kw;w Kfyha
 vdNt \hF> ghyh[p gFjpfis ghJfhf;f
tp];tehj;ij jdJ Ng\;ththf xg;Gf;nfhz;ldh;.
epakpj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;.  NkYk; fp.gp. 1719y; Kfyhag;
 rpth[papd; topj;Njhd;wy;fs; Nguurh; gUf;rpaiu gjtpapypUe;J
jpwik Fiwe;jth;fshf ,wf;Ftjw;F cjtpahf ghyh[p
fhzg;gl;ljhy; Ng\;thf;fs; tp];tehj; jiyikapy;
kuhj;jpa Nguurpd; kuhj;jpag;gil nrd;W> mtiu
Ml;rpahsuhdhh;. gjtpapypUe;J ntspNaw;wpaJ.
 ,th;fs; cz;ikahfTk;  rj;ugjp rpth[pf;Fg; gpwF kuhj;jpa
jpwikahfTk; Ml;rp nra;jdh;. Nguurpd; ngUikia kPz;Lk;
GJg;gpj;jhh;. fp.gp. 1720y; ,th;
i. Ng\;th ghyh[p tp];tehj; (fp.gp.
kuzkile;jhh;.
1713 - 1720)
 kuhj;jpa kd;dh; \hFtpd; ii. Ng\;th Kjyhk; gh[puht;
Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; Ng\;ththf (fp.gp. 1720 - 1740):
epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. Kfyha  ghyh[p tp];tehj; kiwtpw;F gpwF
mikr;ruhd [Pyg
; pfh;fhdplk; 20 taNj epuk;gpa mtuJ kfd;
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 

Kjyhk; gh[puht; Ng\;ththfg; kfdhd ghyh[p gh[puht; fp.gp.

nghWg;Ngw;whh;. Ng\;thf;fspy; 1740 y; Ng\;thf nghWg;Ngw;whh;.
jiy rpwe;jtuhf Nghw;wg; kuhj;jpah;fspd; jiyikaplj;ij
gLfpd;whh;. g+dhtpw;F khw;wpdhh;. ,tUila
 rpth[pf;Fg; gpwF nfhhpy;yh fhyj;jpy; jhd; \hF fp.gp. 1749y;
Nghh;Kiwapy; rpwe;jtuhf kuzkile;jhh;. fp.gp. 1757y;
fUjg;gLfpd;whh;. xhprhg;gFjpia tq;fhs
 kuhj;jpa Nguuir tlf;Fg; ethg;gplkpUe;J ifg;gw;wpdhh;.
gFjpapy; tphpTgLj;j tpUk;gpdhh;.  fp.gp. 1760y; i`juhghj; ep[hik
,tUila Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; jhd; cl;fPh; vd;Dkplj;jpy;
nfa;f;th;j;Jfs;> N`hy;fh;fs;> Njhw;fbj;jhh;. jdJ cwtpduhd
rpe;jpahf;fs; kw;Wk; rjhrptuht; vd;gthpd;
Nghd;]N
; yf;fs; Mfpa kuhj;jpa topfhl;Ljypd; Nghpy; fp.gp.
rh;jhh; FLk;gq;fs; Mjpf;fk; 1758y; kuhj;jpa Nguurpd;
ngw;wd. ,th; Kw;Nghf;F ngUikiaAk;> GfioAk; cr;r
nfhs;ifia filg;gpbj;jhh;. epiyf;F nfhz;L nrd;whh;.
 i`juhghj; ep[hik mikjp  gQ;rhigf; ifg;gw;wp Mg;fhdpa
cld;gbf;ifapy; ifnaOj;jplr; muruhd mfkJ \h mg;jhypapd;
nra;jhh;. Nghh;rR
; f;fPrpah; kfDk; itrpuhAkhd ij%h;
fsplkpUe;J rhy;nrl;> g]Pd;> \hit ntspNaw;wpf;
jhdh Nghd;w ,lq;fis Nfhl;ilapy; kuhj;jpaf;nfhbia
ifg;gw;wpdhh;. fp.gp. 1733y; gwf;f tpl;lhh;. fp.gp. 1752y;
[d;[puhtpd; rpjpf;fSld; Kfyhag; Nguurh; mfkJ \htpd;
Nghhpl;L tpul;bdhh;. th[puhf ,khj; - cy; - Ky;f; tu
 Vg;uy; 1740y; Kjyhk; gh[puht; kuhj;jpah;fs; cjtpdh;.
,we;jhh; ,tuJ fhyj;jpy;  jdJ kfdhd ij%h; \hit
kuhj;jpag; NguuR typik kpf;fjhf gQ;rhig tpl;L ntspNaw;wpajhy;
jpfo;ej
; J. NfhgKw;w Mg;fhdpa muruhd
iii. ghyh[p gh[puht; (1740 -1761): mfkJ \h mg;jyp>
 ehdh rhfpg; vd;wiof;fg;gl;l Nuh`py;fz;L murh; eh[pg; - cj;
Kjyhk; gh[puhtpd; 18 taJ njsyh kw;Wk; mNahj;jp ethg;

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R[h - cj;njsyh MfpNahhpd;  ik#hpd; i`jh; mypia jk;kplk;

cjtpNahL ,e;jpah kPJ thp fl;lr; nra;jhh;.
gilnaLg;G Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.  fp.gp. 1771y; Kfyhag; Nguuruhd
 kuhj;jpag;gilapd; ngaustpy; ,uz;lhk; \h Myj;ij nfhz;L
jiytuhf Ng\;thtpd; kfdhd te;J jq;fsplk; ngd;rd; ngWk;
tp];th];uhTk;> cz;ikj; eguhf;fpdhh;.
jiytuhf ,g;uh`pk; fhd; fhh;b  tl ,e;jpahit fl;Lf;Fs;
nray;gl;lhh;. nfhz;L te;jhh;. fp.gp. 1772y; fhr
 ,U gilfSk; [dthp 14> fp.gp. Nehapdhy; ,we;jhh;.
1761y; ghdpgl; vd;Dkplj;jpy;  g+dhtpy; kPz;Lk; Ng\;th
re;jpj;J Nghhpl;ld. ,J gjtpf;fhf thhpRhpikg; Nghh;
tuyhw;wpy; %d;whtJ ghdpgl; eilngw njhlq;fpaJ.
Nghh; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.  Ng\;th ghyh[p gh[p uhtpd;
 Nghhpy; fye;J nfhz;l midj;J ,isa rNfhjuuhd uFehj
kuhj;jpah;fSk; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L uhtpw;Fk;> Ng\;th
nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;. khjtuhtpDila ,isa
 ,jidawpe;j Ng\;th rNfhjuuhd ehuhazuhtpw;Fk;
ehdhrhfpg; mjph;r;rpAw;W ,ilNa Nkhjy; eilngw;wJ.
gytPdkile;J NehAw;W [_d;  fp.gp. 1773y; ehuhazuht;
1761y; ,we;J Nghdhh;. nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. ,tUf;Fg;gpwF
 ,e;jg;Nghh; kuhj;jpah;fSf;F ,tuJ kfd; rtha; khjt uht;
Nghpog;ig toq;fp> kuhj;jpag; Ng\;th Mdhh;. ,jdhy;
NguuR tPo;r;rpAwf; fhuzkhf NfhgKw;w uFehj uht;
,Ue;jJ. gphpl;b\hUld; ,ize;J

iv. ehdh rhfpg;gpw;F gpwF NghhplNt> mJ Kjy; Mq;fpNya

Ng\;thf;fs;: kuhj;jpag; Nghhpy; Kbe;jJ.

 fp.gp. 1761y; 17 taJ khjtuht; ,jdhy; g+dhtpy; rtha;

Ng\;ththfg; nghWg;Ngw;whh;. ,th; khjtuhtpd; Mjuthsh;fs; ehdh

rpwe;j Nghh;tPuh;. i`juhghj; gl;ehtp]; jiyikapYk;>

ep[hik Njhw;fbj;jhh;. khjtuht; jiyikapy; ,tuJ

Mjuthsh;fSk; Nkhjypy;

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 

<Lgl;ldh;. fp.gp. 1795y; rtha; v. kuhj;jpah;fspd; Njhy;tpf;fhd

khjtuht; ,we;jhh;. fhuzq;fs;:
 kuhj;jpah;fspy; kuhj;jpa rh;jhh;fs;  kuhj;jpah;fspd; Mf;fpukpg;Gf;
vd;wiof;fg;gl;l gNuhlhitr; nfhs;if kw;Wk; nfhs;is
Nrh;e;j n`a;f;th;Jfs;> abj;jy;. kuhj;jpah;fs;; kuhj;jpa
ehf;g+iur;Nrh;e;j Nghd;];Nyf;fs;> rh;jhh;fspd; Mjuit ,oe;jdh;.
,e;J}iur; Nrh;e;j N`hy;fh;fs;  ,uh[Gj;jpuh;fs;> [hj;Jf;fs;
kw;Wk; Fthypaiur; Nrh;e;j rPf;fpah;fs; kw;Wk; kw;w ,e;jpa
rpe;jpahf;fs; MfpNahh; FWepy murh;fis kuhj;jpah;fs;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;fs; Mth;. ntWj;J Nghhpl;ldh;.
 NkYk; tlgFjpapy; kfhj;[p  xOf;ff; FiwT
rpe;jpah vd;w kuhj;jpa murh;  nghUshjhuk;> mwptpay; kw;Wk;
jpwik tha;e;jtuhthh;. ,th; fp.gp. njhopy;El;gk;> thzpgk; kw;Wk;
1784y; ,uz;lhk; \h Myj;ij njhopw;rhiyfis Kd;Ndw;w
fl;Lg;gLj;jpdhh;. INuhg;gpa ve;j eltbf;ifAk; vLf;ftpy;iy.
Kiwapyhd ,uhZtg;gilia  mfkJ \h mg;jypapd;
nfhz;bUe;jhh;. ,th; gilnaLg;G. kuhj;jpa
ehdhgl;dp\; kw;Wk; ,e;J}h; ,uhZtj;jpd;
N`hy;fh;fisAk; vjph;j;jhh;. fp.gp. gytPdkhdj;jd;ik.
1794y; kuzkile;jhh;.  jpwikaw;w Ng\;thf;fs;
 rtha; khjtuhtpd; ,wg;gpw;F gpwF  cs;ehl;L thhpRhpikg; Nghh;fs;.
uFehjuhtpd; kfDk;> kpfTk;  Ng\;thf;fspd; ifg;ghitahf
tYtpyf;f ,uz;lhk; gh[puht; kuhj;jpa murh;fs; khw;wg;gLjy;.
Ng\;ththfg; nghWg;Ngw;whh;.  mjpf epythp
 nty;ny];ypapd; Jizg;gilj;
jpl;lj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhh;. ,tNu
kuhj;jpah;fspd; filrp Ng\;th
Mthh;. gphpl;b\hh; Ng\;th
gjtpia xopj;jdh;.

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 

RNjrg; NguuRfs;
 Kfyhag;Nguurpy; murhq;fk;
1. tq;fhsk;: Kh;rpj;Fypfhd;
gy;NtW khfhzq;fs; my;yJ
(1717 -27) (Murshid Quli Khan):
rghf;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;L> fth;dh;
 tq;fhs RNjrg; Nguuir
my;yJ RNgjhh; %yk; Msg;gl;L
Vw;gLj;jpath; Kh;rpj; Fypfhd;
te;jJ.
vd;Dk; tq;fhsj;jpd; Kfyha
 fth;dh; ,y;yhj khfhzq;fspy;
RNgjhh; Mthh;.
,U tif mjpfhhpfs; KiwNa
 ,th; fp.gp. 1700y; tq;fhsj;jpd;
jpthd; - epjp eph;thfk;> ep[hk; -
jpthd;> gpwF fp.gp. 1713 y; eapg;
,uhZt eph;thfk; %yk; Ml;rp
RNgjhh; (Jiz fth;dh;) kw;Wk;
elj;jg;gl;lJ.
fp.gp. 1717y; RNgjhuhf
 gjpndl;lhtJ E}w;whz;by;>
(fth;duhf) Kfyhag; Nguurh;
jpwikaw;w gpw;fhy Kfyhah;fspd;
gUf;rpauhy; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
fhyj;jpy; mth;fspd;
gUf;rpahpd; gytPdj;ijg;
gytPdj;ijg;gad;gLj;jp>
gad;gLj;jp jhdhf Kad;W fp.gp.
fth;dh;fSk; kw;Wk; Kfyha
1717y; tq;fhsj;jpd; muruhf
mjpfhhpfSk; kj;jpa Kfyha
(ethg;) Mdhh;.
murhplkpUe;J ,izg;ig
 kw;Wk; fp.gp. 1719y; xhprhtpd;
Jz;bj;J jdpr;Rje;jpu RNjrg;
eph;thfg; nghWg;igAk; vLj;Jf;
NguuRfis Vw;gLj;jpdh;.
nfhz;lhh;.
 mjpy; Fwpg;ghf tq;fhsk;>
 jdJ tq;fhs murpd;
mNahj;jp kw;Wk; i`juhghj; RNjr
jiyefiu lhf;fhtpypUe;J
NguuRfs; ‘thhpR RNjr muRfs;”
Kh;rpjhghj;jpw;F khw;wpdhh;.
(Succession States) Mf Kfyhag;
 tUtha; tptrhaj;ij (Revenue
NguurplkpUe;J cUthditahFk;.
Farming) mwpKfk; nra;jhh;.
rPj;jhuhk; Nu> cja ehuhazd;>

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Fyhk; KfkJ> R[hj;fhd; kw;Wk; nfhz;L tq;fhsj;jpd;

e[j;fhd; Nghd;w [kPd;jhh;fspd; ethg;ghf nghWg;Ngw;whh;.
fyfq;fis mlf;fp> mth;fSf;F  Kfyha Nguurh; KfkJ \h
uhk;[Ptid toq;fpdhh;. uq;fPyhtpw;F ,yQ;rk; toq;fp
 fp.gp. 1727y; Fypfhd; ,we;jhh;. mthplkpUe;J mDkjp gl;lak;
i. R[h -c-jPd; (1727 - 39) ngw;whh;. Mq;fpNyah;fs;
(Shuja - ud - din): fy;fj;jhtpYk;>
 Kh;rpj; Fypfhd; ,wg;gpw;Fg; gpwF gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fs;
mtUila kUkfd; R[h cjPd; re;jpueh$hpYk; Nfhl;ilfs;
tq;fhs ethg;ghf fl;Ltij jil nra;jhh;.
nghWg;Ngw;whh;.  fp.gp. 1746y; Kfyha NguurUf;F
 Kfyhag; Nguurh; KfkJ \h thp nrYj;j kWj;jhh;.
uq;fPyhtpdhy; gPfhhpd; fth;duhf  fp.gp. 1751y; kuhj;jpah;fSf;F
epakpf;fg;gl;l R[h - c -jPd;> <LnfhLf;f Kbahky;
tq;fhsk;> gPfhh; kw;Wk; xhprhtpd; xhprhtpd; gFjpfis ,oe;jhh;.
ethg;ghf jpfo;ej
; hh;. ,Wjpapy; fp.gp. 1756y;
 fp.gp. 1739y; kuzkile;jhh;. nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.
iv. rpuh[;; - cj; - njsyh
ii. rh;ghu[;fhd; (1739 - 40)
(Siraj - ud - Daula 1756 - 57):
(Sarfaraz Khan):
 mypth;jpfhDf;Fg; gpwF rpuh[; -
 R[h - cjPDf;Fg;gpwF
cj; - njsyh tq;fhsj;jpd;
tq;fhsj;jpd; ethg;ghf
ethg;ghf nghWg;Ngw;whh;.
nghWg;Ngw;w rh;‡gu];fhid>
 Mq;fpNyah;fs; fy;fj;jh
mypth;jpfhd; vd;gth; nfhd;W
gFjpapy; jq;fsJ thzpgj;jyq;
tpl;L tq;fhsj;jpd; ethg;ghf
fis Rw;wp Nfhl;ilfis fl;b
nghWg;Ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhh;.
gyg;gLj;jf;$lhJ vd;W
iii. myp th;jpfhd;
mwptpj;jhh;.
(Alivardikhan 1740 - 56):
 Mdhy; mij Mq;fpNyah;fs;
 fp.gp. 1740 y; eilngw;w fhpah gpd;gw;w kWf;fNt NfhgKw;w
NghUf;Fg;gpwF mypth;jpfhd;> ethg; [{d; 4> 1756y;
rh;‡gu];fhid ntw;wp fhrpk;g[hiuAk;> [{d; 15> 1756y;

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fy;fj;jh thzpgj;jyq;fisAk; uha; Jh;yhg;> fhjpk;fhd;

ifg;gw;wp mq;fpUe;j 146 Nghd;wth;fs; Mq;fpNyaUld;
Mq;fpNyah;fisAk; xU rpwpa ufrpakhf yQ;rk; ngw;W
miwapy;milj;jhh;. cld;gbf;if nra;J
 Mq;fpNyah; `hy;nty;ypd; nfhz;lth;fs; Mth;.
fUj;Jg;gb 23 Ngh; kl;LNk  tuyhw;W rpwg;G kpf;f ,g;Nghh;
gpioj;jjhfTk;> 123 Ngh; gpshrpg; Nghh;
%r;Rj;jpdwp ,we;jdh; vd;fpwhh;. vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 [{d; 20> 1756y; eilngw;w  tq;fhs ethg;
,r;rk;gtNk Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhh;.
,Ul;liwj;Jaur;rk;gtk; (Black  jg;gpr;nrd;w tq;fhs ethg;ig>
Hole Tragedy or Episode) kPh; [hgh; kfd; kpuhd;
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. jiyikapyhd rpW gil ifJ
 ,jdhy; Mj;jpukile;j kjuh]; nra;J nfhiy nra;jJ.
fth;dh; ,uhgh;l; fpist;  kPh;[hgh; tq;fhsj;jpd; ethg;
fy;fj;jhtpw;F tpiue;J rpuh[; - Mdhh;.
cj; - njsyh kPJ gilnaLj;jhh;.
v. kPh; [hgh; (Mir Jafar fp.gp. 1757 - 60):
,UgilfSk; [{d; 23> 1757y;
 ,uhgh;l; fpistpd; N[f;fy;
ghfPujp Mw;wq;fiuapYs;s
(je;jpu ehp) vd;W
gpshrp vd;Dkplj;jpy; Nkhjpd.
miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.
 ,jw;F Kd;Ng tq;fhs
 ,th; Mq;fpNyaUf;F tq;fhsk;>
uhZtj;jpd; cah;
gPfhh; kw;Wk; xhp]h gFjpapy;
mjpfhhpfSf;F yQ;rk; nfhLj;J
,ytr thzpgk; nra;a mDkjp
rhp nra;J Nghhpy; fye;J
toq;fpdhh;.
nfhs;shky; nra;J tpl;ldh;
 24 [kPdj
; hhp gh;fhdhf;fis
Mq;fpNyah;fs;.
Mq;fpNyaUf;F toq;fpdhh;.
 mth;fspy; kPh;[hgh; jiyik
,tUila Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; jhd;
uhZtjsgjp (kPh; gf;\p)>
Mq;fpNyah;fs; ,e;jpahtpy;
khdpf;re;j; - fy;fj;jh mkpd;re;j;
nghUshjhuj;ij Ruz;b
- rPf;fpa nry;te;j tpahghhp> [fj;
nfhs;isabj;J gphpl;ld;
nrj; - tq;fhs nry;te;jh; kw;Wk;
nfhz;L nry;y Muk;gpj;jdh;.

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Muk;gj;jpy; ey;YwT jhf;fpdh;. mf;Nlhgh; 22> 1764y;

nfhz;bUe;j kPh;[hgh;> ,Wjpapy; gf;rhh; vd;Dkplj;jpy; Nk[h;
gifik nfhz;L ,e;jpahtp n`f;lh; kd;Nwh jiyikapy;
ypUe;J Mq;fpNyaiu tpul;l Mq;fpNya gilfSk;> %d;W
KbT nfhz;lhh;. $l;lzpahd (kPhf
; hrpk;>
 lr;Rf;fhuh;fis itj;J mNahj;jpapd; R[h - cj; -
Mq;fpNyaiu tpul;l vLj;j njsyh kw;Wk; nly;ypapd;
Kaw;rp etk;gh; 25 fp.gp. 1759y; ,uz;lhk; \h Myk;) MfpNahh;
,UtUf;Fk; eilngw;w ngjhuh ,ize;J Nkhjpf;nfhz;ldh;.
Nghhpy;(Battle of Bedara)  ,e;j $l;lzpia n`f;lh;
lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L> kd;Nwh Njhw;fbj;J Nghhpy;
Mq;fpNyah;fs; ntw;wp ngw;wdh;. mghu ntw;wpaile;jhh;.
kPh;[hgh; tq;fhs ethg;  tuyhw;W rpwg;G kpf;f ,g;Nghh;
gjtpypapypUe;J ,wf;fg;gl;L gf;rhh; Nghh;
kPhf
; hrpk; ethg; Mf;fg;gl;lhh;. vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
vi. kPh;fhrpk; (Mir Qasim 1760 - 64): vii. kPh;[hgh; (1765):
 kPh; [hghpd; kUkfdhd kPhf
; hrpk;>  gf;rhh; NghUf;Fg; gpwF rpy
Mq;fpNyaUf;F rpl;lfhq;> khjq;fs; kPh;[hgh; tq;fhsj;jpd;
kjpdhg;g+h; kw;Wk; gh;Jthdpd; ethghf ,Ue;jhh;.
[kPd;jhhp mDkjpia  fp.gp. 1765y; ,we;jhh;.
Mq;fpNyaUf;F toq;fpdhh;.
viii. ep[hk; - cj; - njsyh (Nijam - ud
 fp.gp. 1762y; jdJ jiyefiu
- daula fp.gp. 1765 - 72)
Kh;rpjhghj;jpypUe;J
 kPh;[hgh; ,wg;gpw;F gpwF mtuJ
Nkhq;fpah;f;F khw;wpdhh;.
kfd; ep[hk; - cj; - njsyh
 Mq;fpNyah;fs; j];jhf;];
tq;fhs ethghf
vd;wiof;fg;gl;l ,ytr
nghWg;Ngw;whh;.
topfis jtWjyhf
 Mq;fpNyahpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by;
gad;gLj;Jtij jil nra;jhh;.
,ul;il Ml;rpapd; NghJ
 Mq;fpNya Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J
ethghf ,Ue;jhh;. tq;fhs
tpLgl tpUk;gpa kPhf
; hrpik
eph;thfj;ij Neubahf vLj;Jf;
Mq;fpNyah;fs; Nghhpl;L
nfhz;l gpwF> Mq;fpNyahplk;
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ngd;rd; njhif ngWk; eguhf kw;Wk; ,uh[Gj;jpuh;fSld;

khwpdhh;. ey;YwT nfhz;lhh;.
 ,th; tq;fhsj;jpd; filrp iii. R[h - cj; - njsyh
ethg; Mthh;. (fp.gp. 1754 -75):
 rg;jhh; [q;fpw;F gpwF mNahj;jp
2. mNahj;jp:
ethg; Mdhh;.
i. rhjj; fhd; Gh;fhd; cy; Ky;f;
Mq;fpNyah;fSf;F vjpuhd
(1722 - 39)
gf;rhh; Nghhpy; fye;J nfhz;lhh;.
(Saadat Khan Burhan - ul - mulk) :
,jdhy; myfhghj; kw;Wk; fhuh
 Kfyhag; Nguurh; KfkJ
Nghd;w gFjpfis ,oe;jhh;.
\htpdhy; mNahj;jpapd;
 thud; N`];bq;]; cld; gdhu];
fth;duhf epakpf;fg;gl;l
cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;lhh;.
rhjj;fhd; fp.gp. 1722y; mNahj;jp
gphpl;b\hUld; ,ize;J
RNjr Nguuir epWtpdhh;.
Nuh`py;yhf;fis Njhw;fbj;J
[hfph;jhhp epythpKiwia
fp.gp. 1774y; Nuh`py;fz;l;
njhlh;e;jhh;.
gFjpia mNahj;jpAld;
 fp.gp. 1723y; Gjpa epythpKiwia
,izj;Jf;nfhz;lhh; R[h - cj;
mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;. fp.gp. 1739y;
- njsyh.
jw;nfhiy nra;J nfhz;lhh;.
iv. Mrhg; - cj; - njsyh
ii. rhg;jhh; [q;
(Asaf - ud - daula 1775 -97):
(Safdar Jung fp.gp. 1739 -54):
 Mq;fpNyaUld; fp.gp. 1775y;
 rhjj;fhid njhlh;e;J mtuJ
igrhghj; cld;gbf;if nra;J
cwtpduhd rg;jhh; [q; mNahj;jp
nfhz;lhh;.
ethghf nghWg;Ngw;whh;.
 ,tUf;F gpwF mNahj;jpapd;
 fp.gp. 1748y; Kfyha Nguurpd;
ethg;Gfshf th[ph; myp
th[puhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
rhjj;fhd;> rhjj; myp kw;Wk;
myfhghj; khfhzKk; rg;jhh;
th[pj; myp\h MfpNahh;
[q;fpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; te;jJ.
,Ue;jdh;.
 fp.gp. 1748 f;F gpwF ethg; th[Ph;
 etk;gh; 1801y; rhjj; myp
vd;wiof;fg;gl;lhh;. kuhj;jpah;fs;
nty;ny];yp gpuGtpd;

30
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Jizg;gilj; jpl;lj;ij jf;fhzj;jpy; itrpuhahf

Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhh;. epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
 ,Wjpahf th[pj; myp \htpd;  fh;ehlfg; gFjpAk; jf;fhzj;jpy;
Ml;rp fhyj;jpy;jhd; ey;yhl;rp xU RghthFk;. i`juhghj;
,d;ik fhuzj;jpw;fhf gpg;uthp ep[hkpd; fPo; Jiz fth;duhy;
1856 y; mNahj;jp ly;n`srp Msg;gl;L fPo; Jiz fh;ehlf
gpuGthy; gphpl;b\; cld; ethg; vd;w MSeuhy; Rje;jpu
,izf;fg;gl;lJ. th[pj; myp\h Ml;rp nra;ag;gl;lJ.
ngd;rd; toq;fg;gl;L
ii. eh[ph; [q;(Nazir Jung 1748 - 50):
fy;fj;jhtpw;F ehL
 ep[hk; cy; Ky;fpw;F gpwF
flj;jg;gl;lhh;.
mtuJ cwtpduhd eh[ph; [q;f;
 ,tNu mNahj;jpapd; filrp
i`juhghj;jpd; ep[hk; Mdhh;.
ethg; Mthh;.
 K[hgh; [q;f; vd;w kw;nwhU
3. i`juhghj; (Hyderabad): cwtpduhy; eh[ph; [q;f;
i. ep[hk; - cy; - Ky;f; Mrg; [h Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhh;.
(fp.gp. 1724 - 48):  ,e;j ep[hk; thhpRhpikg; Nghh;>
 fp.gp. 1724y; i`juhghj; RNjrg; ,uz;lhtJ fh;ehlfg;
Nguuir epWtpath; ep[hk; - cy; - NghUf;fhd xU fhuzkhFk;.
Ky;f; Mthh;. iii. K[hgh; [q;
 ,tUila ,aw;ngah; (Muzaffar Jung 1750 - 51):
rpd;Fypr;fhd; MFk;. Mdhy;  gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fspd; cjtpAld;
gUf;rpah; ,tUf;F fhd; - I- i`juhghj; ep[hk; Md K[hgh;
J}ud; vd;w gl;lj;ijAk;> ep[hk; - [q;fpd; Ml;rp mtUila jpBh;
cy; - Ky;f; vd;w gl;lj;ijAk; ,wg;gpdhy; Kbtpw;F nfhz;L
toq;fp rpwg;gpj;jhh;. tug;gl;lJ.
 xsuq;frPg;gpw;F gpwF ,Ue;j iv. ryhghj; [q;
mikr;rh;fspd; rpwe;J (Salabat Jung fp.gp. 1751 - 60):
tpsq;fpath;fspy; ,tUk;  gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fspd; cjtpapdhy;
xUtNu. iraJ rNfhjuh;fis mhpaizapy; mkh;e;jhh; ryhghj;
J}f;fpnawpa ,tUk; xU [q;.
fhuzkhFk;. ,jdhy;
31
 

 ,tUf;Fg; gpwF ep[hk;fs; tpyfp fh;ehL ethg; vd;gtuhy;

KiwNa ep[hk; myp (1760 1803)> RNjrkhf Msg;gl;lJ.
rpf;fe;jh; [h eh[ph; - cj; - i. rhJJy;yhfhd; (Saadutullah Khan):
njsyh (1829 57)> mg;[hy; - cj;  fh;ehlfg;gFjpapd; Jiz
- njsyh kfhgj; myp fhd; (1869 fth;duhd rhjj;Jy;yh fhd;
- 1911) kw;Wk; xrhkd; myp fhd; fp.gp. 1720y; fh;ehlf RNjr
(1911 - 49) Mthh;. muir Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. mjd;
 ep[hk; myp fp.gp. 1798y; jiyefuk; Mw;fhlhFk;.
nty;ny];ypapd; Jizg;
ii. gpw fh;ehlf ethg;Gf;fs;:
gilj;jpl;lj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;l
 rhJJy;yhfhDf;F gpwF mtuJ
Kjy; ,e;jpa muruhthh;.
cwtpduhd Njh];j; myp ethg;
i`juhghj; ep[hk;fs; fiy>
Mdhh;.
,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuj;ij
 fp.gp. 1740y; kuhj;jpah;fshy;
Mjhpj;jdh;.
Njh];j; myp nfhy;yg;gl;l gpwF
 mth;fs; i`juhghj;jpy; rhyhh;
mtuJ kfd; rhg;jhh; myp
[q; kpa+rpaj;ijAk; nrs
fh;ehlf ethg; my;yJ Mw;fhL
k`y;yh muz;kidiaAk;
ethg; Mdhh;.
fl;bdh;.
 rhg;jhh; myp jdJ
 ,Wjptiu gphpl;b\hh;
cwtpdh;fshy; nfhy;yg;gl;l
i`juhghj; gFjpia
epfo;T> i`juhghj; ep[hk;
,izf;ftpy;iy.
Mw;fhL tptfhuj;jpy; jiyapl
 ,e;jpah ,Wjpahf nrg;lk;gh;
toptif nra;jJ.
1948y; rh;jhh; ty;ygha; gNlypd;
 fp.gp. 1743y; i`juhghj;jpy;
Kaw;rpahy; MgNurd; NghNyh
jiyapl toptif nra;jJ. fp.gp.
%yk; ,uhZtj;ijf; nfhz;L
1743y; i`juhghj; ep[hk;>
i`juhghj; gFjpia ,e;jpa
md;tUjPd; vd;gtiu Mw;fhL
a+dpadpy; ,izj;jJ.
ethg;ghf epakpj;jhh;.
4. fh;ehlfg; gFjp (Carnatic)
 fp.gp. 1749y; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fspd;
 Kfyha jf;fhzj;jpy; Rghf;fspy;
cjtpAld; md;tUjPid
xd;whd fh;ehlfk;> i`juhghj;
nfhiy nra;J tpl;L re;jhrhfpg;
ep[hkpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bypUe;J
vd;gth; Mw;fhL ethg; Mdhh;.
32
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 gpwF gphpl;b\hhpd; Mjuthsh; i. i`jh; myp (Haider Ali 1761 - 82):

fshy; re;jhrhfpg;Gk; nfhiy  ik#h; gFjpapy; xU rhjhuz
nra;ag;gl;L> fp.gp. 1752y; Nghh; tPuuhf tho;fi
; fia
md;tUjPdpDila kfd; KfkJ Jtq;fp> Nghh;j;jsgjpahf
myp Mw;fhL ethg; Mdhh;. cah;eJ
; > gpd; ngs[;jhuhf
 ,Wjpahf fp.gp. 1801y; fh;ehL jpz;Lf;fy; gFjpapy;
gFjp nty;ny];yp gpuGthy; nghWg;Ngw;whh;.
,izf;fg;gl;L filrp Mw;fhL  fp.gp. 1766y; Nfushtpy;
ethg; ngd;rd; ngWk; epiyf;Fj; gilnaLg;G Nkw;nfhz;L
js;sg;gl;lhh;. Nfhopf;$l;L rhkhpd; gFjpfs;
5. ik#h; (Mysore): cl;gl nfhr;rpd; tiu tl
 ik#h;> tp[aefug; Nguurpd; xU Nfushit ,izj;jhh;.
gFjp MFk;.  fp.gp. 1759y; ik#hpd;
 fp.gp. 1565y; eilngw;w jiyefukhd rPuq;fg;
jiyf;Nfhl;il NghUf;F gpwF gl;bzj;ij kuhj;jpahplkpUe;J
ghkpdp Nguurpd; ntw;wpapdhy; ghJfhj;jhh;.
tp[aefug; NguuR tPor
; ;rpAwj;  ,jdhy; eQ;ruh[hthy; ‡gNj
njhlq;fpaJ. tp[aefug; Nguurh; i`jh; gfJ}h; (mwpT
,uz;lhk; Ntq;flhtplk; jpwiktha;ej
; ntw;wpngWk;
(Venkata -II) mDkjp ngw;W> rpq;fk;) vd;w gl;lj;ijg; ngw;whh;.
ik#hpd; fth;dh; uh[h cilahh;  fyfk; nra;j jpz;Lf;fy;
fp.gp. 1613y; ik#h; RNjr muir ghisaf;fhuh;fis xLf;fpdhh;.
Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fspd; cjtp
 ,tUf;Fg; gpwF fp.gp. 1731 kw;Wk; nfhz;L gpd;G fp.gp. 1761y;
1734 f;F ,ilg;gl;l fhyq;fspy; ehQ;ruh[hit Njhw;fbj;J
,uz;L rNfhjuh;fs; KiwNa ik#hpd; muruhdhh;. fp.gp.
Njtuh[h (jy;tha; my;yJ 1755y; etPd MAjf;fplq;if
uhZt jsgjp) kw;Wk; ehduh[h jpz;Lf;fy;ypy; Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.
(rh;thjpfhhp my;yJ epjpj;Jiw  gpj;D}h;> Rz;lh. Nruh> fduh
jiyth;) MfpNahh; Ml;rp kw;Wk; kyghh; gFjpfis
nra;jdh;. ifg;gw;wpdhh;.

33
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gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fSld; $l;lzp ehd;fhtJ Mq;fpNya ik#h;

mikj;J nray;gl;ljhy; Kjy; Nghh; Mfpatw;iw Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.
Mq;fpNya ik#h; Nghhpy; (1767 - kw;w kjj;jhiu kjpj;J rkkhf
69) y; mghu ntw;wpaile;J Vg;uy; elj;jpdhh;.
1769y; Mq;fpNyaiu kjuh];  =Uq;Nfhp Nfhtpypy; rhujh ngz;
cld;gbf;ifapy; ifnaOj;jplr; flTs; cUtk; mikf;f epjp
nra;jhh;. cjtp nra;jhh;.
 ,th; ,uz;lhk; Mq;fpNya  gpuhd;]>; JUf;fp> <uhd;> ngF
ik#h; Nghhpd; NghJ brk;gh; 7> kw;Wk; Mg;fhdp];jhd; Mfpa
1782y; Gw;W Nehapdhy; ehLfSld; ntspAwT J}juhf
ghjpf;fg;gl;L ,we;jhh;. kw;Wk; thzpg cwit
Vw;gLj;jpdhh; NkYk; rPdh Nghd;w
ii. jpg;G Ry;jhd;
ehLfSld; thzpgk; nra;jhh;.
(Tipu Sultan 1782 - 99):
 ‘tho;ehs; KOtJk; nrk;kwpaha;
 i`jh; mypia njhlh;e;J mtuJ
tho;tijtpl xU ehs; rpq;fkhf
kfd; jpg;GRy;jhd; muruhf
tho Ntz;Lk; “ vd;W $wpa jpg;G
nghWg;Ngw;whh;.
Ry;jhd; ehd;fhk; Mq;fpNya
 Gjpa fhyz;lh;> Gjpa ehzaq;fs;> ik#h; Nghhpd; (1799) Kbtpy;
Gjpa vilKiwfis mwpKfk; rPuq;fg;gl;bzj;jpd; Eiothapy;
nra;jhh;. mUNf nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.
 rpwe;j Nghh; tPuh; kw;Wk;  ,tUila khspiff;F kpf
rpe;jidahsh; gpnuQ;Rg; Gul;rpapy; mUfpNy jhd; Gfo;kpf;f
Mh;tk; fhl;bdhh;. =uq;fehjh; Nfhtpy;
 rPuq;fg;gl;bzj;jpy; tpLjiy mike;Js;sJ.
kuj;ij el;lhh;.
6. Nfush (Kerala)
 [f;Nfhgpad; fpsg;gpy; (Jacobian  gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;bd;
Club) cWg;gpduhdhh;. njhlf;fj;jpy; Nfush gy;NtW
 fp.gp. 1769f;F gpwF etPd uh[hf;fshy; gphpf;fg;gl;L
fg;gw;gilia Vw;gLj;j Kad;whh;. jdpj;jdpahf eph;tfpf;fg;gl;ld.
 gphpl;b\;f;F vjpuhf> %d;whtJ  mjpy; Kf;fpakhd ehd;F
Mq;fpNya ik#h; Nghh; kw;Wk; gFjpfshtd> rhkhpd; murhpd;

34
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fPo>; Nfhopf;NfhL> fpuhf;fy;> 7. ,uh[Gj;jpu gFjpfs;

nfhr;rpd; kw;Wk; jpUtpjhq;$h; (The Rajput States)
MFk;.  Kfyhah;fspd; gytPdkhd
 fp.gp. 1729f;F gpwF jpUtpjhq;$h; Ml;rpapdhy; jdpj;J Rje;jpukhf
muR> murh; khh;j;jhz;lth;kd; nray;gl tpUk;gpa ,uh[Gj;jpu
fhyj;jpy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpaJ. murh;fs; jj;jk; gFjpfis kj;jpa
,th; kw;w rpW murh;fis fl;Lg;ghl;bypUe;J tpLtpj;J
Njhw;fbj;J jpUtpjhq;$iu Ml;rp nra;a njhlq;fpdh;.
rpwg;ghf Ml;rp nra;jhh;. gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;bd; rpwe;J
 etPd Nkw;fj;jpa Kiwapyhd tpsq;fpa uh[Gj;jpu murh; Mk;gh;
MAj fplq;if Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. gFjpapd; uh[h rtha; n[a; rpq;
jpUtpjhq;$h; murpd; vy;iyia Mthh;.
fd;dpahFkhpapypUe;J nfhr;rpd;  n[a;g;g+h; khefuj;ij
tiu tphpTgLj;jpdhh;. fp.gp. 1763 Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. rpwe;j thdtpay;
f;F gpwF nfhr;rpd;> epGzh; (Astronomer) nly;yp>
jpUtpjhq;$h; kw;Wk; n[a;g;g+h;> thuzhrp kw;Wk; kJuh
Nfhopf;NfhL Mfpatw;iw gFjpfspy; ,tUila thdtpay;
gy;NtW murh;fs; gilnaLj;J fz;Lgpbg;Gfis fhzKbfpwJ.
ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;ldh;.  n[a;g;g+hpy; Rkhh; 40 Mz;L
 Fwpg;ghf fp.gp. 1766y; ik#hpd; fhyk; Ml;rp nra;jhh;. mwptpay;
i`jh; myp Nfushtpy; kw;Wk; fiy Mfpatw;iw
gilnaLg;G Nkw;nfhz;L fw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; rpwe;j ,lkhf
Nfhopf;$L cl;gl nfhr;rpd; n[a;g;g+iu khw;wpdhh;.
tiu tl Nfushit ,izj;Jf;
8. [hl;Lfs; (The Jats)
nfhz;lhh;.
 nly;yp> Mf;uh kw;Wk; kJuh it
 jpUtpjhq;$h; rk];jhdk; jtpu
Rw;wp tho;ej
; tptrha gphptpdh;fs;
kw;wg; gFjpfs; INuhg;gpah;fshy;
[hl;Lfs; vd;wiof;fg;gl;ldh;.
,izj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
 [hl;Lfspd; Mjpf;fk; #u[; khy;
mjpYk; Mq;fpNyah;fNs Kbtpy;
vd;w murhpd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy;
mg;gFjpfis vLj;J
(1756 - 63) rpwe;J tpsq;fpaJ.
eph;tfpj;jdh;.
,th; [hl;Lfs; Ml;rpapd;

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vy;iyia Nkw;fpy; Mf;uhtpd; mbg;gFjpapy; Nuh`py;fz;l;

RghtpypUe;J fpof;fpy; fq;if gFjpia murhf epWtpdhh;.
tiuapYk;> tlf;fpy; nly;yp  njw;Nf fq;fhtpw;Fk;> tlf;Nf
RghtpypUe;J njw;fpy; rk;gy; gFjp `{kha+d; kiyfSf;fpilg;gl;l
tiuapYk;tphpTgLj;jpdhh;. gFjpahd Nuh`py;fz;bd;
 NkYk; Mf;uh> kJuh> kPul; kw;Wk; jiyefuk; Kjypy; gnua;ypapd;
mypfhhpd; gy khtl;lq;fisAk; MNyhd; MfTk; gpd;G uhk;g+h;
jk; muRld; ,izj;jpUe;jhh;. MfTk; khw;wg;gl;lJ.
 Kfyha epythp Kiwia Nghy; Nuh`py;yhf;fs; mbf;fb
[l;Lfspd; gFjpapy; epythp mNahj;jp> nly;yp kw;Wk;
Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;j [l;Lfsplk; Nghhpl;L
Kad;whh;. nfhz;bUe;jdh;.
 fp.gp. 1763y; mtuJ ,wg;gpw;F 10. gQ;rhg; (Punjab)
gpwF gy;NtW [kPd;jhh;fs; rPf;fpah;fs; (The Sikhsim)
ifg;gw;wp [hl;Lfs; gFjpfis i. FU ehdf;
jdpj;jdpNa Ml;rp nra;jdh;. (fp.gp. 1469 - 1539 - Guru Nanak):
9. gq;fh\; gjhd;fs; kw;Wk;  gjpide;jhk; E}w;whz;bd;
Nuh`py;yhf;fs; ,Wjpapy; [l; tptrhapfs; kw;Wk;
(Bangash Pathans and Rohelas) gQ;rhgpd; jho;ej
;
 KfkJ fhd; gq;fh\; vd;w ,dj;jth;fspilNa> xU
Mg;fhdpah;> gUf;\pah; kw;Wk; mikg;ghd rPff
; pa kjj;ij
KfkJ \htpd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy;> Vw;gLj;jpath; FUehdf; Mthh;.
mypfhUf;Fk; fhd;g+Uf;Fk;  jy;thz;bapy; gpwe;j Kjy; rPff
; pa
,ilg;gl;l gFjpahd FUthd ,th; ehdf; ge;j;
gUf;fh‡ghj; (Farrukhabad) mikg;ig Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.
vd;Dkplj;jpy; gjhd;fspd;  ,th; ,g;uh`pk; Nyhb kw;Wk;
Ml;rpia epWtpdhh;. ghghpd; rkfhyj;ij
 ehjph;\htpd; gilnaLg;gpdhy; Nrh;ej
; tuhthh;.
gjhd;fspd; Ml;rp epiyFiye;j
gpwF> myp KfkJ fhd; vd;gth;
,ka kiyj;njhlh;fspd;

36
 

ii. FU mq;fj; (Guru Angad fp.gp. 1539 vi. FU `h;Nfhtpe;j uha; (Guru Har
- 52): Goving Rai fp.gp 1606 - 45):
 gQ;rhgp nkhopf;F FUKfp vOj;J  rPf;fpah;fis NghuhLk; tPuh;fs;
tbtj;ij fz;lwpe;jth; (Warrior Class) tFg;ghf khw;wpa
,tNuahthh;. `h;Nfhtpe;j; rq;fpukh
vd;Dkplj;jpy; Kfyha
iii. FU mkh;jh]; (Guru Amardas -
uhZtj;ij Njhw;fbj;jhh;.
fp.gp. 1552 - 74):
 mkh;jru]py; Nfhl;ilia fl;b>
 rPf;fpa Nguuir 22 kd;[p];fshf
nghw;Nfhtpypy; mfhy; jf;l; (Akal
gphpj;J xt;nthU kd;[p];k; xU
Takhqt) mikg;ig fl;bdhh;.
rPf;fpauhy; eph;tfpf;fg;gl;lJ.
ghj;\h (Padshah) gl;lj;ij
Kfyha Nguurh; mf;gh; ,tiu
Vw;Wf;nfhz;l `h;Nfhtpe;j;
re;jpf;f tUif Ghpe;jhh;.
fh\;kPhpy; fpuhj;g+h; khefuj;ij
iv. FU uhk;jh]; (Guru Ramdas - fp.gp.
cUthf;fpdhh;.
1575 -81):
vii. FU `h;uha;
 mkph;jru]; khefuj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. Nlq;f; (rhNuhth;) (Guru Har Rai - fp.gp. 1645 -61):

mikg;ig Vw;gLj;jp mjd;  xsuq;frPgg

; pd; rNfhjuuhd

gFjpapy; `h;khe;jph; \h`pgpd; jhuh \pNfh cld; re;jpg;G

mikg;ig fl;bdhh;. Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.

 rPf;fpa FU gjtpia viii. FU `h; fp\hd;

ghuk;ghpakhf Mf;fpdhh;. (Guru Har Kishan - fp.gp. 1661 -64):

v. FU mh;[Pd; Njt;  nl`;uh^dpy; rPff

; pa

(Guru Arjun Dev - fp.gp. 1581 - 1606): FUf;fSf;F jdp mit

my;yJ ,Ug;gplk; uhkuhauhy;
 Mjpfpuhe;ij (Adi Granth)
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
njhFj;jth; ,tNu Mthh;.
 mkph;jrui] fl;b Kbj;jhh; ix. FU Nj[; gfJ}h;

kw;Wk; jhuhd; (Raran)> fh;jhh;g+h; (Guru Tej Bahadur fp.gp. 1664 -75):

(Kartarpur) Mfpa khefuq;fis  nly;ypapy; xsuq;frPg;ghy;

Vw;gLj;jpa ,th; [`hq;fPuhy; J}f;fpyplg;gl;l ,thpd;

J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhh;. fy;yiwf;fhd ,lj;ij ,tuJ

rNfhjhp fQ;r; FUj;J thuh
37
 

(Ganj Gurudwara)  ,jw;F gpwF rPff

; pa gFjpfs; 12
Njh;e;njLj;jhh;. kp]py; ($l;likg;Gf;fs;) Mf
x. FU Nfhgpe;j rpq; gphpf;fg;gl;L Msg;gl;ld.
(Guru Gobind Singh -1675 - 1708):
xi. kfhuh[h uQ;rpj; rpq; (1792 - 1839):
 ghl;dhtpy; gpwe;j 10tJ FUthd
 fp.gp. 1780 y; F[;ud;thyh
Nfhgpe;j rpq; fp.gp. 1699y;
vd;Dkplj;jpy; Rfh;rhfpa kp]pypd;
mWtilehs; md;W rPf;fpa
jiytUf;F kfdhfg; gpwe;j
Nghuhl;l gilahd fhy;rh
uQ;rpj;rpq;> gQ;rhgpy; rPff
; pa muir
gilia Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.
Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. fp.gp. 1799y;
 mde;jg+hpy; rPf;fpa $l;likg;ig
yh$iu ifg;gw;wp jiyefukhf
$l;bdhh;. 5 egh;fs;
khw;wpdhh;.
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;L moptpy;yh
 fp.gp. 1802y; mkph;jru];>
Gdpj ePiu Vw;Wf; nfhz;ldh;.
Y}jpahdh> fq;uh> Ky;jhd;>
 rPf;fpah;fis vg;nghOJk; Ie;ij
fh\;kPh; kw;Wk; ng\htiu
nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lnkd;whh;.
ifg;gw;wpdhh;.
 mjhtJ Nf\; (Kesh)> fphpgd;
 Mq;fpNyaUld; Vg;uy; 25> 1809y;
(Kripan)> fr;rh (Kachcha)> fq;fh mkph;jru]; cld;gbf;if nra;J
(Kanga) kw;Wk; fhuh (Kara) nfhz;lhh;.
MfpatdthFk;.  fp.gp. 1831y; tpy;ypak; ngz;bq;
 jh];tPd; ghj;\h fh fpue;ij gpuGTk;> uQ;rpj;rpq;Fk; re;jpj;J
(Dasween Padshah Ka Granth) nfhz;ldh;.
njhFj;j ,th; fp.gp. 1708y; xU  fp.gp. 1838 y; uQ;rpj;rpq;> ,e;jpa
gjhdhy; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. fth;dh; n[duy; Mf;yhz;l;
 ,tUila ,wg;gpw;F gpwF rPf;fpa kw;Wk; Mg;fhdpa murh; \h R[h
FUf;fs; gjtp xopf;fg;gl;lJ. MfpNahh; %th; cld;gbf;if
 ge;jh gfJ}h; rpq; jiyikapy; (Tripartite Treaty) nra;J
rPf;fpah;fs; vOr;rpAw;wdh;. nfhz;ldh;.
Kfyhah;fSld; 8 Mz;Lfs;  \h R[h Mg;fhdpa
Nkhjiy nfhz;bUe;jdh;. muruhdj;jpw;F gpwF Kjy;
 fp.gp. 1715y; ge;jh gfJ}h; ifJ Mg;fhdpa Nghh; (1838 42)
nra;ag;gl;L nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. Vw;glNt> uQ;rpj;rpq; jdJ
38
 

gFjpapy; gphpl;b\; gilfs;

Mg;fhd; nry;y jil tpjpj;jhh;.
 uQ;rpj;rpq;fpw;F gpwF fhuf;rpq;
(1839 - 40)> nesepjhy; rpq;> n\h;
rpq; (1841 - 43)> jyPg; rpq; (1840 -
49) MfpNahh; gQ;rhig Ml;rp
nra;jdh;.
 jyPg; rpq;fpd; Ml;rp fhyj;jpy;
1849y; gQ;rhg; ly;n`srp
gpuGthy; gphpl;b\; cld;
,izj;;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

39


gphpl;b\hhpd; NguuR tphpTf;nfhs;if

gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fis tpl
1. fh;ehlfg; Nghh;fs; (Carnatic Wars)
Mq;fpNyah;fNs
 fpof;F flw;fiuf;Fk; mijr;
jFjpAilath;fs; vd;gJ
rhh;ej
; gFjpfshd kjuh];
njspthfpaJ.
kw;Wk; ghz;br;Nrhp gFjpfis
 fh;ehlfg; Nghh;fs; ,e;jpa
INuhg;gpah;fs; fh;ehlfk;
tuyhw;wpy; Gfo; ngw;witahFk;.
(Carnatic) vd;W mioj;jdh;.
 ,e;jg; gFjpfspy;
i. Kjy; fh;ehlfg; Nghh;
Mq;fpNyah;fSk;> gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;
(First Carnatic War - fp.gp 1746 -48):
fSk; gy thzpg ];jyq;fis
fhuzq;fs;:
Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jhh;fs;.
 M];jphpahtpy; eilngw;w
 jq;fs; thzpg tsh;r;rpia
thhpRhpikg; Nghhpd; gpujpgypg;Ng
tpUk;gpa ,UtUNk fh;ehlf
Kjy; fh;ehlfg; NghuhFk;.
RNjr murh;fspd; el;ig ehbdh;.
 fp.gp. 1740 y; M];jphpa Nguurh;
 ,jdhy; RNjr murh;fspd;
Mwhk; rhh;y]; ,we;jTld;
murpaypYk;> Nghh;fspYk;
gpu\;ahtpd; muruhd kfh
jiyapl Ntz;ba jhapw;W.
gpulhpf;> Nguurhpd;
 mg;gb jiyapl;ljd; tpisthf
jdpf;fl;lisia kPwp M];jphpa
gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fSf;Fk;
murpahd khpa nju]hTld;
Mq;fpNyah;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa
Nghh; njhLj;jhh;.
Nghh; Vw;gl;lJ.
 ,g;Nghhpy; ,q;fpyhe;J
 ,it Mq;fpNya gpnuQ;Rg;
M];jphpahTf;F MjuthfTk;>
Nghh;fs; my;yJ fh;ehlf
gpuhd;]; gpu\;ah gf;fKk; epd;W
Nghh;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gl;ld.
Nghh; Ghpe;jd.
 nkhj;jk; eilngw;w %d;W
 ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpNya -
Nghh;fspd; Kbtpy;
gpnuQ;R fk;n
; gdpfSf;
gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fs;
fpilapyhd tpahghu Nghl;b.
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhh;fs;.
,e;jpahtpy; Ml;rp nrYj;j

40
 

 eLepiyia Nkw;nfhs;s Adayar or St. Thome)

Ntz;ba Mw;fhL gFjpia vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
jiyikaplkhf nfhz;l  Mw;fhL ethg;gilfs;
fh;ehlf ethg; murpay; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;ld. ,g;Nghhpd;
je;jpuj;Jld; nray;gl;L> %yk; ba+g;Nstpd; Gfo;
kiwKfkhf gpuhd;Rld; cwT Xq;fpaJ.
itj;J nfhs;Sjy; tpisTfs;:
 ba+g;Nsapd; gpnuQ;R Mjpf;f  fp.gp. 1748 y; ma;f;\y
; h-N\g;y;
nfhs;if kw;Wk; tUif. cld;gbf;if %yk;
M];jphpahtpy; thhpRhpikg;Nghh;
Nghhpd; Nghf;F (Course):
KbTf;F tuNt> ,e;jpahtpYk;
 fp.gp. 1745y; gpnuQ;R fg;gy;fs;>
Kjy; fh;ehlfg;Nghh; KbTf;F
Mq;fpNya flw;gilj;jsgjp
te;jJ.
gh;dl; vd;gtuhy;
 kjuh]; gFjp kPz;Lk;
ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
Mq;fpNyah; trk; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;
 ,jw;F gjpybahf fp.gp. 1746
fshy; xg;gilf;fg; gl;lJ.
ba+g;Ns jiyikapy;
 mjw;F gjpyhf Mq;fpNyah;fs;
gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fs; kjuhi]
tl mnkhpf;fhtpypUe;j
ifg;gw;wpdh;.
Y}ap];gh;fi
; f gpuhd;rpw;F
 jd; Mizf;F fPo;g;gbahky;
toq;fpdh;. Mw;fhL ethgpd;
jd;id mtkjpg;G nra;J
MjuT ,dp Mq;fpNyaUf;F
kjuhi] ifg;gw;wpa ba+g;Ns
vd;gJ njspthfpaJ.
kPJ Nfhgk; nfhz;L Mw;fhL
ethghd md;thUjPd; jdJ
ii.,uz;lhtJ fh;ehlfg; Nghh;
kfd; khg+];fhd; jiyikapy;
(1748 -54):
xU gilia mDg;gpdhh;.
 gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fspd; nry;thf;F
 ba+g;Nstpd; gilfSk;
tsh;r;rp ngw;wijf; fz;l
md;tUjPDila gilfSk;
Mq;fpNyah; vr;rhpf;ifAk;>
milahUf;F mUfpYs;s
mr;rKk; nfhz;ldh;.
rhe;Njhkpy; Nkhjpf;nfhz;ld.
fhuzq;fs;:
,JNt milahh; Nghh; my;yJ
rhe;Njhk; Nghh; (1746) (Battle of
41
 

 jf;fhz fth;duhd ep[hk; cy;  mtUila kfd; KfkJ myp

Ky;f; (Mrg;\h) 1748y; jpUr;rpf;F jg;gpr; nrd;whh;. re;jh
fhykhdhh;. eprhkpd; rhfpg; fh;ehlf ethg;ghdhh;.
,uz;lhtJ kfdhd  ba+g;Nstpd; cjtpf;F
ehrph;[q;fpw;Fk; Ngud; Krhgh; ifk;khwhf tOjhD}h;
[q;fpw;Fk; ,ilNa thhpRhpikg; tpy;ypaD}h;> gh$h; Mfpa
Nghh; Vw;gl;lJ. ,lq;fis re;jhrhfpg;
 fh;ehlfj;jpy; Njh];j; mypapd; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fSf;F mspj;jhh;.
kUkfdhd re;jhrhfpg;  ,jw;fpilapy; gpnuQ;Rg;
md;tUjPDf;F vjpuhf Mw;fhL gilfspd; jsgjpahd G];]p
ethg; gjtpia mila nrQ;rpf;Nfhl;ilia
tpUk;gpdhh;. jd;trkhf;fp nfhz;lhh;.
 re;jh rhfpg;Gk;> Krhgh; [q;Fk;  mjid kPl;f Kad;w ehrph;[q;
gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fs; cjtpia nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.
ehbdh;. md;tUjPDk;>  ifjpahf ,Ue;j Krhgh;[q;
ehrph;[q;Fk; Mq;fpNyahpd; tpLjiy nra;ag;gl;L gpnuQ;R
cjtpia ngw;wdh;. Ijuhghj; Mjutpy; mhpaiziag;
kw;Wk; Mw;fhL mhpaizia ngw;whh;. ,t;thW ba+g;Nstpd;
ifg;gw;Wtjpy; Vw;gl;l rr;ruNt Mjuthsh;fshd Krhgh;
NghUf;F fhuzkhapw;W. [q;Fk;> re;jh rhfpg;Gk; KiwNa
Nghhpd; Nghf;F: jf;fhz fth;duhfTk; Ijuhghj;
 re;jhrhfpg;> Krhgh; [q; kw;Wk; ep[hk;> Mw;fhL ethghfTk;
ba+g;Nstpd; $l;Lg;gilfs; gjtpNaw;wdh;.
Mh;f;fhl;il ifg;gw;w nry;Yk;  G];]papd; jiyikapy;
NghJ> 1749 Mf];l; 3k; Njjp i`juhghj;ij ep[hkpd; fPo;
njw;F Mw;fhL khtl;lj;jpYs;s tpl;L itj;jhh; ba+g;Ns
NtY}Uf;F mUfpYs;s Mk;g+h; Krhgh;[q;fplkpUe;J tlrh;ff
; hh;>
vd;w ,lj;jpy; eilngw;w Mk;g+h; k#ypg;gl;bzk;> xhprh
Nghhpy; md;tUjPd; gilfs; flw;fiug;gFjpfis ngw;whh;
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L md;tUjPd; ba+g;Ns.
nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.

42
 

 ,e;j rkaj;jpy; Mq;fpNya  fp.gp. 1754y; ghz;br;Nrhp

fk;ngdpapy; vOj;juhfr; Nrh;ej
; cld;gbf;ifapd; gb my;yJ
,uhgh;l; fpist; vd;gth; NfhjhA+ cld;gbf;ifapd; gb
uhZtj;jpy; Nrh;e;jhh;. ,th; Nghh; Kbtpw;F te;jJ.
MSeh; rhz;lh;i] mZfp  Nfhjha+ gpnuQ;R MSeuhf
Gjpa Nghh;j;jpl;lk; xd;iwf; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh; ba+g;Nsapd;
nfhLj;jhh;. gjtp gwpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 jpUr;rp Kw;Wifiaj;jsh;j;jp
iii. %d;whtJ fh;ehlfg;Nghh;
Mw;fhl;il Kw;Wifapl
(Third Carnatic War 1758 - 1763):
Ntz;Lnkd;w mj;jpl;lk;
 fp.gp. 1756y; INuhg;ghtpy;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
Vohz;L Nghh; Mq;fpNyah;
 md;tUjPDila kfdhd
fSf;Fk; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fSf;F
KfkJ mypia Mw;fhL ethg;
kpilNa njhlq;fpaJ.
Mf;Fk; Nehf;fj;NjhL xU
 fp.gp. 1757y; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fspd;
ngUk;gilAld; nrd;W ,uhgh;l;
FbapUg;G kw;Wk;
fpist; Mw;fhl;il Mw;fhL
thzpgj;jykhd re;jpueh$iu
Nghhpy; ifg;gw;wp> re;jhrhfpg;ig
(tq;fhsk;) fpist; kw;Wk;
Njhw;fbj;J nfhiy nra;jhh;.
thl;rd; MfpNahh; ifg;gw;wpdhh;.
 Mw;fhL Nghhpy; ntw;wp
 ,jw;F gjpyb nfhLf;f fp.gp.
ngw;wjhy; ,uhgh;l; fpist;
1758y; fTd;byhyp (Coun - de -
Mw;fhL tPuh;
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwhh;. gpnuQ;R lally) vd;gth; ,e;jpahtpy; Nghiu

jsgjp N[.gp. yh =uq;fj;jpy; elj;j rptpy; kw;Wk; ,uhZt

ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhh;. mjpfhuj;Jld; jha;ehl;bypUe;J

gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fshy; Nfhja+
 ,g;Nghhpy; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fs;
MSeUf;F cjtp Ghpa
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;ldh;.
mDg;gg;gl;lhh;.
 KfkJ myp Mw;fhL ethg;
Nghhpd; Nghf;F:
Mdhh;.
 fp.gp. 1758 Nk 2k; Njjp fTd;b
yhyp nrapd;l; Nltpl;
tpisTfs;:
Nfhl;ilia ifg;gw;wpdhh;.

43
 

 i`juhghj;jpy; gpnuQ;R  gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fs; KOtJkhf

jsgjpahf ,Ue;j G];]pia Njhw;fbf;fg; gl;ldh;.
mioj;jhh;. tpisTfs;:
 G];]p cjtpAld; kjuhi]  fp.gp. 1763 y; ghhP];
ifg;gw;w Kad;whh; yhyp. G];]p cld;gbf;ifapd;gb Vohz;L
Ijuhghj;ij tpl;L Nghh; Kbtpw;F te;jJ.
ntspNawpaTld; mg;NghJ  gpnuQ;R Mjpf;f tsh;rr
; p
ep[hkhf ,Ue;j [ygj;[q; ,e;jpahtpy; mbNahL mope;jJ.
gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fsplk; itj;j
ek;gpf;ifia ,oe;J 2. tq;fhsj;jpy; Mq;fpNya Mjpf;f
Mq;fpNyaUld; mikjp tsh;r;rp:
cld;ghL nra;J nfhz;lhh;. (Growth of British Power in Bengal)
 gpnuQ;R fg;gw;gilj;jsgjp>  ,e;jpahtpy; gphpl;b\; Mjpf;fk;
Mq;fpyf; fg;gw;gilj;jsgjpahd Vw;gLtjw;fhd mbf;fy;
Nghfhf;fplk; %d;W Kiw tq;fhsj;jpy; ,uhgh;l; fpist;
Njhw;W ,e;jpahit tpl;Nl vd;gtuhy; 1757y; ehl;lg;gl;lJ.
Xbtpl;lhh;.  mg;NghJ jf;fhzj;jpy;
 fp.gp. 1760 [dthp 22y; eilngw;Wf; nfhz;bUe;j
fh;ehlfg;gFjpapd; fh;ehlfg; Nghh;fspdhy; fyq;fp
Nfhl;ilg;gFjpahd te;jthrp nfhz;bUe;j Mq;fpNyah;
vd;Dkplj;jpy; eilngw;w fSf;F tq;fhs ntw;wp kfpo;rr
; p
te;jthrpg; Nghhpy; rh; mah; $l; jUtjhf mike;jJ.
vd;w Mq;fpy jsgjpahy; yhyp  1757y; eilngw;w
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhh;. gpshrpg;NghhpYk;> 1764 -y;
 ,jdhy; jhd; rh; mah; $l; eilngw;w gf;rhh; NghhpYk;
te;jthrp tPuh; (Hero of ntw;wp ngw;W ,e;jpahtpy;
Wandiwash) vd;W gphpl;b\; Ml;rpia Vw;gLj;jpdh;
miof;fg;gLfpwhh;. G];]p Mq;fpNyah;fs;.
ifjpahdhh;.

44
 

tq;fhsj;jpd; epiyik: kfdhd rpuh[; - cj; - njsyh

 jf;fhzj;ijg; NghyNt mhpaizapy; mkh;e;jhh;.
tq;fhsKk; by;ypapypUe;j  ,tUf;F ,tuJ rpj;jp kfdhd
Kfyhag; Nguurpd; nrsfj; [q; vd;gtUf;Fk;
Nkyjpfhuj;ij ngaustpy; thhpRg;Nghl;b njhlq;fpaJ.
xj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; xU RNgjhhpd;  tq;fhsj;jpy; ,Ue;j
fPo; ,Ue;jhYk; eilKiwapy; xU Mq;fpNyah;fs; jq;fs;
Rje;jpu murhfNt ,Ue;jJ. Mjpf;fj;ij epiyepWj;jTk;>
 fp.gp. 1740y; tq;fhs ethg;ghf gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fspd;
gjtpNaw;w mypth;jpfhd; vd;gth; Mf;fpukpg;gpypUe;J jq;fis
jhd; xU typikahd muir ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;sTk; jq;fsJ
epWtpapUe;jhh;. kuhj;jpah;fSld; tpahghufplq;Ffisr; Rw;wp Gjpa
rkhjhd cld;gbf;if nra;J Nfhl;ilfis fl;l
nfhz;lhh;. Muk;gpj;jhh;fs;.
 Mq;fpNyah;fSld; el;GwT
gpshrp kw;Wk; gf;rhh;
nfhz;bUe;jhYk;. mth;fis Nghh;fspd; tpisT :
Nfhl;ilfis fl;l  gpshrpg; Nghhpd; ntw;wp>
,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpNyah;
mDkjpf;ftpy;iy.
Ml;rp mika mbj;jskhf
 mypth;jpfhd; 1756y; Vg;uy; 9y; mike;jJ. tq;fhs
murpaypy;
,aw;if va;jpdhh;. mtUf;Fg; Mq;fpNyah;fis typik
gpwF Vw;gl;l thhpRhpikg; kpf;fth;fshf;fpaJ.
 gf;rhhpd; ntw;wp> tl
Nghl;bia jq;fSf;Ff; rhjfkhf
,e;jpahtpd; Nguurpd;
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L Ml;rpia tPoj ; ;jp Mq;fpy
fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;ij
Mq;fpNyah;fs; jq;fs;
,e;jpahtpy; cah; mjpfhuk;
Mjpf;fj;ij tq;fhsj;jpy; epiy gilj;j epWtdkhf
cah;j;jpaJ.
ehl;bdh;.
3. gpshrpg;Nghh;  gioa Nfhl;ilfspy; gPuq;fpfis
(Battle of Plassey - [_d; 23> 1757): mikj;jdh;. ,jdhy; Nfhgk;
 1756y; mypth;jpfhdpd; nfhz;l ethg; rpuh[; -cj;-
,wg;gpw;F gpwF Mz;thhpR njsyh jd;Dila mDkjp
,y;yhjjhy; mtuJ kfspd; ,y;yhky; Gjpa Nfhl;ilfis

45
 

fl;lf;$lhJ vd;Wk;> fl;lg;gl;l rpiwitf;fg;gl;bUe;jjhy;> 123

Nfhl;ilfis jfh;j;njwpa Ngh; %r;Rj;jpzwp ,we;jjhfTk;>
Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; fl;lisapl;L 23 Ngh; kl;LNk
fy;fj;jhtpy; Mq;fpy fth;dh; caph;gpioj;jjhfTk;
bNuf; vd;gtUf;F fbjk; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wJ.
vOjpdhh;.  tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;ej
;
 ,f;fl;lisf;F Mq;fpNyah; ,e;j epfo;Nt ,Ul;liw Jaur;
mbgzpa kWj;jdh;. rk;gtk; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
 gUf;rpauhy; 1717y;  jg;gpj;jth;fspy; xUth; jhd;
Mq;fpNyaUf;F toq;fg;gl;l N`hy;nty; (,e;j epfo;rr
; pNa
tpahghu gl;laj;ij kPwp thzpg mth; $wpajhf te;jJ jhd;)
topfis jdp tpahghuj;jpw;F  fy;fj;jhit gpbj;j gpd;
jtWjyhfg; gad;gLj;jpdh;. khzpf;re;J vd;w gilj;
jiythplk; fy;fj;jhit
epfo;Tfs;:
xg;gilj;J tpl;L
 1756 [_d; 4 k; Njjp
Kh;\pjhghj;Jf;F jpUk;gptpl;lhh;
Kh;rpjhghj;ij mile;J fhrpk;
rpuh[; - cj; - njsyh.
g[hhpypUe;j Mq;fpNya gz;lf
,jw;fpilapy; kFlg;
rhiyia ifg;gw;wpdhh;.
Nghl;bahsuhd nrsfj;[q;>
 [_d; 20y; fy;fj;jh nrd;W
jhd; tq;fhsj;jpd; Kfyhag;
tpy;ypak; Nfhl;ilia gpbj;jhh;.
gpujpepjpahf ,Ug;gjw;fhd
mq;fpUe;j Mq;fpNya fth;dh;
cj;juitg; ngw gfpuq;f Kaw;rp
bNuf;Fk;> MNyhridf;
nra;jhh;. vdNt rpuh[; - cj; -
FOtpdUk;> Kf;fpa Mq;fpNyah;
njsyh> nrsfj;[q; kPJ
gyUk; Nfhl;ilia tpl;L
gilnaLj;J mtiuf;
ntspNawp fg;gypy; Vwp jq;fis
nfhd;whh;.
ghJfhj;Jf; nfhz;ldh;.
 fy;fj;jh tPo;rr
; pf;F gpwF
Mdhy; N`hy;nty; kw;Wk;
Mq;fpNyah;fs; ghy;l;lh vd;w
gyUk; rpiwgLj;jg;gl;ldh;.
,lj;jpy; jQ;rk;
 rpiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l 146 Nghpy;>
mile;jpUe;jdh;.
xU rpwpa miwapy; xU ehs;
,uT KOtJk;
46
 

 me;j ,lj;jpypUe;j ethgpd; gilnaLj;J fy;fj;jhitAk;>

Kf;fpa tpNuhjpfSld; njhlh;G `_f;spiaAk; ifg;gw;wpf;
nfhz;L rjp nra;a nfhz;lhh;. vdNt rpuh[; - cj; -
Muk;gpj;jdh;. njsyh ,uhgh;l; fpisTld;
 fy;fj;jhtpd; mjpfhhpfshd 1757 [dthp cy; myp efh;
khzpf;re;J> mkpre;J> [fj;re;J cld;gbf;if (Treaty of
Mfpath;fis jk; nfhs;iff;F Alinagar) xd;iw nra;J
xg;Gf; nfhs;s itj;jhh;fs;. nfhz;lhh;.
ethGk; Mq;fpNyah;fSf;F  ,jw;Fg; gpwF INuhg;ghtpy;
,oe;j rYiffis jpUg;gp Vw;gl;l Vohz;Lg; Nghhpdhy;>
mspf;f rk;kjpj;jhh;. ,e;jpahtpy; fpisTk;> thl;rDk;
 ,jw;fpilapy; ufrpakhf gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fspd; gz;lf
NghUf;fhd Maj;jq;fis rhiyfis ifg;gw;w epidj;J
nra;J te;jdh; Mq;fpNyah;. 1757 khh;r; 17y; re;jpueh$iug;
mjd;gb kjuh]pypUe;J xU gpbj;jdh;.
ngUk;gilAld; fpisTk;>  jdJ Mjpf;fj;jpYs;s gpnuQ;R
thl;rDk; 1756 brk;gh; 14y; kf;fis mopf;f jhd;
ghy;l;lh te;J Nrh;ej
; dh;. mDkjpf;f KbahJ vd;w rpuh[;>
 gioa chpikfisAk; jpUk;g Mq;fpNyahpd; ,e;j
nfhLj;J> jhq;fs; mile;j nray;ghl;il vjph;j;jhh;. vdNt
rYiffisAk;> Jd;gj;jpw;F rpuh[; - cj; - njsyhtpw;F
e\;l <L jUk;gb gjpyhf jkf;F rhjfkhf
ghy;l;lhtpypUe;J thl;rd;> xUtiu ethghf gzpapykh;jj
;
ethGf;F fbjk; xd;iw Mq;fpNyah; Kad;wdh;.
vOjpdhh;.  ethgpd; gilj;jsgjpAk;
 ethGk; rkhjhdk; vd;W fbjk; ikj;JdUkhd kPh;[hgiu ethg;
vOjpdhh;. fbjk; fpilg;gjw;F Mf;Ftjhff; $wpdh;.
Kd;ghfNt>  rpuh[; cld; Nghh; elj;Jtjw;F
fpilf;ftpy;iynad;W fUjp Kd;ghfNt fpist; kw;Wk;
,uhgh;l; fpist; 1757 thl;rd; MfpNahh; gpd;tUk;
[dthpapy; fy;fj;jh kPJ tq;fhs ethgpd;

47
 

mjpfhhpfSld; ufrpa uha;Jh;yg; MfpNahh; ek;gpf;if

cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;L> JNuhfk; nra;J Nghhplhky;
Nghhpy; ethgpw;F Mjuthf ,Ue;jdh;.
nray;glf;$lhJ vd;gij cWjp  tpRthrkpf;f rpwpa
nra;jdh;. gilj;jiyth;fshd kPhk
; jd;>

1. kPh;[hgh; - kPh;gf;\p Nkhfd;yhy; MfpNahh;

my;yJ tq;fhs uhZt fLikahfg; Nghh; Ghpe;jdh;.

jiyik jsgjp ethgpd; ek;gpf;iff;Fhpa kPhk

; jd;

2. khdpf; re;j; - fy;fj;jh nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.

nghWg;G mjpfhhp  rjpia mwpahj ethg;> kPh[

; hgiu
3. mkpd;re;j; - rPf;fpa nryte;j mioj;J MNyhrid
thzpgh;. elj;jpdhh;.
4. [fj; Nrj;J - tq;fp  kPh;[hghpd; MNyhridapd;
nghWg;G mjpfhhp Nghpy; gilfis gpd; thq;fpf;
5. fhjpk; fhd; - ethgpd; nfhs;tJ vd;W KbT
gilj;jsgjpfspy; xUth;. nra;ag;gl;lJ. vy;yh
6. uha;Jh;yg; - jsgjpfSs; xUth; giljiyth;fSf;Fk; gpd;
 rpuh[; -cj; - njsyhtpw;F thq;FkhW Miz
vjpuhf rjpj;jpl;lq;fis tFj;j gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
fpist; Mq;fpNyaUf;F ethg;  jpwik kpf;f jsgjp
nra;j mePjpfis gw;wp xU Nkhfd;yhYk; gpd; thq;fpdhh;.
fbjk; vOjp mDg;gptpl;L Nghhpy; Njhy;tpAw;wjdhy;> rpuh[;
eh$hpypUe;J rpuhi[ jhf;f - cj; - njsyh jd; kidtp
re;jpu eh$hpypUe;J Gwg;gl;L kf;fSld; %h;rpjhghj;ij tpl;L
[_d; 22> 1757y; fq;if Xbtpl;lhh;.
ejpf;fiuapYs;s gpshrp vd;w  Mdhy; rpy ehl;fSf;Fs;
,lj;ij mile;jhh;. fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;L ifjpahf
 1757 [_d; 23 fhiyapy; gpshrpg; nfhz;L tug;gl;l mtiu
Nghh; Muk;gkhdJ. ethgpd; kPh;[hghpd; kfd; kPuhd; nfhiy
rpwe;j gilj;jsgjpfshd nra;jhh;.
kPh;[hgh;> ahh;yjpy;fhd;>

48
 

tpisTfs;: fhuzq;fs;:
 Mq;fpNyah; Kjypy;  Mq;fpNyah; kPJ kPh;[hgUf;F
tq;fhsj;ijAk;> gpwF ,e;jpah Vw;gl;l ntWg;G
KOtijAk; ifg;gw;w - ,e;Jf;fspd; eyid fpist;
gpshrpg;Nghh; top tFj;jJ. ghJfhj;jjhy; kPh[
; hgh;
 fpistpd; cjtpapdhy; kPh;[hgh; Mq;fpNyah; kPJ ntWg;G
tq;fhsj;jpd; ethg;ghdhh;. nfhz;lhh;.
 24 gh;fhdhf;fspy; thp  lr;Rf;fhuh;fSld; kPh[
; hgh;
t#ypf;Fk; chpik nra;j rjp Mq;fpNyah;
Mq;fpNyaUf;F fpilj;jJ. gpbapypUe;J jd;id
 Mq;fpNya Mjpf;fj;jpw;F tpLtpj;Jf; nfhs;s
mbf;fy; ehl;ba ,uhgh;l; rpd;#uhtpypUe;j
fpist; 1758y; fy;fj;jh(m) lr;Rf;fhuh;fSld; jdJ kfd;
tq;fhsk; (m) tpy;ypak; kPuhd; %yk; ufrpa njhlh;G
Nfhl;ilapd; Kjy; fth;duhf itj;J nfhz;lhh; kPh[
; hgh;.
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;.
tq;fhsj;jpd; MSeh;fs; :
 1760 tiu ,e;jpahtpypUe;jhh;.  uhgh;l; Myp]; (Kjy;
 tq;fhsk;> gPfhh; kw;Wk; xhp]h eph;thfk;) 1757 - 60
 `hy;nty; - 1760
gFjpfspy; ,ytrkhf thzpgk;  gd;]l ; ; `hh;l; 1760 -65
nra;Ak; rYif Mq;fpNyaUf;F  ,uhgh;l; fpist; 1765 -67
 nthpy;]l ; ; 1767 -69
fpilj;jJ.  fhh;bah; 1769 - 72
4. gf;]hh; Nghh; (Battle of Baxar -  thud; N`q;bq;f] ; ;
1772 - 74
mf;Nlhgh; 22> 1764):
 Kiwahd chpikfs; my;yJ  ,ijawpe;j fpist; fp.gp. 1759y;
rpwg;Ghpikfs; vJTkpy;yhky; etk;gh; 25y; re;jpu eh$Uf;Fk;
fpistpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bypUe;j rpd;RuhTf;Fkpilapy; gpNjuh
kPh;[hgh; Mq;fpNyah; vd;w ,lj;jpy;> Mq;fpy jsgjp
gpbapypUe;J jd;id tpLtpj;Jf; fhdy; Nghh;l; vd;gth; %yk;
nfhs;s Kad;wdh;. lr;Rg;gilfis Njhw;fbj;J
mth;fis ,e;jpahit tpl;L

49
 

ntspNaw;wpdhh;. kPh;[hghpd; njsyhTlDk;> Kfyhag; Nguurh;

kfd; kPuhd; ,we;jhh;. ,uz;;lhk; \h Myj;JlDk;
 ,jdhy; fpistpw;F gpwF 1760 uhZt $l;L xd;iw nra;J
[_iyapy; Gjpjhf fth;duhd nfhz;L Mq;fpNyaUf;F
thd;rpl; lhh;l; kPh;[hghpd; vjpuhf giltPuh;fis
kUkfdhd kPhf
; hrpKld; xU jpul;bdhh;.
ufrpa cld;gbf;ifia 1760 Nghhpd; Nghf;F (Course):
nrg;lk;gh; 27y; nra;J  Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf
nfhz;lhh;. mjd;gb kPhf
; hrpk; cUthf;fg;gl;l ,e;j
tq;fhs ethg; Mdhh;. $l;Lg;gilia Nk[h; n`f;lh;
 gjpYf;F gh;Jthd;> kjpdhg;g+h;> kd;Nwh vd;gth; jiyikapyhd
rpl;lq;fhq; Mfpa khtl;lq;fis Mq;fpyg; gil 1764 mf;Nlhgh;
Mq;fpNyaUf;F toq;fpdhh;. 22y; gf;]hh; vd;w ,lj;jpy;
 1761 y; ghl;dhtpy; Mq;fpy Nghhpl;L Njhw;fbj;jJ.
gz;lf rhiyapd; jiytuhf mNahj;jpiaAk; Mq;fpNyah;
vy;yp]; vd;gth; nghWg;Ngw;w gpbj;jdh;.
gpwF kPh;fhrpk; cld; Nkhjy;  R[h - cj; - njsyh Xbtpl;lhh;.
njhlq;fpaJ. kPhf
; hrpk; midj;ijAk; ,oe;J
 ethig kjpf;fhky; jdp tlNkw;F ,e;jpahTf;F Xl;lk;
tpahghuk; nra;J te;jdh; gpbj;jhh;.
Mq;fpNyah;.  Nguurh; ,uz;lhk; \h Myk;
 jdp tpahghuj;jpw;F Mq;fpNyah; gf;fk; Nrh;eJ
;
thpr;rYiffs; fpilahJ nfhz;L mikjpia ehbdhh;.
vd;whh; kPhf
; hrpk;. mj;Jld; tpisTfs;:
jdJ jiyefiu  myfhghj; cld;gbf;if %yk;
%h;\pjhghj;jpypUe;J Mf];L 1765 y; Nghh; Kbtpw;F
khq;fPUf;F khw;wpdhh;. te;jJ.
 jdJ uhZtgyj;ij ngUf;fpf;  Mq;fpNyah;fs; tq;fhsk;> gPfhh;>
nfhz;lhh;. NkYk; tq;fhsj;ij xhp]htpd; jpthdp chpkk;
jpUk;gg;ngWk; Nehf;fpy; (tUtha; kw;Wk; nghJePjp)
mNahj;jp ethghd R[h cj; 1765y; ngw;wdh;.

50
 

 1765 gpg;uthp 20y; tq;fhs 5. Mq;fpNya ik#h; Nghh;fs;

uhZtj;ij fiyj;J Jiz (Anglo - Mysore Wars):
RNgjhh; %yk; tq;fhsj;ij  tp[aefug; Nguurpd; fPo; xU
eph;tfpg;gjhf Mq;fpNyaUld; gFjpahf ,Ue;j ik#h; fp.gp.
xg;ge;jk; nra;jhh;. 1565y; eilngw;w
 kPh;[hgh; kPz;Lk; tq;fhs jiyf;Nfhl;ilg; NghUf;Fg; gpd;
ethg;ghdhh;. kPh;[hgUf;F gpwF cilahh; tk;rj;jpd; ,e;J
mtuJ ,uz;lhtJ kfd; ep[hk; uh[htpd; fPo; Rje;jpukile;jJ.
- cj; - njsyh ethg;ghdhh;.  me;j tk;rj;jpdh; gjpndl;lhk;
 Kfyhag; Nguurh; ,uz;lhk; \h E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpa fhyk; tiu
Myk; Mz;bw;F 26 yl;rk; ik#iu Mz;L te;jdh;.
Xa;T+jpak; kw;Wk; fhuh> mth;fspy; eQ;r uh[; vd;w
myfhghj; gFjpfspd; jpthdp murhpd; fPo; Jzpr;ry; tPuuha;
chpkk; ngw;whh;. tpsq;fpa i`jh; myp vd;w
 kPz;Lk; ,uhgh;l; fpist; Kfkjpah; jd;Dila
tq;fhs fth;duhdhh;. ,ul;il jpwikahYk; je;jpuj;jpdhYk;
Ml;rp Kiwia 1765y; mwpKfk; eQ;ruhi[ ntd;W fhd; gfJ}h;
nra;jhh;. vd;w gl;lj;Jld; ik#h;
 ,Wjpapy; 1772y; thud; muruhdhh;.
N`];bq;]hy; ,ul;il Ml;rp  fh;ehlfg;gFjpf;F mUfpYs;s
Kiw xopf;fg;gl;lJ. gFjpNa ik#h; gFjpahFk;.
 ,ul;il Ml;rp Kiw vd;gJ  vdNt fh;ehlfg; gFjpia
tUtha; t#ypf;Fk; chpkk; ifg;gw;wpa Mq;fpNyah;fspd;
Mq;fpNyahplKk;> eph;thfk; nray;fshy; mjph;rr
; p kw;Wk;
(ep[hkj; chpkk;) ethg;gplKk; Nfhgkile;J
,Ue;j Ml;rpKiwahFk;. fh;ehlfj;jpypUe;Jk; ,e;jpahtp
 gf;rhh; Nghh; ntw;wp tl ypUe;Jk; Mq;fpNyaiu
,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpNyahpd; ntspNaw;w jpl;lkpl mJNt
Mjpf;fj;ij cWjp nra;jJ. Mq;fpNya - ik#h; NghUf;F
Kfyhag; NguuR rhpaj; fhuzkhf mike;jJ.
njhlq;fpaJ.

51
 

i. Kjy; Mq;fpNya ik#h; Nghh; (First ifg;gw;wpdhh; Mdhy; i`jh;

Anglo Mysore - 1767 -69) gilfs; Mw;fhL khtl;lj;jpy;
fhuzq;fs;: rq;fkh vd;w ,lj;jpYk;>
 fh;ehlfg; gFjpapypUe;Jk; jpUtz;zh kiyapYk;
,e;jpahtpypUe;Jk; Mq;fpNyaiu Mq;fpNya jsgjp N[hrg; ];kpj;
tpul;l i`jh; myp Kad;whh;. vd;gtuhy; Njhy;tpia jOtpd.
 Mq;fpNyaUk; jq;fs; vy;iyia  mjpf ,og;G Mq;fpNyaUf;F
tphpTgLj;j Kad;wdh;. Vw;gl;lJ.
 i`jh; mypapd; njd;dpe;jpa tpisTfs;:
gilnaLg;G kw;Wk;  Nfg;ld; G&f; vd;gth; %yk;
Mf;fpukpj;jy; Mfpait Mq;fpNyah;fs; i`jh;
Mq;fpNyahplk; mr;rj;ij mypAld; rkhjhdkhf fp.gp.
Vw;gLj;jpd. 1769y; kjuh]; cld;gbf;if
 i`jh; myp jdJ gilapy; nra;J nfhz;ldh;.
gpnuQ;R tPuh;fis  ,t;Tld;gbf;ifapd;gb ,U
Nrh;j;Jf;nfhz;L gilia rhuUk; mtuth; ifg;gw;wpapUe;j
NkYk; etPdufkhf ,lq;fis jpUk;g nfhLf;f
tYg;gLJ;jpdhh; cld;gl;ldh;.
 NkYk; ghJfhg;G Nghhpy; <LgLk;
Nghhpd; Nghf;F: NghJ xUtUf;nfhUth; cjtp
 kuhj;jpah;fSf;F gzk; nra;a Ntz;Lnkd KbT
nfhLj;J je;jpukhf jd; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
trg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhh; i`jh;
ii. ,uz;lhk; ik#h; Nghh; (1780 - 84):
myp. 1767y; ep[hk; myp>
fhuzq;fs;:
Mq;fpNya gilj;jsgjp
 1771y; ik#h; kuhj;jpah;fshy;
N[hrg;]k
; pj; vd;gtUld;
jhf;fg;gl;lJ. nrd;id
Nrh;eJ
; ik#iu jhf;f>
cld;gbf;ifapd; gb
mth;fis Njhw;fbj;J jd;
Mq;fpNyah;fs; i`jh; mypf;F
trg;gLj;jpdhh; i`jh;.
cjtpf;F te;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 Nfg;ld; epf;rd; vd;gtiu
Mdhy; cjtpf;F
Njhw;fbj;J <Nuhl;il
Mq;fpNyah;fs; tutpy;iy.

52
 

xg;Gf;nfhz;ljhy; Nghh; epiwT

Nghhpd; Nghf;F:
ngw;wJ.
 1780y; fh;ehlfj;jpd; kPJ
gilnaLj;J i`jh; myp iii. %d;whk; ik#h; Nghh; (1790 - 92):
Mw;fhl;il ifg;gw;wpdhh;. fhuzq;fs;:
 nga;yp vd;w Mq;fpNya  Ry;jhd; vd;w gl;lj;Jld;
jsgjpapd; gilfis mhpaizf;F te;j jpg;G
nghspY}hpy; Njhw;fbj;jhh;. Ry;jhd; kq;f@h;
Mdhy; 1781 [_iyapy; cld;gbf;ifapy; ek;gpf;if
Nghh;Nlh Nehth vd;Dkplj;jpy; apy;yhky; Mq;fpNyaiu
rh; mah; $l; vd;w Mq;fpNya ,e;jpahtpypUe;J tpul;l
jsgjpahy; i`jh; myp jpl;lkpl;lhh;.
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhh;.  Mq;fpNyahpd; el;G ehlhd
 ,g;Nghhpy; i`jh; mypf;F jpUtpjhq;$iu jhf;fpdhh;.
epiwa ,og;G Vw;gl;lJ. Mq;fpNyahpd; vjphpahd
mr;rkaj;jpy; 1782 brk;ghpy; gpuhd;]; cld; el;G
KJfpy; Vw;gl;bUe;j Gw;W nfhz;bUe;jhh;.
Nehapdhy; i`jh; myp ,we;J  fhud; thyP]; gpuGtpd; ,e;jpa
Nghdhh;. tUif.
 mtUf;Fg; gpwF mtuJ kfd; Nghhpd; Nghf;F:
ik#hpd; Gypahd jpg;G Ry;jhd;  fhud;thyp]; gpuG jhNd Nehpy;
ik#hpd; muruhdhh;. 1784y; jiyik jhq;fp gilia
kq;f@iu jpg;G Ry;jhd; topelj;jpdhh;.
ifg;gw;wpdhh;.  ngq;f@h;> Nfhak;Gj;J}h;>
tpisTfs; =uq;fg;gl;bzk; Mfpa gFjpfis
 1784 kq;f@h; ifg;gw;wpdhh;.
cld;gbf;ifapd;gb ,UrhuhUk;  jdJ typikaw;w epiyia fz;l
jhq;fs; ifg;gw;wpa jpg;GRy;jhd; 1792y;
,lq;fisAk;> gpbj;J Mq;fpNyaUld; =uq;fg;gl;bzk;
itj;jpUe;j ifjpfisAk; (m) rPuq;fg;gl;bzk; cld;gbf;if
jpUk;gp nfhLf;f nra;J nfhz;lhh;.

53
 

tpisTfs;:  gpuhd;]; N[f;fg;gpa fofj;jpy;

 1792y; rPuq;fg;gl;bzk; cWg;gpduhf Nrh;eJ
;
cld;gbf;if %yk; Nghh; rPuq;fg;gl;bzj;jpy; xU
KbTf;F te;jJ. N[f;fg;gpa fpisia Muk;gpj;J
 jpg;G Ry;jhd; jdJ uh[;aj;jpd; gpnuQ;Rf; nfhbia Vw;wpdhh;.
gy gFjpfshd jpz;Lf;fy;>  Mq;fpNyah;fSf;F tpNuhjkhfg;
Nfhak;Gj;J}h;> jh;kGhp Nghhpl nkhhp\paRf;F hpghl;
Mfpatw;iw ,oe;jhh;. vd;gtiu J}Jtuhf
 Nghhpd; Nghpog;G njhifia mDg;gpdhh;.
(3 Nfhb) jpg;G Ry;jhd;  Gjpa fth;dh; n[duyhd
nfhLf;Fk; tiu jpg;GRy;jhd; nty;ny];yp gpuGtpd;
jdJ ,U ike;jh;fis fhud; Jizg;gilj; jpl;lj;ij
thyP]; gpuGld; mDg;g Vw;Wf;nfhs;s kWj;jhh;.
Ntz;Lk;.  gpnuQ;R neg;Nghypa murUld;
 jpg;Gtpd; gjtp gwpf;fg;gl;L jpg;G ey;YwT nfhz;bUe;jhh;.
gioa ,e;J tk;rj;jpw;F
Nghhpd; Nghf;F:
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
 nty;ny];yp gpuG 1799y;
iv. ehd;fhk; ik#h; Nghh; (1799): jpg;Gtpw;F vjpuhf Nghh;
fhuzq;fs;: njhLj;jhh;.
 jpg;GRy;jhd; ,oe;j  khh;;r;rpy; ];Lth;L vd;w
epyg;gpug;Gf;fisAk;> Mq;fpNya jsgjpahYk;> 27
nfsutj;ijAk; kPz;Lk; ngw khh;r;rpy; n[duy; `hhp];
jd;id uhZt hPjpahfTk;> vd;gtuhYk; KiwNa nrjhrPh;
nghUshjhu hPjpahfTk; kw;Wk; khyty;yp Mfpa
gyg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Kw;gl;lhh;. ,lq;fspy; jpg;G Ry;jhdpd;
 1796y; ik#hpd; murh; xd;gjhk; gilfs; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;ld.
rhk;uh[; ,wg;gpw;F gpwF Gjpa  jdJ jiyefuhd rPuq;fg;
murh; epakpf;fg;glhjjhy; gl;bzj;ij fhg;ghw;w ele;j
muz;kidia Kw;Wifapl;L Nghhpy; jpg;G Ry;jhd;
ifg;gw;wpdhh;. Rl;Lf;nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.

54
 

tpisTfs;:  ik#hpd; ngUk;gFjp

 Gjpa ik#h; ,e;J murh; 1799y; Mq;fpNyah;fshy; ,izj;Jf;
Jizg;gilj; jpl;lj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
nfhz;lhh;.
 jpg;G Ry;jhdpd; thhpRfs; ifJ
nra;ag;gl;L NtY}h; Nfhl;ilapy;
rpiw itf;fg;gl;ldh;.
i`jh; myp kw;Wk; Mq;fpNyah; ,ilapyhd Nghh;fs; gphpl;b\; jsgjpfs;

rq;fhdh Nghh; fhh;dy; ];kpj; Kbtpy;iy

thzpak;ghb Nghh; fhh;dy; ];kpj; (1767 - jprk;gh;) Kbtpy;iy

Ky;ghfy; Nghh; fhh;dy; ];kpj; (1768 - mf;Nlhgh;) Kbtpy;iy

mhpaY}h; Nghh; fhh;dy; ];kpj; (1768 - etk;gh;) Kbtpy;iy

Nghh;l;Nlh Nehth Nghh; rh; Iah; $l; ([Piy 1781) Mq;fpNyah;ntw;wp

nghs;spY}h; Nghh; rh; Iah; $l; (nrg; 1781) Mq;fpNyah;ntw;wp

(fhQ;rpGuk;)
Nrhspq;fh; Nghh; rh; Iah; $l; (mf;; 1781) Mq;fpNyah; ntw;wp

6. Mq;fpNya - kuhj;jpag;Nghh;fs;  ,e;j #o;epiyapy; 1772y; ehdh

(Anglo - Maratha Wars): rhfpg;gpw;F gpd; te;j Ng\;th
 fp.gp. 1761y; eilngw;w %d;whk; Kjyhk; khjtuht; ,we;jhh;.
ghdpgl;Nghhpy; kuhj;jpah;fs; ,jdhy; kuhj;jpa
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhYk; mth;fsJ jiyth;fSf;fpilNa Ng\;th
Mw;wYk; Mjpf;fKk; gjtpf;fhf cs;ehl;L g+ry;fs;
mopaNtapy;iy. Vw;gl;ld.
 fp.gp. 1771y; Kfyhag; Nguurh;  ,e;j g+ry;fspy; Mq;fpNyah;fs;
,uz;lhk; \h Myj;ij jq;fs; jiyapl re;jh;g;gk; fpilj;jJ.
ghJfhg;gpd; fPo; nfhz;L ,jd; tpisthf %d;W Mq;fpy
te;jhh;fs;. kuhj;jpa Nghh;fs; eilngw;wd.

55
 

,e;jg; Nghh;fspd; Kbtpy; cld;gbf;if Vw;gl;lJ. ,jid

kuhj;jpah;fspd; mjpfhukidj;Jk; thud; N`];bq;]; tuNtw;whh;.
xLf;fg;gl;lJ.  Mdhy; Mq;fpNya fh;dy; fPl;bq;
i. Kjyhk; Mq;fpy kuhj;jpag;Nghh; jiyikapyhd gil rhy;nrl;
(1775 -82): kw;Wk; g]Pd; gFjpfis
fhuzq;fs;: ifg;gw;wpaij jiyik

 fp.gp. 1772y; Kjyhk; khjt;uhtpd; MNyhrid FO Vw;ftpy;iy.

,wg;gpw;F gpwF mtuJ rpWtaJ  ,e;j rpf;fiy jPhj

; J
; itg;gjw;fhf
kfd; ehuhazuht; Ng\;th fp.gp. 1776y; fhdy; mg;ld;

Mdhh;. vd;gtiu fy;fj;jh

 ,tUila rpj;jg;gh uFehjuht; MNyhridf;FO mDg;gpaJ.

vd;gth; Ng\;th gjtpia mila  #uj; cld;gbf;ifia uj;J nra;J

rjpjpl;lk; jPl;b> 1773y; tpl;L kuhj;jpa jiytuhd ehdh

ehuhazuhit gLnfhiy gl;dhtp]; vd;gtUld; 1776 khh;r;

nra;jhh;;. 1 y; Gue;jh; cld;gbf;if nra;J

 ,jw;F %d;whtJ ghdpgl; Nghhpy; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,e;j

jg;gpg;gpioj;j ehdhgl;dhtp]; cld;gbf;ifapd;gb

kw;Wk; kuhj;jpa rh;jhh; ehuhazuhtpd; kfdhd

jiyth;fshd ,e;J}hpd; ,uz;lhk; khjtuht; Ng\;ththf

N`hy;fh;fs;> Fthypahpd; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lhh;.

rpe;jpahf;fs;> ehf;g+hpd;  thud; N`];bq;]pw;F vjpuhf

Nghd;]N
; yf;fs;> gNuhlhtpd; MNyhridf;FO cWg;gpdh;fs;
n`a;f;th;Jfs;> vjph;g;G njhptpj;J Gue;jh; cld;gbf;ifia
kuhj;jpa khfhzq;fis tpl;L Mjhpj;jdh;.

tpul;bdhh;.  Mdhy; fk;ngdpapd; eph;thf

 NtWtopapd;wp Ng\;th gjtpf;fhf ,af;Fdh;fNs thud;

uFehjuht; gk;ghapypUe;j N`];bq;]pw;F Mjuthf #uj;

Mq;fpNyahpd; cjtpia ehbdhh;. cld;gbf;ifia Mjhpj;jdh;.

 fp.gp. 1775 khh;r; 7 uFehjuhTf;Fk;  ,jw;fpilapy; ehdh gl;dhtp];>

Mq;fpNyaUf;Fk; ,ilNa #uj; Y}gpd; vd;w gpnuQ;R

56
 

mjpfhhpAld; njhlh;G nfhs;s Mq;fpNyaUf;FkpilNa cld;

Muk;gpj;jhh;. gbf;if Vw;gl Kaw;rpj;jhh;.
 ,jid gk;gha; muR vjph;f;fNt tpisTfs;:
Nghh; Muk;gkhdJ.  fp.gp. 1782y; rhy;ig

Nghhpd; Nghf;F: cld;gbf;if (Treaty of Salbai)

 Mq;fpNyag;gil fh;dy; <fh;ld; gb Kjy; kuhj;jpag; Nghh;

jiyikapy; Gwg;gl;L> nlypfhd; Kbtpw;F te;jJ.

vd;w ,lj;jpy; kuhj;jpag;gil  ,uz;lhk; khjtuht;

fSld; Nkhjp kuhj;jpag; Ng\;ththf Mq;fpNyah;fshy;

gilahy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lJ. mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

fp.gp. 1779y; kfhj[p uFehjuhtpw;F Xa;T+jpak;

rpe;jpahtpw;Fk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.

Mq;fpNyah;fSf;FkpilNa  kuhj;jpah;fSld; mLj;j 20

thl;fd; cld;gbf;if nra;J Mz;LfSf;F mikjpf;F top

nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. tFj;jJ.

 thl;fd; cld;gbf;ifia thud;  rhy;nrl;> g]Pd; gFjpfs;

N`];bq;]; Vw;f kWj;J jsgjp Mq;fpNyaUf;F fpilj;jd.

Nfhlh;L jiyikapy; ii. ,uz;lhtJ Mq;fpNya kuhj;jpag;

tq;fhsj;jpypUe;J xU Nghh; (1803 - 05):
typikkpf;f gilia fhuzq;fs;:
mDg;gpdhh;.  1795 - k; tUlk; Ng\;th
 mg;gil kj;jpa ,e;jpahtpy; gy ,uz;lhk; khjt;uht; jw;nfhiy
ntw;wpfis ngw;W nra;J nfhz;L ,we;jjhy;
kuhj;jpah;fspd; jiyikaplkhd gh[puht; Ng\;ththf 1796y;
g+dhit Nehf;fp Kd;NdwpaJ. gjtp Vw;whh;. mtuJ
Fthypah; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ. Kjyikr;ruhf ehdh gl;dhtp];

 rpe;jpah ‘rpg;hp” vd;w ,lj;jpy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lhh;.

Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhh;. vdNt  kuhj;jpa jiyth;fshd rpe;jpah>

epiyikia Ghpe;J nfhz;l N`hy;fh;> Nghd;];Ny
kfhj[p rpe;jpah g+dh MfpNahhpilNa Nghl;bia
murhq;fj;jpw;Fk;> mjpfg;gLj;jp Nkhjiy

57
 

Vw;gLj;jpdhh; ,uz;lhk; Mq;fpNyaiu vjph;ff

; Nghh;
gh[puht;. Muk;gkhdJ.
 fp.gp. 1798y; nty;ny];yp gpuG
mwpKfg;gLj;jpa Jizg;gilj; Nghhpd; Nghf;F:
jpl;lj;ij kuhj;jpah;fs;  Mh;jh; nty;ny];yp
Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy. mfkjhghj;ij ifg;gw;wpdhh;.
 kuhj;jpa Nguuir ghJfhj;j rpe;jpahtpd; gilfis eh;kij
ehdhgl;dhtp]; 1800y; g+dhtpy; Mw;Wf;Fj; njw;Nf cs;s
,we;jhh;. ,jdhy; ehl;by; m];N] vd;w ,lj;jpy;
Fog;gk; Vw;gl;L kuhj;jpa Njhw;fbj;jhh;.
jiyth;fspilNa gpsT  NkYk; Nghd;]N
; yapd; gilfis
Muk;gpj;jJ. g+dhtpy; jq;fs; Mh;fhd; vd;w ,lj;jpy;
Mjpf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;j Njhw;fbj;J gh;fhd;g+h;>
jTyj;uht; rpe;jpahTk;> m];]Ph;fhh; Mfpa ,lq;fis
[];te;j;uht; N`hy;fUk; ifg;gw;wpdhh;.
jq;fSf;Fs; fLikahf  ,jd; tpisthf nty;ny];yp
Nghhpl;ldh;. Nghd;]N
; yAld; jpNahfd;
 ,jdhy; mjph;r;rpaile;j cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;lhh;.
Ng\;th ,uz;lhk; gh[puht; grPd; rpe;jpahTld; Rh;[p - mh;[d;fhd;
vd;w ,lj;jpw;F jg;gpNahb vd;w cld;gbf;if nra;jhh;
Mq;fpNyah;fSld; 1802y; nty;ny];yp.
Jizg;gilj;jpl;l xg;ge;jkhd  rpe;jpahtpd; gifth; vd;gjhy;>
grPd; cld;gbf;if nra;J [];te;j;uht; N`hy;fh;
nfhz;lhh;. ,e;j ,g;Nghhpy; kuhl;baiu
cld;gbf;ifapd;gb Mq;fpyg; Mjhpf;fhky; jdpik fhj;jhh;.
gil xd;W Mh;jh; nty;ny];yp nty;ny];yp xg;ge;jk;
vd;gthpd; jiyikapy; nrd;W nra;aj;J}z;ba NghJ ngUk;
mq;F Ng\;thit kPz;Lk; Nfhhpf;iffis N`hy;fh; Kd;
gjtpapy; mkh;j;jpaJ. ,jdhy; itj;jhh;.
kw;w kuhj;jpa rh;jhh;fs;  ,jdhy; nty;ny];yp mth; kPJ
Nghh; njhLj;jhh;.

58
 

,g;gilnaLg;G ed;F  vdNt fth;dh; n[duy;

jpl;lkplg;gl;bUe;j NghjpYk; N`];bq;]; gpuG gpz;lhhpfis
Mq;fpNya jsgjpfspd; rpy xopg;gjpy; jPtpukhf <Lgl;lhh;.
jtWfshy; N`hy;fiu ,jdhy; kuhj;jpah;fSld;
nty;yj;jtwpdh;. 1806y; Nkhjy; Vw;gLk; vd;gij
Mq;fpNyah;fSld; N`hy;fh; czh;ej
; hh;.
rkhjhdk; nra;J nfhz;L  Ng\;th ,uz;lhk; gh[puht;
uh[Gj;jpug;gFjpfspy; jd;Dila jiyikapd; fPo;
Rje;jpukhf nray;gLk; kuhl;baf; $l;likg;ig
chpikia ngw;whh;. jpUk;gTk; epiyg;gLj;jp
tpisTfs;: Mq;fpNyahpd; Ml;rpia
 midj;J kuhj;jpa rh;jhh;fSk; xopj;Jtpl jpl;lkpl;lhh;.
Jizg;gil jpl;lj;jpy;  1817 [_d; 13 g+dhtpypUe;j
ifnahg;gkpl #o;epiyia Mq;fpyg; gpujpepjp
cUthf;fpdh; Mq;fpNyah;fs;. vy;gpd;]l
; d;>gh[puhit g+dh
 kuhj;jpah;fs; Mq;fpNyahpd; cld;gbf;ifia fl;lhakhf
fl;Lg;ghl;by; te;jdh;. Mdhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;gb nra;jhh;.
N`hy;fhplk;; Mq;fpNyah; ,jdhy; Mj;jpukile;j Ng\;th
mile;j Njhy;tp nty;ny];yp g+dhtpypUe;j Mq;fpyg;
gjtp tpyFtjw;F gpujpepjpapd; jq;Fkplj;ij
fhuzkhfptpl;lJ. nfhSj;j Nghh; Muk;gkhdJ.
iii. %d;whtJ Mq;fpNya  Ng\;th> fph;Nf vd;Dkplj;jpy;
kuhj;jpag;Nghh; (1817 -18): Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhh;. mNj Nghy;
fhuzq;fs;: Nghd;]N
; y jiyth; mg;ghrhfpg;
 gpz;lhhp vd;w nfhs;isf; jhk; 1817 Nk 17y;
$l;lj;jpw;Fk; kuhj;jpah;fSf;F ifnaOj;jpl;l ehf;g+h;
kpilNa neUq;fpa njhlh;G cld;gbf;ifia Vw;f kWj;jhh;.
,Ue;jJ. kuhj;jpah;fs; ,t;Tld;gbf;ifapd; gb ehf;g+h;
gpz;lhhpfis mt;tg;NghJ tzpff;FOtpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by;
$ypg;gil tPuh;fshf te;jJ. mg;gh rhfpg; 1817
gad;gLj;jp te;jdh;. etk;ghpy; gphpl;b\hUld;

59
 

eilngw;w rpjhgy;jp Nghhpy;  rpe;jpah jtpu kw;wth;fs;

Kwpabf;fg;gl;lhh;. Ng\;th jdpg;gil itj;Jf;nfhs;s
,r;rkaj;jpy; N`hy;fhpd; mDkjp kWf;fg;gl;lJ.
cjtpia ehbdhh;. Mdhy;
gphpl;b\hh; 1817 brk;gh; 21y;
 ghyh[p tp];tehj;- 1713 - 20
gNuhlhtpy; N`hy;fiu
 gh[p uht; - I - 1720 -40
Kwpabj;J Jizg;gil  ghyh[p gh[p uht; - 1740 -61
cld;gbf;ifapy; kz;l Nrhh;  khjt; uht; I - 1761 - 1772
(ehdh rhfpg;)
ifnaOj;jpl nra;jdh;.  eNud; uht; - 1772 -74
 gNuhlhtpd; nfapf;thh;  khjt; uht; II - 1774 -95
 gh[p uht; II - 1796- 1818
Jizg;gilj; jpl;lj;ij (filrp Ng\;th gpj;J}hpy;
Vw;Wf;nfhz;L> mfkjhghj;jpd; [dthp 1851 y; ,we;jhh;)
xU gFjpia gphpl;b\hUf;F
toq;fpdhh;. 7. Mq;fpNya - rPf;fpag;Nghh;fs;:
 1818y; rpe;jpah gphpl;b\hUld;  uQ;rpj;rpq;fpd; kiwtpw;Fg;gpd;
Gjpa xg;ge;jj;jpy; ifnaOj;jpl rPf;fpa muR tYtpyf;f
Nehpl;lJ. Muk;gpj;jjhy; ehl;by; Njhd;wpa
fyfq;fSk;> eilngw;w
tpisTfs;: nfhiyfSk; rPff
; pa muir rPh;
 Ng\;th gjtp xopf;fg;gl;L> Fiyj;jd.
filrp ,uz;lhk; gh[puht;  ehl;by; Ml;rp mikg;G KiwNa
fhd;g+Uf;F mUfpYs;s gpj;J}h; ,y;yhky; Ngha; tpl;lJ.
vd;w ,lj;jpy; Mz;Lf;F 8 yl;r  ,g;gb ehl;Lf;Fs; vOe;j
&gha; Xa;T+jpaj;Jld; Fog;gk;> Ml;rpKiw ,y;yhj
Xa;ntLf;f mDkjpf;fg;gl;lhh;. epiy Mfpait xd;W Nrh;eJ
;
 midj;J kuhj;jpa ,Wjpapy; Mq;fpNyah;fSld;
gFjpfisAk; gphpl;b\hh Nghh; Vw;gLtjw;F toptif
,izj;J gk;gha; khfhzj;ij nra;jd. ,uz;L Mq;fpNya -
Vw;gLj;jpdh;. rPf;fpag;Nghh;fs; eilngw;W>
,Wjpapy; Mq;fpy muR ntw;wp
ngwNt gQ;rhg; Mq;fpyg;

60
 

NguuRld; ,izj;Jf; Mf Ntz;Lnkd;W Kbtpw;F

nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. te;jdh;.
 fhy;rh gilapd; Mjpf;fj;ijAk;
i. Kjy; Mq;fpy - rPf;fpag; Nghh;
ml;^opaj;ijAk; xLf;f
(1845 - 46):
epidj;j uhzp [pz;lhd;>
 1843y; jyPg;rpq; vd;w Ie;J taJ
rPf;fpahpd; MNtrj;ij
rpWtd; muruhf
Mq;fpNyah;fSf; nfjpuhf
mwptpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
J}z;btpl;lhs;.
 mtuJ jha; [pz;lhd; vd;gth;
 Mq;fpNyah; gQ;rhig ifg;gw;w
mtUf;F ghJfhtyuhf ,Ue;J
Kaw;rpf;fpwhh;fs; vd;w
Ml;rp nra;J te;jhh;. Mdhy;
tje;jpia gug;gp Nj[;rpq; kw;Wk;
[pz;lhdhtpdhy; Ml;rpia
yhy; rpq; Nghd;Nwhh; jiyikapy;
xOq;FgLj;j Kbatpy;iy.
rPf;fpag;gil 1845 brk;gh; 11y;
 fhy;rh gilapd; jsgjpfNs
rl;y[; ejpia fle;jJ Nghh;
cz;ikahd mjpfhuj;ij
Muk;gkhdJ.
itj;jpUe;jdh;.
 fhy;rh gilapd; Nj[;rpq;
Nghhpd; Nghf;F:
vd;gth; gQ;rhaj;J gpujpepjpfs;
 1845 brk;gh; 13y; `hh;bQ;r; gpuG
my;yJ Ith; FOf;fs; %yk;
Nghh; gpufldk; nra;jhh;.
ehl;bd; mjpfhuj;ij ifg;gw;wp
,UgilfSf;Fk; fLikahf
rh;thjpfhhpahd fhy;rh gilia
eilngw;w Nghhpy;
khw;wpdhh;.
Mq;fpyj;jsgjp `pA`‡g;
 fth;dh; n[duy; `hh;bQ;r; gpuG
vd;gth; ngNuh];g+Uf;F njd;
fhy;rh gilapd;
fpof;Nf ,Ue;j Kl;rp vd;w
Nghf;iff;fz;L rpy ghJfhg;G
,lj;jpy; rPff
; pag;gil
eltbf;iffshd Nfhl;ilfis
Njhw;fbj;jhh;.
gyg;gLj;Jjy;> ghyk; fl;Ljy;>
 ,e;j ntw;wpf;Fg;gpd; 1845 brk;gh;
glFfs; fl;Ljy;
31 y; ngNuh];\hp vd;w ,lj;jpy;
Nghd;witfis Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.
ele;j NghhpYk;> gpwF mypthy;
,ijf;fz;l rPf;fpag; gilapdh;
NghhpYk;> rg;uhd; NghhpYk;
Mj;jpuk; mile;J> ehl;bd;
rPf;fpag;gil Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lJ.
Rje;jpuj;ij fhf;f Nghhpl;Nl

61
 

 1846 gpg;uthp 20-y; yh$h; jiyth;fspd; JNuhfj;jpdhy;

ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ. ,g;Nghh; yh$h; jhd; Vw;gl;lJ vd
cld;gbf;ifapd;gb KbTf;F jpl;ltl;lkhf ek;gpdh;. gQ;rhgpy;
te;jJ. Mq;fpNyah; Mjpf;fk; Vw;gl;lij
ntWj;jdh;. Mq;fpNyah;fSf;F
tpisTfs;:
vjpuhf fyfk; nra;aj;jf;f
 yh$h; cld;gbf;if 1846 khh;r;
re;jh;g;gj;ij vjph;
gb rl;y[; ejpf;F ,lg;gf;fj;jpy;
Nehf;fpapUe;jdh;.
,Uf;Fk; gpuNjrq;fisAk;
 Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf rjpapy;
rl;y[; ejpf;Fk;> gpah]; ejpf;Fk;
<Lgl;ljhf Fw;wk; rhl;b
,ilapYs;s [ye;jh; Njh Mg;
murhpd; jhahuhd [pz;lhd;
vd;w gFjpiaAk; rPf;fpah;fs;
uhzpia yh$hpypUe;J
Mq;fpNyahplk; ,of;f Nehpl;lJ.
Mq;fpNyah; ntspNaw;wpdh;. ,J
 rpWtdhd jyPgr
; pq;
rPf;fpa kf;fspd; mjpUg;jpia
kfhuh[hthfTk;> [pz;lhd;
mjpfg;gLj;jpaJ.
uhzpia murhpd;
 ng\htiu Mg;fhdpah;fSf;F
ghJfhtyuhfTk; yhrpq;
nfhLg;gjhf $wp mth;fisAk;
vd;gtiu Kjyikr;ruhfTk;
rPf;fpah;fs; jq;fSld; Nrh;jJ
; f;
Mq;fpNyah; xg;G nfhz;ldh;.
nfhs;s ,uz;lhk; Mq;fpNya
 yh$h; murhq;f cs;ehl;L
rPf;fpa Nghh; Muk;gkhdJ.
tptfhuq;fspy; Mq;fpy muR
Nghhpd; Nghf;F:
jiyaplhJ. yh$hpy; Mq;fpy
 `‡g; gpuGtpd; jiyikapy;
gpujpepjpahf epakpf;fg;gl;l
Nghhpl;l Mq;fpyg;gilfs;
n`d;wp yhud;]; vd;gthplNk
rpy;ypad; thyh ntw;wpf;F
Ml;rp mjpfhuk; ,Ue;jJ.
gpd;dh; 1849 gpg;uthp 21-y; rPdhg;
,jdhy; gQ;rhgpd; cz;ik
ejpf;F mUfpYs;s F[uhj; vd;w
Ml;rp Mq;fpNyaUf;Nf khwpaJ.
efhpy; rPff
; pag;gilfisAk;
ii. ,uz;lhtJ Mq;fpy rPf;fpag; Nghh;
Mg;fhdpah;fisAk;
(1848 - 49):
Njhw;fbj;jdh;.
fhuzq;fs;:
 Mg;fhdpah;fs; ifgh; fztha;>
 rPf;fpa tPuh;fs; jq;fs;
fhg+y; tiuapYk; rh; thy;lh;
Njhy;tpAk;> mtkhdKk; jq;fs;
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 

fpy;gh;l; vd;w Mq;fpyj; gFjpfis ifg;gw;wpdhh;.

jsgjpahy; tpul;babf;fg;gl;ldh;. Mq;fpNyah;fSf;Fk;
ly;n`srp gpuGthy; gQ;rhg; gh;kpah;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa %d;W
Mq;fpy muRld; ,izj;Jf; Nghh;fs; eilngw;wd.
nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.  KjyhtJ Mq;fpy gh;kpag; Nghh;
tpisTfs;: mkh;];l; gpuG fhyj;jpYk;>
 jyPg;rpq;fpw;F Mz;bw;F 5 yl;rk; ,uz;lhtJ> %d;whtJ
Xa;t+jpak; toq;fp jd; jha; Mq;fpy gh;kpag; Nghh; lg;hpd;
[pz;lhd; uhzpAld;
gpuG fhyj;jpYk; eilngw;wd.
,q;fpyhe;Jf;F mDg;gg;gl;lhh;.
 rh; [hd; yhud;]; gQ;rhgpd;  ,e;jg; Nghh;fspy;
Kjy; jiyik Mizauhf Mq;fpNyah;fs; gh;khit
epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
,izj;Jf; nfhz;ldh;.
 gQ;rhg; Mq;fpNya Ml;rpf;Fs;
nfhz;L tug;gl;ljhy; tl i. KjyhtJ Mq;fpy - gh;kpag; Nghh;
Nkw;fpy; Mq;fpyg; Nguurpd; (1824 - 26):
vy;iy ,e;jpahtpd; ,aw;if
fhuzq;fs;:
vy;iyahfpa ,kakiyg;
gpuNjrj;ij vl;baJ.  gh;kpah;fSld; Nghh; Vw;glhky;
jLg;gjw;fhf> Mq;fpNya muR
8. Mq;fpNya - gh;kpag; Nghh;fs; (Anglo gh;khtpw;F mDg;gpa J}jh;fshd
- Burmesewars): Nfg;ld; rpk;]>; Nfg;ld; fhdpq;>
 gh;khtpy; (kpahd;kh;) 1752 - 60 Nfg;ld; fhf;]; MfpNahh; gh;kh
fspy; Myk;gah vd;gth; murhy; rhpahf
Ml;rpia Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. elj;jg;gltpy;iy.
 mtUf;Fg;gpwF Ml;rpf;F te;j  gh;khtpypUe;J jg;gp Xbath;fis
Nghjht; gahTk;> ghfPjh Mq;fpy fk;ngdp jpUk;g
vd;gtUk; vy;yh jpirfspYk; xg;gilf;f kWj;jjhy;
jq;fs; Ml;rpia ,UehLfSf;fpilNa cwT
tphpTgLj;jpdhh;fs;. NkhrkhfpaJ.
 Fwpg;ghf Nghjht; gah  gh;kpa muR Mq;fpNyah;fSf;F
rPdg;gilnaLg;ig jLj;J chpikahd rpl;lfhq;fpw;F
mth;fis ntspNaw;wp fp.gp. mUfpypUe;j \hGhpj;jPit
1813y; muf;fd; kw;Wk; kzpg;g+h; 1823y; ifg;gw;wpaJ.

63
 

 ,jidawpe;j fth;dh; gh;kh kPJ ii. ,uz;lhtJ Mq;fpNya gh;kpag;

Nghh; njhLj;jhh;. Nghh; (1852 - 56):
Nghhpd; Nghf;F fhuzq;fs;:
 Mq;fpNyah;fshy; fly;top  Mthtpy; ,Ue;j gphpl;b\;
kw;Wk; epy topfs; %yk; gh;kh J}Jth;fs; gh;kpa murhy;
jhf;fg;gl;lJ. ,opthf elj;jg;gl;ldh;.
 jsgjpfs; Nfk;gy;> khhpal;  jhuhtl;b vd;gth; gh;khtpd;
jiyikapy; fg;gy;gil Gjpa muruhf 1837 y;
mDg;gg;gl;lJ. gjtpNaw;whh;.
 mrhkpypUe;j gh;kpah;fs;  1848y; fth;dh; n[duyhf
tpul;lg;gl;ldh;. Mdhy; gh;kpa nghWg;Ngw;w ly;n`srp gpuG
jsgjp ge;Jyh Mq;fpyg;gilia gh;khit Mq;fpNyah;
Njhw;fbj;jhh;. Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; nfhz;L tu
 uq;$d; Mq;fpNyah;fshy; KbT nra;jhh;.
ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ. gh;kpah;fspd; Nghhpd; Nghf;F:
jiyefukhd Mth  1852y; n[duy; fhl;tpd;>
ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ. ahz;lg+ vd;w ml;kpuy; M];bd; MfpNahhpd;
,lj;jpw;F Kd;NdwpaJ jiyikapy; xU Mq;fpyg;gil
Mq;fpyg; gilfs; Mdhy; uq;$id mile;J khh;l;lgd;>
gh;kpah;fs; 1826y; ahz;lg+ g];]Pd;> GNuhk; kw;Wk; ngF
cld;gbf;ifia Mfpa ,lq;fis ifg;gw;wpaJ.
Mq;fpNyah;fSld; nra;J
nfhz;ljhy; Nghh; tpisTfs;:
Kbtile;jJ.  Nghhpd; ,Wjpapy; xU gpufldk;
tpisTfs;: %yk; ngF my;yJ fPog
; h;khit
 mufhd; Nldhrhpg; gFjpfs;> Mq;fpNya muRld; ,izj;Jf;
m];]hk; fr;rhh; Mfpa gFjpfs; nfhz;lhh; ly;n`srp. ,jdhy;
Mq;fpNyah; trk; te;jJ. Mq;fpyg;NguuR rhy;tpd;
 kzpg;g+iu Rje;jpu ehlhf;f ejpf;fiu tiuapYk; gutpaJ.
gh;kpah; xg;Gf; nfhz;ldh;.

64
 

iii. %d;whtJ Mq;fpNya gh;kpag;Nghh; 1948y; gh;kh g+uz tpLjiy

(1885 -86): ngw;wJ
fhuzq;fs;: 9. Mq;fpNya Mg;fhd; Nghh;fs;
 gh;kpa murh; jpgh gpnuQ;R (Anglo - Afghan Wars):
fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpf;F tpahghu i. Kjy; Mq;fpy - Mg;fhdpag; Nghh;
rYiffs; toq;fpdhh;. (First Anglo - Afghan):
 gh;kpag; gFjpapy; eph;thfk; kw;Wk; fhuzq;fs;:
thzpgj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;jpa  1838y; Mq;fpNyah; rPff
; pah;fs;
Mq;fpNya murpd; mjpfhhpfis gjtpapypwf;fg;gl;l murh;
ifJ nra;J mth;fSf;F \hR[h MfpNahh; cld;gbf;if
mguhjk; tpjpj;jhh; jpgh. nra;J nfhz;L uQ;rpj;rpq;
Nghhpd; Nghf;F murhplkpUe;J ng\htiu
 lg;hpd; gpuGtpd; ntw;wp nfhs;s
Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; 1885y;; Mq;fpNyah;fspd; cjtpia
Mq;fpyjsgjp N`hp gpuz;lh; ehbdhh; Njh];j; Kfk;kJ
fh];l; gh;kh kPJ Nghh; ,jw;F Mq;fpNya fth;dh;
njhLf;fg;gl;lJ. jPgh n[duy; Mf;yhz;l; gpuG
ruzile;jhh;. kWf;fNt gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fspd;
 itrpuha; jiyikapy; gh;kh cjtpiag; ngw;whh; Njh];j;
KOtJkhf Mq;fpy - ,e;jpa Kfk;kJ.
Nguurpy; ,izj;Jf;  ,jidawpe;j Mf;yhz;l; gpuG
nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. mnyf;]hz;lh; gh;d]
; ; vd;gth;
jiyikapy; gil xd;iw
tpisTfs;: Njh];j; Kfk;kJtpw;F
 1885 -1935 tiu gh;kh mDg;gpdhh;. Mdhy; mij
,e;jpahTld; Mq;fpNya Njh]j;; Kfk;kJ kWf;fNt
Nguurhy; ,izf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. Nkhjy; njhlq;fp Nghh;
1935y; ,aw;wg;gl;l ,e;jpa muR Muk;gkhdJ.
rl;lg;gb gh;kh ,e;jpahtpypUe;J
gphpf;fg;gl;lJ. gh;kpah;fspd;
Nghuhl;lj;jpdhy; [dthp 4>

65
 

Nghhpd; Nghf;F: Nghhpd; Nghf;F

 fp.gp. 1839y; Njh];j;  ypl;ld; gpuGthy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L
Kfk;kJtpw;F gjpyhf \h R[h n\h;myp jg;gpr;nry;yNt> n\h;
vd;gtiu Mq;fpNyah; gjtpapy; mypapd; %j;j kfdhd
mkh;;j;jpdh;. ah$g;fhDld; Mq;fpNyah; 1879y;
 ,jdhy; Mg;fhdpah;fs; fyfk; fhz;lkf; cld;gbf;if nra;J
nra;J Mq;fpNyaiu jhf;fNt> nfhz;ldh;.
NtW topapy;yhky; Njh];j;  Mg;fhdpah; tptfhuq;fspy;
Kfk;kJit kPz;Lk; jiyaplhf;nfhs;ifia
mhpaizapy; mkh;j;jpdh;. gpd;gw;Wtjhf Mq;fpNyah;
 ,Wjpahf 1842y; fhg+y; cWjpaspj;jdh;.
Mq;fpNyah;fshy;
ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ. iii. %d;whtJ Mq;fpy Mg;fhdpag;
Nghh; (1919):
ii. ,uz;lhtJ Mq;fpy - Mg;fhdpag; fhuzq;fs;:
Nghh; (1878 - 80):  1919y; Mg;fhdpa murh;
fhuzq;fs;: `gpGy;yh nfhy;yg;glNt>
 1863y; Njh];j; Kfk;kJtpd; mtuJ kfd; mkKy;yh
,wg;gpw;F gpwF Mg;fhdpa mhpaizapy; mkh;e;jhh;.
mhpaizapy; mkh;e;j n\h;  gphpl;b\hhpd; Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J
myp> ];lhyplhg; vd;gth; tpLgl tpUk;gpa mth;
jiyikapy; te;j u\;a gphpl;b\hh; kPJ Nghh; njhLj;jhh;.
el;Gwit Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhh;. Nghhpd; Nghf;F
 Mdhy; rh; nytp]; ngy;yp  gphpl;b\huhy; mkKy;yh
kw;Wk; rh; netpy;yp rhk;gh;ypd; Njhw;fbf;fg; gl;lhYk;>
MfpNahh; jiyikapy; ypl;ld; uhty;gpz;b cld;gbf;ifapd;gb>
gpuG mDg;gpa Mq;fpNya Mg;fhdpa murpy; mikjp
el;Gwit n\h;myp ntWf;fNt Vw;gl;lJ. Mq;fpNyah;fspd;
Nghh; Muk;gkhdJ. Mjpf;fj;jpypUe;J
Mg;fhdpah;fs; tpLjiy
ngw;wdh;.

66
 

Mq;fpNya - Neghsg; Nghh; (1814 -16) tiuapYs;s gpuNjrj;ijf;

 ,kakiyapd; mbthuj;jpy; ifg;gw;wpdh;. ,dp Nghh; nra;tJ
rl;y[; ejpia Nkw;F gadw;Wg; NghFk; vd;W vz;zpa
vy;iyahfTk; g+l;lhid Neghs jsfh;jj
; uhd mkh;rpq;
fpof;F vy;iyahfTk; 1815 etk;gh; 28y; rnfsyp vd;w
nfhz;bUe;jJ Neghsk;. ,lj;jpy; Mq;fpNyaUld;
mq;Fs;s kf;fs; $h;fh cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhz;lhh;.
tFg;igr; rhh;e;jth;fs;.  Mdhy; Neghs kf;fs;
 rpwe;j Nghh;tPuh;fs; mNahj;jp cld;gbf;ifia kWf;fNt Nghh;
ethgplkpUe;J Mq;fpNyaUf;F kWgbAk; Muk;gkhdJ.
fpilj;jpUe;j Nfhuf;g+h;> Mq;fpyj;jsgjp Mf;lh;Nyhdp
gjp];g+h; gFjpfis Neghs jiyefh; fhl;khz;Lit
$h;f;fhf;fs; mjpfkhf Nehf;fp gilnaLj;J nrd;W> g+h;
#iwahbdh;. vd;w ,lj;jpy; Neghs gilfis
 1814y; Gl;thy;> rpNahuh[; Njhw;fbj;jhh;.
Mfpa khtl;lq;fisAk;  ,Wjpapy; 1816y; Neghs
Neghsg; gilapdh; murhq;fk; rnfsyp
ifg;gw;wpdh;. ,jdhy; 1814y; cld;gbf;ifia
Neghsj;jpd; kPJ Nghh; Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. ,jd;gb rpf;fpk;
gpufldk; nra;jhh; N`];bq;]; gFjpia tpl;L Neghs kf;fs;
gpuG. ntspNawpdh;.
Nghhpd; Nghf;F:  Neghsj;jpd; Nkw;Fg;
 Mf;lh;Nyhdp> [hz;ryPtd; \l;> gFjpapypUe;J FNkhNthd;>
khh;Ny> fpy;y];gp Kjypa fhh;ty; khtl;lq;fSk;> rpk;yh
Mq;fpyg;gilj;jyh;fs; Fd;WfSk; njw;F vy;iyg;
jpwikahf Nghh; Ghpe;jhYk; gy gFjpapypUe;j juha; fhl;Lg;
,lq;fspy; Njhy;tp Vw;gl;ld. gFjpAk; Mq;fpNyah;fSf;F
Mdhy; jsgjp fhh;bdy; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
vd;gtUk;> epf;Nfhhpd; vd;gtUk; Mq;fpy - jpngj; Nghh; (1903 -04)
ma;Nkhuh vd;w ,lj;ijg; gpbj;J  ,kakiyapd; tlf;F gf;fkhf
rl;y[; ejpapypUe;J fhspahW cs;s epyg;gug;G jpngj;

67
 

vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ. jpngj; cld;gbf;ifapy; ifnaOj;jpl

ehl;bd; muR Gj;jj;Jwtpfshy; Nghh; Kbtpw;F te;jJ.
Msg;gl;L te;jJ. rpe;Jg;gFjpia ,izj;jy;:
 ,uz;L yhkhf;fs; (Lama)  fp.gp. 1843y; vy;yd; NghNuh
jiyth;fshf ,Ue;jdh;. gpuGtpd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy;
yhrhitj; jiyefuhf nfhz;l rpe;Jg;gFjp Mq;fpNyah;fshy;
jyha;yhkh> fh\py;Fd;Nghit ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
jiyefuhff; nfhz;l  ,g;gb fh;ehlfg; Nghh;fs;> ik#h;
‘jh\pyhkh” 1903 etk;gh; 6 k; Nghh;fs;> kuhj;jpag; Nghh;fs;>
Njjp jpngj;jpa tptfhuj;jpy; gpshrpg; Nghh;> gf;rhh; Nghh;>
epue;jukhd jiyaPL vJTk; rPf;fpag; Nghh;fs;> gh;kpag; Nghh;fs;>
itj;Jf;nfhs;sf; $lhJ vd;w Neghs Nghh;> jpngj; Nghh;>
epge;jidapd; Nghpy; Mq;fpy rpe;jpia ifg;gw;Wk; Nghh; vd;W
muR fh;rd; gpuGtpd; Nghh; gy;NtW Nghh;fis elj;jp ntw;wp
eltbf;iffSf;F mDkjp nfhz;L ,e;jpahitAk;
mspj;jJ. mjidr;Rw;wpapUe;j gFjpfisAk;
 1904 khh;r; khjk; FU vd;w ,ize;J xU gue;j xd;wpize;j
,lj;jpy; aq;`];gz;l; vd;w Nguurhf cUthf;fpdh;
Mq;fpyjsgjp jiyikapy; Mq;fpNyah;fs;.
eilngw;w Nghhpy; 600
jpngj;jpah;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;.
1904 Mf];L 3 k; Njjp
gphpl;b\;gil yhrhit
mile;jJ.
 Mdhy; jyha;yhkh jg;gp
Xbtpl;lhh;. Ngr;Rthh;j;ijapd;
,Wjpapy; 1904y;
mq;fpNyah;fspd; rhh;gpy; aq;
`];gz;Lk;> jpngj;jpah;fspd;
rhh;gpy; jyha; yhkhTk; yhrh

68


gphpl;b\hhpd; NguuR tphpTf;nfhs;if

Nghh; Mz;L ,lk; cld;gbf;if
Kjy; fh;ehlfg; Nghh; 1746 - 48 Gdpj Nltpl; ma;yh \Ngy;
Nfhl;il cld;gbf;i
; f
,uz;lhk; fh;ehlfg; 1748 - 54 Gdpj Njhk; ghz;br;Nrhp
Nghh; Nfhl;il Mw;fhL cld;gbf;if (Treaty
(Arcot) of Pondichery)
%d;whk; fh;ehlfg; 1758 -63 thd;bth\; ghhP]; cld;gbf;if
Nghh;
Kjy; Mq;fpy ik#h; 1767 - 69 Mw;fhL kjuh]; cld;gbf;if
Nghh;
,uz;lhk; Mq;fpy 1780 - 84 Mw;fhL> kq;f@h;
ik#h; Nghh; Nghhpl;NlhNjhth cld;gbf;if
%d;whk; Mq;fpy 1790 - 92 jpUthq;$h;> =uq;fg;gl;bdk;
ik#h; Nghh; =uq;fg;gl;bdk; cld;gbf;if
ehd;fhk; Mq;fpy 1799 =uq;fg;gl;bdk; jpg;G Ry;jhd;
cld;gbf;if nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;.

Mq;fpNyh $h;f;fh 1814 - 16 G+h;; fhj;kz;L rfhyp cld;gbf;if

Nghh;
Kjy; Mq;fpNyh 1826 ae;jG+ ahe;jhG+
gh;kpah; Nghh; cld;gbf;if
Kjy; Mq;fpNyh - 1845 -46 Kl;fp> ngNuh\h> yh$h; cld;gbf;if
rPf;fpah; Nghh; Gj;jpthy;
,uz;lhk; Mq;fpNyh 1848 - 49 uhk;efh;> gQ;rhg; NghUld;
rpf;fpg; Nghh; rpypad;thy;> ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
kw;Wk; F[uhj;

69
 

gphpl;b\hhpd; eph;thfk;
Kjypy; xUq;fpizj;J
 1765 ,uhgh;l; fpisthy;
Vw;gLj;jpath; fth;dh; n[duy;
tq;fhsj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;j
fhud; thyP]; gpuG (1786 - 93)
,ul;il Ml;rpKiwf;F
Mthh;. ,jdhy; ,th;
Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itj;jhh; thud;
Fbikg;gzpfspd; je;ij
N`];bq;];. Ml;rpKiwia
Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpNa (Father of Councounted Civil

Neubahf ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk; service) vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwhh;.

vd;whh;. ,e;j khw;wj;jpw;F  fhud; thyP]; gpuG

fk;ngdp ,af;Feh;fSk; Fbikg;gzpfis

mDkjpaspj;jdh;. Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd;G 1773y;

 rPhj
; pUj;jq;fs; nra;tjpy; khtl;l mstpy; epy tUthia

thud;N`];bq;]; Muk;gpj;J t#ypf;f fnyf;lh; vd;w gjtpia

1947 y; ,e;jpah tpLjiy ngUk; Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jhh;. mtUf;F

tiu fth;dh; n[duy;fs; kw;Wk; Kd;G fth;dh; n[duyhf ,Ue;j

itrpuha;fs; ,e;jpa eph;thfj;jpy; thud; N`];bq;]; gpuG

epiwa rPhj
; ;jpUj;jq;fis Fbikg;gzpahsh;fspilNa

nra;Js;sdh;. ,Ue;j yQ;rk; kw;Wk; Coiy

 mth;fSila rPh;jpUj;jq;fNs xopf;f gy Kaw;rpfs; vLj;jhh;.

,d;W ek; ehl;bd; eph;thf  1800y; fth;dh; n[duy;

nray;ghl;bw;fhd mbg;gilfis nty;ny];yp gpuG (1798 - 1805)

Vw;gLj;jpd. Gjpjhf njhpT nra;ag;gl;l

1. Fbikg;gzpfs; (Civil Services): Fbikg;gzpahsh;fSf;F gapw;rp

mspf;f tpy;ypak; Nfhl;il
 Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpf;F
,e;jpa eph;thfj;jpy; gzpGhpa fy;Y}hpia (Fort William College)

Njitahd gzpahsh;fshd fy;fj;jhtpy; Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.

Fbikg;gzpahsh;fis epakpj;J Mdhy; 1806y; tpy;ypak;

Ml;rp nra;Ak; Kiwia Kjd; Nfhl;il fy;Y}hpf;F fk;ngdp

70
 

,af;Feh;fs; vjph;gG
;  gl;la rl;lk; 1853d; gb fth;dh;
njhptpf;fNt> mjw;F gjpyhf n[duy; ly;n`srp gpuGtpd;
Fbikg;gzpahsh;fSf;F 2 Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpah;fSf;F
Mz;Lfs; gapw;rpaspf;f mDkjpNahL jpwe;j Nghl;bj;
,q;fpyhe;jpy; n`a;ypghp Njh;Tfs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
(Haleibury) vd;Dkplj;jpy;  ,jw;fhf 1854 y; nkf;fhNy gpuG
fpof;fpe;jpa fy;Y}hp (East India jiyikapy; ,e;jpa Fbikg;
college) Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. gzpfs; fkpl;b Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 Fbikg;gzpfs; Vw;gLj;jg;  ,J 1858 tiu eilKiwapy;
gl;ljpypUe;j Nghl;bj; Njh;Tfs; nfhz;Ltug;gltpy;iy. 1858f;F
%yk; gzpahsh;fs; Njh;T gpwF kfhuhzp Ml;rpfhyj;jpy;
nra;ag;gltpy;iy. jhd; ,J eilKiwf;F nfhz;L
 khwhf fk;ngdp jdJ tug;gl;lJ.
tpUg;gj;jpw;F ,zq;f  Fbikg;gzpahsh;fs; kw;Wk;
gzpahsh;fis njhpT nra;J gzpahsh;fis xOq;FgLj;j
te;jJ. mNj Nghy; Fbikg; ,e;jpa Fbikg;gzpfs; rl;lk;
gzpahsh;fshf gzpahw;w 1861y; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
,e;jpah;fSf;F mDkjp
mjd; Kf;fpa ghpe;Jiufs;:
kWf;fg;gl;lJ.
 Fbikg;gzp Njh;T Mq;fpy
 ,e;jpah;fspd; kPJ mf;fiw
nkhopapy; ,yz;ldpy; elj;jg;gl
nfhz;l fth;dh; n[duy;fspy;
Ntz;Lk;.
xUtuhd tpy;ypak; ngz;bq;
 mjpf gl;r taJ 23(1859)
gpuG 1833y; Kjd; Kjypy;
ypUe;J 22 (1860) MfTk; gpwF
Fbikg;gzpahsh;fis Njh;T
21 (1866) kw;Wk; 19 (1878)
nra;a jpwe;j Nghl;bj;Njh;Tfis
MfTk; Fiwf;fg;gl;ld.
,e;jpah;fSf;Fk; mDkjpNahL
 1863 ,e;jpa Fbikg;gzpapy;
mwpKfg;gLj;j Kaw;rp nra;jhh;.
(Indian Civil Service -ICS)
 Mdhy; fk;ngdp ,af;Feh;fspd;
Njh;thd Kjy; ,e;jpah;
vjph;g;gpdhy; mj;jpl;lk;
rj;jpNae;jpu ehj; jh$h; Mthh;.
iftplg;gl;lJ.
1878 - 79 y; ypl;ld; gpuG Gjpjhf
Fbikg;gzpfs; Njh;TKiwia
71
 

(Statutory CivilService) 3. fPoe

; piy Fbikg;gzp (Sub -
mwpKfg;gLj;j Kad;whh;. Ordinate Civil service)
 Mdhy; mJ Njhy;tpia ,e;jpahtpy; Njh;T.
jOtpaJ. ,e;jpa Njrpa
 1919y; khz;lN
; ghh;l; mwpf;if
fhq;fpu]; 1885 y;
Fbikg;gzpfs; gw;wp
Fbikg;gzpfspy;
ghpe;Jiufs; toq;fpaJ.
rPhj
; pUj;jq;fis Ntz;baJ.
mitahtd
mitahtd.
(I) nghJ Fbikg;gzpfspy;
 Fbikg;gzpfs; Njh;tpw;fhd
mjpf gl;r tajpid cah;j;j mjpfstpy; ,e;jpah;fs;

Ntz;Lk;. Nrh;f;fg;glNtz;Lk;.

 Fbikg;gzpfs; Njh;T (II) xNu Neuj;jpy;

,e;jpahtpYk; gphpl;ldpYk; xNu ,q;fpyhe;jpYk;> ,e;jpahtpYk;

Neuj;jpy; elj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Fbikg;gzpfs; Njh;T elj;jg;gl

ntz;Lk;
 Fbikg;gzpfSf;fhf ghpe;Jiu
toq;f ml;rPrd; fkpl;b 1886y;  1924 y; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l yP (Lee

itrpuha; lg;hpd; gpuGthy; commission) Mizaj;jpd;

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ghpe;Jiufs;.
(I) nghJg;gzpahsh;
mjd; Kf;fpa ghpe;Jiufs;:
Njh;thizak; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 Njh;T taJ 23 Mf
(Public Service Commission)
cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpa muR rl;lk; 1919d; gb
 Fbikg;gzpfs; %d;W gphpthf
1926y; kj;jpa gzpahsh;
gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.
Njh;thizak; Vw;gLj;jg;gl
mitahtd:
Ntz;Lk;.
1. NguuR ,e;jpa Fbikg;gzp
(II) 15 Mz;Lfspy; ICS (Indian
(Imperial Indian Civil Service) -
Civil Service) gzpapy;
yz;ldpy; Njh;T
,e;jpah;fSf;Fk;
2. khfhz Fbikg;gzp (Provincial
INuhg;gpah;fSf;Fk; cs;s
Civil Service) ,e;jpahtpy; Njh;T NtWghl;il ePff
; p ,UtUk;
50:50 epiyia mila Ntz;Lk;.

72
 

1. fhty; POLICE - (Protection of

,e;jpa muR rl;lk; 1935: life in Civil Establishemnnt)
ghpe;Jiufs;:  rl;l xOq;if ghJfhf;f xU
 $l;lhl;rp nghJg;gzpahsh; Kiwahd fhty; gilia
Njh;thizak; (Federal Public 1791y; fhud; thyP]; gpuG
Service Commission) Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.
 khfhz nghJg;gzpahsh;  fhty;Jiw xOq;FKiwr;
Njh;thizak; (Provincial Public rl;lk; (The Police Regulations
Service Commission) Act) xd;iw gpwg;gpj;jhh;.
 ,uz;bw;F Nkw;gl;l Neh;ikahfTk;> tpiuthfTk;
khfhzq;fSf;F ,iz gzpahw;Wk; gb fhty;
nghJg;gzpahsh; Njh;thizak; Jiwapdhpd; rk;gsj;ij
(Joind Public Service cah;j;jpdhh;.
Commission) Mfpait  ehL KOtjpYkpUe;j
Vw;gLj;jg;glNtz;Lk;. [kPd;jhh;fsplk;
 Fbikg;gzpahsh;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUe;j NghyP];
midtUk; Mq;fpNya murpd; eph;thfg; nghWg;ig
fl;Lg;ghl;by; Vn[z;Lfshf vLj;Jtpl;lhh;.
kl;LNk nray;gl;ldh;.  gioa ,e;jpa Kiwahd>
 1947 y; ,e;jpah tpLjiy jhdhf;fs; Kiwia
mile;j gpwF (ICS - Indian Civil GJg;gpj;jhh;.

Service) vd;gJ ,e;jpa  mjhtJ xt;nthU khtl;lKk;

Fbikg;gzp vd;gJ (IAS - (jhdh) vd;w fhty;Jiw

tl;lq;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;ld.
Indian Administrative Service)
mit xt;nthd;Wk; 20 rJu
vd;w mfpy ,e;jpa gzpahf
iky; gug;gsTilajhFk;.
khw;wg;gl;lJ. rh;jhh; ty;ygha;
,tw;wpd; jiyth; jNuhfh
gNly; mfpy ,e;jpag; gzpfspd;
vdg;gl;l ,e;jpauhthh;. khtl;l
je;ij vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;whh;.
fhty; Jiwapd; xl;L nkhj;j
nghWg;G khtl;l fhty;
fz;fhzpg;ghshplNk ,Ue;jJ.

73
 

gpwF 1808y; NkNah gpuG Mizaj;jpd; Kf;fpa

xt;nthU btp\Df;Fk; xU ghpe;Jiufs;
fz;fhzpg;ghsiu epakpj;jhh;. 1. fpuhkq;fspy; rl;l xOq;if
,tUf;F cjtpahf ghJfhf;f fhty; epiya mikg;G
Nfhnaz;lhf;fs; (Civil Constabulary)
vd;wiof;fg;gl;l csthspfs; 2. khtl;l fhty; - fhty;
cjtpahf ,Ue;jdh;. fz;fhzpg;ghsh;
 1814y; ,af;Feh;fs; FOtpd; 3. rufk; (Range) - fhty;Jiw
Mizg;gb tq;fhs khfhzk; Ma;thsh; Jizjiyth; (DIG -
jtpu kw;w gphpl;b\; - ,e;jpa Deputy Inspector General)
gFjpfspy; jNuhfhf;fs; Nghd;w 4. kz;lyk; (m) khfhzk;
fPoe
; piy fhty; gjtpfs; (Province) - fhty;Jiw
xopf;fg;gl;ld.
Ma;thsh; jiyth; (Inspector
 1828y; fth;dh; n[duyhf
General)
nghWg;Ngw;w tpy;ypak; ngz;bq;
 gphpl;b\hh; ,e;jpahtpy; mfpy
gpuG khtl;l fhty;
,e;jpa fhty; gilia
fz;fhzpg;ghsh; gjtpia
Vw;gLj;jtpy;iy ,e;jpa
xopj;J mtUila
tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;ij
nghWg;Gfis khtl;l
xLf;fNt fhty;Jiwia
fnyf;lhplNk nfhLj;J $Ljy;
gphpl;b\hh; gad;gLj;jpdh;.
gzpr;Rikia toq;fpdhh;.
 1902y; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l fhty;
 gpwF fhyg;Nghf;fpy;
Mizak;> khfhzq;fspy;
khfhzq;fspy; ,g;gzpr;Rik
Fw;wtpay; tprhuizj; JiwAk;
Fiwf;fg;gl;L khtl;l fhty;
(CIB - Central Intelligence
fz;fhzpg;ghshplNk
Bureau) Vw;gLj;jg;gl
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
Ntz;Lnkd;W ghpe;Jiu
 NghyP];> Mizak; 1860 d;
nra;jJ.
ghpe;Jiug;gb ,e;jpa fhty;
 ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; ngw;w gpwF
rl;lk; 1861(Indian Police Act)
1947 - y; ,e;jpa fhty;gzp
nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
mfpy ,e;jpa gzpahf
khw;wg;gl;lJ.

74
 

 ,jw;fhd gapw;rp jw;NghJ fnyf;lh; jPh;g;G $Wk; mjpfhuk;

rh;jha; ty;ygha; gNly; Njrpa ngw;wpUe;jhh;.
Nghyp]; mfhlkp Sardar Vallabai  ,e;Jf;fs; ,e;J rkar;
Patel National Police Academy rl;lg;gbAk;> K];yk
P ;fs; mth;fs;
(SVPNPA) i`juhghj;jpy; rl;lg;gbAk; tprhhpj;J
toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. jPhg
; ;gspf;fg;gl;ldh;.
ii. rhjh; jpthdp mjyj;
3. ePjpj;Jiw (Judiciary):
(sadar Diwani Adalat):
 Muk;gj;jpy; ePjpj;Jiw
 jpthdp mjhyj;jpypUe;J tUk;
[kPd;jhh;fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;by;
Nky; KiwaPL tof;Ffis
,Ue;jJ. [kPd;jhh;fs; jq;fs;
tprhhpg;gjw;F xU rptpy; Nky;
tpUg;gg;gbAk;> jq;fSf;Ff;
KiwaPL ePjpkd;wk; fy;fj;jhtpy;
fpilf;Fk; yhgj;jpw;F jFe;j
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mJ rhjh;
gbAk; jPh;g;G $wpdh;.
jpthdp mjhyj;
 yQ;rKk;> ghugl;rKk; epiwe;J
vd;wiof;fg;gl;lJ.
fhzg;gl;lJ ePjpj;Jiw.
 fy;fj;jhtpypUe;j cr;r
thud;N`];bq;]pd; ePjpj;Jiw ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jiytNu rhjh;
rPh;j;jpUj;jq;fs; (1772 - 85): jpthdp mjhyj;jpd; jiytuhth;.
 Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ,U
Ml;fs; Ra ey thjpfshf cWg;gpdh;fSk; ,jpy; gjtp
fhzg;gl;ljhy; Coy;fs; kype;J tfpj;jdh;. ,e;jpa mjpfhhpfs;
Nghapd. mth;fSf;F cjtp nra;jdh;.
 vdNt thud; N`];bq;]; iii. ngs[;jhhp mjyj;
fPof
; ;fz;l Gjpa ePjp kd;wq;fis (Fauzdari Adalat - Criminal Court):
Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.  fk;ngdpapy; cah; gjtp tfpj;J
i. jpthdp mjyj; - Diwani Adalat or te;j xU ,e;jpa mYtyh;
Civil Court: jiyikapy; nrayhw;wpaJ. ,jpy;

 jpthdp mjhyj; vd;w khtl;l fphpkpdy; tof;Ffs;

rptpy; ePjpkd;wq;fis mikj;jhh; tprhhpf;fg;gl;ld.
thud; N`];bq;]; ,jd; jiyth;  fnyf;lhpd; nghJ Nkw;ghh;itapy;
,J nrayhw;wpaJ. K];yk
P ;

75
 

rl;lq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; jiyik ePjpgjpahf rh; vyp[h

tprhuiz eilngw;wJ. ,k;Ng vd;gth; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

iv. rhjh; ep[hkj; mjyl; vi. rl;lj;njhFg;G:

(Sadar Nizamat Adalat - Chief  fw;wwpe;j gz;bjh;fshy; ,e;J
Criminal Court): rl;lj;njhFg;G xd;W
 ngs[;jhh; mjhyj; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tlnkhopapy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
tpjpf;fg;gLk; nrhj;Jf;fis  ,J ghurPf nkhopapYk;
gwpKjy; nra;Ak; jz;lidAk;> nkhopahf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
kuz jz;lidAk; rhjh; ep[hkj; ,jd; Mq;fpy tbtk; - ,e;J
mjyj;jpd; (Kh;rpjhghj;) rl;lq;fspd; njhFg;G vd;w
xg;GjYf;Fg; gpwNf epiwNtw;wg;gl ngahpy; `hy;n`l; vd;gtuhy;
Ntz;Lk;. cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,jpy; fth;dh; n[duYk;
fhud;thyP]pd; ePjpj;Jiw
MNyhridf; FOtpdUk;
rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; (1786 - 93):
mkh;j;jpa Xh; ,e;jpa ePjpgjp
 khtl;lf; fnyf;lh; eph;thf
nrayhw;wpdhh; ,JNt fphpkpdy;
mjpfhhpahfTk;> thpt#iy
Nky; tof;F ePjpkd;wkhFk;.
fz;fhzpf;fpd;wtuhfTk;>
v. cr;r ePjpkd;wk; (Supreme Court): khtl;l ePjpgjpahfTk; nray;gl
 1773y; ,aw;wg;gl;l xOq;FKiw Ntz;bapUe;jjhy; rh;thjpfhhp
rl;lj;jpd; gb fy;fj;jhtpy; xU Mtjw;F tha;g
; G
; ,Ue;jJ.
cr;r ePjpkd;wk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. kw;Wk; Neh;ikahd jPhg
; ;G
xU jiyik ePjpgjpAk;> %d;W $wg;gl topapy;iy. xU
cgePjpfSk; epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;. NtiyiaAk; jpwikahf nra;a
 fPo; ePjpkd;wq;fspypUe;J tUk; Kbahky; Nghdij mDgtj;jpy;
Nky;KiwaPl;L tof;FfSk;> mwpe;j fhud;thyp]; gpuG
Mq;fpy kf;fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l khz;l];fpAtpd; mjpfhu
tof;FfSk; ,jpy; gphptpid jj;Jtf;
tprhhpf;fg;gl;ld. Nfhl;ghl;ilf; ifahz;lhh;.
 ,q;F Mq;fpyr; rl;lj;jpd; gb  ,jd;gb fnyf;lh; khtl;l
tprhuiz eilngw;wJ. Kjy; eph;thfk; kw;Wk; thpt#ypj;jiy

76
 

kl;Lk; ftdpf;Fk; ePjpgjpapd; fl;Lg;ghl;by;

mjpfhhpahdhh;. ePjpj;Jiwf;F nray;gl;L te;jd.
jdpahf khtl;l ePjpgjp gjtp fhud; thyP]; rl;lj;njhFg;G
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. (The Cornwallis code 1793) :
 khtl;l ngs[;jhhp ePjpkd;wq;fs;  fhud;thyP]; rl;lj;njhFg;G
xopf;fg;gl;L mjw;F gjpyhf ehl;bd; eph;thfk;> ePjp> fhty;
fy;fj;jh> lhf;fh> Kh;rpjhghj; Jiw> epjp> thpfs; Mfpa gy;NtW
kw;Wk; ghl;dh Mfpa ,lq;fspy; Jiwfis cs;slf;fpaJ.
tl;l ePjpkd;wq;fs; (Circuit ,k;Ngapd; rl;lj; njhFg;ig
Courts) Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,jid
 INuhg;gpa ePjpgjpfis nfhz;l jahhpj;jth; [hh;[; gh;Nyh
,e;j ePjpkd;wq;fs; jhd; (George Burlow) vd;gtuhthh;.
midj;J rptpy; kw;Wk; fphpkpdy;  ,jd;gb tUtha; JiwapypUe;J
tof;FfSf;Fk; Nky;KiwaPL ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuk;
ePjpkd;wq;fs; MFk;. gphpf;fg;gl;lJ. rl;lj;jpd; Kd;
 rhjh; ep[hkj; mjyj; midtUk; rkk; vd;gJk; cWjp
Kh;rpjhghj;jpypUe;J nra;ag;gl;lJ. ePjpkd;wq;fSf;F
;
fy;fj;jhtpw;F khw;wg;gl;L nrYj;jg;gl;L te;j
fth;dh; n[duy; kw;Wk; mtuJ fl;lzj;njhif xopf;fg;gl;lJ.
MNyhridf;FO  ePjpj;Jiwia rPuikf;Fk; gzpapy;
cWg;gpdh;fSk; mq;F ePjpgjpAk; rpwe;j mwpQUkhd rh;
ePjpgjpfshf gzpahw;wpdh;. tpy;ypak; N[hd;]; vd;gthpd;
mth;fSf;F cjtpahf jiyik Nritfis fhud;thyp];
fh]pAk;> ,U Kg;jPfs; vd;w nghpJk; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhh;.
mjpfhhpfSk; (Qazi, Mufties)  chpikapay;> Fw;wtpay;
epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;. ePjpkd;wq;fs; KOtJkhf
 khtl;l jpthdp mjyj;Jf;fs; rPuikf;fg;gl;ld.
ngah; khw;wg;gl;L khtl;l>
tpy;ypak; ngz;bq;fpd; ePjpj;Jiw
khefu kw;Wk; [py;yh
rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;:
ePjpkd;wq;fshf xU khtl;l
 tl;l ePjpkd;wq;fs; (Circuit
Courts) xopf;fg;gl;L mjd;
77
 

nray;ghLfs; fnyf;lhplk; kw;Wk; gk;gha; Mfpa ,lq;fspy;

khw;wg;gl;ld. cah; ePjpkd;wq;fshf cUthfpd.
 myfhghj;jpy; rhjh; jpthdp  ,e;jpa muR rl;lk; 1935 d;gb
mjyj; kw;Wk; rhjh; ep[hkj; xU $l;lhl;rp ePjpkd;wk;
mjyj; Mfpait nly;ypapy; 1937y;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. Muk;gj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; 1
ngh;\pa (ghurPf) nkhopNa jiyik ePjpgjpAk;> 6 ePjpgjpfSk;
ePjpkd;wq;fspy; mYtyf ,Ue;jdh;.
nkhopahf gad;gLj;jg;gl;L  ,tuJ ePjpj;Jiw
te;jJ. ngz;bq;fpd; rPhj
; pUj;jq;fSf;F rh; rhh;y];
Kaw;rpapdhy; ghurPf nkhop nkl;fhy;‡g;> gl;lh; nthh;j>;
my;yJ tl;lhu nkhopfs; nga;Ny> nkf;fd;rp KjypNahh;
(cs;ehl;L nkhop - Verna Cular) nghpJk; cjtpdh;.
ePjpkd;wq;fspy; gad;ghl;bw;F
5. epythpj;jpl;lk;
te;jd. Mdhy; cr;r
(Land Revenue Settlement):
ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ghurPf nkhopf;F
 ,e;jpa murh;fs; epythpia
gjpyhf Mq;fpy nkhop
murhq;fj;jpd; mbg;gil
GFj;jg;gl;lJ.
tUkhdkhff;
 1833y; nkf;fhNy vd;gth;
nfhz;bUe;jdh;.
jiyikapy; rl;l Mizak;
 Kfyha murh;fSk; jq;fs;
,e;jpa rl;lq;fis cUthf;f
Nguuir rpwpa gFjpfshfg;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mjd; %yk;
gphpj;J mjpf epythpia
rptpy; rl;lk; (Civil Procedure
t#ypj;J te;jdh;.
code - 1859) ,e;jpa
 ehsiltpy; mth;fs;
jz;lidr;rl;lk; (Indian Penal
thpt#ypf;Fk; jpthdp
code - 1860) Fw;wtpay; rl;lk;
chpikia ,e;jpa
(Criminal Procedure code - 1861) [kPd;jhh;fsplk; xg;gilj;J
Mfpait cUthf;fg;gl;ld. tpl;L NguuRf;F Fwpg;gpl;l
 1865y; cr;r ePjpkd;wKk; kw;w njhifia Fj;jifahfg;
rhjh; mjyj;Jf;fSk; ngw;wdh;. Mdhy; tptrhapfs;
xd;wpize;J kjuh]; fy;fj;jh ,jid vjph;jj
; dh;.

78
 

 gpwF tq;fhsj;jpd; jpthdp nrythFk; njhifia

chpkk; Mq;fpNyah;fs; trk; eph;zapj;J fhhpaq;fis
te;jJ.1772y; thud; nray;gLj;j Kbahky; Ngha;
N`];bq;]; (Ie;jhz;L tpl;lJ.
epythpj;jpl;lk; (Quin Quennial 6. epue;ju epythpj;jpl;lk;
Settlement)) xd;iw (Permanent Revenue Settlement)
Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.  ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; epythpj;
 ,jd;gb epyq;fspd; juk;> jpl;lj;ij khw;wpaikj;J
tUtha;> thptPjk; epue;jukhd xU tUkhdj;ij
Kjypatw;iw muRf;F nfhLj;j ngUik
Ie;jhz;LfSf;F xUKiw fhud;thyp]; gpuGitNa
jPhk
; hdpj;jhh;. ,t;thW rhUk;. 1793 y; Vw;gLj;jgl;l
jPhk
; hdpf;fg;gl;l epyq;fs; me;j epythpj;jpl;lk; epue;ju
Ie;jhz;LfSf;F xU Kiw epythpj;jpl;lk; my;yJ
Vyk; tplg;gl;ld. [kPd;jhhp epythp KiwahFk;.
 mjpf njhif Nfl;gtUf;F ,e;j jpl;lj;ij Vw;gLj;j
epyk; Fj;jiff;F tplg;gl;lJ. fhud; thypRf;F
Vyk; vLj;jth; Vyj; cWJizahfTk;>
njhifia jtwhky; fl;l cjtpahfTk; ,Ue;jth;fs; rh;
Ntz;Lk;. [hd; N\hh;> N[k;]f
; puhz;l>;
 ,e;j jpl;lj;jpdhy; N[hdhjd;lq;fd; (Sir John
[kPd;jhh;fs; jq;fs; gioa Shore, James Grant, Jonathan
chpikfis ,oe;jdh;. 1777y; Duncan) MfpNahh; Mth;.
Ie;jhz;L fhyk; Kbe;jJk; [kPd;jhh;fs; mth;fSf;F
Mz;L NjhWk; epythp toq;fg;gl;l epyq;fspd;
eph;zak; nra;a gioa chpikahsh;fs; Mdhh;fs;.
KiwiaNa kPz;Lk; nfhz;L mg;gFjpapYs;s tptrhapfspl
te;jhh; thud;N`];bq;];. kpUe;J mth;fNs
 fk;ngdpapd; tUkhdk; thpt#ypj;Jf; nfhs;s
epue;jukhdjhf ,y;yhjjhy; Ntz;Lk;.
jdJ gzpahsh;fSf;F

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 

 tptrhapfs; epyq;fspd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; kjuh];

Fj;jifj;jhuh;fs; Mdhh;fs;. khfhzj;jpy; fth;dh; jhk];
 [kPd;jhh;fs; t#ypf;Fk; kd;Nwh kjuh]; kw;Wk;
epythpapy; Mz;L NjhWk; mjidr; Rw;wpapUe;j
epue;jukhf 89% tUkhdj;ij gFjpfspy; ,uaj;Jthhp epythp
my;yJ (10/11) gq;F Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.
epue;jukhf fk;ngdpf;F  epue;ju epythpj;jpl;lj;ij
nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. vy;yh khfhzq;fspYk;
 [kPd;jhh;fs; kPjKs;s 11% nray;gLj;j fk;ngdpapd;
tUkhdj;ij my;yJ (1/11) eph;thff;FOtpdiuf; Nfl;lhh;
gq;F jq;fs; gad;ghl;bw;F N`];bq;]; gpuG mth;fs;
itj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. mDkjp kWf;fNt> kjuh];
[kPd;jhh;fs;> fk;ngdpf;Fk; gFjpapy; ,uaj;Jthhp Kiw
tptrhapfSf;FkpilNa mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jd;
,ilj;jufh;fshf gb uaj;Jfs; (m) epyk;
nray;gl;ldh;. itj;jpUf;Fk; tptrhapfs;

 ,j;jpl;lk;; 1947 tiu ,ilj;jufh;fs; ,y;yhkNy

nray;ghl;by; ,Ue;jJ. Neubahf murplk; thp nrYj;j
1) tq;fhs khfhzk; (Nkw;F Ntz;Lk;> epythp epue;jukhf
tq;fhsk;> tq;fhs Njrk;> gPfhh;> cWjp nra;ag;gl ,j;jpl;lk; 20
[hh;fz;l;> xhp]h) Mz;LfSf;F nray;ghl;by;
2) tl rh;f;fhh; gFjpfs; ,Ue;jJ.
(goNtw;fhL Vhpf;Fk; gFjp> ,uaj;Jthhp epythpg; gFjpfs;:
rpypfh Vhpg;gFjpf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l 1. kjuh]; khfhzk; (jkpo;ehL>
gFjp) Nfushtpd; 3/4 gFjp> Nky;
3) kjuh]; khfhzj;jpd; tlf;F Me;jpugFjp> fh;ehlfhtpd;
rpWgFjpfs;)
khtl;lq;fs;. 2. gk;gha; khfhzk; (F[uhj;>
kfhuh\;buk;> kj;jpa gpuNjrk;
7. ,uaj;Jthhp Kiw
kw;Wk; fh;ehlfj;jpd;
(Ryotwari Settlement): rpWgFjpfs;(FlFkiy))
 1820y; fth;dh; n[duy; 3. m];]hk; gFjpfs;
N`];bq;]; gpuGtpd;

80
 

8. kfy;thhp Kiw kfy;thhp epythpg;gFjpfs;:

(Mahalwari Settlement):  gQ;rhg; (,e;jpah kw;Wk;

 1833y; fth;dh; n[duy; tpy;ypak; ghfp];jhd;)

ngz;bq; gpuG gphpl;b\; mjpfhhp  tlNkw;Fg;gFjpfs; (uh[];jhd;>

R.M. gh;l; cld; ,ize;J tl kj;jpa gpuNjrk; kw;Wk;

Nkw;F gFjpfspy; `hpahdhtpd; ghjp gFjpfs;)

mwpKfg;gLj;jpa epythpKiw  gug;gstpd; mbg;gilapy;

kfy;thhpKiwahFk;. ,jd;gb mjpfkhf gFjpfspy; ,uaj;Jthhp

v]; Nll;Lfs; kw;Wk; njhFg;G epythpKiwAk;> gpwF [kPdj

; hhp

fpuhkq;fs; murplk; Neub thp epythpKiwAk; ,Wjpahf

nrYj;jpd. ,j;jpl;lk; 30 kfy;thhp KiwAk; gpd;gw;wg;gl;L

Mz;LfSf;F nray;ghl;by; te;jd.

,Ue;jJ.
gphpl;b\; epy tUtha; nfhs;if

epytUtha; mikg;Gfs; mwpKfg;gLj;jpath;fs;; tUlk; gFjpfs;

tptrhapfs; ,af;fk; thud; N`];ba;]; 1773 tq;fhsk;
epue;ju epythp Kiw rh; [hd; N\hh; 1793 tq;fhsk;> thuzhrp>
(fhud; thyp];) cj;jpugpuNjrk;>
(fth;dh; n[duy; tlf;F fh;ehlfk;>
kw;Wk; xb\h
,uaj;Jthhp Kiw rh; jhk]; kd;Nwh 1820 kjuh];> FUf;>
kw;Wk; rhh;y]; hPl; fpof;F tq;fhsk;>
(fth;dh; n[duy; Kk;ig kw;Wk;
N`];bq;];) m];]hk;
kfy;thhp Kiw fh];l; nkf;nfd;]; 1833 gQ;rhg;> kj;jpa
kw;Wk; (fth;dh; kfhfhzq;fs;
n[duy; tpy;ypak; Mf;uh kw;Wk; nly;yp
ngz;bq;)
8. ,e;jpa RNjr muRfs;  vspjpy; Gf Kbahj Fiwe;j
(rk];jhdq;fs; (Princely States)): tsik nfhz;l ,e;jpa jPgfw;g
 ,e;jpahtpy; Vwf;Fiwa 552 f;F gFjpfNs rk];jhdq;fs;(The in
Fiwtpy;yhj rk];jhdq;fs; 7> accessible and less fertile tracts
12> 508 rJu iky;fs; gug;gsT of Indian Peninsular)
nfhz;ljhf mike;jpUe;jd. vd;wiof;fg;gl;ld.

81
 

 Muk;gj;jpy; thzpgj;jpy; kl;Lk;  ,jd;gb gphpl;b\hUld;

ftdk; nrYj;jpa Mq;fpNya Jizg;gil xg;ge;jk; nra;J
fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp gf;rhh; nfhs;s tpUk;Gk; ,e;jpa murh;
NghUf;F gpwF tq;fhsj;jpd; jdJ Ml;rpg;gFjpapy; gphpl;b\;
jpthdp chpikia ngw;W gilia itj;J jiyik tfpg;ghh;.
murpay; rf;jpahf tsh;e;jJ.  mj;jifa muR ghJfhf;fg;gl;l
 gy;NtW tifahd Nghh;fs; %yk; muR vd;wiof;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpahtpy; RNjr muRfis ghJfhf;fg;gl;l muir cs;ehl;by;
ifg;gw;wp jq;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;by; mikjpia Vw;gLj;JtNj
nfhz;L te;jdh;. gphpl;b\hhpd; flikahFk;.
 fk;ngdpapdh; Nghh;fs; my;yhky;  NkYk; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l muir
gy;NtW tif uh[ je;jpu may;ehl;L Mf;fpukpg;gpypUe;J
jpl;lq;fis nray;gLj;jp ,e;jpa ghJfhj;J cs;ehl;by; mikjpia
RNjr muRfis ifg;gw;wpdh;. Vw;gLj;JtNj gphpl;b\hhpd;
mtw;Ws; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. flikahFk;.
1. nty;ny];ypapd; Jizg;gilj;  NkYk; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l muR
jpl;lk; (Subsidiary Alliance) Mq;fpNyah; jtpu NtW ve;j
2. ly;n`srpapd; thhpR ,og;Gf; INuhg;gpa muRfSld; cwTfs;
nfhs;if (Doctrine of Lapse) itj;Jf; nfhs;sf;$lhJ.
3. ly;n`srpapd; ey;yhl;rp  i`juhghj; ep[hk; 1798 y;
Nfhl;ghL (Concept of Good Jizg;gilj; jpl;lj;ij
Governance) Vw;Wf;nfhz;l Kjy; muruhthh;.
gpwF jQ;rht+h; kw;Wk; #uj; (1799)>
9. nty;ny];ypapd; Jizg;gilj;
fh;ehlfk; (1801) y; Jizg;gilj;
jpl;lk; (Subsidiary Alliance):
jpl;lj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;ld.
 tq;fg;Gyp (Bengal Tiger) vd;W
 ,t;thW Jizg;gilj;jpl;lj;jpd;
jk;ik mioj;Jf;nfhz;l NguuRf;
%yk; nty;ny];yp gpuG RNjr
nfhs;ifAila fth;dh; n[duy;
muRfis jk; fl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;L
nty;ny];yp gpuG
te;jhh;.
Jizg;gilj;jpl;lk; xd;iw
mwpKfk; nra;jhh;.

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9. ly;n`srpapd; thhpR ,og;Gf; rpg;gha; fyfj;jpd; NghJ

nfhs;if Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf
(Doctrine of Lapse): tPuKld; Nghhpl;L
 ,e;J kjr;rl;lg;gb thhpR kuzkile;jhh;.
,y;yhjth;fs; jj;J  ,tNu [hd;rp uhzp yl;Rkp gha;
vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; Kiw Mthh;. 1854 y; %d;whk; uh[h[p
tof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ. ,e;j Nghd;]N
; yapd; ,wg;gpw;F gpwF
rl;lg;gb nrhe;j thhpR ehf;g+h;
,y;yhky;> thhpRfis jj;J ,izj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; RNjr ,Nj Nghy; thhpR ,og;Gf;
murh;fs; fk;ngdpapd; nfhs;ifg;gb n[a;j;g+h; (1849)>
mDkjpia ngw;Wf; nfhs;s cja;g;g+h; (1852)y; ,izj;Jf;
Ntz;Lk; vd;W ly;n`srp nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
fl;lhag;gLj;jpdhh;.
10. ly;n`srpapd; ey;yhl;rpf;
 mjw;F RNjr muR Mq;fpy
Nfhl;ghL
muRld; ,izf;fg;gLk; vd;W
(Concept of Good Governance):
mwptpj;jhh; ly;n`srp. ,JNt
 ey;yhl;rp kf;fSf;F
thhpR ,og;Gf; nfhs;ifahFk;.
toq;ftpy;iy vd;W Fw;wk;
 ,jd;gb Kjypy; 1848 y; rjhuh
rhl;b mNahj;jp ethg; th[pj;
,izf;fg;gl;lJ. filrp murh;
mypia gjtpapypUe;J ePff
; p
mg;gh rh`pgpw;F thhpR
1856y; mNahj;jpia
,y;yhjjhy; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
,izj;jhh; ly;n`srp.
1849y; murh; ehuhazrpq;
 ,jdhy; Kfkjpah;fSk;
,wg;gpw;F gpwF rk;gy;g+h;
Kfkjpa murh;fSk; Mq;fpNya
,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
mNahj;jp ,izg;ig
 1853y; fq;fhjuuht; murh;
ntWj;jdh;.
,wg;gpw;F gpwF [hd;rp
 1857y; Vw;gl;l
,izj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
ngUq;fyfj;jpw;F mNahj;jp
 ,tUila kidtpNa
,izg;G Kf;fpa fhuzq;fspy;
uhzpnyl;Rkp> ,jdhy;
xd;whf mike;jJ.
Nfhgkile;j uhzp yl;Rkp 1857

83
 

 1857y; Vw;gl;l ,e;jpa a+dpadpy; ,ize;jJ.

ngUq;fyfj;jpw;F gpwF ,e;jpa a+dpaDld; Kjypy;
,q;fpyhe;J kfhuhzpapd; ,ize;j rk];jhdk;
fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,e;jpah te;jJ. GJf;Nfhl;il rk];jhdk;.
kfhuhzp nfa;rh; - I- `pe;j; RNjr muRfspd; ,e;jpa
(Kaiser - i - Hindi - Queen ,izg;gpy; gNly; Kf;fpa
Empress of India) gl;lj;ij gq;fhw;wpajhy; ,Uk;G kdpjh;
Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhh;. (Iron Man of Inida) vd;Wk;
 1927y; gphpl;b\; ,e;jpa ,e;jpahtpd; gp];khh;f; (Bismark
murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; of India) vd;Wk;
rk];jhdq;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa miof;fg;gLfpd;whh;.
cs;s cwtpd; ,ay;ig mwpa  RNjr muRfs; ,izg;G
gl;yh; (Butler) fkpl;b njhlh;ghf V.P. Nkdd; I.C.S
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa muR mth;fs; ‘The Story of
rl;lk; 1935d;gb gphpl;b\; Integration of Indian States”
,e;jpa khfhzq;fSk; RNjr vd;w Gj;jfj;ij vOjpAs;shh;.
muRfSk; ,ize;j xU mfpy  1947 Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpwF>
,e;jpa $l;likg;G(All India [_dhfhj;jpypUe;j K];yk
P ;
Federation) Vw;gLj;jg;gl ethg; ghfp];jhDld; ,iza
Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpaJ. tpUk;gpdh. Mdhy; mq;fpUe;j
Mdhy; 1947 tiu ,J ,e;J kf;fs; ,e;jpahTld;
eilKiwf;F tuNtapy;iy. ,iza tpUk;gpdh;. kf;fs;
 ,ilf;fhy murhq;fj;jpd; xl;nlLg;G - 20 gpg;uthp 1948 y;
(1946) cs;Jiw mikr;ruhd elj;jp [_dhfhj; ,e;jpa
rh;jhh; ty;ygha; gNly; kw;Wk; a+dpadpy; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
mtuJ nrayhsh;V.P. Nkdd; gpwF i`juhghj; RNjr muR
I.C.S MfpNahhpd; Kaw;rpahy; MgNurd; NghNyh (Operation
1947y; ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; ngUk; Polo) ‘rl;l xOq;if ghJfhf;f
nghOJ [_dhfhj;> Nghyp]; kw;Wk; ,uhZt
i`juhghj;> [k;K & fh\;kPh; jiyaPL” %yk; etk;gh; 1949 y;
jtpu kw;w rk];jhdq;fs;

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 

,e;jpa a+dpadpy; ,izj;Jf; rk;ge;jg;gl;l ghlq;fis

nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. gbg;gjw;F 1781y; fy;fj;jhtpy;
 ,Wjpahf [k;K fh\;kPhpd; ‘fy;fj;jh kjurh” vd;w fy;tp
murh; `hp rpq;fpw;Fk; ,e;jpa epiyaj;ij epWtpdhh;.
gpujkh; NeUtpw;Fk; mf;Nlhgh;  NkYk; 1791y; ngdhurpy; ,e;J
1947y; Vw;G cld;gbf;if rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; jj;Jtj;ij
(Instrument of Accession) gbg;gjw;fhf rk];fpUj fy;Y}hp
ifnaOj;jplg;gl;L [k;K (Sanskrit College) N[hdhjd;
fh\;kPh; ,e;jpa a+dpadpy; lq;fd; vd;gtuhy;
,izj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;L> Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr;  1800y; fk;ngdpapd;
rl;lj;jpy; tpjp 370y; rpwg;G Fbikg;gzpahsh;fSf;F
rYif toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; nkhopfs; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa gof;f
%yk; Vwf;Fiwa 562 (m) 552 tof;fq;fspy; (Languages and
RNjr muRfspd; Ra Ml;rp customs of Indians) gapw;rp
KbTf;F te;jJ. mspf;f nty;ny];yp gpuGthy;
11. fy;tpKd;Ndw;wk; tpy;ypak; Nfhl;il fy;Y}hp (Fort
(Deveopment of Education) William college) fy;fj;jhtpy;
 Mq;fpNyah;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
gy;NtW gFjpfis ntd;W  ,e;jpahtpy; fy;tpKiw
jq;fs; Mjpf;fj;ij epiy tsh;e;jhy;> fy;tp mwpT ngw;w
epWj;jpa NghJ ,e;jpa ,e;jpah;fs; Ml;rpf;F fPog
; ba
fy;tpKiwapy; jiyapltpy;iy kWj;J mjdhy; Ml;rpf;F NfL
Kd;Ndw;wk; nra;aTk; Vw;gLk; vd epidj;jhh;fs;.
tpUk;gtpy;iy. Mdhy; fth;dh; n[duy; kpd;Nlh
 ,e;jpa fy;tp KiwahdJ gpuG (1807 -13) fy;Y}hpfis
ntspAyfj; njhlh;G ,y;yhky; rPhj
; pUj;j Ntz;LnkdTk;> Gjpa
,Ue;jJ. fy;tp tsh;r;rpapy; fy;Y}hpfs; Vw;gLj;j
Mh;tk; nfhz;l fth;dh; n[duy; Ntz;LnkdTk; tw;GWj;jpdhh;.
thud; N`];bq;]>; K];yk
P ; ,tUila Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;
rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; mJ jhd; gl;la rl;lk; 1813 nfhz;L

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 

tug;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa fy;tp tuyhw;wpy; nkf;fhNyapd;

tsh;r;rpf;fhfTk;> ,yf;fpa Fwpg;Gfs; rpwg;gplk; ngWfpd;wd.
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhfTk;> tpQ;Qhd  tlNkw;F khfhzj;jpd;
mwpTg; ngUf;fj;jpw;fhfTk; nyg;bzd;l; fth;dh; N[k;];
Mz;L NjhWk; xU yl;r &gha; jhk;rd; (1843 - 53) fpuhk fy;tpia
xJf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W mr;rl;lk; tl;lhu nkhopfs; (m) cs;ehl;L
$wpaJ. ek;; ehl;L fy;tp nkhopfspy; (Vernacular
tsh;r;rpapy; Mq;fpy murhq;fk; Languages) fw;Wj; jUk;
Neubahf gq;F nfhs;s fy;tpKiwia tlNkw;F
Muk;gpj;jJ. ,e;j gl;la rl;lk; khfhzj;jpy; mky;gLj;jpdhh;.
1813ypUe;J jhd;.
rhh;y]; cl;]; fy;tpj;jpl;lk;
 1817y; ,uh[huhk; Nkhfd; uha;
(Wood’s Despatch - 1854):
kw;Wk; mtuJ fy;tpngw;w
 ly;n`srp gpuGtpd;
tq;fhs ez;gh;fshy; fy;fj;jh
Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; fk;ngdpapd;
fy;Y}hp Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
eph;thff; FOtpd; jiytuhf
nkf;fhNy fy;tpj; jpl;lk;(1835) ,Ue;j rh; rhh;y]; cl; vd;gth;
(Mecaulay’s Minntes): ,e;jpah KOikf;Fk;
 ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpy nkhop topNa fy;tpj;jpl;lk; xd;iw jahhpj;J
tpQ;Qhdk;> kUj;Jtk; 1854y; ntspapl;lhh;. ,JNt
Nghd;wtw;iw fw;gpg;gjw;F ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpNya
nkf;fhNy gpuG 1835 jdJ fy;tpKiwapd; (kf;d - fhh;lh -
Fwpg;Gfis ntspapl;lhh;. fy;tpg;gl;lak;) (Magna carta of
 ,e;j Fwpg;Gfis Vw;Wf;nfhz;l English education in India)
mg;Nghija ,e;jpa fth;dh; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
n[duy; tpy;ypak; ngz;bq;
mjw;Nfw;wgb fy;tpaikg;gpid fy;tpj;jpl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;:

khw;wpaikf;Fk; Mizfis 1. ,e;jpa kf;fs; Mq;fpyf;

gpwg;gpj;jhh;. fy;tpapd; gad;fis ngWkhW

 ,jd;gb ,e;jpa gs;spfspYk; nra;tJ fy;tpapd; Nehf;fkhf

fy;Y}hpfspYk; Mq;fpyk; ghl ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

nkhopahf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa fy;tp

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 

2. Nky;gbg;GfSf;F Mq;fpy gs;spfs; njhlq;fg;gl;ld. vy;yh

topf;fy;tpAk;> gs;spfy;tpf;F khepyq;fspYk; fy;tp ,yhf;fhf;fs;
cs;ehl;L nkhopf;fy;tpAk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L> nghJf;fy;tp
toq;fg;glNtz;Lk;. ,af;Feh; xUth; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
3. ngz;fy;tp> njhopw;fy;tp kw;Wk;
Mrphpah; gapw;rpf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; `z;lh; fy;tp Mizak; (Hunter

jug;glNtz;Lk;. Education Commission -1882 -83):

4. ,e;jpa khfhzq;fspy;  1882 gpg;uthp khjk; hpg;gd;

fy;tpj;Jiw vd;w jdpj;Jiw gpuG>W.W. `z;lh; vd;gthpd;
Vw;gLj;jg;glNtz;Lk;. ,itfis jiyikapy; 22 cWg;gpdh;fis
Nkw;ghh;itapl nghJf;fy;tp nfhz;l fy;tp Mizak; xd;iw
,af;Feh;fs; (Director of Public mikj;jhh;.

Instruction) epakpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.  1854 - k; Mz;L Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l

5. fy;fj;jh> gk;gha; Nghd;w Kf;fpa rhh;y]; cl; fy;tpj;jpl;lj;jpy; cs;s

efuq;fspy; gy;fiyf; fofq;fs; epiw> Fiwfis Muha;eJ

;

mikf;fgl;ld. mtw;wpw;F jf;f ghpfhuk; nra;Ak;

,e;j jpl;lj;jpd; tpisthf topfis ghpe;Jiu nra;a

1857y; kjuh];> gk;gha;> fy;fj;jh Mfpa Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ `z;lh;

efuq;fspy; gy;fiyf; foq;fs; Mizak;.

mikf;fg;gl;ld. Mrphpah; gapw;rp

fy;tp fkpl;b kw;Wk; fkp\d;
muRg; FO / fkp\d; Mz;L jiyth; Fwpf;Nfhs;
gpujpepjpfs;
hpg;gd; gpuG `z;lhh; FO 1882 tpy;ypak; fy;tp tsh;rr
; pia
(1880 -1884) `z;lh; Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F
fh;rd; gpuG gy;fiyf;fof 1902 jhk]; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspd;
(1899 - 1905) fkp\d; Nuiyf; gof;f
rPhj
; j
; pUj;jq;fs;
nfhz;L tUtjw;F
n[k;]; fy;fj;jh 1917 ikf;Nfy; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy;
Nghh;L (1916 - gy;fiyf;fof Nrlh; gbf;f epge;jidfs;

87
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1921) fkp\d; nfhz;L tUtjw;F

hPbq; gpuG ,e;jpad; 1923 ,l;r;Nfg; gpuG kj;jpa fy;tp

(1921 - 1926) b];Ngz;l; Jiwia gw;wp
nkz;l;FO fye;Jiuahly;
Ntty; gpuG nrh;fz;l; jpl;lk; 1944 [hd; gphpl;b]; fy;tpiag;
(1943 - 1947) nrh;fz;l; Nghd;W mikg;gjw;F
mbg;gilapy; nfhz;L
Kf;fpa ghpe;Jiufs;:
tug;gl;lJ.
1. njhlf;ff; fy;tp tsh;r;rpf;F
 ,e;jpa gy;fiyf;fof rl;lkhFk;.
kpFe;j Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jug;gl
Mz;bw;F 5 yl;r &gha; tPjk; 5
Ntz;Lk;.
Mz;LfSf;F cah;fy;tp kw;Wk;
2. njhlf;f fy;tp eph;thfj;ij
gy;fiyf;fof fy;tp
cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfsplk; toq;f
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F toq;fpaJ
Ntz;Lk;.
,r;rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa
3. njhopw;gapw;rpf;F cah;epiy
rpwg;gk;rkhFk;.
fy;tpapy; tha;g;Gfs; mikj;J
 gy;fiyf; fofq;fis
jug;gl Ntz;Lk;.
fl;Lg;ghl;by; nfhz;L tu fh;rd;
4. ngz; fy;tpf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
gpuG gy;NtW tif
jug;gl Ntz;Lk;.
nray;ghLfis ,r;rl;lj;jpd;
5. ,jd; tpisthf gQ;rhg;
%yk; nra;jjhy; kpjthj jiyth;
gy;fiyf;fofk; (1882) kw;Wk;
Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhfNy
myhfhghj; gy;fiyf;fofk; (1887)
,r;rl;lj;ij mlf;FKiw rl;lk;
Mfpait Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
vd;W th;zpf;fpwhh;.
,e;jpa gy;fiyf;fof rl;lk; 1904
rhl;yh; gy;fiyf;fof Mizak;
(Indian Universities Act 1904):
 1902 k; Mz;L ,e;jpa (Saddler University Commission

gy;fiyf;fofq;fspd; epiyia 1917 - 19):

mwpa fh;rd; gpuGthy;  nrk;]N

; ghh;L gpuG gjtpf;

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l uhNy fhyj;jpy; 1917 y; ikf;Nfy;

rhl;yh; jiyikapy; fy;fj;jh
Mizaj;jpd; (Releigh
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; rPuikg;G
Commission) ghpe;Jiuapd;

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gw;wp Muha xU Mizak; fy;tpj;juk; nghpJk;

mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,t;thizak; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
cah;fy;tp kw;Wk; gy;fiyf;fof  1929y; fy;tp Kd;Ndw;wj;ij
fy;tp Fwpj;j vy;yh mk;rq;fs; fz;lwpa `hh;lhf; fkpl;b
gw;wp tphpthf Muha;;e;J Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
ghpe;Jiufs; toq;fpaJ.
Kf;fpa ghpe;Jiufs;:
Kf;fpa ghpe;Jiufs;:
1. njhlf;f fy;tpf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
1. gs;spf;fy;tpia 12 Mz;Lfs;
jug;gl Ntz;Lk;.
toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. Nrh;f;if kw;Wk; gs;sp>
2. kj;jpa murpd; Mjutpy; xU
fy;Y}hpfspd; vz;zpf;if
gy;fiyf;fofk; epWtg;gl;L mJ
Fiwf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
kw;w gy;iyf;fofq;fSf;F Kd;
khjphpahfTk;> mitfspd; thh;jh Mjhu fy;tpj;jpl;lk; (Wardha

Fiwfis ePf;f mikf;fg;gl Scheme of Basic Education 1937):

Ntz;Lk;.  `hp[d; gj;jphpf;ifapy;
3. ngz;fy;tp> mwptpay; njhopy; ntspahd fhe;jpabfspd;
El;gf;fy;tp Mrphpah; gapw;rp rpe;ijapd; ntspg;ghlhf 1937 k;
kw;Wk; njhopw;gapw;rp Mz;L thh;jhtpy; (fy;tp khehL)
Mfpatw;wpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; [h`ph; `_ird; fkpl;b
jug;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk; cUthf;fpa fy;tpj;jpl;lNk
1916 -1921 f;F ,ilg;gl;l thh;jh fy;tpj;jpl;lkhFk;.
fhyq;fspy; ik#h;> ghl;dh> rpwg;gk;rq;fs;:
ngdhu];> mypfhh;> lhf;fh> 1. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; iftpidg;
yf;Ndh kw;Wk; c];khdpah Mfpa nghUl;fs; nra;Kiw Nrh;ff
; g;gl
VO ,lq;fspy; Gjpa Ntz;Lk;.
gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; 2. xU Foe;ijapd; Kjy; Vohz;L
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. fy;tp jha;nkhopapy; ,ytrkhf

`hh;lhf; fkpl;b (1929): fl;lhakhf ,e;jpah KOtJk;

 gs;spfs; kw;Wk; fy;Y}hpfspd; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

vz;zpf;if ngUfpajhy;

89
 

rhh;[z;l; fy;tpj;jpl;lk; (Sergeant xU fy;tp Mizak;

Plan of Education - 1944): mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 1944 k; Mz;L ,e;jpa murpd; Kf;fpa ghpe;Jiufs;:
fy;tp MNyhrfuhd rh;[hd; 1. gs;sp fy;tp 12- Mz;Lfs;
rhh;[z;l; vd;gth; jiyikapy; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,e;jpa fy;tp mikg;ig 2. gy;;fiyf;fof fy;tp juk;
khw;wpaikf;f xU FO cah;j;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
mikf;fg;gl;lJ. 3. gy;fiyf;fof fy;tp
mjd; Kf;fpa ghpe;Je;iufs;: nghJg;gl;baypy; itf;fg;gl
1. eh;rhp fy;tp (3-6 taJ) ,ytr Ntz;Lk;. ,jd;gb 1976 y; fy;tpg;
fl;lha njhlf;ff; fy;tp (6-11 taJ) nghJg;gl;baypy; Nrh;ff
; g;gl;lJ.
2. Nky;epiyf; fy;tp 11-17 taJ 4. Nky; gbg;GfSf;F Mq;fpy
gy;fiyf;fof fy;tp 17- taJf;F topf;fy;tp gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
gpwF ,UgJ Mz;LfSf;Fs; 5. gy;fiyf;fof fy;tpf;fhf
vOj;jwptpd;ik ePf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. University Grants Commission
3. njhopy;El;gf;fy;tp> thzpgf;fy;tp> (UGC) Vw;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
fiyf;fy;tp Mfpatw;wpy; ftdk; ,jd; mbg;gilapy; 1953 y; rl;l
nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. me;j];J (Statutory Status)
4. cly;> kdepiy FiwghLila toq;fg;gl;lJ.
Foe;ijfs; fy;tpapYk; Nghjpa
Nfhj;jhhp fy;tp Mizak; (1964 - 66)
ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(Kothari Education Commission)
5. nghJ kf;fSf;F E}y; epiyaq;fs;
 Njrpa fy;tpj; jpl;lj;ij gw;wp
jpwf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
ghpe;J nra;a 1964 y; D.S
,uhjh fpU\;zd; Mizak; Nfhj;jhhp vd;gthpd; jiyikapy;
(Radhakrishnan Commission fy;tp Mizak; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
1948 -49): Kf;fpa ghpe;Jiufs;:
 Rje;jpuj;jpw;F gpwF ,e;jpa  14 taJ tiu ,ytr fl;lha
fy;tpj;jpl;lj;jpw;fhf Fwpg;ghf fy;tp.
gy;fiyf;fof fy;tpf;fhf 1948y;  %d;W nkhopj;jpl;lk; - jha;nkhop>
,uhjhfpU\;zd; jiyikapy; `e;jp kw;Wk; Mq;fpyk;.

90
 

 Njrpa tUthapy; fy;tpf;F 6% gj;jphpf;iffis jil nra;a

xJf;fPL nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. gy;NtW rl;lq;fis fk;ngdpapd;
 tptrhak; kw;Wk; njhopw;rhiy fth;dh; n[duy;fs; ,aw;wpdh;.
rk;ge;jg;gl;l fy;tpj;Jiwfs; gj;jphpf;if jzpf;ifr;rl;lk;
Kd;Ndw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;. (Censorship of Press Act 1799)
 gpnuQ;R Gul;rpapd; jhf;fj;ij
jw;Nghija fy;tp Kd;Ndw;wq;fs;:
jLf;f nty;ny];yp gpuG ,aw;wpa
 1986 - Gjpa fy;tpf; nfhs;if
gj;jphpf;if rl;lkhFk;. gpwF
ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
N`];bq;]; gpuGthy; ePff
; g;gl;lJ.
 2000 - Njrpa fy;tp nfhs;if
ntspaplg;gl;lJ. gj;jphpf;if rl;lk; (1835) my;yJ
 ,e;j fy;tpf;FOf;fs; kw;Wk; nkl;fhg; rl;lk;:
Mizaq;fspd; ghpe;Jiug;gb  fth;dh; n[duy; nkl;fhg; (1853 -
Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; fy;tp 36)> 1823 y; [hd; Mlk;]hy;
tsh;r;rp rPuhf eilngw;W nfhz;L tug;gl;l gj;jphpf;if
tUfpd;wJ. mtru rl;lj;ij ePff
; pdhh;.
,jdhy; gj;jphpf;iffspd;
13. ,e;jpa gj;jphpf;iffs; Kd;Ndw;wk;
vz;zpf;if ngUfpaJ.
(Development of Indian Press):
 ,jdhy; nkl;fhg; ‘ ,e;jpa
 N[k;]; mf];l]; `pf;fp (James
gj;jphpf;iffSf;F tpLjiy
Augustus Hickey) vd;gtuhy; mspj;jth; vd;W
1780 y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l jp Nghw;wg;gLfpd;whh;.
ngq;fhy; nf[l; (The Bengal  ,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb mr;rpl;lhsh; /
Gazette) my;yJ fy;fj;jh ntspaPl;lhsh; ntspapLk;
n[duy; ml;th;ilrh; (Calcutta gj;jphpf;if gw;wp RUf;fkhd
General Advertiser)vd;gNj cWjpfis fk;ngdpaplk;
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; gj;jphpf;if xg;gilf;f Ntz;Lk;.
MFk;.
gjpT rl;lk; (Registration Act 1867)
 gj;jphpf;iffs; Mq;fpy
gjpTrl;lk; 1867d; gb
fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd; eph;thf
i. xt;nthU gj;jphpf;if Gj;jfk;
FiwghLfs; kw;Wk; Coy;fis
mjDila mr;rl
P l
; hsh; kw;Wk;
kf;fspilNa gug;gpajhy;>

91
 

ntspaPl;lhsh; kw;Wk; ntspapLk; ve;j ePjpkd;wj;jpYk;

,lj;ij Fwpg;gplNtz;Lk;. Nky;KiwaPL nra;aKbahJ.
ii. ntspaplg;gl;ljpypUe;J xU khj iii. ,r;rl;lk; tha;gg
; +l;L rl;lk;
fhyj;jpw;Fs; gj;jphpf;ifapd; (Gagging Act) vd;W
xU efy; cs;shl;rp th;zpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,Wjpahf
murhq;fj;jplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl 1882y; hpg;gd; gpuG ,r;rl;lj;ij
Ntz;Lk;. ePf;fpdhh;.
tl;lhu nkhopfs; gj;jphpf;if rl;lk;
(m) cs;ehl;L nkhopfs; gj;jphpf;iffs; (td;Kiw J}z;Ljy;
gj;jphpf;ifr;rl;lk; 1878 (Vernacular rl;lk; 1908)(Newspaper (Incitement
Press Act 1878) of Offences Act))
 1858f;F gpwF Mq;fpy  ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; jPtputhj
gj;jphpf;iffs; ghpl;b\pf;F jiyth;fspd; nray;fis
Mjuthf> muir tpkh;rpf;f fl;Lg;gLj;j nfhz;L tug;gl;l
tpy;iy. Mdhy; cs;ehl;L nkhop rl;lkhFk;.
gj;jphpf;iffs; murpd; ,e;jpa gj;jphpf;if rl;lk; 1910 (Indian
FiwghLfis tpkh;rpj;jd. vdNt Press Act)
tl;lhu nkhop gj;jphpf;iffis ,e;jpa gj;jphpf;if rl;lk; 1910d; gb
xLf;f 1878 y; ypl;ld; gpuG xU
i. gj;jphpf;if gjptpd; NghJ
gj;jphpf;if rl;lj;ij nfhz;L
cs;shl;rp murhq;fj;jplk;
te;jhh;. mjd;gb
gpizaj; njhif (Security
i. khtl;l eLtUf;F (District
Deposit) fl;l Ntz;Lk;.
Magsi) cs;ehl;L
ii. NkYk; xt;nthU ntspaPl;bd; 2
gj;jphpf;iffs; rk;ge;jkhf
efy;fis ,ytrkhf cs;shl;rp
midj;J mjpfhuq;fSk;
murhq;fj;jplk; mr;rpl;lhsh;
(xOq;Fg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk;
xg;gilf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gwpKjy; nra;jy;)
toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa gj;jphpf;iffs; (mtru
mjpfhuq;fs; rl;lk; 1931)
ii. khtl;l eLthpd; jPh;g;Ng
,WjpahdJ. mjid vjph;j;J  Indian Press Emergency Powers
Act 1931 rl;l kWg;G ,af;fj;jpd;

92
 

NghJ gpur;rhuq;fis jil nra;a  gj;jphpf;iffspd; tpLjiyf;F

nfhz;L tug;gl;l rl;lkhFk;. ghLgl;L 1883y; rpiw nrd;w
Kjy; gj;jphpf;ifahsh;
tpLjiyf;Fg; gpwF gj;jphpf;if
RNue;jpueh[; ghdh;[p Mthh;.
Kd;Ndw;wk;
 jkJ gj;jphpf;iffshd Nfrhp
 gj;jphpf;if tprhuiz fkpl;b
kw;Wk; kuhj;jh (Kesari and
(Press Enquiry Committee 1947)
Maratta) %yk; ghy fq;fhju
,e;jpahtpy; gj;jphpf;if rl;lq;fs;
jpyfh; tpLjiy fUj;Jf;fis
,aw;WtJ gw;wp mbg;gil
kf;fspilNa gug;gpdhh;.
chpikfis Muha 1947y;
gj;jphpf;ifr; Rje;jpw;fhf
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l fkpl;bahFk;.
ghLgl;L ,UKiw (1897> 1910)
gj;jphpf;if Mizak; (Press rpiw nrd;Ws;shh;.
Commission 1954):  Kjy;Kiw 1897y; ifJ
 ePjpgjp uh[jaf;\h nra;ag;gl;l NghJjhd; kf;fs;
(Rajadhyaksha) jiyikapy; mtUf;F Nyhf;khdpah; vd;W
1954 y; mikf;fg;gl;l gj;jphpf;if ngah; #l;bdh;. ,uz;lhk;
Mizak;> gj;jphpf;if gf;f Kiwahf 1910y; ifJ
ml;ltiz Kiw kw;Wk; nra;ag;gl;L 6 Mz;Lfs;
tpsk;guq;fis xOq;F gLj;j gh;khtpYs;s khz;lNy rpiwapy;
mfpy ,e;jpa gj;jphpf;if rpiwthrk; mDgtpj;jhh;.

fTd;rpy; (All India Press Council)

njhopy; El;g fy;tp tsh;r;rp :
Vw;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;W
 1794 - fpz;b nghwpapay;
ghpe;Jiu nra;jJ.
fy;Y}hp (kjuh];
 gj;jphpf;iffspd; Rje;jpuj;jpw; gy;fiyf; fofk;)
 1835 - Ntshz; fy;Y}hp
fhf ghLgl;lth;fspy; Fwpg;gplj;
(G+Nd)
jf;fth;fs; uh[huhk; Nkhfd;  1856 - fy;fj;jh nghwpapy;
uha;> ghy fq;fhju jpyfh;> fy;Y}hp
NfhfNy> Rg;ukzpa ma;ah;>  1858 - G+dh nghwpapay;
fy;Y}hp (Kk;ig gy;fiyf;
jhjhgha; nesNuh[p> fofk;)
RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p MfpNahh;
Mth;.

93
 

 gj;jphpf;iffs; murhq;fj;jpd; tpLj;jd. Mq;fpNyahpd;

mlf;FKiwr; rl;lq;fisAk; kPwp nfhLq;Nfhyhl;rpia fz;ldk;
ehl;L kf;fspd; vz;zq;fisg; nra;jd.
gpujpgypj;jd. kf;fspilNa  ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd;
mwpit tsh;j;jd. Njhw;wj;jpYk; gpd;dh; eilngw;w
 murpay; tpopg;Gzh;it tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpYk; ,e;j
Vw;gLj;jp> eph;thfj;jpy; jhq;fs; gj;jphpf;iffs; rpwg;ghf
gq;F ngw Ntz;Lnkd miog;G gzpGhpe;jd.

eph;thf FOf;fs; / fkp\d;];

l‡g;hpd; gpuG vl;fpd;\d; 1886 rhh;y]; mjpf mstpy;

(1884 - 1886) fkp\d; vl;fpd;\d; ,e;jpah;fis Fbikg;
gzpapy;
<LgLj;Jtjw;fhf
fh;\d; gpuG gpuhrh; fkp\d; 1902 gpuhrh; NghyP]; gzpia tprhuid
(1899 - 1905)) nra;tjw;F
`hh;bq; gpuG rptp]; 1912 ,];ypd;ld; ,e;jpah;fSf;F 25 %
(1910 - 1916) Nritapy; gpuG rjtPjk; cah; gjtpfs;
muR fkp\d; toq;f
hPbq; gpuG uhay; (muR) 1924 yP gpuG rptp]; Nritapd;
(1921 -1926) fkp\d; FiwghLfis jPhf
; f
;

94
 

hPbq; gpuG Re;ju];l; 1926 Mz;l;ht

P ;]; ,e;jpa ,uhZtj;jpy;
(1921 - 1926) fkp\d; ];fPd; ,e;jpah;fisg; gw;wp
rpe;jpg;gjw;F
,h;tpd; gpuG gl;yhh; fkp\d; 1927 n`h;Nfhh;l; nrhe;j khepyq;fSld;
(1926 - 1931) gl;yh; ,aw;if cwit
Muha;tjw;F

gs;sp/ fy;Y}hp Mz;L mikg;ghsh;fs;

gs;sp/ fy;Y}hp Mz;L mikg;ghsh;fs;
fy;fj;jh kju]h 1781 thud; N`];bq;];
gdhu]; rk];fpUj fy;Y}hp 1791 n[hdjd; lq;fd;
fy;fj;jh ,e;J fy;Y}hp 1800 nty;ny];]p gpuG
fy;fj;jh ,e;J fy;Y}hp 1817 uh[huhk; Nkhfd; uha;> Nltpl;
`Nu> vl;th;L i`B
Surpara (Rhpguh gs;sp) uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha;
Mq;fpNyh - ,e;Jg;gs;sp 1822 uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha;
Ntjhe;jh fy;Y}hp 1825 uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha;
kPJ}d; gs;sp 1849 [hd; vypal;
jahde; Mq;fpNyh Ntjpf; 1886 yhyh y[gjpuha;> yhyh n`d;];
fy;Y}hp (yh$h;) uh[;
gdhu]; `pe;J gs;sp 1898 md;dpngrd;l;
gdhu]; ,e;J gy;fiyf;fofk; 1916 kjd; Nkhfd; khytpah
thh;jh jpl;lk; 1939 kfhj;kh fhe;jp

95
 

Kf;fpa nra;jpj;jhs;fs; kw;wk; ehty;fs; (,e;jpa Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd;)

nra;jpj;jhs;/ ehty;fs; jiyth; Mz;L

jp ngq;fhy; nf[l; N[k;]; mf];l]; 1780
rk;gj; fKjp (ngq;fhyp) uhk;Nkhfd; uha; 1822
kPul; - cs; - mf;gh; uhk;Nkhfd; uha; 1822
uh];B N`h‡g;lh; jhjhgha; nesNuh[p 1854
ftptr;rhd; Rjh `hpre;jpuh 1868
mk;hpjh g[hh; gl;hpfh Fkhh; Nfh]; kw;Wk; Nkhjpyhy; Nfh]; 1868
];Nll;]n
; kd; uhgh;l; iel; 1875
,e;J tPh.; uhftrhhpahh; kw;Wk; G.S. Iah; 1878
Nfrhp ghyfq;fhju jpyfh; 1881
kuhj;jh ghyfq;fhju jpyfh; 1881
Rjh;f; Nfhghy; fpU\;z NfhfNy 1888
epA+ ,e;jpah (thu ,jo;) gpgpd; re;jpu ghy; 1902
te;Nj khjuk; mugpe;j Nfh\; 1905
Kk;ig f;Nuhdpfy; gpuh[; \h Nkj;jh 1910
my; -fpyhy; (cUJ) mGy; Mrhj; 1912
fhkd; nty;j; epA+ md;dpngrd;l; 1914
,e;jpah (jpdrhp) md;dpngrd;l; 1914
Rje;jpuk; Nkhjpyhy; NeU 1919
et [Ptd; fhe;jp 1919
Young Indian fhe;jp 1919
%f; ehaf; mk;Ngj;fh; 1920
`pe;J];jhd; ilk;]; ftyk; ehuhaz gdpf;fh; 1925
`hp[d; Nkfhd;yhy; `hprk;gj; fhe;jp 1933
`pe;J];jhd; kjd;Nkhfd; khstpah 1936
re;jpah gPky; ghG cghjah 1906
fud;jP kpu[;fh;> N[hy;fh;> fl;Nl 1927
g;hP `pe;J];jhd; jhuf; ehj; jh]; 1927

95
 

jy;th; tpNue;ju ehj; rl;Nlhgj;ahah 1927

`pe;J gj;hpak; jphpy; re;jpu Nfh]; 1927
,e;jpa rKjhak; rpahk;[p fpU\;zh th;kh 1927
Nrhk; gpufh\; <];th; re;jpu tpj;ahrhfh; 1927
[pfd;jh; gl;hpfh G+Nge;jpuehj; ll;> ghpe;jh; Fkhh; Nfh\; 1927
(ngq;fhyp)
,e;jpad; kpuh; jNge;jpuehj; jh$h;
gQ;rhgp yhyhy[gjp uha;
tpfh; Yhfph; fpU\;zhy;jphp rpg;yhq;fh;
,e;jpa nghUshjhuk; kfhNjt; Nfhtpe;j; uhdNl
gpujhg; fNz\; rq;fh; tpj;ahj;hp
fhk;ujp fhk;Nul; KfkJ myp
my; gy;fj; mGy; fyhk; mrhj;

96
 

gphpl;b\huhy; ,e;jpahtpy; Vw;gl;l

nghUshjhuj;jhf;fk;
nghUshjhuj;ij jpl;lkpl;L
 ,e;jpahit Ml;rp Ghpe;j
Ruz;bdh;.
me;epah;fspy; Mq;fpNyah;fs; jtpu
 tzpfh;fshf ,e;jpahtpw;F te;j
midtUNk ,e;jpahtpy;
Mq;fpNyah;fs; ,Wjptiu
epue;jukhf jq;fpNa Ml;rp Ghpe;jdh;.
tzpfh;fshf tpsq;fpdh;. ,jd;
 gz;ilf;fhy Ml;rpahsh;fs;
tpisthf ,e;jpa nghUshjhu
,e;jpa rKjhaj;Jld;
epiy ghjpf;fg;gl;L ,e;jpah;fs;
,uz;lwfye;J tpl;ldh;.
Vo;ik epiyapNyNa ,Ue;jdh;.
 kj;jpa fhyj;jpy; Ml;rp Ghpe;j
 ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpNyah; gpd;gw;wpa
JUf;fpah;fs;.
nghUshjhuf; nfhs;ifapd;
 Mg;fhdpah;fs;> Kfyhah;fs;
tpisthf ,e;jpa guk;giu
,e;jpahtpy; epue;jukhf jq;fp Ml;rp
nghUshjhuk; ghof;fg;gl;lJld;
Ghpe;jdh;. ,th;fs; ,];yhkpah;fs;
etPd nghUshjhu fl;Lkhdk;
vd;w tpjj;jpy; kl;LNk NtWgl;L
tsh;r;rpailahky; Ngha;tpl;lJ.
tpsq;fpdhYk; ,e;jpa rKjhaj;jpd;
,jdhy; kf;fs; Vo;ik
xU mq;fkhfNt tpsq;fpdh;.
epiyapNyNa epue;jukhf tho
 Mq;fpNyah;fs; kl;LNk ,e;jpahtpy;
Ntz;baepiy Vw;gl;lJ.
epue;jukhf jq;ftpy;iy.
1. nghUshjhu kw;Wk; thzpgf;
,q;fpyhe;jpd; eyd;fSf;fhfNt
nfhs;if:
,e;jpahit gy topfspy;
 R.C. jj;jh vd;gth; gphpl;b\;
gad;gLj;jpdh;;.
fhyzpahjpf;f fhyj;jpy;
 ,e;jpa kdpj tsj;ij
,e;jpahtpd; nghUshjhu
Njhl;lq;fspy; Ntiy nra;Ak;
tsh;r;rpapd;ikia (Under
njhopyhsh;fshfNth> INuhg;ghtpy;
Development) %d;W epiyfshf
Nghh; nra;a Nghh; tPuh;fshfNth
kjpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
kl;LNk gad;gLj;jpdh;.
vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Nkyhf ,e;jpa

97
 

2. Kjy; epiy (m) Muk;gepiy(1600 - rl;lj;jpd; %yk; xU top ,ytr

1757) (Early Phase): thzpgk; (One way free trade)
 Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;L> gphpl;b\pd;
Kjy; epiyapd; NghJ ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fs;
,e;jpahtpypUe;J ,e;jpa re;ijapy; epuk;gp tope;jJ.
thridg;nghUl;fisAk;>  ,jdhy; ,e;jpah;fs; ntspehl;L
nerTg;nghUl;fisAk; re;ijfisAk; ,e;jpa
INuhg;ghtpw;F Vw;Wkjp nra;jJ. re;ijfisAk; ,oe;jdh;.
mq;fpUe;J cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l 5. Jiw thhpahf Vw;gl;l nghUshjhu
nghUl;fisAk; tpiyAah;ej
; khw;wq;fs;:
fw;fisAk; ,e;jpahtpw;F i. njhopw;Jiw (Industry):
,wf;Fkjp nra;jJ. 1) nghUshjhu Ruz;ly;
(Economic Exploitation of India)
3. tpahghuf; fhyepiy (Mercantile
 njhopw;Gul;rpf;Fg; gpwF
Phase - 1757 - 1813):
,q;fpyhe;Jf;F mjpf %yg; nghUs;
 Mq;fpNyah;fs; ,e;jpa
Njitg;gl;lJ.
nghUl;fspd; tpiyia jhq;fNs
 ,e;jpahtpy; murpay; Mjpf;fk;
KbT nra;jdh;. murpay;
ngw;wpUe;j ,q;fpyhe;J
mjpfhuj;ij gad;gLj;jp
,e;jpahtpypUe;J
thzpgj;ij mth;fsJ jdp
%yg;nghUl;fisg; ngw;wJ NkYk;
chpikahf;fpdh; (Monopoly) NkYk;
,q;fpyhe;J cw;gj;jpahsh;fSf;F
tq;fhsj;jpd; tUthia
,e;jpah xU rpwe;j re;ijahf
,e;jpag;nghUl;fis Vw;Wkjp
(Market) tpsq;fpaJ. ,t;thW
nra;tjw;F gad;gLj;jpdh;.
njhopw;Gul;rpapd; tpisthf
,e;jpahtpy; nghUshjhur; Ruz;ly;
4. njhopyf epiy(Industrial Phase
jpl;lkpl;L elj;jg;gl;lJ.
1813 - 1858):
 njhopy;Gul;rp gphpl;ldpd;
2) ,e;jpaj; njhopy;fspd; mopT
nghUshjhuj;ij khw;wpaJ.
(Extinction of Native Industry)
gphpl;b\; Kjyhsp th;f;fk;
 Mq;fpy muR jilapy;yh thzpgf;
,e;jpahit Ruz;baJ 1813 gl;la
nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;wpaJ. ,jd;

98
 

tpisthf ,q;fpyhe;jpy; 4) fpuhk rKjhaj;jpd; tPo;r;rpAk;> Ra

,ae;jpuq;fs; %yk; cw;gj;jp Njit nfhs;ifapd; mopTk;:
nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fs; ,e;jpahtpy;  Mq;fpNyah; Ml;rpf;F Kd;G
nfhz;L te;J Ftpf;fg;gl;lJ. xt;nthU fpuhkKk; xU jdp
,jdhy; ,e;jpaj; njhopy;fs; rKjhakhfTk; jq;fs; Ra
nghpJk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf;
 ,q;fpyhe;jpypUe;J ,wf;Fkjp nfhs;Sk; epiyapYk; tpsq;fpd.
nra;ag;gl;l Mq;fpyg; gUj;jp Mq;fpNyah; gpd;gw;wpa eph;thf
Jzpfs; kPJ ,uz;L rjtPj thpNa kw;Wk; epjpf; nfhs;ifapd;
tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; tpisthf fpuhkq;fspd; epiyfspy;
,e;jpahtpypUe;J Vw;Wkjp khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ.
nra;ag;gLk; ,e;jpag; gUj;jp  uapy;Nt> Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk;
Jzpfs; kPJ gj;J rjtPj thp nra;jpj; njhlh;G tsh;rr
; papd;
tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. tpisthf fpuhkq;fs; gf;fj;J
 ,jd; tpisthf ,e;jpa Jzpfspd; efuq;fSld; njhlh;G nfhz;L
Vw;;Wkjp ntFthff; Fiwe;jJ. ,J Njapiy> kz;nzz;iz> jPgn
; gl;b>
,e;jpa nghUshjhu epiyia rPdp> Fil> kw;Wk; tisay;fs;
kpfTk; ghjpj;jJ. Nghd;w nghUl;fis thq;fpdh;.
 ,J fpuhkq;fspy; guk;giuahf
3) %yg; nghUl;fis rg;is nra;Ak;
,Ue;J te;j Rarhh;G epiyia
ehlhf ,e;jpah:
,y;yhky; nra;Jtpl;lJ.
 Mq;fpy njhopw;Jiwapd;
tsh;r;rpf;Fr; rhjfkhfNt
5) ,e;jpa iftpidg; nghUl;fspd;
,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpy nghUshjhuf;
tPo;r;rp
nfhs;if tFf;fg;gl;lJ.
(Decline of Indian Handi Crafts):
 %yg; nghUl;fis
 Mq;fpNyah;fs; ,q;fpyhe;jpy;
,e;jpahtpypUe;J mjpf mstpy;
nra;ag;gl;l njhopw;Jiw cw;gj;jp
Vw;Wkjp nra;jdh;. cjhuzkhf
nghUl;fSf;Nf mjpf ghJfhg;G
gUj;jp Vw;Wkjp 1813 -y; 32
mspf;Fk; tpjkhf jq;fs;
kpy;ypad; gTz;Lfshf ,Ue;jJ
nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffis
1894 -y; mJ 83 kpy;ypad;
tFj;Jf;; nfhz;ldh;. ,jd;
gTz;Lfshf cah;e;jJ.

99
 

tpisthf ,e;jpa iftpidg; rf;jpiaAk;> ,e;jpa tsq;fisAk;

nghUl;fs; tPo;rr
; paile;jJ. efug; Ruz;Ltjw;F ,it cjtpd.
gFjpfspy; ,q;fpyhe;J epWtpa
7) nry;t Ruz;ly; Nfhl;ghL
nghpa mstpyhd
(Drain of Wealth Theory):
njhopw;rhiyfspd; tpisthfTk;
,e;jpa iftpidg; nghUl;fs;  ,e;jpahtpd; %jwpQh; jhjhgha;
nesNuh[p Kjd; Kjypy; jdJ
erpj;Jg; Nghapd. ,ae;jpuk; %yk;
Gj;jfkhd ‘Vo;ikAk; gphpl;b\hh;
nra;ag;gl;l mofhd> cWjpahd
,y;yhj ,e;jpa Ml;rpAk;
nghUl;fSf;F Kd;dhy; ,e;jpa
iftpidg; nghUl;fs; Nghl;bapl (Poverty and Un - British Rule

Kbatpy;iy. inIndia - 1867) %yk;

 ,e;jpa iftpidg; nghUl;fSf;F gphpl;b\hhpd; ,e;jpa nry;t

Mjutspj;J te;j murh;fSk; Ruz;liy Fwpg;gpl;lhh;.

typik ,oe;Jtpl;ljhy; iftpidg; ,e;jpah;fspd; jyhtUkhdk; &.

nghUl;fs; tPor
; ;rpaile;jJ. 20 vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

,jdhy; iftpidg; nghUl;fs;  R.C jj; vd;gth; jdJ

cw;gj;jpapy; <Lgl;Lte;j ,e;jpa Gj;jfkhd ‘,e;jpa nghUshjhu

njhopyhsh;fs; Ntiy ,oe;J epiy tuyhW” (Economic History of

Fiye;jdh; mth;fs; India) %yk; gphpl;b\huhy;
njhopyhsh;fshfTk;> ,e;jpahtpw;F Vw;gl;l
tptrhapfshfTk; khwpdh;. nghUshjhu jPqF
; fis
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
6)uapy;Nt nra;jpj;njhlh;G tsh;r;rpapd;
 1757y; eilngw;w
tpisT:
gpshrpg;NghUf;F gpwF
 nghUshjhuf; fz;Nzhl;lj;Jld;
nghUshjhu Ruz;liy
ghh;f;Fk; NghJ uapy;Nt kw;Wk;
gphpl;b\hh; Muk;gpj;jdh;. 1865 y;
nra;jpj; njhlh;gpy; Vw;gl;l
tq;fhsj;jpd; jpthdp (tUtha;
tsh;r;rp Mq;fpNyah; eyd;fis
kw;Wk; nghJ ePjp) chpikia
Ngzpg; ghJfhj;jd. Nghhpd; NghJ
ngw;w gpwF> tq;fhsj;jpd;
epiyikia rkhspf;f cjtpd.
tUthia nfhz;L ,e;jpa
mikjpf;fhyq;fspy; ,e;jpa kdpj
nghUl;fis thq;fp

100
 

INuhg;ghtpw;F Vw;Wkjp nra;J gy jPa tpisTfis

nfhs;is yhgk; ngw;wdh;. ,e;j Vw;gLj;jpdhYk; nghJthf
tUthia mth;fs; fk;ngdpapd; mth;fsJ Ml;rp rpy ey;y
KjyPL (Company’s Investment) tpisTfis Vw;gLj;jpaJ
vd;wioj;jdh;. mitfisf; fhzyhk;.
ii. tptrhak; (Agriculture): 1) Gjpa epytUtha; jpl;lk;:
 ,e;jpahtpy; gz;ilf;fhyj; (New Land revenue System)
jpypUe;Nj tptrhak; Kf;fpa  Mq;fpNya eph;thfk; Gjpa
njhopyhf ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. epytUtha; jpl;lj;ij
Mq;fpNyah; Ml;rpf;F Kd;G mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ.
,e;jpa tptrhapfs; Guhjd  mjd;gb epythp gzkhf
tptrhaf; fUtpfis t#ypf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J
cgNahfpj;J goikahd Kiwia gaphpLNthh;fSf;F kpfTk;
gpd; gw;wpNa tptrhak; nra;J vspjhf mike;jJ. mj;Jld;
te;jdh;. czTj; jhdpaq;fSf;Fg;
 mth;fsJ tptrhak; Ra gjpyhf mjpf mstpy; gzg;gaph;
Njitfis g+h;j;jp nra;Ak; tptrhak; nra;Ak; epiy
mbg;gilapNyNa cUthfpaJ.
mike;jpUe;jJ.
2) tpahghu hPjpapyhd tptrhak;:
 xt;nthU fpuhkKk; xU jdp
Commercialization of Agriculture
rKjhakhfNt tpsq;fpaJ.
 ,q;fpyhe;jpy; njhopw;Gul;rpapd;
Mq;fpNyah; Ml;rp ,e;jpa
tpisthf %yg; nghUl;fSf;F
tptrhaj;jpy; ngUk; jhf;fj;ij
(Raw materials) mjpf Njit
Vw;gLj;jpaJ. gy ey;y
Vw;gl;lJ. ,jdhy;
tpisTfSk;> jPa tpisTfSk;
,e;jpahtpypUe;J mjpf tpiyf;F
Vw;gl;ld.
nghUl;fis Mq;fpy tzpfh;fs;
ey;y tpisTfs; : Good Effects: thq;fpdhh;fs;. ,jd; %yk; gzg;
 Mq;fpNyahpd; Ml;rp nghUshjhuk; (Money Economy)
tptrhaj;ij mbg;gilahff; mwpKfkhdJ.
nfhz;l fpuhkg;nghUshjhuj;jpy;

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 vdNt tptrhapfs; mjpf gzk; 4) gztpay; nghUshjhuk;

rk;ghjpg;gjpy; ehl;lk; nfhz;L (Money Economy)
gUj;jp> rzy;> epyf;fliy>  Mq;fpNyah;fs; gztpay;
fUk;G> Njapiy Nghd;w nghUshjhuj;ij
gzg;gaph;fisNa mjpfk; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdh;. gy;NtW
gaphpl;ldh;. nghUl;fs; thq;Ftjw;F gzNk
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
3) tptrhar; re;ij Kiw mwpKfk;
 fpuhkq;fspy; guk;giuahf
(Introduction of Agricultural
eilKiwapy; ,Ue;J te;j gz;l
Marketting)
khw;W Kiw kiwe;jJ. gzNk
 ,e;jpahtpypUe;J mjpf mstpy;
Kf;fpakhd khw;W rhjdkhf
%yg; nghUl;fis ,q;fpyhe;Jf;F
(Medium of Exchange)
Vw;Wkjp nra;a tpUk;gpa
nray;gl;lJ. tptrhapfs; mjpf
Mq;fpNyah; ,e;jpahtpy; tptrha
gzk; rk;ghjpg;gjpy; ehl;lk;
re;ij Kiwia
nfhz;ldh;.
mwpKfg;gLj;jpdh;. ,jd; %yk;
 tptrhapfspd; gy Jd;gq;fs;
tpahghhpfs;> jufh;fs;>
,jdhy; ePq;fpaJ.
tpw;gidahsh;fs; MfpNahh; mjpf
ed;ikaile;jdh;.
5) ,e;jpa gUj;jpf;fhd Njit:
 tpahghhpfs; tptrhapfsplk;
 mnkhpf;f cs;ehl;Lg; Nghhpd;
gzg;gaph;fis nfhs;Kjy; nra;J
tpisthf ,q;fpyhe;Jf;fhd
nghpa re;ijfspy; tpw;W yhgk;
mnkhpf;f gUj;jp Vw;Wkjp
rk;ghjpj;jdh;.
kpfTk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,jd; %yk; tl;bf;filfhuh;fspd;
 vdNt ,e;jpahtpypUe;J mjpf
gpbapypUe;J tptrhapfs;
mstpy; gUj;jp Vw;Wkjp
tpLtpf;fg;gl;ldh;. mj;Jld;
nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa gUj;jpf;F
jhq;fNs jq;fs; cw;gj;jp
mjpf tpiy nfhLj;jdh;
nghUl;fis efuq;fspYs;s
 Mq;fpy Jzp cw;gj;jpahsh;fs;.
nghpa re;ijfSf;F vLj;Jr;
,jd; tpisthf ,e;jpa
nrd;W epahakhd tpiyf;F
tptrhapfs; mjpf mstpy;
tpw;wdh;.

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gUj;jp gaphpLk; epyj;jpd; nghUl;fis thq;fp gpd;dh;

msTk; mjpfhpj;jJ. mjpf tpiyf;F tpw;W yhgk;
rk;ghjpj;jdh;. efh;Gw
6) cw;gj;jp mjpfhpg;G:
re;ijfSf;F nrd;W ey;y
 Mq;fpNyah; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa
tpiyf;F tpw;f Ntz;ba epiy
Gjpa epytUtha; jpl;lj;jhy;
Vw;gl;lJ. ,e;j Ruz;lypypUe;J
[kPd;jhh; vd;w gphpTk;> rpwpa epyr;
tptrhapfis ghJfhf;f muR
nrhe;jf;fhuh; vd;w gphpTk;
ve;jtpj eltbf;iffisAk;
Njhd;wpaJ. uaj;Jthhp Kiwg;gb
vLf;ftpy;iy.
tptrhak; nra;j rpwpa
 ,jdhy; gy ,lq;fspy;
tptrhapfSf;F mth;fs;
Fbahdth;fsplk; mjpUg;jp
tptrhak; nra;J te;j epyk;
Vw;gl;L mjd; tpisthf
nrhe;jkhf;fg;gl;lJ.
fpsh;r;rpfs; Vw;gl;ld.
 ,jdhy; jq;fs; epyq;fspy;
cw;gj;jpia mjpfhpj;jdh;. 2) Mq;fpy eph;thf Kiwapd; jPa
tpisTfs;:
jPa tpisTfs;: (Adverse Effects)
 Mq;fpNyah;fs; Kfyha Nguurh;
 Mq;fpNyah; Ml;rpapd; tpisthf
\h Myj;jplkpUe;J 1765 -y;
,e;jpa tptrhaj;jpy; ey;y
jpthdp chpikia ngw;Wf;
tpisTfis tpl jPa
nfhz;ljpypUe;Nj nghUshjhur;
tpisTfNs mjpfkhf
Ruz;ly; Muk;gpj;Jtpl;lJ.
fhzg;gl;lJ.
mjpf njhif

1) ,e;jpa Fbahdth; Ruz;lg;gLjy;: nfhLg;gth;fSf;Nf epyk;

(Exploitation of Indian Peasants) Fj;jiff;F tplg;gl;lJ.

 Mq;fpNyah; Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,e;jpa  mth;fs; epyq;fis

tzpfh;fshYk; ,e;jpa gaphpLgth;fsplk; tpl;L>

tpahghhpfshYk; Vio mth;fsplkpUe;J mjpf msT

Fbahdth;fs; fLikahf tUtha; ngw;wdh;. uhgh;l; fpist;

Ruz;lg;gl;lhh;fs;. mwpKfg;gLj;jpa ,ul;il

Ml;rpapd; tpisthf rPhN
; fLfs;
 mWtilapd; NghJ kpff;Fiwe;j
Vw;wg;gl;ld.
tpiyf;F gaph;
nra;gth;fsplkpUe;J %yg;
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 fhud;thyp]; gpuG  ,jdhy; gaphpLgth;fs;

mwpKfg;gLj;jpa epue;j epythpj; epyg;gpuGf;fshYk;> gdpah];
jpl;lj;jpdhy; tptrhapfspd; (Banias) vd;w tpahghhpfshYk;
Fiwfs; fisag;gltpy;iy. gy tiffspy;
 Mq;fpNyahpd; Gjpa epytUtha; nfhLikg;gLj;jg;gl;ldh;.
nfhs;ifahy; epyg;gpuGf;fs;  tptrhapfspd; epyq;fs; nfhQ;r
vd;w Gjpa th;f;fk; Njhd;wpaJ. nfhQ;rkhf epyg;gpuGf;fsplk;
 ,th;fSf;F murhq;fk; Ngha; Nrh;ej
; d.
ghJfhg;G mspj;jJ. tptrhapfs;
4) epyq;fs; Jz;L Jz;lhf;fg;gLjy;:
kPJ mth;fSf;fpUe;j
Fraqmentation of Land:
Mjpf;fj;ij NkYk;
 gaphpLk; epyq;fs; NkYk; NkYk;
fbdg;gLj;jpaJ.
rpW gFjpfshf
 ,jdhy; epyg;gpuGfs; NkYk;
Jz;lhf;fg;gl;ljhy;.
NkYk; nropg;gile;j NghJ gaph;
 tptrhapfSf;F gpur;ridfs;
nra;gth;fs; NkYk; NkYk;
Vw;gl;lJ. jfg;gDf;Fg; gpwF
Vioahapdh;.
gps;isfSf;F epyq;fs; gphpj;Jf;
 mjpf tUtha; nrYj;jpaJld;
nfhLf;fg;gl;ljhYk; kf;fs;
kl;Lky;yhJ jq;fs;
njhif mjpfhpg;gjhYk;
epyg;gpuGf;fSf;F Cjpakpy;yhj
kl;Lky;yhJ nghUshjhuf;
NtiyAk; (bagar) nra;a
fhuzq;fSf;fhfTk; epyq;fs;
Ntz;bajpUe;jJ.
Jz;L Jz;lhf;fg;gl;lJ.
3) fpuhkf; fld; Rik mjpfhpg;G:  Mq;fpNyah;fspd; nfhs;if
 Mq;fpNyah;fspd; Gjpa rl;l fspd; tpisthf iftpid
mikg;G Kiwapd; gb fpuhk kw;Wk; Fbirj; njhopy;fs;
rKjhaj;jpd; chpikfis muR erpj;Jg; Nghapd. vdNt efh;Gwg;
mq;fPfhpf;ftpy;iy. gFjpapYs;s Ntiy ,oe;j

 khwhf tl;bf; filf;fhuh;fSf;F njhopyhsh;fs; fpuhkq;fSf;F

epyg;gpuGfSf;FNk ghJfhg;G te;jdh;. ,jdhy; epyq;fs;

mspf;Fk; tpjkhf rl;l mikg;G NkYk; Jz;Lfshf;fg;gl;ld.

fhzg;gl;lJ. ,J tptrhaj; njhopypy; nghpa

neUf;fbia Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
104
 

Ntiy ,oe;j njhopyhsh;fs;

fpuhkq;fSf;F te;jdh;.
 ,jdhy; epyq;fs; NkYk;
Jz;Lfshf;fg;gl;ld. ,J
tptrhaj; njhopypy; nghpa
neUf;fbia Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

5) ePh;g;ghrd trjpapy;yhjjhy; Vw;gl;l

tpisT: (Lack of Irrigation Facilities)
 Mq;fpy muR rhpahd Kiwapy;
tptrhapfSf;F ePhg
; hrd trjp
vJTk; nra;J nfhLf;ftpy;iy.
kioia ek;gpNa tptrhak; nra;a
Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
 ,jd; tpisthf gQ;rq;fSk;
tptrhapfSf;F e\;lKk; Vw;gl;L
tptrhapfspd; epjpepiy kpfTk;
Nkhrkile;jJ.

6) fpuhk rKjhaj;jpd; Rarhh;G

jd;ikapd; tPo;r;rp:
(Decline of Self Sufficient Village
Communities)
 Mq;fpNyah; gpd;gw;wpa
nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffspd;
tpisthf fpuhk rKjhaj;jpd;
Rahl;rp epiyAk;> Rarhh;G epiyAk;
tPor
; ;rpaile;jJ.

105
 

Mq;fpNya fth;dh;fs;> fth;dh; n[duy;fs;>

itrpuha;fs; kw;Wk; Kf;fpa ,e;jpa epfo;Tfs;

1. Mq;fpNya fth;dh;fs; - tq;fhsk;:  Ngduh]; murh; n[apj; rpq;Fld;

i) ,uhgh;l; fpist; Nkhjy; kw;Wk; ee;jFkhh; tof;F

(1757 - 60> 1765 - 67) (1775)

 Mw;fhl;L Nghh; (1751)  Mrpahl;bf; nrhirl;b Mg;

 gpshrpg; Nghh; (1757) gpNjuh Nghh; ngq;fhy; (1784)

(1759) Vw;gLj;jg;gLjy;.

 ,ul;il Ml;rp mwpKfk;(1765) ii) fhud;thyP]; gpuG (1786 - 93):

 myfhghj; cld;gbf;if (1765)  %d;whk; ik#h; Nghh; (1790 - 92)
kw;Wk; =uq;fg;gl;bdk;
ii) thd;rpj;jhh;j; (1760 - 65)( Van cld;gbf;if (1792)
Sittart):  fhud; thyp]; rl;lj;njhFg;G
 gf;rhh; Nghh; (1764) (1793)
iii) thud; N`];bq;]; (1772 - 73)  [kPd;jhhp epythpj;jpl;lk; (1793)
Warren Hastings: iii) rh; [hd; N\hh; (1793 - 98):
 ,ul;il Ml;rp xopg;G (1772)  gl;lar; rl;lk; 1793 i`juhghj;
 Ie;jhz;L fhy epythpj;jpl;lk;  fhh;jh Nghh; (1795) - ep[hkpw;Fk;
(1772) kuhj;jpah;fSf;F ,ilapyhd
2. fth;dh; n[duy;fs; - tq;fhsk;: Nghh;.
i) thud; N`];bq;]; (1773 - 1785): iv) nty;ny];yp gpuG (1798 - 1805):
 xOq;F Kiw rl;lk; (1773)  Jizg;gilj;jpl;lk; mwpKfk;
 gpl; ,e;jpa rl;lk; (1784) (1798) Kjypy; i`juhghj;
 Nuh`py;yh Nghh; (1774) (1798)
 Kjy; kuhj;jpa Nghh; (1775 - 82)  ehd;fhk; ik#h; Nghh; (1799)
rhy;gha; cld;gbf;if 1782  ,uz;lhk; kuhj;jpag; Nghh;
(1803-05)

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 jQ;rhT+h; (1799)> #uj; (1800) ix) tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuG (1828 - 33)
kw;Wk; fh;ehlfk;  rjp xopg;G (1829)
(1801)Mfpatw;wpd; eph;thfj;ij  jf;fh;fis mlf;Fjy; (1830)
vLj;Jf;nfhs;sy;  gl;la rl;lk; (1833)
 g]Pd; cld;gbf;if (1802)
3. fth;dh; n[duy;fs; ,e;jpah:
i) tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuG (1833 - 35):
v) rh; [hh;[; ghh;Nyh (1805 - 1807):
 nkf;fhNy fy;tpjpl;lk; (1835)
 NtY}h; fyfk; (1806)
 ik#h; (1831) $h;f; (1834)
vi) Kjyhk; kpd;Nlh gpuG (1807 - 13): kw;Wk; kj;jpa fr;rhh; (1834)
 uQ;rpj;rpq; murUld; Mfpa gFjpfs;
mkph;jru]; cld;gbf;if (1809) ,izf;fg;gLjy;.
 mYtyf nkhopahf Mq;fpyk;
vii) N`];bq;]; gpuG (1813 -23);: mwpKfk; (1835)
 Mq;fpNya -Neghs Nghh; (1814 -
ii) nkl;fhg; gpuG (1835 - 36):
16) kw;Wk; rnfsyp
cld;gbf;if (1816)  nkl;fhg; gj;jphpf;ifr;rl;lk;
(1835)
 %d;whtJ kuhj;jpa Nghh; (1817 -
19) gk;gha; khfhzk; cUthf;fk; iii) Mf;yhz;l; gpuG (1836 -42):

(1818)  Kjy; Mg;fhd; Nghh; (1838 - 42)

 gpz;lhhpfis xLf;Fjy; (1817 -  ,uQ;rpj; rpq; ,wg;G (1839)

18) iv) vy;yd; NghNuh gpuG (1842 - 44):

 rpe;jpahf;fSld; cld;gbf;if  rpe;J ,izg;G (1843)

(1817)  FthypaUld; Nghh; (1843)
 kjuh]py; jhk]; kd;Nwh v) Kjyhk; `hh;bQ;r; gpuG (1844 - 48):
(kjuh]; fth;dh;) thy;  Kjy; Mq;fpNya - rPff
; pa Nghh;
,uaj;Jthhp epythpKiw (1845 - 46) kw;Wk; yh$h;
mwpKfk;. cld;gbf;if (1846)
 kdpj gyp kw;Wk;
viii) Mk;n`h;];l; gpuG (1823 - 28):
ngz;rpRf;nfhiy xopg;G.
 Kjy; gh;kpa Nghh; 1824 -26
 guj;g+iu ifg;gw;Wjy; (1826)

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 Mq;fpyf; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp

vi) ly;n`srpg; gpuG (1848 - 56): xopg;G (1858)
 ,uz;lhtJ Mq;fpNya rPf;fpa  ,e;jpa fTd;rpy; 1861
Nghh; kw;Wk; gQ;rhg; ,izg;G ii) Kjyhk; vy;[pd; gpuG (1862 - 63):
(1849)  thjhgp ,af;fk;
 thhpR ,og;G Nfhl;ghL mwpKfk; iii) [hd; yhud;]; gpuG (1864 - 1869):
- rjhuh (1848) n[a;j;g+h; kw;Wk;  g+l;lhd; Nghh; (1865)
rhk;gy;g+h;> cja;g;g+h; (1852)>  fy;fj;jh> gk;gha; kw;Wk; kjuh];
[hd;]p (1853)> ehf;g+h; (1854) Mfpa gFjpfspy;
kw;Wk; mNahj;jp (1856) Mfpa cah;ej
P pkd;wq;fs;
gFjpfs; ,izg;G. Vw;gLj;jg;gLjy; (1865)
 rhh;y]; cl;fy;tp mwpf;if (1854) iv) NkNah gpuG (1869 - 72):
 uapy;Nt kpdpl;]; (1853) - Kjy;  ,e;jpa Gs;spapay; epWtdk;>
uapy;Nt ghij - (Kk;ig) - tptrhak; kw;Wk; thzpgj;jpw;F
ypUe;J (jhdh) tiu - 1853 jdpj;Jiw kw;Wk; khfhz
 je;jp Nrit mwpKfk; (1854)> uapy;Ntf;fs; (State Railways)
mQ;ry; Jiw mwpKfk; (1854) Vw;gLj;jg;gLjy;.
 fq;if fhy;tha; jpwg;G (1854)  fj;jpathhpy; uh[;fhl; fy;Y}hp>
nghJj;Jiw mwpKfk; (1854)- M[;kPhpy; NkNah fy;Y}hp
(Public Works Department) Mfpait RNjr murh;fspd;
 tpjitfs; kWkzr;rl;lk; (1856) murpay; gapw;rpf;fhf
vii) fhdpq; gpuG (1856 - 1857) Vw;gLj;jg;gLjy;.
 fy;fj;jh> kjuh];> gk;gha; v) ehh;j; G&f; gpuG (1872 - 1876):
gFjpfspy; gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;  Kjy; kf;fs; njhif
Vw;gLj;jg;gly; (1857) fzf;nfLg;G
 1857 ngUk;Gul;rp  ,sturh; Nty;]; ,e;jpa tUif

4. ,e;jpahtpd; itrpuha;fs; (1875)

(murg;gpujpepjp):  gQ;rhgpy; Ffh (Kuka) ,af;fk;.

i) fhdpq; gpuG (1858 -62): vi) ypl;ld; gpuG (1876 - 1880):

108
 

1. gQ;r Mizak; hpr;rh;l;  ,e;jpa fTd;rpy; rl;lk; 1892

];NlNul;rp (Richard Strachey)  ,e;jpah Mg;fhdp];jhd;
jiyikapy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLjy;. vy;iyiag; gphpf;f Jue;j
 tpf;Nlhhpah kfhuhzp Mizak; (1893)
,e;jpahtpd; nfa;rh; - I - `pe;j; Vw;gLj;jg;gLjy;.
gl;lj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;. x) ,uz;lhk; vy;[pd; gpuG (1894 -99):
 rpwg;G gl;lq;fs; rl;lk; (1878)  rNgf;fh; rNfhjuh;fshy; gphpl;b\;
 tl;lhu nkhopfs; gj;jphpf;if mjpfhhpfs; nfhy;yg;gLjy;
rl;lk; (1878) (1897)
 MAjr;rl;lk; (1878) xi) fh;rd; gpuG (1899 - 1905):
 ,uz;lhtJ Mg;fhdpa Nghh;  rh; Mz;l;U gpNurh; jiyikapy;
(1878 - 80) Nghyp]; Mizak; - 1902
vii) hpg;gd; gpuG (1880 - 84):  gy;fiyf;fof Mizak; (1902)
 ,e;jpahtpy; KO kf;fl;njhif kw;Wk; ,e;jpa gy;fiyf;fof
fzf;nfLg;G rl;lk; (1904)
 tl;lhu nkhopfs;  thzpgk; kw;Wk; njhopw;
gj;jphpf;ifr;rl;lk; ePf;fk;; (1881) rhiyfSf;F jdpj;Jiw
 Kjy; njhopw;rhiy rl;lk; (1881)  fy;fj;jh khefuhl;rp rl;lk;
 cs;shl;rp Rahl;rp jPhk
; hdk; (1899)
(1882)  njhy;nghUs;
 `z;lh; fy;tp Mizak; (1882) epidTr;rpd;dq;fs; rl;lk;
 ,y;gh;l; kNrhjh rh;ri
; r (1883 - (1904)
84)  tq;fg;gphptpid (1905)
viii) lg;hpd; gpuG (1884 - 88):  jpngj;jpw;F aq;`];gz;l;
 %d;whtJ gh;kpag; Nghh; (1885 - gazk; (1904)
86) xii) ,uz;lhk; kpd;Nlh gpuG
 ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; Njhw;wk; (1905 - 1910):
(1885)  K];yk
P ; yPff
; l;rp (1906)
xi) Nyd;];lhd; gpuG (1888 -1894):  #uj; gpuG (1907)
 njhopw;rhiy rl;lk; 1891 xiii) ,uz;lhk; `hh;bQ;r; gpuG

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(1910 -1916): xv) hPbq; gpuG (1921 - 26):

 tq;fhs khfhzk; cUthf;fk;  nrshp nrsuh epfo;T - gpg;uthp
(1911) 5> 1922
 tq;fg;gphptpid epWj;jk; (1911)  khg;gps;sh fyfk; - Nfush
 gphpl;b\; ,e;jpahtpd; jiyefuk; (1921)
fy;fj;jhtpypUe;J nly;ypf;F  nusyl; rl;lk; ePff
; k;.
khw;wg;gLjy;. (1911)  fNfhhp uapy; nfhs;is (1925)
 ,e;J kfh rig (kjd; Nkhfd;  Rauh[;a fl;rp (1923)
khstpah) - 1915  ,yz;ld; kw;Wk; nly;ypapy; xNu
 murh; Ie;jhk; [hh;[; gjtpNaw;G Neuj;jpy; ICS Njh;T - 1923.
nly;yp jh;ghh; - 1911 xvi) ,h;tpd; gpuG 1926 - 31:
xiv) nrk;]; Nghh;L gpuG (1916 - 21):  irkd; FO ,e;jpah tUif
 jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; (1916) (1928)
 yf;Ndh cld;gbf;if (1916)  gl;yh; fkpl;b (1927)
 rhk;guhd; rj;ah fpufk; (1917)  yh$h; fhq;fpu]; khehL (1929)
Nfjh rj;ahfpufk; (1918)> & g+uz tpLjiy jPhkhdk;.
mfkjhghj; kpy; Nghuhl;lk;  rl;l kWg;G ,af;fk;
(1918) (jz;bahj;jpiu khh;r; 12> 1930)
 rgh;kjp M];ukk; (1916)  ,h;tpdpd; jPghtsp mwpf;if
 Mf];L mwpf;if (1917) (1929)
 nusyl; rl;lk; (1919)> [hypad;  Kjy; tl;l Nkir khehL (1930)
thyhghf; gLnfhiy (1919)  fhe;jp ,h;tpd; cld;gbf;if
 rhl;yh; fy;tp Mizak; (1917) (1931)
 fpyhgj; ,af;fk; xj;Jioahik xvii)tpy;ypq;ld; gpuG (1931 - 36):
,af;fk;  ,uz;lhtJ tl;l Nkir khehL
 ,e;jpa ngz;fs; gy;fiyf;fofk; - 1931
(g+dh - 1916)  tFg;Gthhp gpujpepjpj;Jtk; - 1932
 jpyfh; ,wg;G (Mf];L 1920)  g+dh xg;ge;jk; 1932
 Kjy; ,e;jpa fth;dh; -S.P.  %d;whtJ tl;l Nkir khehL -
rpd;`h (gPfhh;) 1932

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 fhe;jp rhFk; tiu cz;zh  Neub eltbf;if ehs; (Mf];L

tpujk; -vuthlh rpiw (g+dh - 16> 1946)
1932)  ,ilf;fhy murhq;fk; (1946)
 ,e;jpa muRrl;lk; 1935  murpay; eph;za rig (1946)
 gh;kh ,e;jpahtpypUe;J gphpjy; xx) kTz;l; Ngl;ld; gpuG (1947 - 48):
1935  [_d; %d;whk; ehs; jpl;lk;
 mfpy ,e;jpa fprhd; rig (1936) my;yJ bfphp gwit jpl;lk;
 fhq;fpu]; Nrh\ypr fl;rp (1934) ([_d; 3> 1947)
- n[ag; gpufh\; ehuhazd;  nul;fpspg; Mizak; (1947)
kw;Wk; Mr;rhh;ah eNue;jpu Njt;.  ,e;jpa Rje;jpu rl;lk; (1947)
xviii)ypd;ypj;Nfh gpuG (1936 -44):
 Kjy; nghJ Njh;jy; (1936 -37)
 fhq;fpu]; mikr;ruit gjtp
tpyfy;
 ,uz;lhtJ cyfg;Nghh;(1939)
 ghh;th;L gpshf; fl;rp (1939)
 Mf];L rYif (1940)
 K];yk
P ; yPf; fl;rpapd; yh$h;
jPhk
; hdk; -1940
 fphpg;]; J}Jf;FO -1942
 nts;isaNd ntspNaW
,af;fk;
xxi)Ntty; gpuG (1944 - 1947):
 C-R.jpl;lk; (1944) fhe;jp -
[pd;dh Ngr;R thh;j;ij (1944)
 Ntty; jpl;lk;> rpk;yh khehL
(1942)
 ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghh; KbTf;F
tUjy; (1945)
 fhgpdl; J}Jf;FO (1946)

111
 

r%f rka rPh;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fs;

(Socio - Religions Reform ,e;jpah murpay; hPjpapy;
Movements) xd;WgLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 ,e;jpahtpy; 19- k; E}w;whz;bd;  ,jdhy; ,e;jpah;fspd;
njhlf;fj;jpy; xU Gjpa nghJg;gpur;ridfs;
kWkyh;rr
; p Vw;gl;lJ. midtuhYk; Ghpe;J
 Mq;fpy top fy;tp %yk; fy;tp nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
ngw;w ,e;jpah;fs;. ,e;jpahtpy;  Mq;fpy Ml;rpapd;
ghuk;ghpakhf ,Ue;j te;j r%f jd;ikahdJ gy ,e;jpa
mikg;G> rkak;> fy;tp ,isQh;fis jq;fs;
Mfpatw;wpy; gy khWjy;fs; Jd;gj;jpw;Fk;> ,op
Vw;gl cjtpdh;.r%f %lg;gof;f epiyfSf;Fkhd fhuzq;fis
tof;fq;fis iftplTk;> mwpa J}z;baJ.
tpQ;Qhd Kiwapyhd
ii. fpwp];jt rkag; gug;ghsh;fspd;
rpe;jidfis J}z;lTk;> r%f
gpur;rhuj;jpw;F vjph;g;G
rPhj
; pUj;jq;fspy; Mh;tk;
 fpwp];jt rka gug;ghsh;fs;
nfhz;L rPhj
; pUj;jTk; r%f rka
Vio> xLf;fg;gl;lth;fs;
rPhj
; pUj;j ,af;fq;fs; Njhd;wpd.
kj;jpapy; jq;fs; kjj;ij gug;g
 ,it cwq;fp fple;j kf;fsplk;
vy;yh Kaw;rpfisAk;
xU tpopg;Gzh;it Vw;gLj;jpd.
Nkw;nfhz;ldh;.
Njrpa czh;it J}z;bd.
 fy;tpf; $lq;fs;> kUj;Jt
1. ,e;jpahtpy; r%f rka
kidfs;> ,ytr Nritfs;
rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; Njhd;Wtjw;fhd
kw;Wk; murpd; MjuT
fhuzq;fs;:
Nghd;wit mth;fs;
i. murpay; xw;Wik
Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;
 Mq;fpy Ml;rpapd; tphpthf;fk;>
gl;lJ.
xUq;fpizg;G nfhs;ifahy;

1
 

 vdNt ,e;Jf;fSk;> v. ,e;jpa goik gof;f tof;fq;fspy;

,];yhkpah;fSk; jq;fs; Mq;fpNyahpd; jiyaPL
rkaq;fis fhg;ghw;w vy;yh  rhjp xopg;G> tpjitfs; kWkzk;
Kaw;rpfisAk; Nkw;nfhz;ldh;. Nghd;w gof;f tof;fq;fspy;
iii) may;ehl;L mwpQh;fspd; gq;fspg;G Mq;fpNyahpd; jiyaPL ,e;jpa
 Nkw;fj;jpa mwpQh;fshd kf;fsplk; ntWg;ig Vw;gLj;jpd.
khf;];Ky;yh;> tpy;ypak; N[hd;];
vi. ,e;jpa nra;jpj;jhs;fs;
MfpNahh; ,e;jpahtpd;
 INuhg;gpah;fs; ,e;jpahtpy;
gok;ngUikia
mr;Rf;$lq;fis
ntspf;nfhzh;;e;jdh;.
mwpKfg;gLj;jpdh;.
 mth;fs; gz;ila ,e;jpahtpd;
 ,jdhy; ehspjo;fs;>
Gyik kpf;f E}y;fis Mo;eJ
;
gj;jphpf;iffs; ntspte;jd.
gbj;jdh;.
 gy;NtW ,e;jpa nkhopfspy; gy
 ,jd; tpisthf Nkw;fj;jpa
Gj;jfq;fs; ntspaplg;gl;ld.
gz;ghl;il tpl ,e;jpa gz;ghL
cah;ej
; J vd;gij  mtw;wpy; ngUk;ghYk; ,e;jpa
ehl;ilg;gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fs; ,lk;
ntspr;rj;jpw;F nfhz;L
ngw;wpUe;jd.
te;jdh;.
 gy ,yf;fpa E}y;fis nkhop Nkw;fj;jpa fy;tp
ngah;j;jdh;.  Nkw;fj;jpa fy;tpahy; Nkiy
 ,jd; %yk; ,e;jpahtpd; fUj;Jf;fshd kf;fshl;rp>
ghuk;ghpaj;ijAk;> Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk;
Nkd;ikiaAk; gbj;j Njrpak; Mfpait ,e;jpahtpy;
,isQh;fs; mwpe;J nfhs;s gutpd.
cjtpdh;.  Nkw;fj;jpa ehLfSf;F nrd;w
,e;jpah;fs; mf;fUj;Jf;fs;
iv. Mq;fpy topf;fy;tp GFj;jg;gly;. mq;F nray;gLk; tpjk; gw;wp
 1835y; Mq;fpy topf;fy;tp mwpe;jdh;.
GFj;jg;gl;lJ xU nghpa  jha;ehL jpUk;gpa mth;fs;>
jhf;fj;ij ,e;jpahtpy; ,e;jpah;fspilNa mit gw;wpa
Vw;gLj;jpaJ fy;tp. tpopg;Gzh;T ,y;yhky;

2
 

,Ug;gijf; fz;L kdk; 3. rjp xopg;G (cld;fl;il VWjy;

tUe;jpdh;. xopg;G - Abolition of Sati):
 mf;fUj;Jf;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; gut  fztd; ,we;j gpd; kidtpAk;
Njitahd mbg;gil jhkhfNt fztd; rpijapy; Vwp
nray;fspy; <Lgl;ldh;. jd;id vhpj;Jf; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lnkd;w nfhba rjpg;
vii. ,e;jpahtpypUe;j %lg;gof;f
tof;fq;fs; gof;fk; ,e;jpahtpy; tq;fhsk;
 ngz;rpRf;nfhiy> cld;fl;il kw;Wk; ,uh[Gj;jpu gFjpfspy;
VWjy;> tpjitfs; epytp te;jJ. ,jid fz;bj;j
kWkzj;jpw;F vjph;g;G> uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha;
mbikKiw gyjhukzk;> ‘rhj;jpuq;fspd; gbAk;
rpWth; jpUkzk;> jPz;lhik> vy;yhehl;L ePjpapd; gbAk; rjp
eugyp> ngz;fspd; Nkhrkhd vd;gJ gLnfhiyNa MFk;”
rKjha epiy Nghd;w gof;f vd;whh;.
tof;fq;fis rPh;jpUj;j  uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uhapd;
Ntz;ba fl;lhaj;jpw;F MjuTld; fth;dh; n[duy;
Mshfpwhh;fs; gbj;j fy;tpawpT tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuG> rjp
ngw;w ,e;jpah;fs; kw;Wk; xopg;Gr; rl;lj;ij 1829y;
Mq;fpNyah;fs;. nfhz;L te;jhh;.
 rjp gof;fk; rl;l
2. r%f rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;
(Social Reforms): tpNuhjkhf;fg;gl;lJ. rjpf;F

 Mq;fpNyahpd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; cjTgth;fs;> J}z;Lgth;fs;

,e;jpa rKjhaj;jpy; gy Fw;wthspfs; vd

rPhj
; pUj;jq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.

rKjhak; tsh;r;rpaile;jJ.  19 k; E}w;whz;by; Vw;gl;l

Kf;fpakhd r%f rPhj ; pUj;jk;
 rKjha tsh;r;rpf;F
rjpia (cld;fl;il VWjy;)
Kl;Lf;fl;ilahf ,Ue;j gy xopj;jNjahFk;. ,J ,e;J
jilfs; ePf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;jpa rKjhaj;jpy; nra;ag;gl;l
kpfg;nghpa rPhj
; pUj;jkhFk;.
ngz;fspd; tho;tpy; Kd;Ndw;wk;
 ,t;thW rjp ,e;jpahtpy;
Vw;gl;lJ.
rl;lg+h;tkhf xopf;fg;gl;lJ.

3
 

1. ngz;rpRf;nfhiy xopg;G Marriage Act) nfhz;L

(Abolition of Female Infanticide): tug;gl;lJ.
 ngz; Foe;ijfis  mjd;gb gyjhu kzk;> rpWth;
nghUshjhur; Rikfshf fUjp jpUkzk; rl;l tpNuhjkhdit
nfhy;Yk; gof;fk; tq;fhsk; vd mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk;
kw;Wk; ,uh[ Gj;jpug;gFjpfspy; 1891y; ghh;rp rPhj
; pUj;jthjp B.M.
epytpte;jJ. ,e;j nfhba kyghhp vd;gthpd; Kaw;rpahy;
gof;fj;ij xopf;f 1795> 1804 taJ xg;Gjy; rl;lk; (Age of
kw;Wk; 1820 fspy; rl;lq;fs; Consent Act) nfhz;L
nfhz;L tug;gl;ld. tug;gl;lJ.
2. mbikKiw xopg;G (Abolision of  ,J 12 tajpw;F fPo; ngz;fspd;
Slavery): jpUkzj;ij jil nra;jJ.
 ,e;jpahtpy; kf;fspd; xU uha;rhfpg; `h;gpyhg; rhujh (Rai
gphptpdiu mbikfshf Saheb Harbilas Sarda)
elj;Jk; gof;fk; vd;gthpd; Kaw;rpahy; 1930 y;
ePz;lfhykhfNt eilngw;W rhujh rl;lk; nfhz;L
te;jJ. tug;gl;lJ. ,J Mz;fspd;
 ,J 1843 y; nfhz;L tug;gl;l jpUkz taJ -18 ngz;fspd;
rl;lj;jpd; %yk; xopf;fg;gl;lJ. jpUkz taJ 14- vd;W
,J jtpu eugyp nfhLf;Fk; eph;zak; nra;jJ.
gof;fk; xhprhtpy; gy ,lq;fspy;  Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpy; Foe;ij
fhzg;gl;lJ. jpUkz jil jpUj;jr;rl;lk;
 ,J 1847 - 54 y; `hh;bQ;r; (Child Marriage Restraint
gpuGthy; xopf;fg;gl;lJ. Amendment Act) 1978
Mz;fspd; jpUkz taij 18
3. gyjhu kzk;> rpWth;
ypUe;J 21 MfTk;>
jpUkzj;jpw;F jil
ngz;fSf;F 15 ypUe;J 18
 Nfrt re;jpu nrd; vd;gthpd;
MfTk; cah;j;jpAs;sJ.
Kaw;rpahy; 1872 y; RNjrpfs;
jpUkzr;rl;lk; (The Native

4
 

4. tpjitfs; kWkzk;  ,Nj Nghy; kjuh]; khfhzj;jpy;

(Widow Remarriage): ge;JY vd;gth; tpNtfth;jpdp
 fy;fj;jh rk];fpUj fy;Y}hpapd; (Viveka Vardini) vd;Dk;
Kjy;tuhd gz;bj <];tu gj;jphpf;if Muk;gpj;J
re;jpu tpj;jpahrhfh; vd;gthpd; ngz;fy;tpf;fhf gy gs;spfis
Kaw;rpahy; 1856y; ly;n`srp njhlq;fpdhh;.
gpuG tpjitfs;  ePjpgjp kfhNjt Nfhtpe;j
kWkzr;rl;lj;ij (Wodow uhdNl vd;gth; gk;ghapy;
Remarriage Act) ,aw;wp \hujhrhjd; (Sharda Sadan)
tpjitfs; kWkzj;ij vd;w tpjitfSf;fhd
rl;lg;g+h;tkhf;fpdhh;. gs;spia Muk;gpj;jhh;.
 Nguhrphpah; D.K fhh;Nt (D.K.  ngz; tpLjiyapd; kpfg; nghpa
Karve) vd;gth; jhNd xU rPhj
; pUj;jthjpahd D.K. fhh;t;
tpjitia jpUkzk; nra;J GNdapy; ngz;gs;spfisAk;
tpjitfSf;fhf jk; tho;it tpjitfSf;fhd kWtho;T
mh;g;gzpj;Js;shh;. 1916y; ikaq;fisAk; Muk;gpj;jhh;.
,tUila Kaw;rpahy; gk;ghapy; 1916 y; gk;ghapy; KjyhtJ
ngz;fs; gy;fiyf;fofk; ,e;jpa ngz;fs;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. gy;fiyf;fofj;ij Muk;gpj;jhh;.

5. ngz;fy;tp kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wk;  jf;fhzj;ij Nrh;e;j fq;fhgha;

vd;w ngz;kdp fy;fj;jhtpy;
(Education fo Women and
jq;fp> ngz; fy;tpia
Developemtnt)
gug;Gtjw;F 1893y; kfhfhsp
 J.E.D ngj;J}Nd vd;gtuhy;
ghj\hyh vd;w epWtdj;ij
1849y; fy;fj;jhtpy;
Muk;gpj;jhh;. kjuh];
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l ngj;J}Nd gs;sp
khfhzj;jpd; gl;lg;gbg;G ngw;w
ngz;fy;tpf;fhd Kf;fpa
KjyhtJ ,e;J tpjitahd
Kaw;rpahFk;.
Rg;Gyl;Rkp tpjitfSf;fhf
 gz;bj <];tu re;jpu tpj;ahrhfh;
kWtho;T ikaq;fisAk; ngz;
tq;fhsj;jpy; 35 ngz;fs;
ghlrhiyfs;> gapw;rp
gs;spfis Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.
ikaq;fisAk; Muk;gpj;jhh;.

5
 

 ngz;fs; tpLjiyf;fhf ePjpgjp tpsq;fpaJ. 1941y; Nuh\pdp

uhdNlapd; kidtp uhkhgha; vd;w ,jioAk; Muk;gpj;jJ.
vd;gtuhy; ngz; fy;tpiag;  nghJ tho;tpy; Rje;jpug;
gug;g Mhpa kfps rkh[; vd;w Nghuhl;lj;jpy; mjpfstpy;
mikg;G Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ngz;fs; fye;J nfhz;ldh;.
 NkYk; 1910y; rush Njtp 1917y; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd;
vd;gtuhy; myfhghj;jpy; KjyhtJ ngz; jiytuhf
ngz;fspd; eyid ghJfhf;f
md;dp ngrd;l;
‘ghuj; ];jphp kfhkz;lyk;”
(Bharat Stree Mahamandal) Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;.
vd;w mikg;G Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.  1925y; rNuh[pdpehAL ,e;jpa

,e;jpa ngz;fs; rq;fk; (Women Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; jiytuhfTk;

gpwF xd;Wgl;l
Indian Association - WIA)
 ngz;fy;tpiag; gug;g 1915y; lhujp khfhzj;jpd;(United Provinces)
fth;duhfTk; (1947 -49)
[pduh[jhrh (Dorothy
tpsq;fpdhh;.
Jinarajadasa) vd;w Ihp\;
ngz;tpLjiyr; rl;lq;fs;
ngz;kzpapdhy; Muk;gpf;fg;
o 1829 - rjp xopg;Gr; rl;lk;
gl;lJ.
o 1856 - tpjitfs; kWkzr;
 ngz;fspd; chpikfis
rl;lk;
ghJfhf;f ];jphpjh;kh vd;w
o 1872 - gyjhu kzk;>
,jioAk; elj;jpaJ.
Foe;ijj;jpUkzj;jil
 1925 y; ngz;fs; Njrpa fTd;rpy;
o 1937 - ngz;fs; nrhj;Jhpik
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
rl;lk;
midj;jpe;jpa ngz;fs; $l;likg;G o 1955 - ,e;J jpUkz rl;lk; -
(All India Women’s Conference) o gyjhu kzk; jil - 1956 -
 Kjy; khehL khh;ful;frpd; ,e;J thhpRhpikr; rl;lk; -

(Margaret Cousin) vd;gtuJ ngz;fs; nrhj;Jhpik.

Kaw;rpahy; 1927y; g+Ndapy; o 1961 - tujl;riz jLg;G

$l;lg;gl;lJ. rl;lk;.

 1940y; ,JNt ngz;fspd; o 1986 - tpgr;rhu jilr; rl;lk;.

gpujhd mikg;ghf ,e;jpahtpy;

6
 

6. jPz;lhikf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lk;: kdpjFyj;jpw;F ve;j kjk;> rhjp

 fhe;jpabfs; jPz;lhikf;F kw;Wk; flTs; ,y;iy”
vjpuhf 1932y; mfpy ,e;jpa vd;gjhFk;.
`hp[d; rq;fj;ijAk;> `hp[d;  Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpy;
gj;jphpf;ifiaAk; elj;jpdhh;. jPzl
; hikia jz;ilf;Fhpa
Fw;wkhf;f 1955 y; rl;lk; (The
 kfhuh\;buhtpy; N[hjpghg+Ny
Untouchability offences Act)
vd;gth; rj;a Nrhjf; rkh[k;
vd;w mikg;ig Vw;gLj;jp nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. 1976 y;
Fbik chpikfs; ghJfhg;G
jPzl
; hikf;F vjpuhf
Nghuhl;lj;ij elj;jpdhh;. N.R rl;lk; (Protection of Civil Rights

mk;Ngj;fhUk; jPz;lhikf;F Act 1955) vd ngah;

vjpuhf mfpy ,e;jpa khw;wg;gl;lJ

jho;jj
; g;gl;Nlhh; $l;likg;ig
rka fyhr;rhu rPh;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fs;
(All India Scheduled Castes
(Socio - cultural Reform
Federation) Vw;gLj;jpdh;.
Movements):
 njd;dpe;jpahtpy; 1920 fspy; 7. ,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha; kw;Wk; gpuk;k
<.nt.uh nghpahh; Rakhpahij rkh[k;:
,af;fj;ij Muk;gpj;J  ,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha; ,e;jpa
jPzl
; hikf;F vjpuhf kWkyh;rr
; papd; je;ij vd
mUk;ghLgl;lhh;. ,NjNghy; miof;fg;gLfpd;whh;.
Nfushtpy; = ehuhaz FU tq;fhsj;jpy; uhjhefh; vd;w
vd;gtUk; = ehuhaz FU jh;k fpuhkj;jpy; 1772 y; Nk 22y; xU
ghpghyd Nahfk; vd;Dk; gpuhkz FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;. gy
mikg;ig Vw;gLj;jp nkhopfspy; Njh;r;rp ngw;whh;
jPzl
; hikf;F vjpuhf 1811y; jdJ %j;j rNfhjudpd;
Nghuhl;lq;fis elj;jpdhh;. kidtp cld;fl;il Vwp capiu
,tUila $w;W ‘kdpj kha;j;j fhl;rpiaf;fz;L
Fyj;jpw;F xNu kjk;> xNu rhjp fyq;fpdhh;. mf;nfhba
kw;Wk; xNu flTs; MFk;. gof;fj;ij xopf;f KbT nra;jhh;.
,tUila rPlh; rfhjud; 1815y; Mj;kpa rigia mth;
ma;ag;gdpd; $w;W ‘
7
 

epWtpdhh;. gpd;dh; gpuk;k NghJ uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha;

rigahf khwp ,e;j rigia cWJizaha; epd;whh;.
mth; epWtpdhh;. gpd;dh; 1828 y;  rjp rl;lj;jpd; %yk;
,e;j rigNa gpuk;k rkh[khf xopf;fg;gl;lJ.
tsh;r;rp ngw;wJ. ,e;j mikg;gpd;  ngz;rpRf; nfhiy> Foe;ij
%yk; ‘flTs; xUtNu” vd;W jpUkzj;ij vjph;j;jhh;.
uhk; Nkhfd;uha; gpur;rhuk; ngz;fy;tp> tpjitfs;
nra;jhh;. cgepljq;fs;> tptpypak;> kWkzj;ij Mjhpj;jhh;.
Fh;Md; Nghd;w rka E}y;fspd;  cUttopghL rka tpjpfs;>
fUj;Jf;fis xd;wpizj;J rlq;Ffs; Mfpatw;iw
gy;NtW rkaj;jpdhpilNa fz;bj;jhh;. gpuk;k rkh[k;
xw;WikNaw;gLj;j mth; rhjpKiw> jPzl
; hik> rjp> cUt
Kaw;rpj;jhh;. kfhp\p topghL Mfpatw;iw fz;bj;jJ.
NjNte;jpuehj;jh$h;  uh[huhk;Nkhfd; muhgpf;>
(,utPej
; puehj;jh$hpd; je;ij) ngh;rpad;> rk];fpUjk;> Mq;fpyk;>
,th;jhd; gpuk;k rkh[k; vd;W tq;fhsp Nghd;w nkhopfspy;
,r;rigf;F ngah; khw;wk; Gyik ngw;wpUe;jhh;. 1803y;
nra;jhh;. ,e;jpahtpd; jiyrpwe;j (Tunfat -ul-mauaj hindin - Gift to
r%f mikg;ghf gpuk;k monotheists) vd;w E}iy
rkh[j;ij uhk; Nkhfd; vOjpdhh;.
cUthf;fpdhh;. 1817y;  1821y; rk;thj; nfsKfp (Samvat
rkag;gug;ghsuhd Nltpl; N`h;
Kaumudhi or the moon of
vd;gtUld; ,ize;J
intelligence ) vd;w tq;fhs
fy;fj;jhtpy; ,e;J fy;Y}hpia
nkhopg;gj;jphpf;ifia
(jw;Nghija fy;fj;jh
Muk;gpj;jhh;. xU Mz;L fopj;J
khepyf;fy;Y}hp) epWtpdhh;.
1822y; ghurPf nkhopapy; kPul; -
ngz;fSf;fhd gs;spfisAk;
cy; - mf;gh; (Miral - ul - Akbar or
epWtpdhh;.
the mirror of intelligence) vd;w
 1829y; tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuG
thu ,jopd; Mrphpauhf
rjp Kiwia xopf;f Kd; te;j
jpfo;ej
; hh;. gy;NtW rkaq;fis
gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis njhFj;J

8
 

ManaZarutul Ad yaw vd;w E}iy rkh[j;jpd; fUj;Jf;fis

vOjpdhh;. gug;gpaJ. 1858y; Nfrt re;jpu
 Gjpa ,e;jpahit Njhw;Wtpj;jth; nrd; vd;gth; gpuk;k rkh[j;jpy;
vd;W utPe;jpuehj; jh$uhy; Nrh;ej
; hh;.
Gfog;gl;l uh[huhk; Nkhfd; uha;  rpwe;j Ngr;rhsh;. kf;fspd;
,q;fpyhe;jpy; gphp];ly; efuj;jpy; kdij fth;ej
; pOf;Fk; Nghjfh;.
1833 nrg;lk;gh; 27y; caph; ePj;jhh;. ,th; rKjha kw;Wk; Md;kpf
 uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha;f;F Nltpl; fUj;Jf;fis ,isQh;fsplk;
N`h;> mnyf;rhe;jh; l‡g;> gug;g rq;fj
P ; rgh (Sanget Sabha)
NjNte;jpuehj; jh$h; P.K. vd;w mikg;ig njhlq;fpdhh;.
jh$h;> re;jpuNrfh; nlg; kw;Wk; Mdhy; ,tuJ Kw;Nghf;F
jhuhre;j; rf;uth;j;jp MfpNahh; rpe;jidfis gyh;
cjtpaha; ,Ue;jdh;. tpUk;gtpy;iy.
 14 taJ $l epuk;ghj jdJ
uhk; NkhfDf;F gpwF gpuk;k rkh[k;:
kfSf;F rpWtaJ murUf;F
 ,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uhapd;
jpUkzk; nra;J itj;jjhy;
,wg;gpw;F gpwF gpuk;k rkh[k;
gpuk;k rkh[j;jpy; gpsT Vw;gl;lJ.
NjNte;jpuehj;jh$h; fhyj;jpy;
Kw;Nghf;F rpe;jidfshy;
Gj;Japh; ngw;wJ.
NjNte;jpuehj; jh$Uf;Fk; Nfrt
 1839 jj;JtNghjpdp rigiaAk;
re;jpu nrd; kw;Wk; mtuJ
jj;Jt Nghjpdp gj;hpfh
rPlh;fs; ,ize;J ,e;jpa gpuk;k
(Tattuvabodhini Patrika) vd;Dk;
rkh[j;ij Vw;gLj;jpdhh;fs;.
gj;jphpf;ifAk; Muk;gpj;J jdpj;J
 NjNte;jpuehj; jh$hpd; gpuk;k
nray;gl;L nfhz;bUe;j
rkh[k; mjp gpuk;k rkh[k;
NjNte;jpuehj; jh$h; 1842y;
vd;wiof;fg;gl;lJ.
gpuk;k rkh[j;jpy; ,ize;jhh;.
 Nfrt re;jpu nrd; jdJ
gpuk;k jh;kh vd;w ,e;J kjf;
rpWtaJ kfSf;F jpUkzk;
Nfhl;ghLfs; mlq;fpa E}iy
nra;J itj;jjhy;
vOjpdhh;.
mjph;r;rpaile;j mtuJ rPlh;fs;
 1861y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l Indian
1878 y; rjhud; gpuk;k rkh[k;
Mirror vd;w gj;jphpf;if gpuk;k
(Sadharan Brahmo Samaj) vd;w

9
 

kw;nwhU Gjpa mikg;ig flTs;fisAk;> cUt

Vw;gLj;jpdhh;fs;. topghl;ilAk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;L
 Nfrt re;jpu nrd;dpd; Md;kpf r%f rPhj
; ;jpUj;jq;fspy;
topfhl;Ljyhy; kjuh]py; Ntj ftdk; nrYj;jpaJ. ,jd;
rkh[Kk;> kfhuh\;buj;jpy; Nehf;fq;fs;
gpuhh;j;jid rkh[Kk; 1. rhjpKiw vjph;g;G
Njhd;wpaJ. kjuh]py; 1864 y; 2. ngz;fy;tp
Ntj rkh[k; =juY ehAL 3. tpjitfs; kWkzk;>
vd;gthpd; jiyikapy; fyg;Gj;jpUkzk;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ. Nfrt re;jpu 4. Mz;>ngz; jpUkz taij
nrd;dpd; Kaw;rpahy; 1872 -y; cah;j;Jjy; MfpatdthFk;.
xU rl;lk; nfhz;L tug;gl;L> ,e;j ,af;fj;jpd; jiyth;fspy;
gyjhukzKk; Foe;ij xUtuhfTk;> topfhl;bahfTk;
jpUkzKk; xopf;fg;gl;ld. tpsq;fpa Xa;T ngw;w ePjpgjpahd M.G.
uhdNl (kfhNjt Nfhtpe;j uhdNl)
8. gpuhh;j;jd rkh[k;
1884y; jf;fhz fy;tpf;fofj;ij
(Prarthana Samaj):
(Deccan Education Society)
 tq;fhsj;jpy; Njhd;wpa gpuk;k
Muk;gpj;jhh;. ‘vt;thW flTsplkpUe;J
rkh[j;ijg; Nghy;
md;ig gphpf;f KbahNjh” mNj Nghy;
kfhuh\;buj;jpy; 1867y; lhf;lh;
kjj;jpypUe;J r%f rPhj
; pUj;jj;ij
Mj;kuhk; ghz;Luq; vd;gtuhy;
gphpf;f KbahJ vd;W uhdNl $wpdhh;.
gpuhh;j;jid rkh[k;
,t;thW gpuk;k rkh[Kk;> gpuhh;j;jid
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J gpuk;k
rkh[Kk; Nkiy ehl;L gFj;jwpT
rkh[j;jpypUe;J
thjj;jpdhy; J}z;lg;gl;l
cjakhdjhFk;.
,e;jpah;fspd; nraypy;
 1870 y; ePjpgjp vk;.[p.
cUthditfs; MFk;.
uhdNl>R.G gz;lhh;f;fh;>N.G
re;jhth;fh; MfpNahh; ,jpy; 9. Mhpa rkh[k; (Arya Samaj)
Nrh;eJ
; ,e;j ,af;fj;jpw;F  ,e;J rkaj;jpd; khh;bd; Y}jh;
NkYk; typik Nrh;j;jdh;. vd;W miof;fg;gLk; jahde;j
 ,J gpuk;k rkh[j;ij Nghy; ru];tjp (1824 -83) 1824 y;
my;yhJ ,e;J fj;jpathh; gFjpapy; F[uhj;jpy;
10
 

gpwe;jhh;. ,tuJ ,aw;ngah; Mhpa rkh[paj;jpd; gzpfs;:

%y;rq;fh;.  Foe;ijj; jpUkzk;> gyjhu
 1875 y; gk;ghapy; Mhpa kzk;> gh;jh mzpAk; Kiw>
rkh[j;ij jahde;j ru];tjp rhjpKiw> cld; fl;il VWjy;
Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. Mfpatw;iw vjph;jj
; J.
 gpwF Mhpa rkh[j;jpd;  ngz;fy;tp> jho;jj
; g;gl;l
jiyikaplk; yh$hpy; kf;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wk;
mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,th; Mfpatw;iw typAWj;jpaJ.
kJuhtpypUe;j tPuh[ ee;jh vd;w  fyg;G jpUkzk;> rkge;jp
fz;njhpahj Mrphpahplk; Ngh[dk;> tpjitfs; kWkzk;
Ntjhe;jj;ij fw;Wj;Njh;e;jhh;. Mfpatw;iw Cf;F tpj;jJ.
 rpwe;j mwpQh;> ehl;Lg;gw;W  fy;tp tsh;r;rpf;fhf Kjd;
kpf;fth;> r%f rPhj
; pUj;jthjp> Kjypy; 1886y; jahde;j
kWkyh;rr
; pahsuhd jahde;j Mq;fpNyh Ntj gs;sp (D.A.V -
ru];tjp> Ntjq;fs; jhk; Dayanand Anglo Vedic) yh$hpy;
cz;ikahd mwpTf;F mbg;gil epWtg;gl;lJ.
vd;whh;.  Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjpapd;
 Ntjfhyj;jpw;Fj; jpUk;Gq;fs; nfhs;iffs; ntw;wp ngw
(Back to the Vedas) vd;gJ fhuzkhf ,Ue;jth;fshd
mtuJ Kof;fkhFk;. Mhpa yhyh `d;]; uh[;> gz;bj
rkh[k; xU mfpy ,e;jpa FUjj;jh> yhyh y[gjpuha;>
,f;fkhFk;. ghyh fq;fhju jpyfh;> Nfhghy
 gpw rkaq;fSf;F kjk; fpU\;z NfhfNy cs;spl;l
khwpath;fis kPz;Lk; ,e;J E}w;Wf;fzf;fhdth;fs; ,e;jpa
mikg;Gf;Fs; nfhz;L tUk; tpLjiy ,af;fj;jpy;
Nehf;fj;Jld; mth; ‘Rj;jp” gq;Nfw;wdh; vd;gJ
(Shuddi) ,af;fj;ij Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
njhlq;fpdhh;.
10. n`d;wp tptpad; nlNuhrpah
 mtuJ fUj;Jf;fis
(,sk; tq;fhs ,af;fk;)
cs;slf;fpa ‘rj;ahh;j;j gpufh\;”
 ,sk; tq;fhs ,af;fj;ij
vd;Dk; E}iyAk; vOjpdhh;.
epWtpath; n`d;wp tptpad;
11
 

nlNuhrpNah Mthh;. 1809 y; (Rama Krishna Math &

fy;fj;jhtpy; gpwe;j mth; Ramakrishna Mission)
fy;fj;jh ,e;Jf; fy;Y}hpapy; mbg;gilahf mike;jJ.
Mrphpauhf gzpGhpe;jhh;. 1833y; ,uhkfpU\;z klj;ij
fhyuh Neha; fz;L ,sk; Vw;gLj;jpath; guk`k;rh;
tajpNy ,we;jhh;. Mthh;.
 mtuJ rPlh;fs; nlNuhrpad;fs;  Ntjq;fisAk; guk`k;rhpd;
vd;Wk; mtuJ ,af;fk; ,sk; nfhs;iffisAk; gug;GtNj
tq;fhs ,af;fk; vd;Wk; mjd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
miof;fg;gl;lJ.  = uhk fpU\;z guk`k;rhpd;
 goikahd fz;%bj;jdkhd Kf;fpa Gfo;ngw;w rPluhd
gof;f tof;fq;fis ,th; eNue;jpuehj; jj;jh (1862 -1902)
fLikahf rhbdhh;. 1886y; Jwtwk; g+z;lhh;.
 cUt topghL> [hjpKiw> %l  gpwF tpNtfhde;jh; vd;w
ek;gpf;iffs; Mfpatw;wpw;F ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;lh;. 1893
vjpuhf gy;NtW mikg;Gfis nrg;lk;ghpy; rpfhNfh
Vw;gLj;jpAk;> tpthjq;fs; (mnkhpf;fh)tpy; eilngw;w
elj;jpAk; rPhj
; pUj;jj;jpy; cyf rkaq;fspd; khehl;by;
<Lgl;ldh;. fye;J nfhz;l Rthkp
tpNtfhde;jh;> ciuapd;
11. ,uhk fpU\;z ,af;fk; (The
Muk;gj;jpy; ‘vdJ md;ghd
RamaKrishna Movement)
rNfhju rNfhjhpfNs” (My
 ,uhkfpU\;z guk`k;rh; (1834
dear Brother and Sisters) vd;W
-86)> fy;fj;jhtpy;
gue;j kdg;ghd;ikAld; cyif
jf;rpNd];thpypUe;j fhsp
Fwpg;gpl;L Ngrpa mth; ,e;jpah
Nfhtpypd; xU Vio kj Nghjfh;
kw;Wk; ,e;J rkaj;jpd; Gfio
Mthh;.
cyfwpar; nra;jhh;. 1897y;
 `_f;sp ejpf;fiuapYs;s 1834
fy;fj;jhtpy; `Tuhtpw;F
y; fkh;Gf;Fh; vd;w Chpy;
mUfpYs;s NgY}h; vd;w
gpwe;jhh;. ,tUila
,lj;jpy; ,uhkfpU\;z
nfhs;iffNs ,uhk fpU\;z
klk; kw;Wk; ,af;fj;jpw;F
12
 

,af;fj;ij ,d;Wk; nray;gLk; nra;tJk; mth;fsJ Kf;fpa

tpNtfhde;jh; Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;. Nehf;fq;fshFk;.
 ,J ,d;Wk; nray;gLk; xU  mth;fs; ,e;jpah te;J kjuh]py;
r%f Nrit kw;Wk; milahWg; gFjpapy; 1882 y;
mwf;nfhil mikg;ghFk;. 1897 jiyikaplj;ij
f;F gpwF ,uhk fpU\;z klk; Vw;gLj;jpdhh;fs;. My;fhl;bd;
kw;Wk; ,af;fj;jpd; kiwtpw;Fg; gpwF md;dp
jiyikaplkhf NgY}h; ngrz;l; (1847 -1933) mk;ikahh;
tpsq;fpaJ. ,e;jpah te;J gpuk;k Qhd
 1902 y; ,Wjpahf tpNtfhde;jh; rigapd; jiyikg; nghWg;ig
,aw;if va;jpdhh;. kdpjDf;F Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhh;.
nra;Ak; Nrit ,iwtDf;F  ,th; kjd; Nkhfd;
nra;Ak; Nritf;F xg;ghFk; khstpahTld; ,ize;J kj;jpa
vd;W guk`k;rh; $Wthh;. ,e;Jg; gs;spia epWtpdhh;. gpwF
 mijNa tpNtfhde;jUk; ek;gp 1898 y; kj;jpa ,e;J fy;Y}hpia
cWjp nfhz;L nrayhw;wpdhh;. (Central Hindu College)
,J xU mfpy ,e;jpa ngdhurpy; epWtpdhh;.
,af;fkhFk;.  ,JNt 1916y; ngdhu]; ,e;J
gy;fiyf;fofkhf khw
12. jpNahrhgpfy; nrhirl;b
mbj;jskhf mike;jJ. ,tuJ
(gpuk;k Qhd rig)
nra;jpj;jhs; epa+ ,e;jpah gpuk;k
 1875 Mk; mz;L u\;ahitr;
Qhd nfhs;iffis gug;gpaJ
Nrh;ej
; gpshtl;]f
; p mk;ikahh;
md;dpngrz;l; mk;ikahh; ngz;
kw;Wk; mnkhpf;f fh;dy; n`d;wp
fy;tpf;fhf mUk;ghLgl;lhh;.
];By; My;fhl; vd;w ,UtuhYk;>
 ,tUila gjtpf; fhyj;jpy;
epa+ahh;;f;fpy; (mnkhpf;fh) gpuk;k
gpuk;k Qhdrig mghptpj
Qhd rig epWtg;gl;lJ.
tsh;r;rpaile;jJ. ,e;jpa
 ,d> epw> rkag;ghFghLfs;
tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpYk;
,d;wp cyf rNfhjuj;Jtj;ij
jPtpukhf fye;J nfhz;lhh;. ,J
Vw;gLj;JtJk;> gz;ila rkak;
xU mfpy ,e;jpa ,af;fkhFk;.
kw;Wk; jj;Jtq;fisAk; Ma;T

13
 

13. mypfhh; ,af;fk; Mq;fpNyaUf;F tpRthrkhf

(Aligarh Movement): ,Ue;jhh;.
 1817 Mk; Mz;L Kfkjpa  ,tUila fUj;Jf;fis
FLk;gj;jpy; by;ypapy; iraJ jdJ ,jo; (Tahdhip -ul -
mfkJ fhd; ,e;jpa Akhlaq) - jhjpg; - cy; - mf;yf;
murhq;fj;jpy; ePjpgjpahf %yk; gug;gpdhh;. 1864 y;
(1878-98) gzpahw;wp Xa;T fhrpg;g+hpy; etPd fy;tpaspf;f
ngw;w gpd; (1876) ,d;bhpay; gs;spxd;iw epWtpdhh;.
kj;jpa rl;lkd;w fTd;rpy; mypfhh; ,af;fj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;:
1878 y; cWg;gpduhdhh;. 1888y;  etPd fy;tpia Kfkjpah;fsplk;
iel;Tl; gl;lj;ij jdJ gug;Gjy;
Nritf;fhf ngw;whh;.  gh;jh Kiwf;F vjph;gG
; > gyjhu
 mypfhh; ,af;fj;ij kzj;jpw;F vjph;gG
;
K];yk
P ;fs; r%f kw;Wk; fy;tp  ngz;fy;tp tpjitfs; kWkzk;>
Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;. ngz; tpthfuj;J Mfpatw;wpw;F
1866y; Kfkjpa fy;tpf; MjuT.
fofj;ij Muk;gpj;jhh;.  mbik Kiw xopg;G.
K];yk
P ;fSf;F Mq;fpyf;fy;tp  ,U ehL nfhs;if (Two Nation
Gfl;Ltjw;fhf 1875y;
Theory) mypfhh; fy;Y}hpapd;
mypfhhpy; Mq;fpNyh
Kjy; Kjy;tuhd jpNahlh; ngf;
xhpaz;ly; fy;Y}hp (Anglo
vd;gth; Institute Gazette vd;w
Oriental College) xd;iw ,jio Muk;gpj;J ,];yhkpa
mikj;jhh;. ,JNt mypfhh; rka czh;Tfis J}z;bdhh;.
gy;fiyf;fofkhf khwpaJ.
 1893 y; Kfkjpa Mq;fpNyh
Mq;fpy nkhopapYs;s rpwe;j
Xhpaz;ly; ,e;jpa ghJfhg;G
E}y;fis cUJ nkhopapy;
fofk; (Mahammadam Anglo -
khw;wk; nra;a xU tpQ;Qhd
Oriental Defence Association of
fofk; (Scientific Society)
India) xd;iw Muk;gpj;jhh;.
mikj;jhh;.
 ,t;thW mypfhh; ,af;fNk
 iraJ mfkJ fhd; rpg;gha;
,e;jpahtpy; K];yPk; kpjthjk;
fyfj;jpd; NghJ
tsu Kf;fpa fhuzkhdJ
14
 

,e;jpa fhq;fpuRf;F vjpuhf vd;Dkplj;jpy; KfkJ fhrpk;

elj;J Njrg; gphptpidf;F ehNdhjtp (Mohammad Qasim
tpj;jpl;lJ mypfhh; ,af;fNk Nanotavi)(1832 -80) kw;Wk; u\pj;
MFk;. mfkJ fq;Nfhfp (1828 -1905)
14. Kfkjpah; ,yf;fpa fofk; (Rashid Ahmed Gangohi)
(Muhammadan Litteracy Society): MfpNahuhy; jpNahghz;l;
 1863 k; Mz;L nfhy;fj;jhtpy; ,af;fk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
Kfkjpah; ,yf;fpa fofk; vd;w mjd; Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;.
mikg;ig ethg; mg;Jy; yj;jPg; 1. Fh; Md; kw;Wk; `hb]; ,y;
Muk;gpj;jhh;. cs;sthW ,];yhkpa
 ,];yhkpNahpilNa fy;tpiag; Nghjidfis
gug;Gtjpy; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;wpaJ. K];yk
P ;fspilNa gug;GtJ.
tq;fhsj;jpy; gy gs;spfis 2. md;dpa Ml;rpahsh;fSf;F
njhlq;fpaJ vjpuhf [pfhj; vd;w chpikg;

15. jpNahghz;l; gphpT Nghuhl;lj;ij njhlh;tJ.

(The Deoband School):

KfkJ cy; `hrd; vd;w Gjpa
 jpNahghz;l; ,af;fk;
jpNahghz;l; ,af;fj;jiyth;
Kfkjpah;fspilNa
,g;gphptpd; rkaf;fUj;Jf;fspy;
tpopg;Gzh;it Vw;gLj;jp
murpay; kw;Wk; mwpthh;ej
;
Kd;Ndw;w cUthd xU
rpe;jidfis GFj;jpdhh;. ,];yhkpd;
,af;fkhFk;.
jhuhskhd tpsf;fq;fs;
 1866y; xd;Wgl;l
,t;tpaf;fj;jpdhpilNa xU murpay;
khfhzj;jpYs;s (United
tpopg;Gzh;it Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
Provincess) rfhud;g+h;
khtl;lj;jpYs;s jpNahghz;l;
K];yPk; r%f rka rPh;j;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fs;

,af;fk; Mz;L ,lk; jiyth;

buha;]p ,af;fk; 1804 ‡ghpj;G+h; tq;fk; `[p iraj;Jy;yh kw;Wk;

Jjpkpahd;
jA+dp ,af;fk; 1839 rRf;fh fukjp myp [dg;G+h;

15
 

jpNahgz;l; 1867 jpNahgz;l; KfkJ Firk; ehdhjtp kw;Wk;

,af;fk; u];jpf; mfkJ fhq;Nfhap
mypfhh; ,af;fk; 1875 mypfhh; rh; iraJ mfkJ fhd;

mf;kjpah ,af;fk; 1889 - 90 ghpj;fhl; gph;\h Fyhk; mfkJ Mg; Fthjp

el;tl;ly; cNykh 1894 - 95 yf;Ndh kYdh rpbyp EDkzp

m`;uh; ,af;fk; 1910 gQ;rhg; Hp\h `hd; kw;Wk; myp

rNfhjhuh;fs;
nts;is cil mzpe;J> Gyhy;
16. rPf;fpa rPh;jpUj;j ,af;fk; cz;gij jtph;j;jdh;.
 rpq; rig (The Singh Sabha)  1892y; mkph;jrurpy; fhy;rh
1873 y; mkph;j ru]py; fy;Y}hp epWtg;gLtjw;F ,e;j
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jd; rpq; rghf;fs; cWJizahf
Nehf;fq;fs; ,Ue;jd. FUKfp kw;Wk; gQ;rhgp
1. etPd Nkw;fj;jpa ,yf;fpaj;ij rpq; rghf;fs;
fy;tpKiwia rPf;fpah;fsplk; Nghw;wp tsh;j;jd. rPff
; pa
gug;Gjy;. FUj;thuhf;fspypUe;J
2. fpwp];jt kjkhw;W Coy;kpf;f kfe;j;fis
eltbf;if kw;Wk; ,e;J (g+rhhpfis) ePfF
; tjw;F 1920y;
Mjpf;f ntwpf;F gjpyb mfhypfs; xU ,af;fj;ij
nfhLj;jy; NkYk;. Njhw;Wtpj;jdh;.
 ghgh jahs; jh]; vd;gth;  rpNuhd;kzp FUj;thuh gpuge;j
epuq;fhhp ,af;fj;ij (Nirankari fkpl;bAk;> mfhypjs fl;rpAk;

Movement) ,af;fj;ij FUj;Jthuhf;fis rPff

; pa ,dg;

Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;. flTis gpujpepjpfsplk; xg;gilf;f

cUtkw;wtuhf topgl Ntz;Lk; Nehf;fk; nfhz;ld.

vd;W mth; $wpdhh;. ghgh uhk;  1925 k; Mz;L xU rl;lk;

rpq; vd;gth; ehk;jhhp (Namdhari ,aw;wg;gl;L mr;rl;lk;

FUj;Jthuhf;fis eph;tfpf;Fk;
Movement) ,af;fj;ij
nghWg;ig rpNuhd;kzp
epWtpdh;. ,tuJ rPlh;fs;
FUj;Jthuh gpuge;j fkpl;baplk;
xg;gilj;jJ.
16
 

rPf; ,af;fj;jpy; jiyth;fs; : vd;Nw midtUk; mioj;jdh;.

 epuq;fhp ,af;fk; - ghG jahy; jh]; [hjpKiw kw;Wk; jPzl
; hikf;F
 ek;jhp ,af;fk; - ghgh uhk; rpq; vjpuhf mth; gpur;rhuk;
 =kdp FUj;th; gpuge;jf;; rkpjp - Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.
Njrpa thj rPf;fpah;fs;  mtuJ Nghjidfs;
 jp rpq; rgh - jh$h; rpq; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ma;ah top vd;W
rjthzp n`a;dp n`hd; rpq; ngah; ngw;wJ.
 19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpapy;
ghh;rp rPh;jpUj;j ,af;fk;:
ma;ahtop xU jdpg;gl;l
 u`;Dkha; k[;jah];dd; rig
rkakhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
vd;w ghh;rp kjr;rhP ;jpUj;j
mtuJ kiwtpw;F gpd; ,aw;wpa
$l;likg;G (Religious Reform
rka E}y;fshd mfpyj;jpul;L
Association) 1851y; eTNuh[p
mk;khid> mUs; E}y; kw;Wk;
gh;JQ;rp> jhjhgha;
mtuJ Nghjidfis
nesNuh[p>S.S. ngq;fhyp kw;Wk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ma;ah
K.R. fhkh vd;gth;fshy; top rkak; gutpaJ.
gk;ghapy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.  gy ,lq;fspy; ‘epoy; jq;fy;”
 gph;JQ;rpapd; ‘[fj; kpj;uh” (Jagat vd;w topghl;L jyq;fs;
Mithra) vd;w khj ,jOk;> fl;lg;gl;ld.
jhjhgha; nesNuh[papd; uh];l;
18. ,uhkypq;f mbfs;:
fhg;lh; (Rast Goftar) (m) cz;ik
 1823 mf;Nlhgh; 5 y;
$Wgth; (Truth Teller) vd;w
rpjk;guj;jpw;F mUfpYs;s
gj;jphpf;ifAk; elj;jg;gl;ld.
uhka;ah gps;is> rpd;dk;ikahh;
17. = itFz;l Rthkpfs;
jk;gjpf;F filrp kfdhfg;
(Sri VaikundaSwamigal):
gpwe;jhh;. Md;kf
P tho;tpy;
 1809 Mk; Mz;L jkpo;ehL>
Mo;e;j <LghL nfhz;bUe;j
fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lj;jpYs;s
mth; 1858y; tlY}Uf;F
rhkpj; Njhg;G vd;w Chpy; =
mUfpy; fUq;Fop vd;w
itFz;l Rthkpfs; gpwe;jhh;.
,lj;jpw;F nrd;W mq;F jk;
 mtuJ ,aw;ngah; Kb#Lk;
,Ug;gplj;ij mikj;Jf;
ngUkhs; vd;whYk; Kj;Jf;Fl;b
nfhz;lhh;.

17
 

 mtuJ nja;tPf Mw;wy; tpjpf;fg;gl;bUe;j jilia vjph;jJ

;
gjpNdhuhtJ tajpNy 1924y; elj;jg;gl;l ,e;jg;
ntspg;gl;lJ. Nghuhl;lj;jpy; nghpahh; fye;J
 rhjpNgjkw;w rKjhaj;ij nfhz;lhh;.
cUthf;Fk; Nehf;fj;NjhL jkJ  t.Nt.R Iahpd; Nrud;khNjtp
fUj;Jf;fis gug;Gtjw;fhf FUFyj;jpd; tUzhrpuk
1865 y; rkur Rj;j rd;khh;f;f eltbf;ifia vjph;j;jdh;. 1920
rq;fj;ij epWtpdhh;. mth; Kjy; 1925 tiu nghpahh;
jpUtUl;gh> kDKiw fz;l fhq;fpurpy; ,Ue;J nfhz;Nl
thrfk; kw;Wk; [PtfhUz;ak; tFg;G thhp gpujpepjpj;Jt
Nghd;w E}y;fis nfhs;ifia fhq;fpu]; Vw;f
,aw;wpAs;shh;. Ntz;Lnkd typAWj;jpdhh;.
 1840y; tlY}Uf;F %d;W iky; 1925y; Rakhpahij ,af;fj;ij
njhiytpypUe;j Nkl;Lf;Fg;gk; Muk;gpj;J rlq;Ffs; ,y;yhj gy
vd;w ,lj;Jf;F nrd;W mq;F jpUkzq;fis nghpahNu
1872 y; rj;jpa Qhd rigia Kd;dpd;W elj;jp itj;jhh;.
fl;lj; njhlq;fpdhh;. flTis mj;jifa jpUkzk; Rakhpahij
N[hjp (xsp) tbtkhf jpUkzk; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.
topglyhk; vd;W kf;fSf;F  FbauR> Gul;rp> tpLjiy Nghd;w
$wpdhh;. jkpo; VLfis njhlq;fp mtw;wpd;
19. Rakhpahij ,af;fk; %yk; jdJ fUj;Jf;fis nghpahh;
(Self - respect Movement): gug;gp te;jhh;. nghpahhpd;
 <.nt.uh nghpahh; xU rpwe;j r%f mUk;gzpia ghuhl;b <Nuhl;by;
rPhj
; pUj;jthjpahthh;. 1921 eilngw;w jkpo;ehL ngz;fs;
fs;Sf;fil kwpaypd; NghJ jd; khehl;by; 1938Mk; Mz;L
nrhe;jg; Njhg;gpNy 1000 njd;id <.nt.uh tpw;F ‘nghpahh;” vd;w
kuq;fis ntl;b tPo;j;jpdhh;. gl;lk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
 Nfushtpy;> itf;fk; vd;w  17.06.1970 Mk;Mz;L I.ehtpd;
,lj;jpy; Myaj;Jf;F And];Nfh epWtdk; je;ij
mUfpypUe;j rhiyapy; nghpahiu ‘njw;F Mrpahtpd;
jPzl
; j;jfhjth;fs; ele;J nry;y rhf;ub];” vd Gfohuk; #l;baJ.

18
 

t. ,af;fq;fs; / ,lk; / Nehf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; nray;ghLfs;

vz; jiyth;fs; Mz;L
1. rj;a Nrhjf;rkh[k; kfhuh\;buk; - cz;ikj; NjLNthh; r%fk; (Truth
(Satya Shodak 1873 Seeker’s Society) vd;wiof;fg;gl;l
Samaj)kw;Wk; N[hjpgh ,e;j ,af;fk; Nky; [hjp kw;Wk;
g+Ny gpuhkzh;fSf;F vjpuhf NghuhbaJ.
i) r%f Nrit ii) ngz;fs; kw;Wk;
jho;j;jg;gl;lth;fspilNa fy;tpia
gug;Gjy;
iii) tpjitfs; kWkzk; Mfpait
,jd; Nehf;fq;fshFk;.

2. ,e;jpa r%f kfhuh\;buk; ,e;jpa ehl;bw;F Nrit Ghpa

gzpahsh;fs; rq;fk; 1905 gzpahsh;fis cUthf;f
(The servants of India Ntz;Lnkd;gJ Nehf;fkhFk;.
Society) kw;Wk; Nfhghy NfhfNyapd; ,wg;gpw;F gpwF 1915 y;
fpU\;z NfhfNy =epthr rh];jphp jiytuhf
nghWg;Ngw;whh;.
3. guk`k;r kz;lyk; kfhuh\;buk; i) xNu flTs; nfhs;if
1849 ii) tpjitfs; kWkzk; kw;Wk;
ngz;fy;tpf;F MjuT
4. <];tu re;jpu tpj;ah fy;fj;jh 1850y; rk];fpUj fy;Y}hp Kjy;th;.
rhfh; (Ishwar Chandra fy;fj;jhtpy; nkl;Nuh ghypld;
Vidya Sagar) epWtdj;ij epWtpdhh;. ngz;fs;
fy;tpf;fhf gy gs;spfis epWtpdhh;.
,tuJ Kaw;rpahy; 1856 y; tpjitfs;
kWkzr;rl;lj;ij ly;n`srp gpuG
nfhz;Lte;jhh;. ,tuJ fy;tp
Kaw;rpf;fhf tpj;ahrhfh; vd;w gl;lk;
toq;fg;gl;lJ. Foe;ij jpUkzk;>

19
 

gyjhu kzj;ij vjph;j;jhh;.

5. ghy; rh];jphp [k;Ngf;fh; gk;gha; gpuhkz Mjpf;fj;jpw;F vjph;g;G
(Bal Shstri Jambekar) njhptpf;f xU ,af;fj;ij elj;jpdhh;.
,e;J kjj;ij rPh;jpUj;j Kad;whh;.
1832y; jh;gd; vd;w
thug;gj;jphpf;ifia Muk;gpj;jhh;.
6. r%f Nrit yPf; (Socail gk;gha; kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj;juk; cau
Service Leasue) kw;Wk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. gs;spfs;>
ehuhaz ky;`h; N[h\p E}yfq;fs; Nghd;witfs;
(N.M Joshi) elj;jg;gl;ld. 1920 y; N[hjp mfpy
,e;jpa thzpg a+dpad; fhq;fpui]
(All India Trade Union Congress)
Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.
7. Nrth rjd; (Seva 1885 rKjhaj;jhy; Ruz;lg;gl;l kw;Wk;
Sadan) kw;Wk; B.M iftplg;gl;l ngz;fis ghJfhf;Fk;
kyghhp (Behramji M. mikg;ghFk;. midj;J kf;fSf;Fk;

Malabari) cztspj;jy;> ngz;fSf;F fy;tp>

kUj;Jt kw;Wk; ey;tho;it Vw;gLj;jp
jUjy; ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
8. Njtrkh[k; (Deva Samaj yh$h; 1887 yQ;rk; ngWjy;> Nghijg; nghUl;fs;
kw;Wk; rpt ehuhazd; gad;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; mirt czT
mf;dp Nfhj;hp)(Shiv Mfpatw;wpw;F jil tpjpj;jy; ,jd;
Narain Agnihotri) nray;ghLfshFk;. ,e;j mikg;gpd;
fUj;Jf;fs; Njt rh];jpuk; (Deva
Shashtra) vd;w E}ypy;
njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
9. jh;k rig (Dharma 1830 rjp vd;Dk; cld;fl;ilg; gof;fj;ij
Sabha) kw;Wk; uhjhfz;l; Mjhpj;j FWfpa Nehf;fKila
nlg; (Radhakant Deb) vjph;rhhp (Conservative) ,af;fkhFk;.
Mdhy; Nkw;fj;jpa fy;tpKiwia
(ngz;fSf;Fk;) Mjhpj;J toq;fpaJ.

20
 

10. ghuj; jh;k k`h kz;lyk; thudhrp Mhpa rkh[k;> gpuk;k Qhd rig>
(Bharat Dharma 1902 ,uhkfpU\;z ,af;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf
Mahamandala) kw;Wk; Njhd;wpa ,af;fkhFk;.
FWfpa ,e;Jj;jj;Jtj;ij fhg;gNj Kf;fpa
kdg;ghd;ikAs;s Nehf;fkhFk;.
fy;tpfw;w ,e;Jf;fs;
(gz;bj kjd; Nkhfd;
khstpah)
11. uhjh Rthkp ,af;fk; Mf;uh 1861 i) midj;J kjq;fSk; cz;ik
(Radhaswami vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.
Movement) kw;Wk; ii) xNu flTs; nfhs;if Mfpait
Jsrpuhk; (m) rpt jahs; ,jd; Nehf;fq;fshFk;.
rhfpg; (Tulsi Ram (or)
Shiv Dayal Saheb)
12. = ehuhazFU jh;k Nfush 1902 gpukhzh;fSf;Fk; Nky; [hjpf;Fk;
ghpghyd ,af;fk; (Sri vjpuhd jho;j;jg;gl;lth;fspd;
Narayana Guru Dharma ,af;fkhFk;.
Paripalana Movement Nehf;fq;fs;:
(SNDP)) i)muRg;gs;spfspy; jho;jj
; g;
gl;lth;fSf;F mDkjp
ii) murpay; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
iii) rhiyfs; kw;Wk; Nfhtpy;fspy;
mDkjp MfpatdthFk;.
13. muhtpg;Guk; ,af;fk; Nfush 1888 muhtpg;Guj;jpy; gpuhkzh;fspd;
(Aravippuram flTshf fUjg;gl;l rptdpd;
Movement)kw;Wk; = rpiyia = ehuhazFU mikj;J>
ehuhaz FU flTs; midtUf;Fk; nghJthdth;
vd;whh;.
14. Nfhtpy; EioT ,af;fk; Nfush 1924 1924y; K.P. Nfrtd; jiyikapy;
(Temple Entry itf;fk; rj;jpahfpufk; elj;jg;gl;lJ.

21
 

Movement) kw;Wk; = mjhtJ Nfhtpy;fs; kw;Wk;

ehuhaz FU> rhiyfspy; nry;y
jho;j;jg;gl;lth;fSf;Fk; mDkjp
Ntz;b elj;jg;gl;lJ. = ehuhaz
FU>N. Fkhud; Mrd;>T.K khjtd;
MfpNahh; Nfhtpy; EioT ,af;fj;jpy;
fye;J nfhz;L elj;jpdh;.
15. nthf;fypfh;rq;fk; ik#h; 1905 gpuhkzh;f
; ;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lk;
(Vokkaliga Sanga)
16. ePjpf;fl;rp ,af;fk; kjuh]; 1887 i)1917y; kjuh]; khfhz $l;likg;G
(Justice movement) C.N. Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
Kjypahh;>T.N. ehah; P. ii) gpuhkzh; my;yhjth;fSf;F Ntiy
jpahfuh[ nrl;bahh; tha;gG
; k;> rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh; ,l
xJf;fPL Ntz;bAk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
17. ,e;jpa r%f khehL kjuh]; 1887 i) ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; r%f
(Indian Social rPhj
; pUj;j mikg;G (Social reform Cell)
Conference) kw;Wk; M.G. vd;wiof;fg;gl;lJ.
uhdNl> uFehj uht; ii) Foe;ij jpUkzk;> gyjhu
kzj;jpw;F vjpuhd cWjp Nghuhl;k.;
iii)fyg;G jpUkzj;jpw;F MjuT
18. thfhgp ,af;fk; (Wahabi 18 k; i) Kfkjpa rPhj
; ;jpUj;j ,af;fk;
/ Walliullah Movement) E}w;whz;L ii) ,e;jpahit Kfkjpa epykhf
kw;Wk; iraJ mfkJ khw;wNtz;Lk; vd;gJ ,jd; Nehf;fk;.
NugNuy;tp> \h iii) Kjypy; rPff
; pah;fSf;F vjpuhfTk;>
thypAy;yh \h mg;Jy; gpwF 1849y;; gphpl;b\hh; gQ;rhig
Mrp]; ,izj;jjhy; gphpl;b\hUf;F
vjpuhfTk; elj;jg;gl;lJ.
19. jpj;J kph; ,af;fk; (Titi tq;fhsk; ,e;J epyr;Rthd;jhh;fSf;Fk;>
Mir’s Movement) kw;Wk; 1820 gphpl;b\; mThp (Indigo)
kph; epjhh; myp (Mir>Nithar gaphpl;lhsh;fSf;Fk; vjpuhf K];yk
P ;

22
 

Ali)(jpj;J kph;) tptrhapfis xd;wpizj;J

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
20. giurp ,af;fk; (Faraizi fpof;F ,e;J epyr;Rthd;jhh;fSf;F vjpuhf
Movement) kw;Wk; `[p tq;fhsk; Kfkjpah;fshy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
\hpaj; my;yh (Haji 1820 Kfkjpahpfsplk; epytpa Gjpa

Shariat Allah) INuhg;gpa tof;fKiwfis xopg;gJ

,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;. 1840 fspy; \hpaj;
my;yhtpd; kfd; JJ kpahd; (Dudu
Mian) fhyj;jpy; ,J Gul;rpfu
gaq;futhj nray;fspy; <Lgl;L
te;jJ.
21. mfkjpah ,af;fk; tq;fhsk; ,J xU K];yk
P ; rPhj
; pUj;j
(Ahmadiya Movement) 1889 ,af;fkhFk;.
kw;Wk; kph;rh Fyhk; Nehf;fq;fs;:
mfkJ (Mirza Ghulam i) cyfshtpa kdpj jd;ik
Ahmed) (University religion All humanity)
ii) [pfhj; - Gdpjg; Nghiu vjph;j;jy;.
22. Nfhghy;`hp Nj\;Kf; - gk;gha; midj;J kf;fspd; r%f> kj
Nyhfhfpj;jthjp (Gopal rkj;Jtj;jpw;fhf Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.
Hari Deshmukh ,tuJ $w;W: ‘kjq;fs; r%f
Lohahitawadi) rPhj
; ;jpUj;jj;ij
toq;ftpy;iynad;why; kjq;fis
khw;Wq;fs;” vd;gjhFk;.
 Muk;gj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy
20. r%f> rka fyhr;rhu rPh;j;jpUj;j
,lq;fspy; Vw;gl;l
,af;fq;fshy; ,e;jpa rKjhaj;jpy;
ngUk;khw;wq;fs; ehsiltpy;
Vw;gl;l jhf;fq;fs; kw;Wk;
midj;Jg;gphpT kf;fspilNa
tpisTfs;:
gutpd.
 rPhj
; ;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fs;
 rPhj
; ;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fs; ,e;J>
r%fj;jpYk;> rKjhaj;jpYk; gy
K];yk
P ; rkaq;fis
khWjy;fisf; nfhz;L te;jd.
cWjpAilajhf Mf;fpaJld;

23
 

mth;fspilNa epytpa r%ff;  ghtr; nrayhf fUjg;gl;l

nfhLikfis ePf;f Kaw;rpj;jd. may;ehl;L gazj;ij kf;fs;
 fw;w ,e;jpah;fs; gFj;jwpTld; Vw;wdh;.
rpe;jpf;f jiyg;gl;ldh;.  gy Jiwfspy; ,e;jpah Kd;Ndw
 rPhj
; ;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fs; cWJizahf tpsq;fpa
fle;jfhy Gfopid kPz;Lk; Mrphpah;fs;> kUj;Jth;fs;>
GJg;gpf;f cjtpd. tof;fwpQh;fs;> tpQ;Qhdpfs;
 NkYk; ,e;jpahit kw;Wk; gj;jphpf;ifahsh;fs;
etPdg;gLj;jTk; cjtpd. mlq;fpa eLj;ju kf;fs; Njhd;w
 tl;lhu nkhopfspd; ,yf;fpa ,t;tpaf;fq;fs; fhuzkhf
tsh;r;rpf;Fk; ,it ,l;Lr; mike;jd.
nrd;wd.  rPhj
; ;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fs; xw;Wik
 rhjpKiwf;fl;Lg;ghL jsuj; czh;it cUthf;fp ,e;jpa
njhlq;fpaJ. Njrpak; tsuTk;> ,e;jpa
 ngz; tpLjiyapy; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rhjid Njitahd jiyth;fis
Vw;gl;lJ. cUthf;fTk; fhuzkhf
,Ue;jd.

[hjp ,af;fq;fs; kw;Wk; mikg;G

,af;fk; Mz;L ,lk; jiyth;

rj;a Nrhjf; rkh[; 1893 k`huh];buh N[hjp ghGNy
mutpg;Guk; ,af;fk; 1888 mutpg;Guk; Nfush = ehuhaz F&
= ehuhaz ghpgyd Nahf 1902 - 03 Nfush = ehuhaz FU
,af;fk; lhf;lh; gy;G kw;Wk;
Fkud; mrd;
jho;e;j tFg;G gzp 1906 Kk;ig V.R. rpe;jp
rKjhak;
gF[d; rkh[; 1910 rhujh> KFd;juhNt gNly;
k`huh];buh
ePjpf;fl;rp ,af;fk; 1915 16 kjuh];> jkpo;ehL C.N. Kjypahh;> T.M.
ehah; kw;Wk; P.
jpahfuha nrl;b>

24
 

B.R. mk;Ngj;fh;

jho;e;j th;f;f ey epWtdk; 1924 Kk;ig B.R. mk;Ngj;fh;

Rakhpahij ,af;fk; 1925 kjuh]; jkpo;ehL E.V. uhkrhkp ehah;>
nghpahh;
`hp[d; Nrthf; rq;fk; 1932 G+Nd kfhj;kh fhe;jp

jpuhtpl Kd;Ndw;w fofk; 1944 fhd;[t

P uk; eluh[d;
mz;zhJiu kw;Wk;
uhkrhkp ehaf;fh;

r%f rPh;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fs; kw;Wk; mikg;Gfs;

,af;fk; / mikg;G Mz;L ,lk; jiyth; (epWtdh;)
Rthkp ehuhazd; 1800 F[uhj; Rthkp rh[;ej
; ;
rk;uNj
Mj;kpa rgh 1815 -28 fy;fj;jh uh[uhk; Nkhfd;uha;
thyhb ,af;fk; 1820 Nuh`py;fz;l; \h typAy;yh
gpuk;k rkh[; 1828 fy;fj;jh uh[uhk; Nkhfd; uha;>
re;jpuh nrd;> NjNge;jpu
ehj; jh$h;
,isa ngq;fy; 1826 - 32 fy;fj;jh utpf; fpU\;zh khypf;
njufz;l; rf;ughujp
jh;k rgh 1830 fy;fj;jh uhjh fz;l Njth
ek;jhhp ,af;fk; 1841 - 71 igdp gha; ghyh rpq; kw;Wk; uhk;
(Y}jpahdh) rpq;
khtl;lk;
(gQ;rhg;)
u`;Dkha; kj;ahrdk; 1851 Kk;ig SS.ngq;fhsp> nesNuhyp>
rgh gd;Nlh[p> JB er;rh
kw;Wk;
uhjh rkha; rj;ahrhfpg; 1861 Mf;uh Jy;rp uhk; (rpt jahy;
rhfpg;)
gpuhj;jd rkh[; 1867 Kk;ig lhf;lh;. Mj;kuhk;
ghz;Luq;
,e;jpa rPh;jpUj;j rq;fk; 1870 fy;fj;jh Nfrg; re;jpu nrd;
Mhpa rkh[; 1875 epA+ahh;f; klNd n\ydh
gyth\;fp> N`hNyndy;
n`d;wp
nlf;fhd; fy;tp 1884 G+Nd kfhNjt; Nfhtpe;j
rKjhak; uhdNl> Nfhghy; fNz\;>
25
 

mfh;fh; kw;Wk; thkd;

\pt;uhk;
Nrtrjhd; 1885 Kk;ig ngf;uhk;[p M. kyghhp
uhkfpU\;zh kp\d; 1894 ngY}h; Rthkp tpNtfhde;jh
,e;jpa Njrpa r%f 1887 Kk;ig kfhNjt; Nfhtpe;j
khehL uhdNl> ufehj; uht;
Njt rkh[; 1887 yh$h; rpt ehuhaz mf;dp
Nfhj;hp
nkl;uh]; `pe;J rq;fk; 1892 nkl;uh]; tPNurypq;fk; ge;jY
,e;jpa njhopyhsh;fs; 1905 Kk;ig Nfhghy fpU\;z
rq;fk; NfhfNy
ghuj; jh;kh k`hkd;ly; 1902 thuzhrp kjd;Nkhfd;> khstpah>
kw;Wk; gz;bl; jPd; jahy;
rh;kh
G+dh Nrt rjhd; 1909 G+Nd G.K. Njtjhh; kw;Wk; uk;gp
uhdNl (kfNjt; Nfhtpe;j;
uhdNltpd; kidtp)
ep\;fhk fh;kkj; 1910 G+Nd njhz;L Nfrt; fh;t;
ghuj; ];l;hP kz;ly; 1910 myfhghj; rhush Njtp nrsjhzp
r%f Nrit yPf; 1911 Kk;ig ehuhazd; ky;fh;
N[h];rp
Nrt rkpjp 1914 myfhghj; gz;bj; `hpjahdj;
Fd;];U
,e;jpa ngz;fs; rq;fk; 1917 nkl;uh]; md;dpngrd;l;
Fe;jha; ,af;fk; 1929 NWEP fhd; mg;Jy; fhgh;fhd;

etPd ,e;jpahtpd; r%fr; rl;lq;fs;

tUlk; r%f rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;

1795 ngz;fs; xOq;FKiwahy; rpj;jutij nra;ag;gLtij xopj;jy;
1802 nty;ny];yp gpuGtpd; xOq;FKiwia xopj;jy;
1829 rjpia xopj;jy; (tpy;ypak; ngz;bq;)
1831 - 37 tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; kw;Wk; tpy;ypak; rPykdpd; ,af;fj;jpd; %yk;
jf;fh;fis xopj;jy;.
1832 vnyd;ghNuhtpd; mbikj;jdj;ij xopj;jy;
1856 <];th; re;jpu tpj;ahtpd; Kaw;rpfshy; `pe;J tpjitapd;
kWkyh;rr
; papd; %yk; tpjit kWkzk; xg;Gjy;

26
 

1872 Foe;ij jpUkzj;ij jil nra;jy;> gyjhu kzk; kw;Wk;

jpUkz cwtpd; xg;Gjy; kw;Wk; nrhe;j jpUkzr; rl;lj;jpd;
%yk; tpjiy kWkzk; nra;jy;.
1811 fofj;jpd; xopg;G> ngq;fy; murpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo;
eph;tfpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

ngz;fs; ,af;fq;fs;

r%f ,af;fq;fs; / tUlk; ,lk; jiyth; Fwpf;Nfhs;

mikg;Gfs;
r%f Nrit yPf; 1911 Kk;ig ehuhazd; kf;fSf;F ey;y
ky;fh; N[h]p tho;fi
; f kw;Wk;
Ntiy fpilg;gJ

,e;jpa Njrpa r%f 1887 Kk;ig vk;.[p. uhdNl ,e;jpa Njrpa

khehL uFehj; uht; fhq;fpu]pd; r%f
rPhj
; pUj;j nry;
cWjpahd
,af;fj;Jld;
,ize;jpUe;jJ.
rj;egp nrf;l; gpyy;G+h; FU`hrp jh]; kdpjdpd; rkj;Jtk;
xU cz;ikahd
ek;gpf;if
Njt rkh[; 1887 yh$h; rpt ehuhazd; FUtpd;
mf;dp Nfhj;hp Nkyhjpf;fk;> rpwe;j
r%f elj;ij
rq;fj; rgh 1859 fy;fj;jh Nfrt; re;jpu ,d;iwa ehspd;
nrd; r%f kw;Wk; Md;kf P
gpur;rpidfisg;
gw;wp tpthjpf;f
Ntz;Lk;
gpuk;k rkh[; 1866 fy;fj;jh ,e;jpahtpd; r%f
kw;Wk; xOf;f
rPhj
; pUj;jq;fs;
,e;jpa rPh;jpUj;j 1870 fy;fj;jh Foe;ij
rq;fk; jpUkzj;jpw;F
vjpuhd nghJ
fUj;ij
cUthf;fTk;

27
 

ngz;fspd; r%f
epiyia
Nkk;gLj;jTk;
Nghuhl Ntz;Lk;.
nlf;fhd; fy;tp 1884 GNd vk;.[p. uhdNl> r%f rPhj
; pUj;jk;
rKjhak; G.G. mfh;fh; kw;Wk; fy;tp
V.G. rpg;Nghe;jh; tphpthf;fk;
nkl;uh]; `pe;J 1892 nrd;id tPNurypq;fk; r%f J}a;ik
rq;;fk; ge;jY ,af;fk; kw;Wk;
Njtjhrp
mikg;GfSf;F
vjph;g;G

28
 

tpLjiy ngw;wjpypUe;J ,e;jpah

 1947 - k; Mz;L ,e;jpah gpujk mikr;rh; eph;thfj;

tpLjiy mile;j gpwF ,e;jpaj; jiytuhfTk; nray;gLfpd;wdh;.
jiyth;fs; Mw;w Ntz;bapUe;j 2. RNjr muRfis xUq;fpizj;jy;:
mtrug; gzpfs; ,uz;L.  tpLjiyapd; NghJ ,e;jpahtpy;
 ,e;jpahTf;nfd xU 11 gphpl;b\; khfhzq;fSk;
murpayikg;ig cUthf;FtJ. Vwj;jho 552 RNjr muRfSk;
 ,e;jpa xd;wpaj;jpd; RNjr ,Ue;jd.
muRfis xUq;fpizg;gJ.  gphpl;b\hh; ,e;jpahit tpl;L
ntspNawpa gpwF ,e;jpa
1. ,e;jpahtpd; murpay; mikg;G: muRfs; Rje;jpukhf ,Uf;fyhk;
 1946- k; Mz;L brk;gh; 9-y; vd;W epidj;jd.
murpayikg;Gf; FO jdJ  rh;jhh; ty;ygha; gl;Nly; 1947
gzpapidj; njhlq;fpaJ. Mf];l; 15- k; Njjpf;F Kd;Ng
 murpayikg;Gf; FOtpd; ,e;jpa RNjr muRfis ,e;jpa
jiytuhf lhf;lh; xd;wpaj;jpy; ,izAk;gb
uhN[e;jpugpurhj; nra;jhh;.
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;.  [_dhfj;> [k;K - fh\;khP >;
 lhf;lh;.gp.Mh;. mk;Ngj;fhh; i`juhghj; Mfpa %d;W RNjr
murpayikg;G tiuTf; FOtpd; muRfs; kl;Lk; Nru kWj;jd.
jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.  [_dhfj; kf;fsplk;
 1949 etk;gh; 26 - k; ehs; ,e;jpa fUj;Jf;fzpg;G elj;jp
murpayikg;G eilKiwf;F ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
te;jJ. mJ Kjy; ,e;j jpdk;  [k;K - fh\;kPh; 1947 mf;Nlhgh;
nfhz;lhlg;gl;L tUfpwJ. 26-k; ehs; uh[h `hprpq;
 [dhjpgjp ehl;bd; ,izg;GWjp gj;jpuj;jpy;
murpayikg;Gj; jiytuhfTk;> ifnaOj;jpl;ljpw;F ,zq;f

1
 

fh\;kPh; ,e;jpahtpd; (jkpo;ehL)jkpo; Ngrk; khepykhf

xUq;fpize;j gFjpahapw;W. Vw;fg;gl;lJ.
 Ijuhghj; Ml;rpahsh; ep[hk;  ,j;jUzj;jpy;> jpUj;jdpia
,e;jpa xd;wpaj;Jld; ,iza nrd;id khepyj;Jld; jf;f
kWj;jikahy; 1948 y; ,e;jpa itg;gjw;fhf kh.ngh. rptQhdk;
Jug;Gf;fis mDg;gp jiyikNaw;W elj;jpa ,af;fk;
,izf;fg;gl;lJ. jkpof tuyhw;wpy; epidtpy;
nfhs;sj;jf;fjhFk;.
3. nkhopthhp khepyq;fs;
 1953-y; gpujkh; [t`h;yhy; NeU
rPuikf;fg;gLjy;:
ePjpgjp gry; myp jiyikapyhd
 1948 -y; nkhopthhp khepyq;fs;
khepyq;fs; rPuikg;G FOit
mikf;fg;gLtjw;fhd rhj;jpaf;
epakpj;jhh;.
$Wfis Ma;T nra;tjw;fhf
 ,f;FOtpy; gz;bl; `pUjaehj;
v];.Nf.jhh; jiyikapyhd
Fd;];U> rh;jhh;> Nf.vk;.gzpf;fh;
KjyhtJ nkhopthhp Mizak;
MfpNahh; cWg;gpdh;fshf
murpayikg;Gf; FOthy;
,Ue;jdh;.
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,f;FO
 1955-y; ,f;FO jdJ
rhj;jpaf; $Wfs; ,y;iy vd
mwpf;ifia mspj;jJ. mjd;
$wpaJ.
mbg;gilapy; 1956 -y;
 fhq;fpu]; fl;rp> [t`h;yhy;
ehlhSkd;wk; khepyq;fs;
NeU> ty;ygha; gl;Nly;> gl;lhgp
rPuikg;G rl;lj;ij
rPjhuhikah MfpNahh; mlq;fpa
epiwNtw;wpaJ.
N[.tp.gp FOit mikj;jJ.
 16 khepyq;fspy; 6 a+dpad;
,e;jf; FOTk; nkhopthhp
gpuNjrq;fSk; ,r;rl;lj;jpy;
khepyq;fs; mikf;fg;gLtij
,lk; ngw;wd.
Mjhpf;ftpy;iy.
 nkhopthhp khepyq;fs; mikf;ff; 4. ,e;jpa murpay; (1947 - 2000):
Nfhhp eilngw;w  ,e;jpahtpd; KjyhtJ
Nghuhl;lq;fisj; njhlh;e;J gpujkuhd [t`h;yhy; ‘etPd
1953 -k; mz;L Me;jpuh jdp ,e;jpahtpd; rpw;gp” vd;W
khepykhf cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. fUjg;gLfpwhh;.
mNj rkak; nrd;id khepyKk;

2
 

 1964 -y; NeU kiwTf;Fg; gpwF  1984-y; ,e;jpuh fhe;jpapd;

,e;jpahtpd; gpujkuhf gLnfhiyf;Fk; gpwF mtuJ
yhy;gfJ}h; rh];jphp gjtpf;F Gjy;th; uh[Ptf
; he;jp gpujkuhdhh;.
te;jhh;.  uh[Pt;fhe;jp Gjpa fy;tpf;
 1965-k; Mz;L ,e;jpah - nfhs;ifia
ghfp];jhd; ,ilNa Nghh; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.
%z;lJ. 1996 [dthpapy; nra;J  ,yq;iff;F mikjpg; gilia
nfhz;l ‘jh\;fz;l; mDg;gp itj;jhh;.
xg;ge;jj;jpd; gb” KbTf;F  1991 Nk 21-k; ehs; = ngUk;
nfhz;L te;jhh;. GJ}hpy; eilngw;w Njh;jy;
 1966-y; gpujkuhf nghWg;Ngw;w gpur;rhuf; $l;lj;jpy; gq;Nfw;f
,e;jpuhfhe;jp 1975-y; ehL te;j mth; ,yq;if jkpo;
KOtJk; mtruepiy gpufldk; jPtputhjpfshy; kdpj
nfhz;Lte;jhh;. ntbFz;Lf;F gypahdhh;.
 ,tuJ Ml;rpapy; 1983 y; gQ;rhg;>  1989 Kjy; 1990 tiu tp.gp.rpq;
mkph;jru]; nghw;NfhtpYf;Fs; gpujkuhf ,Ue;jhh;. [djhjsk;
ePy el;rj;jpu (operation Blue vd;w fhq;fpu]; vjph;gG
; f;
Star) eltbf;ifia ,e;jpa $l;lzp muRf;F mth; jiyik
,uhZtj;ijf; nfhz;L tfpj;jhh;.
vLj;jhh;.  ,th; jdJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;
 ,r;nray; fhuzkhf gpw;gLj;jg;gl;Nlhh;f;F ,l
JUjp\;ltrkhf mtuJ xJf;fPL mspf;f tif nra;Ak;
ghJfhtyh;fshy; ,e;jpuhfhe;jp kz;ly;FO mwpf;ifia
1984-y; Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. eilKiwg;gLj;j KbT nra;jhh;.
 1977 -1980 tiu eilngw;w  1990y; fhq;fpu]; MjuTld;
[djh fl;rpapd; Ml;rpapd; NghJ re;jpu Nrfh; gpujkuhf
,e;jpahtpd; gpujkuhf nkhuhh;[p gjtpNaw;whh;.
Njrha; gjtpNaw;whh;.  1991 -[_d; khjj;jpy;
 tpLjiyf;Fg; gpwF gjtp tfpj;j gp.tp.eurpk;kuht; gpujkuhf
KjyhtJ fhq;fpu]; my;yhj gjtpNaw;whh;.
muR ,JNtahFk;.

3
 

 Gjpa nghUshjhu nfhs;ifia 6. Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lq;fSk;

mth; jPtpukhf nray;gLj;j Kd;DhpikfSk;:
KbT nra;jhh;. Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lq;fs; Kd;Dhpikfs;
 epjp mikr;ruhf ,Ue;j  1-tJIe;jhz;L jpl;lk; 1951 -
kd;Nkhfd;rpq; jiyikapy; 1956 tptrhak;> ePh;ghrdk;
,e;jpah jhuhskak;> kw;Wk; kpd;rhuj;jpl;lk;
jdpahh;kak;> cyfkak; Mfpa  2-tJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lk; 1951 -
ghijfspy; eilNghlj; 1961 njhopy;
Jtq;fpaJ.  3-tJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lk; 1961 -
 1999 -y; Njrpa [dehaff; 1966 mbg;gilj; njhopy;fs;
$l;lzp ntw;wp ngw;W mly;  4-tJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lk; 1966 -
gp`hhp th[;gha; gpujkuhf 1974 gq;fl
P L
; epjpAld; tsh;rr
; p
gjtpNaw;whh;. ,tuJ Ml;rpapy;  5-tJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lk; 1974 -
,uz;L Kf;fpa epfo;Tfs;. 1979 tWik xopg;G kw;Wk;
1. ghfp];jhDld; fhh;fpy; Nghh; - Rarhh;G
ntw;wp  6-tJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lk; 1980 -
2. nghf;uhdpy; mZ MAj 1985 tWik xopg;G
Nrhjid epfo;j;jpaJ.  7-tJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lk; 1985 -
1990 Ntiy tha;gi
; g
5. nghUshjhu tsh;rr
; p:
cUthf;Fjy;
 [t`h;yhy; NeU
 8-tJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lk; 1992 -
rkj;Jtj;ijAk;>
1997> 2000-y; KO Ntiy
[dehafj;ijAk; ,ize;j
tha;gi
; g rhjpf;Fk; Ntiyia
mth; nfhs;if ‘[dehaf
cUthf;Fjy;.
rkj;Jtk;” vd;Nw
 9-tJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lk; 1997 -
miof;fg;gl;lJ.
2002 r%f ePjpAld; tsh;rr
; p
 1950 khh;;r; 15-k; ehs; Njrpa
kw;Wk; rkj;Jtk;
jpl;lf;FO Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 10-tJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lk; 2002 -
gpujkh; NeUNt ,jd; jiytuhf
2007 tWik xopg;G kw;Wk;
nghWg;Ngw;whh;.
kf;fs; njhif tsh;rr
; piaf;
Fiwj;jy;

4
 

 11-tJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lk; 2007 - rp.Rg;gpukzpak;>

12 cs;shh;e;j tsh;rr
; p (tWik rh];jphpf;Fg;gpd; 1966 -y;
xopg;G Ntiy tha;gG
; > Mz; - gpujkuhd ,e;jpuh fhe;jp
ngz; rkj;Jtk;) Ntshz; cw;gj;jpia ngUf;f
 12 - tJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lk; 2012 - ngUk; Kaw;rp vLj;jhh;.
17 Ntfkhd>  1968 y; ,e;jpa tptrhapfs;
cs;shh;e;j> epiyg;gLj;jg;gl;l NfhJik cw;gj;jpapy; tpaj;jF
tsh;r;rp (Very Fast, Inclusive msit vl;baNghJ>
growth and sustainable mnkhpf;fhitr; Nrh;ej
; tpy;ypak;
development) fhl; vd;gth; ‘gRikg; Gul;rp”
vd;w nrhy;iy Kjd; Kjyhf
7. Mz;Lj; jpl;lq;fs;: gad;gLj;jpdhh;.
 1966 - 1969> 1978 - 1979> 1979 -  1980-k; Mz;L ,e;jpah czT
1980 Mfpa Mz;Lfspy; cw;gj;jpapy; jd;dpiwit
Mz;Lj; jpl;lq;fs; kl;LNk mile;jJ.
nray;gLj;jg;gl;ld. - gQ;rhg;> `hpahdh> Nkw;F
cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;>
8. gRikg; Gul;rp:
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;>
 1960 - k; Mz;Lfspd; kj;jpapy;
fh;ehlfj;jpd; xU gFjp
czTg; gQ;rk; Njhd;wpaJ.
kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL Mfpa
 rPdh (1962)> ghfp];jhd; (1965)
,lq;fspy; gRikg;Gul;rpapd;
,e;jpahTld; Nghh; ele;jJ.
jhf;fk; ed;F ntspg;gl;lJ.
 1965 -66k; Mz;Lfspy;
 mwptpay; njhopy;El;g Ma;Tf;
njhlh;e;J ,uz;L Mz;Lfspy;
fofj;jpd; jiytuhf NeUNt
Vw;gl;l twl;rp czT
nghWg;G tfpj;jhh;.
cw;gj;jpia ghjpj;jJ.
 khrQ;nrl;]; njhopy;El;g
 ,j;jifa gpd;dzpapy;jhd;
epWtdj;ij Kd;khjphpahf
czT cw;gj;jpapy; jd;dpiwit
nfhz;L 1952 -y; Kjy; ,e;jpa
vl;Ltjw;fhf ,e;jpahtpy;
njhopy; El;g epWtdk;
gRikg; Gul;rp njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
Nfhuf;g+hpy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
 mg;Nghija gpujkh; yhy; gfJ}h;
rh];jphp czTj;Jiw mikr;rh;

5
 

 1948 - Mf];by; mZrf;jp ,d;rhl; -IB Mfpa tpz;ntsp

Mizak; N`hkp N[.ghgh Xlq;fs; epiwNtw;wp tUfpd;wd.
vd;gth; jiyikapy;  ,];Nuh ikaq;fspNyNa kpfg;
epWtg;gl;lJ. nghpajhd
 1954 y; mZrf;jp Jiw jpUtde;jGuj;jpYs;s tpf;uk;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. rhuhgha; tpz;ntsp ikak;
 1956 -y; ,e;jpahtpy; KjyhtJ cs;ehl;bNyNa jahhpf;fg;gLk;
mZrf;jp epiyak; gk;gha;f;F tpz;ntsp VT
mUfpYs;s buhk;Ngapy; njhopy;El;gj;ijg; gw;wp
mikf;fg;gl;lJ. Kjd;ik Ma;it
 jkpo;ehl;by; fy;ghf;fj;jpYs;s Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ.
,e;jpuhfhe;jp mZ Muha;r;rp  ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp jpl;lj;jpd;
ikak;> nrd;idapYs;s cah; gFjpahd tpz;ntsp Xlj;
njhopy;El;g ikak; njhopy;El;gj;ij
vd;gdthFk;. ngq;f@hpYs;s ,];Nuh ikak;
ngw;Ws;sJ.
9. tpz;ntsp Ma;T:
 Me;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpd; fpof;F
 1962 -y; tpz;ntsp
flw;fiuapYs;s
Muha;rr
; pf;fhd ,e;jpa Njrpaf;
=`hpNfhl;lhtpy; cs;s uhnfl;
FOkk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
VTjsk; ,];Nuhtpd; Kf;fpa
 Jk;ghtpy; uhf;nfl; VTjsk;
VTjskhf tpsq;FfpwJ.
xd;W cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 jkpo;ehl;bd; J}j;Jf;Fb
 ehl;bd; Njitfis
khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s kNfe;jpufphp
epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf Kjy;
vd;w ,lj;jpy; uhf;nfl; vd;[pd;
jiyik ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp
jahhpf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ.
Xlj;ij (,d;rhl; - I) ,e;jpa
 etPd u\;ah njhopy;El;gj;jpd;gb
1982-k; Mz;L VtpaJ.
fpiuNahn[dpf; vd;[pd;
 ehl;bd; njiynjhlh;G kw;Wk;
jahhpf;Fk; Kaw;rpfs; jPtpukhf
thdpay; Nfhs; Ma;Tf;fhd
eilngw;W tUfpd;wd.
Njitfis ,d;rhl; - IA kw;Wk;

6
 

10. ,e;jpahtpd; maYwTf; nfhs;if: 11. 21-Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,e;jpah:

 ,e;jpahtpd; maYwTf;  ,e;jpah 20-tJ E}w;whz;L
nfhs;ifia tbtikj;jth; fhyj;jpy; Fwpg;ghf me;j
gz;bj [t`h;yhy; NeU Mthh;. E}w;whz;bd;; ,uz;lhtJ
 nfLgpbg; Nghh; fhyj;jpy; gFjpapy; r%fg; - nghUshjhuf;
mzpNruh ,af;fj;ij fsq;fspy; kpfTk; Fwpg;ghf
tbtikj;jth; NeU. tptrhak; kw;Wk; murpay;
 gQ;rrPyf; nfhs;if ,tuhy; fsq;fspy; gy Nkk;ghLfis
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. fz;Ls;sJ.
 ,e;Njh - rPdh> #a]; fhy;tha;>  21-tJ E}w;whz;by;
fh];Nfh Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; ,e;jpahtpd; rhjidfis
nray;gl;l I.eh. ghJfhg;G gy;NtW epiyfs; %yk;
gilf;F ,e;jpah jdJ tpsf;fyhk;.
JUg;Gf;fis mDg;gp itj;jJ.
r%f Nkk;ghL
 ,e;jpah ghfp];jhDld; 1965>
 nghJthfNt> gy;NtW jd;ikfspy;
1971> 2000 Mfpa %d;W Kiw
gy;NtW [hjpfs;> kjq;fs;>
Nghhpy; <Lgl;lJ.
nkhopfs;> fyhr;rhuq;fs; kw;Wk;
 ,e;jpa fpof;F ghfp];jhdpd; ,dq;fs; epyTfpd;w xU
tpLjiyf;F MjuT
gd;Kfr;r%fkhf ,e;jpah cs;sJ.
njhptpj;jJ. gq;fhsNj\;
cyfpd; kf;fl; njhif hPjpahf
tpLjiy mikg;ghd
rPdhtpw;F mLj;J ,uz;lhtJ
Kj;jpthfpdpAld; ,e;jpag; nghpa ehlhf ,e;jpah ,Uf;fpwJ.
gilfs; ,ize;J Nghuhbajhy; 1872 y; KjyhtJ mfpy ,e;jpa
1971 brk;ghpy; gq;fhs Nj\; kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;G
tpLjiy ngw;wJ. Kbf;fg;gl;lJ. 1887 ypUe;J
 1971 -y; gq;fsh Nj\; tpLjiy xt;nthU gj;J tUlj;jpw;F xU
ngw;wjpypUe;J ,e;jpah Kiw kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;G
mjDld; el;Gwitg; Ngzp vLf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. 1920 y;
tUfpwJ. tiu ,e;jpahtpd; kf;fs; njhif
nkJthf tsh;ej
; J.

7
 

 1911 ypUe;J 1920 tiuapyhd gj;J ke;jphpia> gpujk ke;jphpia

Mz;LfspYk; kw;Wk; 1921 ypYk; jiytuhfTk;> khepy
guTk; Neha;fs; epytpajw;fpzq;f Kjyikr;rh;fs;> kj;jpa
kf;fs; njhif rhpT ,Ue;jJ. mikr;rh;fs;> muRrhuh
Rje;jpuj;jpw;F gpwF kf;fs; njhif epWtdq;fs;> kf;fl; njhif
tsh;r;rp kpf mjpf msT epGzh;fs; kw;Wk; nghJr; Rfhjhu
,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ. 2001 -d; kf;fs; gzpahsh;fs; Nghd;Nwhiu
njhif fzf;nfLg;gpw;fpzq;f cWg;gpdh;fshfTk; ngw;Ws;s
,e;jpahtpd; kf;fs;njhif 102.7 kf;fs; njhif kPjhd xU Njrpa
Nfhbahf ,Ue;jJ. Mizak; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 Mdhy; 2011 d; kf;fs; njhif tWik xopg;G:
fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb 120 Nfhbahf  tWik vd;gJ xU ePzl
;
cah;eJ
; s;sJ. kf;fs; njhiff; Rfhjhukhd kw;Wk;
nfhs;ifia Cf;Ftpf;Fk; Mf;fg;g+h;tkhd tho;it
Nehf;fj;Jld; lhf;lh;.vk;.v];. elj;Jtjw;Fk;> epahakhd
Rthkpehjd; vd;gtiu jiytuhf tho;f;if juk;> Rje;jpuk;> khz;G>
nfhz;l xU epGzh; FOit Rakhpahij kw;Wk; kw;wtiu
,e;jpa murhq;fk; epakpj;jJ. kjpj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iw
 mf;FO 1994 -Mk; Mz;L Nk 21- mDgtpg;gjw;Fk; chpa
Mk; ehs; ghpe;Jiufis tha;gG
; fis kWj;jy; MFk;.
rkhg;;gpj;jJ. ,jd; mbg;gilapy;  tWikia xopg;gjw;fhf ,e;jpa
Njrpa kf;fs; njhif 2000 murhq;fk; gy;NtW tWik xopg;G
nfhs;ifia (National Population jpl;lq;fis
Policy) ,e;jpa murhq;fk; mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
mwptpj;jJ. ,jd; tpisthf gpujk  mitahtd:
t. vz; jpl;lk; mwpKf tUlk;
1. xUq;fpize;j Cuf tsh;rr
; pj; jpl;lk; 1978
(IRDP)
2. RaNtiy tha;gg
; pw;fhd fpuhkg;Gw 1979
,isQh;fspd; gapw;rp(TRYSEM)

8
 

3. Njrpa fpuhkg;Gw Ntiy tha;g;Gj;jpl;lk; 1980

4. fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; ngz;fs; kw;Wk; 1982
Foe;ijfspd; Nkk;ghL (DWCRA)
5. fpuhkg;Gw epykw;Nwhh; Ntiytha;gG
; 1983
cj;jputhjj;jpl;lk; (RLEGP)
6. ,e;jpuh Mth]; Nah[dh (IAY) 1985
7. [t`h; Nuh[;fhh; Nah[dh (JRY) 1989
8. gpujk ke;jphpapd; Nuh[;fh; Nah[dh (PMRY) 1993

9. kpy;ypad; fpzWfs; jpl;lk; (MWS) 1996

10. fq;fh fy;ahz; Nah[dh (GKY) 1997

tptrhaf; nfhs;ifia (National

nghUshjhu tsh;rr
; p:
Agricultural Policy) mwptpj;jJ.
 ,e;jpa nghUshjhuk;
nghJj;JiwfisAk;> jdpahh;
Njrpa tUkhdk;:
JiwfisAk; cs;slf;fpa fyg;G
 xU ehl;bd; cz;ikahd
nghUshjhukhFk;. tptrhak;
tUkhdk; vd;gJ me;j ehl;by;
nghUshjhu Nkk;ghl;bd;
cw;gj;jpahd nkhj;j nghUs;fs;
KJnfYk;ghf cs;sJ. fr;rh
kw;Wk; gzpfis Fwpf;Fk;. Njrpa
nghUl;fSldhd mjpf
tUkhdk; vd;gJ xU tUlj;jpy;
vz;zpf;ifAs;s njhopy;fis
xU ehl;by; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l
tptrhak; Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
midj;J ,Wjpahd nghUl;fs;
,e;jpahtpy; 64% ciog;G
kw;Wk; gzpfspd; gzkjpg;ghf
rf;jpf;F mJ Neub
cs;sJ. ,e;jpahtpy; xU
tho;tspf;fpwJ. vd;gJ ,e;jpa
mbg;gil tUlj;Jld; epiyahd
tptrhaj;jpd; ,ay;ghd
tpiyfspy; Njrpa tUkhdk;
jd;ikahFk;. Kjyhk; Ie;jhz;L
fzf;fplg;gLfpwJ.
jpl;lj;jpd; tpisthf
 jw;Nghija mbg;gil tUlk;
tptrhaj;jpy; gRikg;Gul;rp
2004-05 MFk;.
rhjpf;fg;gl;lJ. [_iy 2000y;
,e;jpa murhq;fk; mjd; Gjpa

9
 

njhopy;> mwptpay; kw;Wk; kw;Wk; Nkk;ghL> ,d;Dk; ,J

njhopy;El;gk;: Nghd;w gytw;wpd; %ykhf
 njhopy;fspd; Nkk;ghl;by; Nkk;ghL mile;Js;sJ.
nray;gLtjw;F xU rpwe;j gq;if jpl;lkply;:
muR ngw;wpUe;jJ vd;w fUj;J  murpay; Kiwik> murpay;
[t`h;yhy; NeUit jiytuhf kw;Wk; MSikapd; rpwg;Gfs;
nfhz;l Njrpa jpl;lf; FOtpd; njhlh;ghf gphpl;ldpd;
(1938) mwpf;ifapy; fhzg;gl;lJ. cjhuzj;ij ,;ejpah
 ,J njhopy; nfhs;ifapd; (1945) gpd;gw;wpaJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,J
mwpf;ifapy; typAWj;jg;gl;lJ. tiuapyhd nghUshjhu kw;Wk;
Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpy; njhopy; tptrha Nkk;ghL njhlh;ghf>
epfo;Tfis mikj;jjpy; rpy Kd;Dhpikj; jpl;lkply; kw;Wk;
gpujhd Jtf;fq;fs; Kiwahd mKyhf;fj;ij
gpd;tUfpd;wd. typAWj;jpa Nrhtpaj; khjphpia
1) njhopy; nfhs;if jPhk
; hdk; 1948 ,e;jpah gpd;gw;WfpwJ.
2) njhopy;fs; Nkk;ghL kw;Wk;  jpl;lkpl;l Nkk;ghl;bd; u\;a
jPhkhdr;rl;lk;. Kiwapd;Mjuthsuhf
3) njhopy; nfhs;ifj; jPhk
; hdk; rkjh;kthjpahd gz;bj
1956 [t`h;yhy; NeU ,Ue;jhh;.
4) njhopy; nfhs;if mwpf;if mthpd; Kaw;rpapdhy;
1977 ,e;jpahtpy; jpl;lKiw
5) njhopy; nfhs;if mwpf;if 1980 mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
kw;Wk;  ,Jtiu gdpnuz;L Ie;jhz;L
6) Gjpa njhopy; nfhs;if 1991 jpl;lq;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;
 ,e;jpah mwptpay; kw;Wk; gl;Ls;sd. gdpnuz;lhtJ
njhopy;El;gj;jpy; mwptpay; Ie;jhz;L jpl;lk; jw;NghJ
Ma;T> njhopy;El;g ikaq;fis eilKiwapy; cs;sJ.
epWTjy;> fUtpfis  1966 ypUe;J 1969 tiuapYk;
etPdg;gLj;Jjy;> i`l;u[d; kw;Wk; 1990 ypUe;J 1992
kw;Wk; iel;u[d; Fz;Lfis tiuapYk; jpl;l tpLKiw
jahhpj;jy;> tpz;ntsp Ma;T ,Ue;jJ. jpl;lq;fspd;

10
 

Nrhjidahd mDgtj;jpw;F rl;lj;jpUj;jg;gb rkjh;kk;

gpd;dh;> %d;W tUlq;fshf kw;Wk; kjr;rhh;gpd;ik>
jpl;l tpLKiw mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpahtpd; xUikg;ghL
 me;j fhyj;jpy; tUlhe;jpu Mfpait KfTiuapy;
jpl;lq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;L mKy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
gLj;jg;gl;ld. gRikg;Gul;rp> gz
3. mbg;gilf; flikfs;:
thl;lj;ijf; Fiwj;jy; kw;Wk;
 42-tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jj;jpdhy;
tq;fpfis Njrpakakhf;Fjy;
xU Gjpa gFjp IV - m tpy;
Nghd;witfs; me;j
mbg;gilf; flikfs;
fhyfl;lj;jpy; gpujhd tsh;rr
; pg;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
gbfshf ,Ue;jd.
 gQ;rhaj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; efuhl;rp:
III. murpay; khw;wk;:
1992 d; 73 tJ kw;Wk; 74 tJ
 ,e;jpahtpd; murpay; khw;wj;ij
murpayikg;G rl;lj;
Fwpg;ghf murpayikg;G
jpUj;jj;jpd; gb KiwNa gFjp
khw;wq;fspd; %yk; fhzyhk;.
IX y; gQ;rhaj;Jf;fSk; gFjp IX
1. murpayikg;gpd; nghpjhf;fk;:
- mtpy; efh;Gw cs;shl;rp
 Muk;g murpayikg;G - 1
mikg;GfSk; 11> 12 tJ
KfTiu> 22 gFjpfs; 395
ml;ltizfshf Nrh;ff
; g;
tpjpfs;> 8 ml;ltizfs;
gl;Ls;sd.
 jw;Nghija murpayikg;G - 1
KfTiu> 24 gFjpfs;> 450 5. $l;LwT $l;lhl;rp:
tpjpfs;> 12 ml;ltizfs;.  ,e;jpah gy khepyq;fis
 NkYk; tpjp 368 f; fpzq;f 110 ngw;wpUg;gjhYk; kw;Wk;
KiwfSf;F Nky; khepyq;fSf;fpilNa
jpUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. cyfpd; kl;Lkpy;yhky; kj;jpa muR kw;Wk;
kpfTk; tpsf;fkhd nghpa khepyq;fSf;fpilNa gy
murpayikg;G ,e;jpa gpur;ridfs; eilngWtjhy;>
murpayikg;Ng MFk;. 1990 y; rh;ff
; hhpah
2. KfTiuapy; khw;wq;fs;: Mizaj;jpd; ghpe;Jiufspd; gb
 1976 - Mk; Mz;bd; ehw;gj;J khepyq;fSf;fpilNaahd
,uz;lhtJ (42) murpayikg;G

11
 

fTd;rpiy (Inter State Council) 7. eph;thfr; rPh;j;jpUj;jq;fs;:

murpayikg;G cUthf;fpAs;sJ.  ,e;jpahtpy; eph;thfj;ij
6. Njh;jy; rPh;j;jpUj;jq;fs;: rPhj
; ;jpUj;j> gy;NtW
 ,e;jpahtpy; Njh;jy; rPhj
; ;jpUj;j Kaw;rpfs; kw;Wk;
rPhj
; ;jpUj;jq;fSf;fhf Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf gy FOf;fs;
ghpe;Jiufs; toq;f lhh;Fd;Nl Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
FO (1974) kw;Wk; jpNd\; 1. ma;aq;fhh; FO (1949)
Nfh];thkp (1990) Mfpa 2. Nfhh;thyh FO (1951)
Kf;fpa FOf;fs; 3. mg;ypgp mwpf;if (1953 & 1956)
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. 4. Kjy; eph;thfr; rPhj
; ;jpUj;j
 fl;rp khwh jilr;rl;lk; (1985)> Mizak; (1966 - 70)
18 tajile;j midtUf;Fk; (Administrative Reforms
thf;fspf;Fk; chpikia Commission) - I -nkhuhh;[p
toq;fpa 61 tJ murpayikg;G Njrha; jiyikapy; 5 cWg;gpdh;
jpUj;jk; (1988) Nghd;witfs; Mizak;.
,e;jpahtpy; Kf;fpa Njh;jy; 5. ,uz;lhtJ eph;thfr;
rPhj
; ;jpUj;jq;fshFk;. rPhj
; ;jpUj;j Mizak; (ARC -II)
(2005) - tPug;gnkha;yp
jiyikapy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

njhopyhsh; kw;Wk; njhopy; rq;f mikg;Gfs;

mikg;G Mz;L jiyth;

Kk;ig Miy kw;Wk; Miy iffs; 1880 N.M. Nyhf;ee;jh

ciog;ghsh;fs; 1870 rrpghj gdhh;[p
gphpz;lh;fspd; rq;fk; 1905
,uapy;Nt njhopyhsh; rq;fk; 1906
fk;fh; `pj;th;jf; rgh 1909 SK NghNy
r%f Nrit yPf; 1911
nkl;uh]; njhopyhsh;fs; rq;fk; 1918 G.R. ehAL
myfhghj; ,uapy;Nt njhopyhsh;fs; 1897

12
 

myfhghj; nerT njhopyhsh; rq;fk; 1920 B.M.K. fhe;jp

midj;J ,e;jpa njhopw;rq;f khehL 1920 NM N[h];rp

Kk;ig nerT njhopyhsh; rq;fk; 1920

midj;J ,e;jpa njhopw;rq;f $l;likg;G 1929 NM N[h];rp

Njrpa njhopw;rq;f $l;likg;G

tFg;G thj ,e;jpah 1920 vk;.vd;.uha;
rprhd; fl;rp 1923 / kjuh]; rpq;fhuNtY
Rauh[;[pa fl;rp gpd;dh; tptrhapfs; Fthrp e];&y;
kw;Wk; njhopyhsh;fs; fl;rpahf
khw;wg;gl;lJ
njhopyhsh;fs; kw;Wk; tptrhapfs; fl;rp 1927 / Kk;ig SS kph;shf;fh;> KN
N[hf;fh; kw;Wk; SV
Nfl;
gP`hh; Nrhrypr fl;rp 1931 N[.gp. ehuhazd;
fhq;fpu]; Nrhrypr fl;rp 1934 eNue;jpu Njt;> N[.gp.
ehuhazd; kw;Wk;
kpNdh k];rhdp
Kd;Ndhf;F njhFjp 1939 SC Ngh];
fhq;fpu]; njhopyhsh; fl;rp 1926 / Kk;ig
,e;jpahtpd; nghy;btpf; fl;rp 1939 N.D. k[;[k
P j
; hh;
jPtpu [dehaff; fl;rp 1940 vk;.vd;.uha;

13
 ]B kV \uD VVD

ku\l_ u\

mikg;igf; fhz KbahJ. gy;NtW

 gue;j ekJ ghuj Njrk;
tifg;gl;l jl;gntg;g epiyfisAk;>
epytpay; mikg;G> ,dk;> Gtpapay; mikg;GfisAk; fhz;fpNwhk;.
nkhop> ,yf;fpak;> rkak;> xU Gwk; nropg;ghd rpe;J fq;ifr;
rKjha mikg;G> nghUshjhuk;> rkntspiaAk; mNj Neuj;jpy; kWGwk;
uh[Gjd> rpe;J ghiytdq;fisAk;
tho;fifr; rlq;Ffs; kw;Wk;
fhz;fpNwhk;. nropg;ghd gs;sj;jhf;Fg;
rk;gpujhaq;fshy; NtWgl;l gFjpfSk; Nklhd gPlG+kpfSk; cs;sd.
$Wfisf; nfhz;bUe;jhYk; Mz;L KOJk; kio ngWfpd;w Nkfhyah
‘,e;jpah” vd;w xUikg;ghl;L khepy rpuGQ;rpAk;> kioNa fhzhj
czh;T kf;fsplk; twz;l njd;dpe;jpag; gFjpfSk; cs;sd.
fLq;FspUk;> NfhilAk; khwp khwp epytp
ePz;lfhykhfNt epytp
tUtijf; fhz;fpNwhk;. ,j;jifa
tUfpd;wJ. epytpay; NtWghLfs; ek; ehl;by;
 ,jidNa Ntw;Wikapy; epyTfpd;wd.
xw;Wik vd;fpNwhk;. ,e;j
‘Ntw;Wikapy; xw;Wik” vd;Dk; ,d NtWghL
gok; ngUk; ehlhfpa ekJ ehl;by;
cahpa Nfhl;ghNl ,e;jpa
gy;NtW ,dq;fisr; rhh;e;j kf;fs;
ghuk;ghpaj;jpd; jdpr; rpwg;G tho;e;J tUfpd;wdh;. Muk;gj;jpypUe;Nj
vdyhk;. ,e;jpahtpy; kf;fs; njhif kpFe;J
Ntw;Wikf; $Wfs; fhzg;gl;ljhfNt mwpfpNwhk;. ekJ
epytpay; Ntw;Wikfs; ehl;by; fpNuf;f> rhf;fpa> `_d> F\hd>
ekJ ehL gue;j ehL. ,j;jifa muhgpa> JUf;fpa Mg;fhdpa ,dkf;fisf;
gue;j ehl;by; xNu rPuhd ,aw;if fhz;fpNwhk;. ,d;iwa #oypy; ,d;Dk;


 ]B kV \uD VVD

goq;FbapdiuAk;> ehfhpfj;jpy; %o;fpa rKjha mikg;gpy; Ntw;Wikfs;

efuthrpfisAk;> fhz;fpNwhk;. Nfus kf;fsplk; fhzg;gLk; czT>
kyghh; thopd kf;fs; jPh;f;fkhd cil> mzpfyd;fs;> gof;f tof;fq;fSk;
Kfg;nghypTlDk;> fh\;kPh; kf;fs; ey;y khWgl;L ,Ug;gijf; fhz;fpNwhk;. thOk;
epwj;ijAk; moifAk; ngw;wth;fsha; Kiwapy; NtWghLfs; cs;sd. tl
,Ug;gijf; fhz;fpNwhk;. m];]hkpah;fs;
,e;jpa kf;fspd; tho;f;if Kiw njd;df
,j;jifa $Wfs; Njitg;gLk; tpjj;jpy;
kf;fspd; tho;f;if KiwapypUe;J
,Ug;gijAk; fhz;fpNwhk;. vdNt lhf;lh;
khWgl;L ,Ug;gijf; fhz;fpNwhk;. Mil
];kpj; ,e;jpahit ‘,d mUq;fhl;rpafk;”
vd;fpwhh;. mzpfyd;fis mzpAk; Kiw> czTg;
nghUs;fis cz;Zk; Kiw Mfpatw;wpy;
nkhop NtWghL fhzg;gLk; NtWghLfs; ntspg;gilahfj;
ekJ ehL ,q;fpyhe;J> gpuhd;]; njhpfpd;wd. kf;fspd; kuG KiwfSk;
Nghd;w ehLfisg; Nghy xNu nkhopiag; rKjha mikg;Gfspy; NtWghLfs;
NgRk; ehL md;W. ek; ehl;by; Vwj;jho 845 ,Ug;gijf; fhz;fpNwhk;.
nkhopfs; epytp tUfpd;wd. ,tw;Ws; rpy
nkhopfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. rk];fpUjk;>
jkpo;> `pe;jp> tq;fhsp> gQ;rhgp> F[uhj;jp> nghUshjhu Ntw;Wik
kuhj;jp> njYq;F> fd;dlk;> kiyahsk; ve;j xU ehl;bYk; xNu rPuhd
Nghd;wit rpythFk;. nghUshjhu tho;f;if epiyiaf; fhz
nkhopfisg; NghyNt vOj;J ,ayhJ . ekJ ehLk; mjw;F tpyf;fd;W.
tbtq;fspYk; ,j;jifa NtWgl;l ,q;Fk; xU rhuhh; cz;Zk; czTf;F
mikg;Gfs; cs;sd. xNu rPuhd Vq;fpAk;> xU rhuhh; cz;Zk; czit
vOj;J Kiw ,y;iy. gz;ila ghyp> tPzbj;Jk; thOk; epiy cs;sJ. khl
Njtehfhp> fpue;jk; Mfpa nkhopfspd; khspiffspy; tho;gth; xUGwkpUf;f>
vOj;JKiw; ,d;iwa nkhopfspd; Xiyf; FbirfspYk; xz;l Kbahky;
vOj;JKiwfspdpd;W Kw;wpYk; khWgl;L
jtpf;Fk; kf;fs; kWGwk; vdg; nghUshjhu
cs;sd.
Ntw;Wikiaf; fz;$lhff; fhzyhk;.
rka NtWghL
,e;jpahtpy; thOk; kf;fs; xw;Wikf; $Wfs;
midtUk; xNu rkaj;ijg; epytpay; mikg;gpy; xw;Wik
gpd;gw;Wtjpy;iy. cyfpd; jiy rpwe;j epytpay; $Wfspy; vj;jifa
rkaq;fshd ,e;J rkak;> rkz rkak;> Ntw;Wikfs; fhzg;gbDk; Guhz
ngsj;j rkak;> ,Ryhkpa rkak;> fpwpj;jt fhye;njhl;Nl ek;ehL ‘ghuj ehL” vd;Dk;
rkak;> ghh;rp rkak;> Mfpait ,e;jpahtpy; ngahpidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. epytpay;
gpd;gw;wg;gl;L tUtijf; fhz;fpNwhk;. mbg;gilapy; tpe;jpa rhj;G+uh kiyj;
NkYk; ,k;kjq;fspy; gy cl;gphpTfs; njhlh;fs; ek; ehl;il tl ,e;jpah vd;Wk;
,Ug;gijAk;> mtw;iwAk; kf;fs; gpd;gw;wp njd;dpe;jpah vd;Wk; gphpg;gJ Nghd;W
tUtijAk; ghh;f;fpNwhk;. fhzg;gbDk; ek; ,e;jpa ehL ‘ghuj



fz;lk;” vd;Nw toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j
XNu ngaNu xw;Wik czh;Tf;F Kf;fpar;
rhd;W MFk; . ,f;fUj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
jhd; jha; ehlhfpa ghuj ehl;il jhahf
cUtfk; nra;J ‘ghuj khjh” vd
midtUk; nfhz;lhb tUfpNwhk;.
clyikg;gpy; xw;Wik
Mhpah;fs;> rhf;fpah;fs;> `_
dh;fs; vd gy;NtW ,dj;jth;fs;
,e;jpahtpy; FbNawpdh;. ehsiltpy;
,e;jpah;fSld; KOikahff; fye;J
jq;fs; jdpj;jd;ikia ,oe;jdh;.
,Ryhkpah;fSk;> fpwpj;jth;fSk; ,q;Nf
te;J jq;fp tho;e;jdh;. ,e;jpahtpNy
tho;e;J> ,q;Fs;s czTg; nghUs;fis
cz;L> xNutpjkhd jl;gntg;g epiyfspy;
tho;e;J md;whl flikfis epiwNtw;wp
may;ehl;ltUk; ehsiltpy; ,e;jauhapdh;.
MfNt ,q;F thOk; kf;fs; midtUk;
,e;jpag; gz;ghl;Lj; jhf;fj;jhy; xNu
MSikg; gz;igAk; ngw;W tho;e;J
tUfpd;wdh;.
,j;jifa gy;NtW epiyfspy;
Ntw;Wikfs; xt;nthd;Wk;
xw;Wikia epiyehl;Lk; mk;rq;fshf
nray;gLfpd;wd.
nkhop xw;Wik
mNrhfUila fhyj;jpy;
Gj;jkjf; fUj;Jfs; kf;fSf;F vspjpy;
tpsq;Fk;’ghyp” nkhopapy; gug;gg;gl;ljhf
mwpfpNwhk;. rk];fpUj nkhop> `pe;jp >
kuhj;jp> F[uhj;jp> tq;fhsp nkhopfs; ,e;jpa
xw;Wikf;F cuk; Nrh;j;jd. jf;fhzj;jpy;
jkpo;> njYq;F> fd;dlk;> kiyahsk;> JS
vd;Dk; jpuhtpl nkhopfs; gythapDk;
mtw;wpw;fpilNa fUj;njhw;Wik epytpaJ
vd;gJ Vw;GilajhFk;.
]B kV \uD VVD
rka xw;Wik
,e;jpahtpy; cs;;s rkaq;fs;
gytw;wpy; ngUk;ghyhdit xU flTs;
Nfhl;ghL> Md;;khtpd; moptw;w jd;ik>
mtjhuf; Nfhl;ghL> tPLNgW vd;W gy
fUj;Jfspy; xj;j jd;ikAiladthf
cs;sd. rkar; rlq;FfspYk;> gof;f
tof;fq;fspYk; mbg;gilahd jd;ikfs;
xd;whfNt cs;sd. tl ,e;jpah;fs;
njw;Nf ,uhNk];tuk; tiu Gdpjg;
gazq;fis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdh;.
,e;jpah KOikf;Fk; ,uhkhazk;>
kfhghujk; Mfpa ,U ,jpfhrq;fSk;
tPufhtpaq;fshf jpfo;tJld; ftpij
tbtpy; gf;jpg; ngUf;Fld; ghlg;gLfpd;wd.
ek; ehl;by; fhzg;gLk; midj;J
rkaq;fspd; ikaf; Nfhl;ghL gf;jp>
m`pk;ir> tPL NgW. ,ij miltjw;Fhpa
Md;kpf newpfSk; mwf;Nfhl;ghLfSk;
,e;jpah; midtUf;Fk; Vw;Giladthf
cs;sikahy; kjey;ypzf;fk; ek;kpilNa
xsph;tijf; fhz;fpNwhk;.
gz;ghl;L xw;Wik
gy;NtW ,dj;ijr; rhh;e;j kf;fs;
xUq;Nf $b tho;e;J cahpa gz;ghl;il
cyfwpar; nra;Js;sdh;. ,e;jpag;
gz;ghl;il gpujpgypf;Fk; ,yf;fpaq;fs;
gytw;wpy; xNu rPuhd gz;ghl;Lf; $Wfs;>
rpe;jidfs; ,Ug;gijf; fhz;fpNwhk;.
XNu rPuhd ,yf;fpaf; fUj;Jfs;>jj;Jt
newpfs; kuGfs;> tho;f;if Kiwfs; ehL
KOtjw;Fk; xNu khjphpahf ,Ug;gijf;
fhz;fpNwhk;. rKjha tho;tpd; gz;ghl;L
mbj;jskhf cs;s rkar; rlq;Ffs;>
rKjha tho;f;if Kiw> tpohf;fs;>
tho;tpay; newpfs; Mfpait xNu

 ]B kV \uD VVD

jd;ikAld; ,Ug;gijf; fhz;fpNwhk;. ,e;jpaf; FbauRld; ,ize;J ,e;jpaf;

jPghtsp> jruh> nghq;fy;> fpU\;z FbauR ehlhf ,d;W cyfpy; jpfo;fpwJ.
n[ae;jp> ru];tjp G+i[> tpehafh; rJh;j;jp>
gz;ghl;L xw;Wikia tsh;f;fj;
,uk;[hd;> fpwp];Jk];> kfhtPh; n[ae;jp
JizGhpe;j fhuzpfs;
kw;Wk; Gj;j G+h;zpkh Nghd;w gz;biffs; ek; ghuj ehl;bd; rPhpa
ek; gz;ghl;L xw;Wikia cyfwpr; Nfhl;ghlhfpa ‘Ntw;Wikapy; xw;Wik”
nra;fpd;wd. vt;thW kpsph;fpwJ vd mwpe;Njhk;. ,dp
xw;Wikia tsh;f;fpd;w fhuzpfisf;
murpay; xw;Wik fhz;Nghk;.
,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; ‘rf;uth;j;jp”
vd;Dk; rPhpa nrhy; kpfj; njspthf ,e;jpah Nghf;Ftuj;Jk; nra;jpj; njhlh;Gk;
xNu murh; Mz;l epiyia tpsf;FfpwJ. Mq;fpNyah; fhyj;jpy;
vdNt murpaYk; ehL KOikf;Fk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l ,Ug;Gg; ghijfs;>
xw;Wik czh;it Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. jghy; kw;Wk; je;jp Kiw> njhiyNgrp>
NkYk; ek; ehl;il Mz;l kd;dh;fs; thndhyp> thd Ch;jp> NgUe;Jfs;>
KiwNa ,uh[hjp uh[d;> mjpuh[d;> rhiyfs; Nghd;wit gaz Neuj;ij
Vf;uhl;> rhk;uhl;> tpuhl;> rh;tngskh Fiwj;jJld; ghJfhg;ghd gazj;jpw;F
Nghd;w gl;lq;fisg; ngw;W rPUk; rpwg;Gkhf cjtpaJ> nra;jpj; njhlh;ig mspj;jJ>
Mz;lij tuyhw;why; mwpag;gLfpwJ. gz;ghl;L xw;Wikf;F tpj;jpl;lJ. ,d;W
,e;jpah KOikiaAk; ntw;wp nfhz;L tsh;e;J tUk; mwptpay; njhopy; El;gj;jpd;
Mz;likia ,g;gl;lq;fs; njspT fhuzkhd njhiyf;fhl;rp> fzpdp>
gLj;Jfpd;wd. NkYk; murh;fs; ,uh[#ak;> kpd;dZ mQ;ry; Kiw (Email) njhiy
mRtNkjk;> th[Ngak; vd;w Nts;tpfisr; efyp (Fax) ,tw;wpd; gad;ghLfis mwpe;J
nra;jjhf mwpfpNwhk;. murpay; xw;Wik NkYk; xUtUld; xUth; neUq;fpa
epytpdhy; kl;LNk ,j;jifa Nts;tpfis njhlh;G nfhz;L tho;fpd;Nwhk;.
nra;a ,aYk;. vdNt Ntjfhye; njhl;Nl
murpay; xw;Wik ,e;jpahtpy; epytpaJ. >EB \V|
,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; Mz;l
nkhfyha;g; Nguurh;fshd mf;gh;>  Gtpapay; mikg;G>
xsuq;frPg; Nghd;Nwhh; ,e;jpah mjidnahl;ba kf;fspd;
KOikf;Fk; xNu kj;jpa eph;thf mikg;ig tho;f;ifKiw> gyjug;gl;;l gof;fq;fs;
Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. ehL KOikf;Fk; xNu
rPuhd rl;lq;fs;> nghJ ehzaq;fs;> rka ek;gpf;iffs;> nkhop> czT>
mYtyf nkhopahf ghurPf nkhop> cilfs; Nghd;wtw;why; kf;fs;
ePz;l neLQ;rhiyfs; vd cUthf;fp NtWgLfpd;wdh; . ,Ug;gpDk; >
xw;Wikia epiyehl;bdhh;. Mq;fpNyNah;
ehL KOikf;Fk; nghJthd ,uapy;
,e;jpahtpd; ghuk;ghpaj;jpdhy;
ghijfs;> jghy; je;jp ,yhfh vd xw;Wik xd;WgLfpd;wdh;. kdpjhgpkhdk;>rka
czh;it tsh;f;Fk; tpjj;jpy; Mz;ldh;. czh;T> rNfhjuj;Jtk;> el;G> midj;J
Rje;jpuj;jpw;F gpd; RNjr rk];jhdq;fs;


 ]B kV \uD VVD

kjj;ijAk; rfpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; jd;ik nfhb kw;Wk; Njrpa fPjk; Nghd;witAk;

Nghd;wit ,e;jpah;fs; xw;Wik Njrpa xUikg;ghl;il tsh;f;fpd;wd.
kw;Wk; xUikg;ghl;Lld; tho top xd;Wgl;lhy; cz;L tho;T> gphpe;jhy;
nra;fpd;wd. tPo;r;rp vd;w czh;T ,e;jpa xUikg;
 ,e;jpah;fs; midtUk; ghl;bw;F toptFf;fpwJ. ,j;jifa
rNfhju> rNfhjhpfs; vd;w vz;zk; ,e;jpa xw;Wik rpe;Jrkntsp
kw;Wk; czh;T ,e;jpa xUikg;ghl;il fhyj;jpypUe;J ,d;Wtiu ,e;jpa
tsh;f;f nghpJk; cjTfpd;wd. ,J fyhr;rhuj;jhy; epiy ehl;lg;gl;L
jtpu Njrpar; rpd;dq;fs;> Njrpaf; tUfpwJ.


 

,e;jpahtpd; fiy> eldk;> ehlfk; kw;Wk; ,irj;Jiw

tsh;;r;rpf;fhd mikg;Gfs;

 fiy tsh;r;rpf;fhf Njrpa fiy  eldk;> ehlfk; kw;Wk; ,irj;Jiw

mfhlkp (National Academi of tsh;r;rpf;fhf rq;fj
P ehlf;
Arts)my;yJ yypj; fyh mfhlkp mfhlkp (Sangeeth Natak
(Lalit Kala Akademi) GJjpy;ypapy; 5 Academi) 31 Nk 1952 y;
Mf];L 1954 y; ,e;jpa GJjpy;ypapy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
murhq;fj;jhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.  ,e;jpa nkhopfspy;
 ,jd; gFjp ikaq;fs; - uh\;l;hpa ,yf;fpaq;fis Kd;Ndw;w
yypj; fyh Nfe;jpuhf;fs; rhfpj;jpa mfhlkp (Sahitya
(Rashtriya Lalit Kala Kendras) Akademi) 1954 y; GJjpy;ypapy;
yf;Ndh> nfhy;fj;jh> nrd;id> Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
fhh;`p (GJjpy;yp)> rpk;yh>
GtNd\;th; Mfpa ,lq;fspy;
mike;Js;sd.
t. vz; mikg;G Mz;L ,lk;
1. Njrpa ehlf gs;sp (National 1959 GJjpy;yp
School of Drama)
2. ,e;jpuhfhe;jp Njrpa fiyfs; 1985 GJjpy;yp
ikak; 1985 (Indira Gandhi
National centre for the Arts)
3. fyhr;rhu Mjhuq;fs; kw;Wk; 1979 GJjpy;yp
gapw;rp ikak; (Centre for
Cultural resoures and Training)
4. ,e;jpa njhy;ypay; rh;Nt 1861 GJjpy;yp
epWtdk; (Archaeological
Survey of India)

1
 

5. Njrpa kpa+rpak;(National 1949 GJjpy;yp

Museum)
6. Njrpa etPd fiyfs; 1954 GJjpy;yp
njhFg;gpak; (National Gallery
of Modern Art)
7. Njrpa kpa+rpa epWtdk; - 1989 GJjpy;yp
fiy tuyhW> ghJfhg;G kw;Wk;
kpa+rpahy[p (National Institute
of History of Art, Conservation
and Museology)
8. Njrpa fyhr;rhu nghUl;fs; 1976 yf;Ndh
ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp
$lk; (National Research
Laboratory for Conservation of
Cultural Property)
9. uhkfpU\;zh fyhr;rhu jpl;l 1936 nfhy;fj;jh
epWtdk; (Ramakrishna
Mission Institure of Culture)
10. ,e;jpa Me;j;Nuh ghy[pf;fy; 1953 nfhy;fj;jh
rh;Nt ikak; (Anthropological
Survey of India)
11. Njrpa mh;rpt;fs; mikg;G 1891 GJjpy;yp
(National Archives of India)
12. Njrpa E}yfk; (National 1948 nfhy;fj;jh
Library)
13. kj;jpa nrayf E}yfk; (Central 1891 nfhy;fj;jh
Secretariat Library) (jw;NghJ
GJjpy;yp 1969
ypUe;J)

2
 

gy;NtW MSikj;jd;ik - fiy> mwptpay;>

,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; jj;Jtk;
1) md;id njurh 2) gz;bl; utp rq;fh;

(16 Mf];L 1910 - 5 nrg;lk;gh; (7 Vg;uy; 1920 -11 brk;gh; 2012)

1997)  ,aw;ngah; - ugpd; Nuh rq;fh;

 my;Ngdpa ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j nrsj;jphp

Nuhkd; fj;Njhypf;f rNfhjhp  gpwg;G - 7 Vg;uy; 1920>

Mthh;. Mdhy; tho;tpd; thudhrp.

ngUk;ghjpia ,e;jpahtpNy  ,e;J];jhdp ,irf;fiyQh;

fopj;jhh;. rpjhh; ,irfSf;F ty;Yeh;.

 Vw;gLj;jpa mikg;Gfs;  mfpy ,e;jpa NubNahtpd; ,ir

1) rhhpl;b kp\dhpfs; ,af;Feuhf 1949 Kjy; 1956

(Charity Missionaries) tiu GJjpy;ypapy; gzpahw;wpdhh;.

2) kj xUq;fpizg;G mikg;G  1999y; ghuj uj;dh tpUJ

(Religions Congregation) ngw;whh;.

 vr;.I.tp / va;l;];  1961 y; ntspehl;L glq;fSf;F

,iraikj;j Kjy; ,e;jpah;
Nehahspfs;>T.B njhO
,tuhthh;.
NehahspfSf;fhf fy;fj;jhtpy;
kUj;Jt ikaq;fis  rq;fPj ehlf; mfhlkp tpUJ

elj;jpdhh;. (1962)

 1979 y; mikjpf;fhf Nehgy;  gj;k g+\z; tpUJ (1967)

ghpR ngw;whh;.  rq;fPj ehlf; mfhlkp
 1962 y; gj;k = tpUJ (jhkiuj; cjtpnjhif (1975)
jpU) ngWjy;.
 gj;k tpg+\z; tpUJ (1981)
 1980 - ghuj uj;dh tpUJ
ngWjy;. 3) M.S Rg;Gyl;Rkp
 1962 - uhkd; kfNrNr tpUJ (nrg;lk;gh; 16> 1916 - brk;gh; 11> 2004)
ngWjy;.  ,aw;ngah; - kJiu rz;KftbT
 nrg;lk;gh; 1997 y; ,wg;G Rg;Gyl;Rkp

3
 

 fh;ehl;bf; ,ir fiyQh;  1936 y; milahhpy; eldk;

 ,e;jpa ,irapd; uhzp kw;Wk; ,irf;fhf fyhN\j;jpuh
vd,e;jpa fpyh]pf;fy; (KalaShetra) mikg;ig
miof;fg;gLfpd;whh;. Vw;gLj;jpath;.
 ghuj uj;dh (1998) kw;Wk; uhkd;  ,tuJ Kaw;rpdhy; tpyq;Ffs;
kfNrNr (1974) tpUJ ngw;w Jd;GWj;jy; jil rl;lk; 1960y;
Kjy; ,e;jpa ,irf;fiyQh; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. NkYk;
tpyq;Ffs; ey thhpak; 1962 y;
kw;w tpUJfs;:
,th; jiyikapy; epWtg;gl;lJ.
 gj;k g+\z; - 1954
 rq;fPj; ehlf; mfhlkp tpUJ - tpUJfs;:

1956  gj;k g+\z; - 1956

 rq;fPj; fyhepjp -1968  rq;fPj; ehlf; mfhlkp tpUJ -

 gj;k tpg+\z; - 1975 1957

 fhspjh]; rk;kd; - 1988  uhzp tpf;Nlhhpahtpd; nts;sp

gjf;fk;

4) Uf;kzp Njtp mUz;Nly;

4) J. fpU\;z%h;j;jp
(19 gpg;uthp 1904 - 24 gpg;uthp 1986)
(12 Nk 1895 - 17 gpg;uthp 1986)
 gpwg;G - kJiu
 gpwg;G - kjuh]; ,aw;ngah; -
 ,e;jpad; jpNahrhgp];l;> eld
[pj;J fpU\;z%h;jj
; p
ehl;bakq;if> ,e;jpa
 Ngr;rhsh;> vOj;jhsh; kw;Wk;
fpshrpf;fy; eldk; - guj
jj;Jt mwpQh; jpNahrhgp];l;.
ehl;baj;jpd; eld mikg;ghsh;>
 E}y;fs;
tpyq;Ffspd; chpikfs;
1. The First and Last Feedom
ghJfhtyh;.
2. The only Revolution.
 guj ehl;baj;jpw;F Gjpa tif
3. Krishnamurtis Notebook.
eldKiwia
 17 gpg;uthp 1986
mwpKfg;gLj;jpath; (gioa eld
fypNghh;dpahtpy; ,aw;if
Kiw - rhjph; Kiw)
va;jpdhh;.

4
 >tw kV

]Vs B^

x[ kV >Vus| 1892D g|

 1854D g|  g]]Vs \V  [
B \VuD FBm.
W g V >s^
 1908D g| ]] [
E _kVzt z|D VB [k k V] x
[ V c\BV  uV> k EB_
Vm [ Bm. x[uD V]Bt_ [
 1871D g| kl V.
\^ | \uVkBV  1909D g| E.\BD,
VM m  kV D.AV>\[ [ 
BD V\ V kwQV_ "[ V\
JD Vm _>_ D _V>V D' mkm.
m xD z u >[ VD V\_V
V >s_ kDA s] >VB _sB Ak
k|D D m. >VzD.
 1912_ k^, TVVt,
 BV]>V > [kV_
mVt [kV_ [
]Vs x[u]uV 1876D \A z ckVm.
g| s>V>V  [ >[ BVV > E.
\AD ]Vs VB[ [ x>oBV [l_ _s
>D klm. \KD l >l> V\_V>
kV_ 1891_ ]Vs \V \VkV ]Vs s|]
 >Vusm. [ ]V. > \
 \ MkV[ [kV_ [ [ ]Vs D
1891_ B \V  [ B \VuD FBm.


 1912D g| V 
V \ VB_
tz .]BVVB 
[kV_ V]kVBV s>VV
]W]mkD u ko]
V m.
 1916D g| >V
>[VE w]_ V\
_kVz \KD cB>m. >
g| u DB_ 
\[mV >>o_ V\
_V> kV^ kD
>Vum k> zB
>Vm. k^ Vv
>k^ [m z
>m.
>VuD
V\_V>k^ x[u]uV
[ sVBV Vm \]_
1916 kD 20_ >[M]B  c\
BV D kkVFA \uD _s
l_ kzAkV ]W]mk l_
 m| [ xB V^
l_ >Vm. .D. VB,
_ , ]BVVB BV, 
x>oBV gBV xB x^
gk.
1916 D \V>D .]BVVB 
[kV_ kVu EAt V\
_V>V D klm.
]_ \V> \^ >Vl_
kD 37% \|\ c^ V\^
V >s_ ] KD,
>tw kV
xB >sKD c^ [
m. mk [ ""V\
_V>V[ \VV VV'' [w
m.
D g ]BV V> >
> BV[ D
[ z Bm. m, WR, m
[ V[ ]_ ]E
B s_ s\Em.
]E
>[M]B  c\ D >m
V^ \B  J[
] ] k>m.
  gD  .D.VB,
D.. oD
g] VV  >Kz  V>V]
V|
]Vs[  >t  >kD ^
>[ g >wV n [
BB  V [w
m. mk >ta_ ]E 
wm.
]El[ x>_ V\_V>V
\Vk \VV| 1917 g| 19D V^
VBD# V T]l_ 
um. x>_ \VW \VV| 1917 D
28,29 [ k_o[ ]
_ um.
1917D 14_ \Vzk
]m V\ c^ m
kzzD s>VV ]W]mkD
Vm.


]El[ gE
\A
] El[ WkV^ 1917 V
\V>D >>|. ]E
kl V^ B EB_
 kkV >m.
]Ez  >kD, V[z
m >kD,  Vm
BD,  VVD >.
25 c V Buz
V^ x B_|]Bm.
1920 >>Kz z E VV
[ A]B E>s ckVm.
]El[ x>_ >kV
. ]BVVB D, x>_ Vm
BVV guV| V\VtD
>>|.
\[ >>_ 1920
1919 tV \Vo ]>^
l_ >>_ >m.
>Vz]^ kzAkV, >Vz]^
EA >Vz]^ m >Vz]^
 >. [ 
\[]_ 127 c^ >.
m_ 98 61 >Vz]^ m
>>|.  gE
xB ]m V >>o_
Vls_. t ]E
[\BV_ ]E 63 _
ku um.
V]_ Vm \]A
cBk^ \|\ kVVV
>tw kV
. \V> \^ >V
40 t_oM_ 12, 48, 156  kV
>z] u>. VBV 24.97%
kVz ]kVlu.
x>_ \k (192023)
 .]BVVB  >sBu
\>\BV_ g k_o[
w[ _ .VBK
V|s[ >\l_ 1920
D 7D V^ \k
\m. k c_W
V\V >s sB>V_ 1921
 11 _  V
uV.
 1921_ >>o_ Vl 
z s]> >
m.
 1920_ [ glD sz
z]l_ ^_ k c
kwm. [ mk
k \]B c ]\V
sk>m.
 B, \ [ Vu^
| k^ g] ]Vs
[w.
 1922 D 18_ m WB
 \V>V V| km.
 >V>V [ VmVuV
n.E.. ]V WBtV.
 x>_ \kl_ >tw
k  _ [m
z>m.


Vkm \k
(192326)
 x>_ \k 1923  11
 xm 1923 . 31_ >>_
>m. BVB E
Vl>V_ 44 _
\|\ ku um.
 >MDV[\ \BV>>V_
WB\ c g>[
1923 kD 19_ _
 >\l_ VD
\k >s um.
 1924_ BV WB\ kVBD
\m. mk [
\VW BV^ >kVB
\V c\VuD >m.
 1925[ >Kz \Val[
kEV g] _
wD \m.
 1922_ V|k m
WB \V>V 1925_ W
ku| \Vm. >[
Vl_[JDkDk\VD
Vmz B[|>|D
[ sm.
J[VD \k
 1926D g| u
>>o_ .BJ] >\
l_ tB BVB
E 41 KD, ]E
21KD ku u.
 >M DV[\ mD
BVB E gE \
>tw kV
\m s>VKD, ]Ez
DV[\ _V>>VKD,
BBV Vl ""A
z]'' VB[ [k ]E
\uD \u B^ g>[
gE \>.
 km \kl_>V[ x>[
x>V   \kl_
m V^V. km
B. Dr. xmt . km
xBuE JD  s|>
^ Bu. 1930_
>k>VE x am.
 1929_ >t_s kEV
V\ _ wD
>Vm.
 \>V V>BV x>BV
x>oBV [kV_ kzAkV
]W]mkD sB_ k\V
xl_ kzm. m
VV x m.
V[Vkm \k
(1930  34)
 1930D g| kV_
\B _kVz [\
BV_ V\D, El_
m V^. >
g| u >>o_ ]
E 35 _ ku um.
 DV[\ _V>>V_ WB\
c g>kV| xVt
V| >\l_ 1930 .17_
gE \>m.


 cE _ V\V 1932
kD 5D >] Vo 
x>\V VuV.
 V]_ t[>Vz
xBmkD V||
\^ \Vu . k
\B El[ _kVz
B >VBm.
n>Vkm \k (193437)
1934-D g| u >>o_
]E |>V_s >VKD >M
DV[\[ kuu B
VB E gE \V>>V_
]E Vo  >\l_
gE \>m.
BV[ ~V| ]> ]E
u V>V_ BV[ g>
>m.
]Vs wD
1935 ]B ][ 
u 1937D g| >>o_ V
ku u, VV >\l_ gE
\>m.
1938 D 29D g| BV
_V El_ >Vm ]
El[ >kV >>|V.
>>_ V>l_ m ]EB
sB BV J ]>
VVz xBmkD V|>V.
>B|m 1944 g| 27D >]
]_ > \VV_ ]E ]Vs
wD  B \VuD FB|
>tw kV
>[ E[\V >V \Vu| A
Ml_ EA kD V> V
x|>m.
>[ [ ]E .V\]
 >\lKD (194445) ..V[
>\l_ (4547) Bz B_
| \>m.
""]W]mkD [_ kl_'' 
E. x>oBV (\ >)
""T|z^ Ow> ][ V[
gB^ ]Vs^ V> BV
s''. .D. VB
]E TEV V^
 kzAkV ]W]mkD [
u zV^ EBV B_
m.
 gBz x g>
>m.
 cB kzV[ cBz
x[\. zV EV[\
l, g]]Vs \Vu
.
 ]V gl[ V\V
> E _ \uD \V>_
Vz^.
 ]E >k[ gD
kV x
 gEBV[ B>]V
Vz \uD V 
kE.
VoB[ kVVV |VB
 ]E ]s_ [m
z>m.


[ \V D
 ]El[ WV m,
>uz VBV V\_V>
VVV_ 1917 . 20_
mkm.
 .k ^ >kVD,
~,k.V\Vt VB m
>kVD, ]. s. _BV
>V, .k>VK V|
V[V xB cVD
>.
 ]B[ BV [ g
>D > >[ [ >t
>D klm.
 >V>V \uD u|>
V V V||k>V|
g gEBD ]>
V^BV Vm.
B\BV> BD
 >tV[ t E> 
]> kV]BV BV ~.k.
V\Vt VB 1925D
g| B\BV> B>
>Vus>V.
 B\BV> BD, u|>
, >V> J][
B\BV>B ko]Bm[,
k x>VB] \_
\]uz cB>D V|m.
 \>D, V], EBo_ \uD
x>VB]_ V\[ g]>
sBD |\BV ]>m.
>tw kV
 J DD, w\
kV>>D a V|m.
 _s, s>k^ \\D,
A ]\D \uD
zw> ]\x aA
gBkuV VVBm.
 B\BV> B][ x>_
\VV| 1929D g| g
25 [ __
um. > \VV_
kz V^^ ]Vs
 kVu_ xBmkD
kVF>k. > \VV_>V[
V] aA, yV\ aA \uD
b\V y\V^
Wku.
 \.EVk[ gV
1932 D_ ""B\BV>
\>\ ]D'' [ BV
ckVV.
 EBo_ V\[
g]> zD, >[\V
B V^ \VD,
VV>V Vm c\B
u|>D B \BV> \>\
]> k B_|]V.
 sBD, { VD u
\V B_ sDB>V_
1952, D 29_ BV
B\BV> V BD
[ B_ ] FBm.


 B\BV> B][ V_
kk> AE [ >z
x>[ x>o_ .g.  sB>V_ x|>
D\V^ [k ]VV
WBtV. k >tw][
x>_  ]VVkV.
 BV, "zB' >w 1925,
\ 2D V[ >VV.
s>w zD ]uz
""c\ s D''
[ BV. x>_ >w
]V]AoR QVMBV
kVt^ klV.
 ~V_ 1930_ u  Q V x>_kVmD,
sB][ \VV_ ""\^
>V |_ V]
B  Vm''
[ k|V^ s|m.
 ]B J]_ V] \> 
 zzD zA 
k|\[ V, 1932_
kl B\BV>
•••
>tw kV
k ]][ JD x[
km.
]\ x, ""B\BV>
]\D'' |m.
Dxl_ kw\V [u
| kD xV
V\ AV> \>
\]D {] ]\D Fs>_,
>Vo |>_ V[ z^
[ ]\D \BV
>|k>uV x^
Du>.
B\BV> ]\z
 VD zD
V| ]\ ]_ 7()
[ A]B k m m
]\ D V|km.
D, 1968, k 20 x>_
xz k>m.


>tV_ \B, J
]> B^
19 D uV[ ]l_ >
_kVz u E m
\>> * xu. gV_
m^ VV  xBV D\ \VD
B> mk x>VB >k^
>B.
 K \V  [k
1844 V \V>D _
 [ ]B
sz kV >uz 
[ B| m \B][
\ u ]V.
m x[u \DV| D,
1852
 1852kD \V>D MkV
^ [ k\
ckVV.
 V^ :
1.  _s
2. s>k \\D
3. | \[ kV k> \VD  1864
\DV|
 1853-D g| kVBK
[k c>BB[ [ B_
>tw kV
] mk m \[
x[u]uV xBuE
\uVV.
 1828 g| 20D V^ VVVD
\V[VF [kV_ mk
m. 1860_ >tV_
sm D\ \V> u
 kD u >V
[kV_ [l_ VD
FBm.
 1864_ [ k> 
][  z BD
Fm VuVakVuV. ck
kaV c> >^ k|D
[  VV| \V>V
mz V>>V_ >t
V_ D\ \VD k[
xBV\_ Vlu.
 D\ \VB][ AE\V
V^z c[V|
_V> ]>kV> m^

 >tw kV

[l_ k> \VD [  V^ :

A]B \ 1864_ >Vu 1. c V>mk][
s>. \B\V B__
 p>K V|k >uzD 2. c \B^, >mk^,
Vu V^ sB_^ gBku
V. V| D\ y, | gVFkm.
DVV sVD [ VD 3. \M>B \m zD
JD m V. Bu WB]^ >_.
 >[M]BVsB x>_ z^  gV >[(1907) [M
_V> ]\D 1871_ ]  D\BV D\QV
km. l[ >kVV.
 mVt nBV [k p>K  B_V| :
V|s[ k\V B_ 1. \> ^^ \uD
k. k> \VB][  D\QV ^^
>tV| V\ k>V[. gD.
D\QV  2. BV_  D
 1875 kD 17D V^. .. Wkm.
Vk [ iB D\ x>VB ]> B^
BVD, _ ._. g_V \V VVD (18221858)
[ \D WRBV _  >tV[ VDB \
D\ QV  [ \ t VV^ ^ zD
mkV. >Vao_, VBD k
 ]BVV [ ] >V> V]lV ].
1879_ mkm. 1881  _k [_z
V_ #mzzD, ]_ k_ E mk \>]uz
kozD k >m VD \V. E ]s>V z]z
F>. zB>.
 1882D \V>D D\ QV  ]s>V z]l_ zBB
l[ g| > VV^ D]^ \uD
]V. k> >\ VBV_ V|\z
B> DVlom [ c^V.
BVz \VuV.


 >tw kV

 g^ \_ g BD, gB k VVD

^ \V> \D ]k>V
\] \m. Vo_
 Vl_ |k>uzD Vl_
swD,  WuD VB
k Fk>uzD \>
|].
 VV^ VlKz^ OwB
 >V_ V]>> k^
\V |V ]m > FB .
gVD F>>V_ \V  VVlKz  c^
VVD [ wm. z\Vlo_ > VDB
 > VV]uz x[ kw\V yt \] \
\ml_ z\VV T \V>V m.
VV >\l_ \m  >B|m k^B[ VV
VBz ]V u [k >\l_ 12,000 VV
VVD DAD V| >^ >B * VlKz^
m. Ow>.
VV][ Vz >tV|
 x>u\V 1820D g|  ]s>V VVD >t
V>\ k FB \A VKD ]Vo>m. 1870D
>s>. g| VV^ ]#
 VD \V 1828D g| VlKz^ OwB xB[.
k>\VD V[V >\  1874_ J VV >\l_
l_ VBz ]V E \m *VE D\[ VlKz^
F>. Ow>.
s  1879_ k\V [
 1829_ ]s>V VD x] >k VlKz^
mk VV ^ \|D  Owm kz \V
s> \V B \]>m. s>.
 [ 1859  26D >]  VV^ mD
]s>V \VVV g  E_ >Vus>.
|V  c> kwz^ V. ]yA
>V.
VVz ]Vk \>m.
 V>\ x sm.
cwAu ]BD D
W ckVlu.
•••
0

\VW^
\\A

 ]B >EB V \Va
ka \VW \A
xk 1908B
u Vm. ][
l_ >V[ 1911_ V
kV]om m.
 1920D g_ V_ B
V \VV_ ]B
\VV^ V]B \Va[
l_ ]] \
k|D [ y\VMm.
 EB\A  \[
>k V]V, 1948D
g| {F u VV
cB]\[ ]] ..
>V >\l_ \VV^
\\A t
WBt>V.
 1948D g| xk>uz x[
>V t[ >[ B
\>m. cBV \Vaka
\VV^ \\|km
>tw kV
sD>k_m [
t[ ]Bm.
 \KD \Vaka \VV
\\V_ uB
VV>V WkV 
>V B Wl_ V| _
[ t[ ]Bm.
 \VakV \VW \m
u o V ED
1948D g| D_ 
tB \>m, tl_,
1. kV_  2. k_VF
_ 3. V >VV\FBV
gBV D u. km
B_ x>_ m
V| z .s.t
[ wm.
 [ V>VMlom
>K^ 1917o> >M
g] \VV VB
ko] k>.


 [ VD g] \VWD
\kuV k
|  s tB
WBt>m. [ \VV
x>\ z\VVt VV
tl[ >kV
>V.
 >M g] \VW Vz
g>kV V pV\K
[l_ 1952 V 19D
V^ VzD k cVs>>
mkV.
 1952 D 15D >]  >[
V]BkV] V pV\K >M
g] \VWmV cl
]BVD F>V.
 >[[ >M g] \VWD
\k> \]>V 1953
D 19D V^ \]B VD
>m.
 1953 V x>_ >] >\
 g] \VW> \E
gkVmB mk
k>V.
 E.D. ]k] A]B g] \VW
][ gV WBtV.
.VD x>\VD, k
 m x>\VD
>s VuV.
>tw kV
_ E
 [ \VV]om g]
\VWD >V_ u
^ , ku^ tD
xB\Vm _ E
gzD.
  \VWBBV
_B kB]_ E_
um. g] >k^
[ [  z]B
Vm >tw E
>kV \V.V. EkQVD
]] [ \VV>V|
 k|D [ VV.
 [ g]^ ]]z
>u c^ \uV Vl_
\V ]>BD g]V
[  k|D [
 Vm \V.V.EkQVD
VB |\BV
]>V. VV]_ ~|V.
 > _ E yzD
V|  VD .s.
V tB (H.V.
Pataskar) \>m.
 t _ V\ \^
EB \VaB V
V| _B y\VM>m.
>[ ]] g]VzD
]> [ \VVmzD


V|m ]> >t
V[ z] glu.
>u_ VVD
 \V_ \l[ >\l_
>u_ _ VVD s
s>m.
 1953_ _ o \VW
\\A t[ \
 [D VVD >V>m.
 V\V[ VBV
\ xBuE s_.
•••
>tw kV
1954 g| 11D >] \B_
VVD mkm.
 \VW^ \\A t[
ml[ >tV[
>u_l_ ykD,
>VkV, ]s>Vom
m z\ \Vk\V
>twm[ m.
 ]s>V VEl[
z]BVlu.

 >tw kV

>]]uz [ >tw
EB_ E[ gE

>]]uz x[ .VD
VV  1946 o_ u >>o_
 1937_ u >>o_ V ku um.
\V>x^ 214 _  1946 _ 30D V^ .VD
159  k[ V, x>\VV. D
]Eltm gEB l_V> y\VD Wku
uBm. >B|m 1947 \V 23DV^
 1937  14D V^ VV .VD >\lV
x>_kV (ZtB) >sBuV. \k >slw>m.
 1937_ su k x >]]uz [
|>m. {\# V\Vt BV
 cV_ ]BVk  1947 \V 23 [ V
c|]B>uz ]A >sm El[ {\# V\Vt
1939D g| V 10D BV ZtBV (x>\)
V^ VV >\lV >sBuV. [ x>_ 6,
\k >s sBm. 1949 k k x>_kV
 VD c VV_ u >V>V.
 WlV_ 1939  ]BV >]D >Vm
kD x>_ 1946 _ k AM> V Vl_ {\#
[ \VV]_ k V\Vt BV >\l_
gE um. >] ]V^ VVm.



k >] ]V V\V
VVB x>Vkm >tw
x>_kVkV.
 km gEl_ 1949_ *[>V
x am.
 1949 _ 6 x>_ 1950 k
26k .. z\VVt VV
>\lV V 
]V]o>m.
VV
 >tw]_ ]B EB\A
BV x>_ Vm>>_
1952 \V_ um.
 \V k[ VmE
(Commonweal Party) \uD
cwV EB >
V\Vt BVE gBVm
g>[ 1952 _ 12_
VV x>\VV.
 1953 V [VD >]
g] \VWD c>B\Vm.
 g]  [ w
.VD g] \VW][
x>_ x>\V
BVuV.
 1953D g| VV V|
k> z_s ]D D
] ]>m. >B|m
1954 _ 13_ VV >\m
>sB VV\V F>V.
>tw kV
 VVz z 1954 _ 13
x>_ 1963 V 2D V^
k V\V >tw x>_kV
DBVuV.
 1956_ V\V >t \VaB
gE \VaBVV.
 1958_ >VaV o WB
D Bum.
 1955_ BA]_ k \]B
c ]> mkV
V\V.
 1955_ skVB k\V k
D Bum.
 1956_ Bu [
z> VzBV^ (WBVB
\V z> Km>_) D,
WBVB\V z>B WBD
F>m.
 1958_ >tV| VBm
D Bum.
 1961_ [ W ]>
D Bum. m W c
kD 30 V Wl>m.
 1961 k 24_ kl_
V WkV >
Vzk]_ \V 
[> M >tV| [
>|D  s>m.
 1963_ V\V V EB
|mkuV ""V\V


]D'' (K-Plan or Kamaraj Plan) km [ BV V.
V| k>V.
 ] V\V >m x>_k
>sB VV\V Fms| E
z ]DV.
>kD
 V\Vz z >tw x>\
V >sBuk D.>kD
gkV. k 1963 V 2
x>_ 1967 \V 6 k x>_kV
>s k>V.
 k V El[ E
>tw x>\VkV.
 km gE V]_ ]
]A VVD >twD
xkmD sBm.
] ]A VVD
>]]uz x[A ] ]A
 _k >EB 
c^B ]BVs_, \
V komD Vm[
V BD ] \VaB
x|]Bm.
 1918 \uD 1922D g|_
[ \VV]_ ]B
Ak>uV 40 \B^
>V. >uz ]
El[ g>D >m.
 [ \VV \[
\_ V\[ V|
g]\, *|D ] ks_
>tw kV
>V_ >t \[ x[uD
\uD >t \Val[ kED
z[D [ V.
 1930_ [M]_ u
B\BV> V_ ] ]A
y\VD Wkum.
 1936_ Vo VV >\
lV ]E  cBW
^_ ]B Vkm
\VaBV lus g
>m.
 x>_ xBV ] ]A
VVD 1937D g| >
m.
 VV >tw x>_kV >sz
k>  \V> V]B 1937
g 11 [ ^_ ]
VB V\V|D [>
s>V.
 VVl[ > s
]m x>[ x>V \\
^, Vk> V]>V[
\uD x>t Vk .g..
skV>[ gBV ]El_
x>_ ] ]A \VV
].
 [l_ ]EB >
.. [ _kD \uD ~.k.V
BV >\l_ VV^
u,


 > ]AB ]B
VB V\VzD VB
VV 1938 _ 21 [
klV.
 VV \uD ]z ]V
\VW s_ ]A DBm.
1938 D 3 ] ]A VV
m.
 1939_ ] ]A l_
u>V_ m FB
>Vxm \uD V[ gBV
Vko_ zDV> >.
[ k^ \VaV
]BV^ [ w.
 VV >\lV
V  1939D g|
>s sBm. > >Vm
[ \VV g [
A 1940 kl_ > VB
] _sB s >
s V\VV.
>]]uz z ] ]A
 >]]uz z {..V\Vt
BV >\lV 
[ \VV]_ *|D
]B VB V\VBm.
>V_ *|D ] ]A
VVD mkBm.
 1948 kD 2_ Vk
>]BV V| ]Vs
wD ] ]A VV>
>VBm.
>tw kV
 1950 \ 2_ V>B _s
\ \V>kV [VD kzA
x>_ gVD kzA k VD
\VaBV gxD/ J[VD
\VaBV ]DVB VD
[ c>k >V.
 1950 \ 10D V^ >tw]_ ]
]A VV VVm.
 [ 1950,  18_ 
>m VB ] ]
uBm.
 1952 x>_ ]Vs wxD,
]Vs x[u wxD
m \Va VV>
mk.x>u\V B 
lK^ ] m >VE
azD VVD gD\Vm.
 1963D g| _ 13[
]B gE \Va >
V>B c^m \
V_# V] >V_
F>V.
 ][ 1965 k 26D
V^ ]BVs_ ] gE \Va
BVzD. ] \Vaz m
\VaBV gD B[|>
|D [ s m.
 D ] V> \z
w> ] [ ] >
]m VVD um.
 1967 \V 6_ Vm
>tw x>_kVV.

 >tw kV

 1968 k 23 _ gD, >t  1968 k 23_ >tw E[

gB  \Va >tw][ \Va V^BV "">t,
gE \VaBV zD [ gD"" [ \Va ]>
 \Va V^ ]> s>V V.
xD F>[  V  1968 k 3_ Vkm
\V u k> ] ]A c >t \VV| [l_
VVD xkmm. um.
].x.. gEB_ >twD  V x|]B B
 1944D g| >> BVV_ \BV> ]\ VmVA
]Vs wD >Vusm. D 1968, k 20 x>_
 BVzD VmzD xz k>m.
B >V[B m kV|  1969_ V >mD
V\V, Vm ]Vs Vk |aB[ >uVo
w]om m 1949D x>_kV BVuV.
g| D 17 [  1969 k 10_ Q
]Vs x[u wD [ x.VW] >tw x>_kV
B> ckVV. >sBuV. 1971 k 31[
 ].x.. [w|D ]Vs gE |D k k
x[u wD 1952D g| >sl_ >V>V.
u x>_ Vm >>o_  1972 V 14_ E
us_. VVV > D..g.
 ].x.. 1967 >>o_ 137 ].x..som kB V
 k[ x>[ xBV ]Vs x[u w>
gEB >m. ckVV. m ].x.s_ u
 1967 k 6D V^ El[ tB kV >m.
Vm BV V >t  VW] >\lV ].x..
V[ x>\VV. gEl_ >t kEV
 km gEl_ 1969D g| >MBV \D u|>m.
k 14 [ [ \VWD  >t>VF kVm VV
"">tV|''  B \VuD \V[\BD >D ^
FBm. ]B ""V| K|>'' [
V_ sm.

 >tw kV

 "" '' [ B_  1974 _ 20_ ""\VW

B mz "">t BVE'' VD y\VD 
V|  Vzkm wD'' kl_ Wkum.
 B \VuD FB m.  1976 x>_ 1989 k .].x..
 1969 h[ 13_ >tV| gEBVD, ].x.. ]
kV\ >VaV WBVB EBVD >m.
]B D Bum.  1989_ V xmt 
 1970_ V \kV \ c>s ]D mk
]D >Vm. m.
 1970_ c >twVVFE  \^ [V z
WkD Wkm. kV_ kVBD, z \Vu
 1971_ V kwzD kVBD gBk ckV
]D >Vm. .
 1973_ k E^ V  1989 D 29_ z
kwzD ]D mkD. Vm\ kwzD D
 1974_ xuV Bum.
\kV ]D mkD  1993 V 11_ VV\[
 1974_  x>oB  cV > k.
>Vz]V kl|k>uV VVVt (kV) Elom
"" x>o ] B>'' V. >V_ ].x..s_
WsV VW]. Vkm xBV 
 1975_ V> Ek \uD um.
\ \kV ]D B_  1996_ \V [m [
|>m.  B \VuD FBm.
 1969 V 2 [ \]B  1999_ >tw]_ x>_ cwk
\VW lV > \ml_ mkm.
c^ u gF FB {F  2006 h[ 3D >] ""2 VFz
u >\ ]] V 1 V E kwzD ]>''
.s. V\[V >\l_ mkV VW].
z \m.  2006_ >k V\V
> VV  15 ""_s



kE VV'' s
m.
 2006 kD 11_ ""kl_V
Qz W]>s kwzD
]D'' mkD.
 2006 k 15 [ k
kV |A kwzD ]D ...].x.. gEl_ >twD
mkm. D..V\][
 >tw]_ VlB_ \uD
\mk _ \Vk
V Ow >k
m Fk>uV 2006  7_
V _ w x[V^
mk>  i[
>\l_ z \m.
 zs[ m >tw]_
Ow > m FBm.
 2007 k 1 x>_ >tV_
\]A | k (VAT) \Kz
k>m.
 2008 D_ k k
V \mk ] ]D ""108''
gDm.
 ^_ D ko>
x|mk>uV >tV|
^^ (D koA x
|m>_) D 2009D g|
Bum.
 2010 \V 13_ A]B \[
kVD ]m.
>tw kV
 2010D g| "">tV|
\ ^_s x D''
Bum.
 2010h[ 23 x>_ 27 k
Vk \V_ c>t
D\Va \VV| um.
 1962_ \k c.
 1967_ \ >Vz]l_
ku u \[ c
VV.
 1972 V 13_ ].x..
som kBuD
 1977 x>_ 1987 k >tw x>_
kV gE A>V.
 AE >k [D \^
>k [D Vu|D
D..g. (\# VV\[
V\][) 1972D g|
V 18D V^ ""V
]Vs x[u wD'' [
EB >Vus>V.
 [ El[ B
""m ]B V ]Vs
x[u wD''  \VuD
F>V.
 1973_ E x>[ x>V
]|_ VV\[ >Vz]
 >>o_ Vl| ku
um.


 1974_ u V
\[ >>o_ ku u
 gE \>m.
 1977_ u >tw
\[ >>o_ .].x.. 131
 u gEz
k>m.
 1977 [ 30_ D..g.
>tw x>_kV >sBuV.
m x>_ 1987 k >tw x>_
kV gEA>V.
 1978_ >tw]_ ""10+2+3''
D _sx \Kz k>m.
[l_ ""V _
wD'' mkm.
 1980_ DBV > V\
aB x am. D,
V\ x[ V[ >sD
a| >uz ]V ""V\
WkV ]V^'' WBt
.
 1980_ u 7km \[
>>o_ ku u *|D
x>_kVV D..g.
 1981_ \ml_ ""n>Vkm
c >t \VV|'' 
um.
 1981 D 15_ ""> >t
_wD'' ckVm.
 1982-_ Vkl_ V]BV _
wxD, VVo_
>tw kV
[ >V \ _
wxD >Vm.
 1982_ D..g ""k
m ]>'' mkV.
 1983iV ]lom z
V| kk>uV g]
[ >D Fm VV
D..g.
 1983_ _VD bt[
WB][ x>_  ]
m.
 1983_ E skVlz
k t[VD kwzD
]D x|>m.
 1984_ D..g. \Vs_
\mk\l_Eu
VzD Vm >tV_
Vm >>_ um. ]_
k g \[
>Vz]l_ Vl| ku
u *|D >tw x>_VV.
 1987 D 24D >] D..g.
cl >V. kz z
km \s V D\
BV 1988 k 7 x>_ 30 k
>tw x>_kV >s k>V.
k >tw][ x>Vkm 
x>\VkV.
 ...].x.s_ 1988_ 
u| *|D 1989_ [V
>m.

 >tw kV

V .Bo>V gEl_  V[E W kw_ Bo>Vz

>twD 3 g|^ E >
 1991 h[ \V>]_ u kw>V_ k x>_kV
\[ >>o_ .].x. ku >sBum _Vm  c
um. ]\[D D 21, 2001 _
 1991 h[ 24 [ _s. y>m.
. Bo>V >tw x>_kV  >V_ Bo>V >s s
>sBuV. {. [ _kD >tw][ A]B
 k \V_ >>| x>\V >sBuV.
>tw][ x>Vkm   >ul_ V[E kw
x>\VkV. >sBu sV> [ cB ]\[
[ x>[ x>V >tw]_ D 4, 2001_ Bo>Vz
\m J|k>uV kw >B m
c>s_ B]V. Fm y>m.
 1992_ m \ Vk_  >[ z Bo>V 2002
WBD >VD. k 21_ g >Vz]l_
 1992_  zw> Vm Vl| ku uV.
V>uV >V_ zw>  2002, \V 2_ Bo>V
]D mkm. J[Vkm xBV >tV[
 1994_ \_ t[ x>\V >sBuV.
m^ \Kz k>.  2002, \V 23_ Vl_[
 1995_ Vkm c >t [>V ]D >Vm.
\VV| >l_ um. 2002_ ""kzD _s
 1996 \[ >>o_ >V_s ]D'' >Vm. gEB
B>m. luE l_ u V
 \, 2001_ u 12km x x|>m.
\[ >>o_ ku  >tV| ]>W _
u, \ 15 [ Bo>V wD >Vm.
Vkm xBV >tw  >tw][ V |^ >
x>\V >sBuV. FB.


 >tw kV

 ^ \uD _z [ V[Vkm xBV >tw

_ Al V[
su > FBm.
 2004 V 18_ |>_
... sBz\V >\lV
]l ""|E |
g['']>>_
T | V[.
 2006 \[ >>o_
...].x.. >V_sB>m.
 2011_ u 14km
\[ >>o_ ...].x..
D ku um. pD
>Vz]l_ Vl| ku
u Bo>V 2011, \ 15
x>\V >sBu^V.
 x>_kV >sBumD 6 k
]z BVtV.
 k E kwzD ]D,
>Voz >D kwzD ]D,
k tL, , t[sE
kwzD ]D, k V_
^ kwzD ]D, \Vk
z k \M kwzD
]D, x]BV[ \V>V]
{F]B> 1000 VBV
cB] kwzD ]D V[
_k ]^ >uVm B_
|>| k[.

>tw EB_ E^

E B ckV g| >Vus>k^

]E 1916 .D.VB, ]BVV
BV
]Vs wD 1944 >> BV
>tw wD 1946 \.V. EkQVD
]Vs x[uwD 1949 E.[. Vm
>tV| cwV E 1951 ..V\Vt BVE
V\[T_ E (Common 1951 D.. \VkK
weal Party) VB

0
 >tw kV

>] E 1959 VV \uD

[..V
>t >EBE 1961 ~.k.. D
m ]B V 1972 D..V\][
]Vs x[u wD
s|> E>^ 1972 
VV \^ E 1990 V. V\>V
\\E ]Vs 1994 k.VV_Vt (kV)
x[u wD

•••


 >tw kV

>]]uz [ >tw
gEBV[ B_

>tw g^ B_ ]. V] o 1980-1982

g[ B >sVD ]. >V_ zVV 1982-1988
].ko[ A 1919-1924 ]. .E.V 1988-1990
]. V[ A 1924-1929 ].E VV 1990-1991
]. .  1929-1934 ]. i\ VVB 1991-1993
V[o E
].[ A 1934-1940 ].D. [V  1993-1996
]. g> gkV_ 1940-1943 ]. iV 1996-1997
]. gEV_| 1946-1948 (.V)
k  _s. V]\V s 1997-2001
]. i z\V 1948-1952 ].E.V[ 2001-2002
E kE ]. V\ \V[ V 2002-2004
]. pVV 1952-1956
]. E V 2004-2011
]...V[ 1956-1957
].VMB 2016-2017
].siVD \V] 1958-1964 VBV k
]..s.# 1964-1966 ].sBV V 2016-2017
].>V c_E 1966-1971 (.V)
].. .V 1971-1976 ].[kVV_ 06.10.2017
]. \V[V_ 1976-1977 AV x>_ >uVm
V]BV k
].A>V kV 1977-1980


 >tw kV

>tw x>\ B_ 13. ].E. VV 19521954

x>\ >sVD 14. ]. z. V\V 19541957
1. ]..AVBK 17 D 1920 15. ]. z. V\V 1957  1962
BV 11  1921 16. ]. z. V\V 1962  1963
2. ]._ VV 19 kD 1921 17. ].D. >kD 1963-1967
 3 D 18. ]. E.[ 1967-1969
1926 Vm
3. ].. AVB[ 4 D 19. ]. V. | 1969 (k
192627 aB[ (>uVoD) 3-10)
V
20. ]. x. VW] 1969-1971
19304 kD
k gE
1932
k 31,1976
4.]. . xVt 27 V k 17,1977
V| 1930  4
21. ]. D.. 1977-1980
kD 1932
V\][ k
5. ].Vo 5 kD 1932 gE
VV (V\ i  4 _ 1936
22. ].D.. 1980-1984
VV)
V\][
6. ]. .. V[ _ 1936
23. ].D.. 1985-1987
g 1936
V\][
7. ]. Vo VV g 1936 
24. ].V. D 24,
_ 1937
|aB[ 1987  k
8. ].. k _ 1937  14 (>uVoD) 7, 1988
 V|  1937
25. ]\]. V 1988 (k
9. ]. VV 1937  1939 V\][ 7-30)
k gE 1939  1946 k gE k30,
10. ]..VD 1946  1947 26. ].x.VW] 1989-1991
11. ]. {.. V\Vt 1947  1949 k gE k 30,1991
BV  h[ 24, 1991
12. ]. .. z\ 19491952 27. _s. 19911996
VVt VV .Bo>V


 >tw kV

28. ].x.VW] 19961996  ]BV >]D >Vm

29. _s. 20012001 >tw x>_kV >k 
.Bo>V ].{\# V\Vt BV
 >] ]BVs_ x>_ Vm
30. ].{.[ 2001  2002
>>_ x> z >tw x>_
_kD kVk  ]. VV
31. _s. 20022006  >tV[ x>_ 
.Bo>V x>\  ]\] V
32. ].x.VW] 20062011 V\][
33._s. 2011 2014  >tw]_ t VD
.Bo>V (>Vm) x>_kV >k 
34.].{.[_ 2014-2015 D..V\][  h[ 30,1977
kD x>_ D 24, 1987 k. (10
35._s 2015-2016 g|^ 5 \V>^ 25 V^)
]\]. V
.Bo>V
 tzB VD x>_kV
36.].{.[_ 2016-2017 >k. (24 V^)
kD  >tw]_ t ] x x>_k
37.].V 2017 x>_ >s k>k  ]. x. VW].
wMVt >uVm k 5 x, 10 k 19694 k
 >tV[ x>\  1971  31 k 197627 k
].AVBK BV. 1989  30 k 199113 \ 1996
 13 \ 200113 \ 2006  13 \
2011
>]]uz [ >tw 

g| \[D ku u x>\ VVB

E / 
1952 x>Vkm ]B >EB E.VVVV . EkxD
\[D V .V\V ^
1957 2gkm .>.V. .V\V [.VV\[
.iV


 >tw kV

1962 3gkm .>.V. .V\V . _VB[

D.>kD
1967 4gkm ].x. E.[. E.. g]>V
Vm .. \]Bw[
x.VW]
1971 5gkm ].x. x.VW] .MkV[ Ak
.Vs>[
1977 6gkm ...].x.. D..V\][ x g]
1980 7gkm ...].x.. D..V\][ x g]
. VVVD
1984 8gkm ...].x.. D..V\][ . VVVD
V V\][ .. VB[
1989 9gkm ].x.. x.VW] x. >t z\[
1991 10gkm ...].x.. .Bo>V V. x>BV
1996 11gkm ].x.. x.VW] ..g. wMk_
V[
2001 12gkm ...].x.. {. [ _kD .Vxm
.Bo>V
2006 13gkm ].x.. x.VW] V. gB[
2011 14gkm ...].x.. .Bo>V . >V_
2015 15gkm ...].x.. .Bo>V . >V_
{. [ _kD
V. wMVt
k >k \uD m >k
B >VD x E m >k
. EkxD 6, \ 1952 16 g V >kK V|
^ 1955
[.VV 2, D 1 kD V >kK V|
\[ 1955 1956
. iV V 30 _ 3 g V >kK V|
1957 1961


 >tw kV

. _ 31 \V 14 \V V . V>V]

VB[ 1962 1967
E.V. g]]B[ 17 \ 12 g ].x.. Ak Vs>[
V1967 1969
Ak . 22 k 14 \V ].x.. .g. \[|
Vs>[ 1969 1971
.MkV[ 2 D 3 g ].x..
(>uVo >k) 1972 1973
Ak . 3 g 3  ].x.. [. ]
Vs>[ 1973 1977
x g] 6  18 h[ .].x.. .]V
1977 1980
.VVVD 21 h[ 24 k .].x.. V_ 
1980 1985 VB[
.. 27 k 5 k .].x.. s.. V
VB[ 1985 1989 \B[
x.>tz\[ 8 k 30 h[ ].x.. s.. mVt
1989 1991
.g. wMk_ 23 \ 1996 21 \ 2001 ].x.. ] D k]
V[
V. Vxm 24 \ 2001 1 k .].x.. . VD
2006
V. gB[ 19 \ 2006 15 \ 2011 ].x.. s.. mVt
.Bz\V 27 \ 2011 29  .].x.. >V_
2012
.>V_ 10  2012  .].x.. V^VE
BV\[


 >tw kV

>tw k u ^

VD D
1921  1937 k [E_ D, AM> V V
 14, 1937  D 21, 1938 [ _ w  _D,
VD
k 27, 1938  V 26, 1939 VV \[D (Banqueting Hall)
{\#V E >VD
\ 24, 1946  \V 27, 1952 [E_ D, AM> V V
\ 3, 1952  D 27, 1956 kV D, {\#V EV;
>VD
_ 29, 1957  \V 30, 1959 \[ kVD AM> V V
_ 2030, 1959 [J \V, c>\D
g 31, 1959  k 11, 2010 \[ kVD AM> V V
\V 16. 2010  \ 15, 2011 A]B \[ kVD, {\# E
>VD
\ 16, 2011 x>_ \[ kVD AM> V V
>tw  m|   \k { W> \A
69%  m| kw^ \VWD  gzD. >[ c[
>tV| >sVD 6 g|^ gzD.
 B_ kz (SC) - 18%  kV | g|
 wzl (ST) - 1% xs_, >[ J[_  z]
 tD u|>V - 20% c^ >s szk. >[
 VtB - 3.5% c^ \V_ BV
 u|>V - 27.5% >>||k]_.
 1937 x>_ 1950 k >[
69 % c[ 
z>D 54 gD, ]
>]]uz [ >tw  D 56 gD >m.
>tw  \k  1937D g|  14D V^,
 \k ""s>V[ '' [ AM> V Vl_
|m. c^  \]_ 



\k Bm. > \kl_
\V>D 55 c^
>.
 ]B EB\A ][
 \ \k 1952D
g| _ 21D V^ x>_
B_ >VBm. >[
>k V .s. B[
gkV.
 kz [ D..\V
kKD, kB|m E..
EuD \k >kV
>>|.
 1978D g| _ 26
>] \.V.EkQVD \k
>kV >>|V.
k 1986D g| V 31D
V^ \k |D k
>Vm [m g|VD
\k >kV sV.
\k >>_
 \k cV
>>, ]B >>_ gBD
mD, \k c^
 5 k_
>>||[.
1. >V JD 1/12 z]
cD,
2. gEB^ JD 1/12 z]
cD,
3. c^VE \A JD 1/3
z] cD,
>tw kV
4. \VW \[ JD
1/3 z] cD
>>||[.
5. 1/6 z] c^
gV_ WBt|[.
, BD, sB_, |,
J k V[ m_
>E>k^ \kl[
m \k cV
gV_ WBt|k.
 1947D g| [
sz^ \uD k
ol > FD mV
x[k \kl_ V|
k| Wkum. mk
\[]_ x>[x>V
Wku \kl[ 
x[kkVzD.
\k A
 D..g. gEl_ 1986D
g| \ \V>D 14D V^ 
\kB >uV
y\VD, >tV| k
l_ Wku m.
 y\VD z>  x[k
\k \uD \VWk
gB  kKD
Wku|, 1986 D
1_ zB>k[ A>_
| ]B  D 
40 g klm.
 D 1986D g| kD 1
x>_ \Kz k>>V_, [B
]\ \k m.

 >tw kV

*|D \k B_ zB >kV_

 1989D g| ].x.. klm.
gEl_ *|D \kB  >[ >tw \k \zD
u|mk>uV y\VD W l[ EA gBV
kum. 1991_ .].x.. .D.. \VKy[ [k
gEl[ Vm y\VD >tw  WBt>m. gV_
m. 2011_ u gE \Vu>V_
 1996_ ].x..  *|D \k ckVzD xBuE
\k \>uV sm.
\V>Vk  kl_ >tw][ \k 
WkuBm. m \]B Vm
E[ VkzD  \k >k  \.V. EkQVD
km. >uB gE >tw x>_k  D..V\][
\VuD u>V_ DxBuED >tw g  > V_ zzV
>V_sB>m. ]B V]]  l_ E
 ].x.. gEl_ 2010 _ 12_ ]B >\  V V]
*|D \k \>uV  2011D g| Wk
y\VD l_ W ]BVs_ g]V, VV,
kum. \VViV, V, c] >D
 2010, \ 16_ zB >k \uD DxVi* gB 6
yV V_ >tw \k \VW_  \k B_
\V>Vz A>_ >V. |m.
[ D 30, 2010  g]V \VW]_ 
[ \k >Vz][ \kBVm _ 2007 _
*|D \m.
\k >k^
>k >sVD E
.VVVV 19201925 E Vuk
_.. kVtb 1925-1925 ]E
^
D. ]Vt
E.s.  ED\ V 1925-1926 ]E
.V\]  1926-1930 BVBE

 >tw kV

V. . V\V V

g.. V\i V 1930-1937
.s B[ V
D.. \VkK 1937-1946
E.. Eu V
\.V. EkQVD 1946-1952 V
1952-1964 V
].x.
1964-1970 >tw wD
1970-1976
1976-1986

\k m >k

>k^ >sVD
..k^ 1921-1926
V. xmt  1926-1930
.D.V>D V 1930-1935
.kVt V| 1937-1952
.D. _V  1952-1959
s.. wMVt  1959-1968
.iJ] 1969-1972
\.V.EkQVD 1972-1976
.kVtV>[ 1976-1980
Ak Am\>[ 1980-1983
.kVtV>[ 1984-1986

•••

0
 

,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj; jiyth;fs; kw;Wk;

Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jkpo;ehl;bd; gq;F
,q;fpyhe;Jf;F nrd;W
,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;
nrhe;jkhf xU tzpf
jiyth;fs;:
epWtdj;ijj; njhlq;fpdhh;.
1. jhjhgha; nesNuh[p (1823 -1917)
 gphpl;b\; ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;F
 jhjhgha; nesNuh[p gk;ghapy;
cWg;gpduhf
1825 nrg;lk;gh; 4 - e; Njjp Xh;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;. gphpl;b\;
vspa ghh;rp GNuhfpjh;
ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;F
FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;.
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l Kjy;
 fzpjg; Nguhrphpauhf cah;e;jhh;.
,e;jpah; jhjhgha; nesNuh[p
Nguhrphpah; gjtp ngw;w Kjy;
Mthh;.
,e;jpah; jhjhgha; nesNuh[p
 ,th; 1886> 1893> 1906 Mfpa
Mthh;.
Mz;Lfspy; %d;W Kiw mjd;
 ,e;jpahtpNyNa Kjd; Kjyhf
jiytuhfj;
ngz; gs;sp xd;iw epWtpdhh;.
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;.
vdNt ,tiu ‘ngz; fy;tpapd;
 ,tuJ kpjthjf; Nfhl;ghL
je;ij” vd miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.
fhq;fpu]; fl;rpia
 ‘cz;ik tpsk;gp” vd;w
tYTilajhf tsh;jj
; J.
khjkpUKiw ,jioj;
 1906 -y; fhq;fpu]; jiytuhf
njhlq;fpdhh;.
gjtp Vw;wNghJ Mw;wpa ciuapy;
 1852 Mf];l; 26-y; ‘gk;gha;
‘,e;jpah;fs; Nfl;gJ rYiffs;
rq;fk;” xd;iw mikj;J mjpy;
my;y jd;dhl;rpNa” vd;W
jdJ Kjy;
$wpdhh;. ,t;thW Kjd; Kjypy;
nrhw;nghopthw;wpdhh;.
,e;jpahTf;F g+uz Rje;jpuk;
 ,jd; %yk; 1853 -k; tUl
Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpath; ,tNu.
gl;lar; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; gy
 ,th; rpwe;j nghUspay; mwpQh;
rPhj
; pUj;jq;fs;
Mthh;.
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 1858 -y;

1
 

 1867 -y; Two Wants and Means  gy;NtW gFjpfspypUe;J te;j

of India vd;w E}iyAk; 1875 y; gpujpepjpfs; nfhz;l ‘,e;jpa
On the Commerce of India vd;w Njrpa khehL” 1833 -y;
E}y;fisAk; ntspapl;lhh;. fy;fj;jhtpy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

‘Poverty and UnBritish rule in  ,jw;fpilapy; 1885 -y; ,e;jpa

India”vd;w E}y; njhFg;ig Njrpa fhq;fpu]; vd;w mikg;G

ntspapl;lhh;. Myd; Mf;Nltpad; `pa+k;

 1904 y; Mk;];lh; lhk; efhpy; vd;gth; Kaw;rpapy;

ele;j mfpy cyf Nrhryprf; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; ,e;jpahtpd;  ,e;jpa Njrpaf; fhq;fpuirg; gw;wp

gpujpepjpahf jhjhgha; fye;J mwpe;J nfhz;l ghdh;[p> xNu

nfhz;lhh;. Nehf;fKila ,UNtW

mikg;Gfs; ,aq;fp tUtJ
2. RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p (1848 -1925)
tpUk;gj;jf;fjy;y vd;gij
 ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; I.rp.v];
czh;eJ
; rpwpJk; fhyk;
mjpfhhp.
jho;j;jhky; ,e;jpa Njrpa
 1848 -k; tUlk; xU; gpuhkzf;
fhq;fpuRld; ,e;jpa Njrpa
FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;j RNue;jpuehj;
khehl;il ,izj;Jtpl;lhh;.
rpwe;j fy;tpahsuhfj;jpfo;e;jhh;.
 ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; 1898>
 1876 -y; [_iy 26-y;
1902-k; tUl $l;lq;fspy;
fy;fj;jhtpy; ‘,e;jpa rq;fk;”
RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p jiyik
xd;iw epWtpdhh;.
jhq;fpdhh;.
 muRf;F vjpuhf nghJkf;fspd;
 1892 -k; Mz;L ,k;ghP pay;
fUj;Jf;fis jpul;LtNj ,e;j
rl;lkd;wj;jpw;F
mikg;gpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;.
 itrpuha; ypl;ld;gpuG ,e;jpa
 1918 -y; fhq;fpuir tpl;L
Ml;rpg; gzp Njh;Tf;F ,Ue;j
tpyfpdhh;. ‘Njrpa ypguy;
mjpf gl;r tajhd 21 I 19
$l;likg;G” xd;iw mikj;jhh;.
Mff; Fiwe;jhh;.
,ul;il Ml;rpapd; gb
 ,ij vjph;e;J ehL KOtJk;
tq;fhsj;jpy; ke;jphp gjtp
fpsh;r;rpf;F Vw;ghL nra;jJ.
Vw;whh;.
‘,e;jpa rq;fk;”
2
 

3. Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhfNy: kf;fSf;Fr; Nrit nra;Ak; Njr

 1865 -y; kfhuh\;buh khepyj;jpy; gf;jh;fis cUthf;FtNj
gpwe;jhh;. ,r;rq;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhf
 ePjpgjp uhdNlapd; ,Ue;jJ. ,jpy; =dpthr
fUj;Jf;fisg; gpd;gw;wpa rh];jphp> N.M. N[h\p> gz;bl;
NfhfNy mtiu jdJ Md;kPf> ,Ujaehj; Fd;];U Nghd;Nwhh;
murpay; FUthff; fUjpdhh;. cWg;gpdh;fshf ,Ue;jhh;. 1912k;
uhdNl cUthf;fpa jf;fhzf; tUlk; njd; Mg;gphpf;fh nrd;W
fy;tp rq;fj;jpy; Nrh;ej
; hh;. mq;F epwNtw;Wikia vjph;j;Jg;
 1905 -k; Mz;L NfhfNy Nghuhb te;j fhe;jpf;F cjtp
filrpapy; eilngw;w fhq;fpu]; Ghpe;jhh;. mg;NghJ jhd; ‘
khehl;by; jiyikg; ,e;jpahtpw;F te;J ,e;jpa
nghWg;Ngw;whh;. tpLjiy kf;fSf;F Nrit GhpAkhW”
,af;fj;jpy; ,tuJ fUj;Jf;fs; fhe;jpaplk; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhh;.
kpjthjf; fUj;Jf;fshFk;.  fhe;jp ,e;jpah tu NfhfNyNa
 1905 -k; Mz;L tq;fhsg; %yf;fhuzk; Mthh;. fhe;jp
gphptpidia NfhfNy NfhfNyia jdJ murpay;
fz;bj;jhh;. FUthf Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhh;.
 1905 -y; fhrpapy; eilngw;w  NfhfNy 1915 gpg;uthp 15-k; Njjp
khehl;by; tq;fhs gphptpid kuzkile;jhh;.
vjph;g;gpaf;fj;ij Mjhpj;jJld; 4. ghy fq;fhju jpyfh; (1856 - 1920):
‘NguuRf;F cl;gl;l jd;dhl;rpNa  ‘,e;jpa Njrpa vOr;rpapd;
,e;jpa Njrpaf; fhq;fpurpd; je;ij” vd;W Nghw;wg;gLk;
Fwpf;Nfhs;” vd;W Ngrpdhh;. Nyhfkhdpa ghyfq;fhju jpyfh;
 ,th; 1906 -y; fhq;fpurhy; ehl;bd; Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhf
,q;fpyhe;Jf;F mDg;gg;gl;lhh;. Nghuhba ngUe;jiyth;fSs;
mq;F jdJ Ngr;rhw;wyhy; xUth;.
cz;ik epiyia  kfhuh\;bu khepyj;jpy; 1856
vLj;Jiuj;jhh;. [_iy 23-k; ehs; gpwe;jhh;.
 1905 y; ,e;jpa njhz;lh;  jdJ ez;gh;fSld; Nrh;eJ
;
rq;fj;ijj; Jtf;fpdhh;. ‘epa+ ,q;fpyP]; ];$y;” vd;w

3
 

Mq;fpyg; gs;spia 1880 -y;  gpNsf; Neha; gutpa fhyj;jpy;

Gdhtpy; njhlq;fpdhh;. jpyfh; epthuzg; gzpfis
 ,g;gs;sp tsh;r;rpaile;j KO%r;Rld; nra;jhh;. mg;NghJ
‘gh;Frd; fy;Y}hp” vd;w khwpaJ. gpNsf; Neha; jLg;G Mizauhf
 1870 -y; ‘g+dhrh;tn[dpf;” epakpf;fg;gl;bUe;J uhz;l;
‘rgh” vd;w njhz;L vd;gth; kf;fspd; f\;lq;fisg;
epWtdj;ijAk; Muk;gpj;jhh;. gw;wp fz;L nfhs;shky;
 kuhl;ba nkhopapy; ‘Nfrhp” vd;w uhzpapd; itiu tpohitf;
gj;jphpf;ifAk; Mq;fpyj;jpy; nfhz;lhl 1897 [_d; 22-y;
‘kuhl;lh” vd;w gj;jphpf;ifAk; ypUe;J xd;Wf;F Vw;ghL
1881 -y; Muk;gpj;jhh;. nra;jhh;. ,jdhy; kf;fs;
 ek; Ntjq;fspy; ,y;yhjJ vJTk; kj;jpapy; nfhe;jspg;G Vw;gl;L
,y;iy. xU cz;ikahd Njr uhz;l;Lk; mtuJ Nghyp];
gf;jdpd; flik> ek; mjpfhhp mah;]l
; ; vd;gtUk;
gioikahd fhj;J mjd; %yk; Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;. ,e;jf;
GJAfj;jpw;F top nra;tNj nfhiyiaj; J}z;btpl;lJ
vd;whh;. hpf; Ntjq;fisg; gbj;J jpyfNu vd;W fUjpa muR
mjpypUe;J ‘Xhpad;” vd;w mtUf;F 18 khj fhy
Gj;jfj;ij ntspapl;lhh;. fLq;fhty; jz;lid tpjpj;jJ.
 gftj;fPij fUj;Jf;fisg;  murpaypy; jpyfh; jPtputhjf;
gug;gpdhh;. fPijapd; fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;.
cl;nghUshd ‘fh;k 1905-k; tUl tq;fg; gphptpid
Nahfhitf;” filg;gpbf;f vjph;g;gpafj;ij jpyfh; gk;ghapy;
J}z;bdhh;. ‘fPj ufrpa” Mhpa elj;jpdhh;.
Ntjq;fspy; gpwg;gplk; Mh;f;bf;  1907-y; jpyfh; ehL KOtjpYk;
Nghd;w E}y;fis vOjpdhh;. Rw;Wg; gazk; Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.
 Jh;fh g+[h> uhk;> yPyh> fzgjp ‘jd;dhl;rpiag; ngWtjw;fhf -
tpoh> rpth[p tpoh Nghd;w ehl;il tpLtpg;gjw;fhf
tpohf;fis elj;jpdhh;. vj;jifia Nghuhl;lj;jpw;Fk;
 jpyfh; 1897 -y; gk;gha; rl;l kd;w jpahfj;jpw;Fk; kf;fs; jahuhf
cWg;gpdhh; Mdhh;.

4
 

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;” vd;W Nfl;Lf; nfhs;iffSf;F MjuT

nfhz;lhh;. njhptpj;jhh;.
 ‘Rauh[;ak; ekJ gpwg;Ghpik”  ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ,Ue;j NghJ
mij ehk; mile;Nj jPUNthk;. y[gjpuha; ‘Young India”
 1916-y; jd;dhl;rp ,af;fj;ij ‘England’s debt to India vd;w
Muk;gpj;jhh;. ,uz;L Gj;jfq;fis vOjpdhh;.
5. yhyh y[gjpuha; (1865 -1928): 1919-y; ,e;jpah jpUk;gpaNghJ>

 ‘gQ;rhgpd; rpq;fk;” vd;W [hypad; thyhghf;fpy;

miof;fg;gLth;. eilngw;wpUe;j gLnfhiyiaf;

 ,th; 1865 -y; gQ;rhgpYs;s Nfs;tpg;gl;L mjph;r;rpaile;jhh;.

Y}jpahdh khtl;lj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;. gQ;rhgpd; murpay; epiyg;gw;wp

 1905 y; tq;fhsg; gphptpidia Muha 1920 -y; fy;fj;jhtpy;

vjph;j;Jg; Nghuhbdhh;. fhq;fpu]; kfhrig y[gjpuhapd;

 fhq;fpu]py; jPtputhjf; jiyikapy; jhd; $baJ.

fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;l  mg;NghJ epiwNtw;wg;gl;l

jiyth;fspy; xUtuhdhh; ‘xj;Jioahik jPhk

; hdk;”

y[gjpuha;. y[gjpuha;fF
; cld;ghlhdJ

 yhyh y[gjpuha; my;y vd;whYk; nghJeyd;

Kjyhspj;Jtj;ijAk;> fUjp Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhh;.

nghUshjhur; Ruz;liyAk; mg;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;l

vjph;j;jhh;. 1902 - y; ,e;jpah y[gjpuha; 1922 brk;gh; 3-y;

njhopyhsh; rq;f mikg;gpd; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L rpiwapy;

Kjy; jiytuhdhh;. 1907 y; milf;fg;gl;lhh;. rpiwapypUe;J

rh;jhh; m[pj; rpq; vd;gtUld; tpLjiyahd gpd;G> Rauh[;af;

Nrh;eJ
; Mq;fpNyahpd; ‘FbNaw;w fl;rpapy; rpwpJ fhyKk;

kNrhjh” tpw;F vjpuhfg; ngUk; kjd;Nkhfd; khstpah

Nghuhl;lj;ij elj;jpdhh;. Muk;gpj;j ‘Njrpa fl;rp”apy;

rpyfhyKk; Nrit nra;jhh;.
 murpaypy; y[gjpuha;
‘Rauh[pak;” RNjrp ,af;fk;>  y[gjpuha; jdJ fUj;Jf;fis

Njrpaf; fy;tp> md;dpag; kf;fSf;F njhptpg;gjw;fhf

nghUl;fSf;F vjph;g;G Mfpa ‘gQ;rhgp” ‘te;Nj khjuk;” ‘The

5
 

People” Mfpa %d;W  gpuk;kQhd rq;fj;ij

gj;jphpiffis Muk;gpj;jhh;. Njhw;Wtpj;j fh;dy; My;fhl;
 1928 mf;Nlhgh; 30-k; Njjp 1907 y; ,we;j gpd; mjd;
irkd; fkp\Df;F vjpuhf jiytuhf md;dpngrd;l;
yh$hpy; xU nghpa vjph;g;G epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. ,r;rq;fj;jpd;
Ch;tyj;ij elj;jpdhh;. nfhs;iffis eilKiwapy;
mg;NghJ Mq;fpy NghyP]; nray;gLj;Jtjpy; ntw;wp
mjpfhhp rhd;lh;]; Nkw;nfhz;l fz;lhh;. gpuk;k Qhdk; vd;gJ
jbab gpuNahfj;jpy; 1928 etk;gh; ,iwtid mwpjy; vd;W
17-y; yhyh y[gjpuha; kuzk; nghUs;gLk;. ,e;j jj;Jtj;ij
mile;jhh;. vy;yh kjq;fspd; Nghjidfs;
%yk; gpurhuk; nra;jhh;
6. md;dpngrd;l; (1847 - 1933):
 1914 y; ‘fhkd; tPy;” vd;w thu
 1847 -k; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; khjk;
,jioAk; rpy khjq;fSf;Fg;
Kjy; Njjp ,q;fpyhe;jpYs;s
gpwF ‘epA ,e;jpah” vd;w
yz;ld; khefuj;jpy; gpwe;jhh;.
jpdrhpiaAk; ntspapl;lhh;.
,aw;ngah; MdpTl; vd;gjhFk;.
 jpyfhpd; jiyikapy; nray;gl;l
 gpshtl;]f
; p mk;ikahh; vOjpa
jPtputhj fhq;fpuirAk;>
‘ufrpaf; Nfhl;ghL” vd;w
NfhfNy jiyikapy; nray;gl;l
Gj;jfj;ijg; gbj;jJk; gy
kpjthj fhq;fpuirAk; xd;whf
fhykha; jhd; mwpa tpUk;gpa
,ize;j ngUik ,tUf;F
cz;ikfs; mth; kdjpy;
cz;L. 1915 nrg;lk;gh; 25-y;
gspr;nrd gpufhrpj;jd.
jd;dhl;rpia miltjw;fhf
gpshtl;]f
; p mk;ikahiur;
‘N`hk;&y; ,af;fj;ij”
re;jpj;jgpd; mtuJ rPluhdhh;.
Muk;gpj;jhh;. ‘gphpl;b\; Nguurpy;
1833 -y; ,e;jpahTf;F te;j
,ize;j jd;dhl;rpia
md;dpngrd;l; ,e;jpahitNa
rl;lg;g+h;tkhd topfspy;
jd;Dila ehlhff; fUjp
ngWtJk; mila kf;fs;
te;jhh;. ,e;jpa rKjha
fUj;ij cUthf;fpj;
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fk; fy;tp
jpul;LtJNk ,jd;
tsh;r;rpf;Fk; jdJ rf;jp
Fwpf;Nfhyhf mike;jd.
KOtijAk; nryT nra;jhh;.

6
 

 ,e;jpahtpw;F te;j gpd;G  1906 -y; fy;fj;jhtpy; ele;j

rk];fpUjk; gbj;J gftj; fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; ‘Mq;fpyg;
fPijNa Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop nghUl;fisg; Gwf;fzpj;J
ngah;j;jhh;. ,e;jpag; nghUl;fisNa
 ,tuJ Kaw;rpahy; gy gs;spf; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;” vd;w
$lq;fs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld. jPhk
; hdj;ij jpyfh; ,aw;wpdhh;.
 1918 -y; ngrd;l; mk;ikahh; ,jw;F RNjrp ,af;fk; vd;w
,e;jpa rhuz rq;fj;ij ngah;.
Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. Foe;ijfs;  jkpo;ehl;by; ,e;j ,af;fj;ij
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf ‘Nyhl;l]; jPtpug;gLj;jpath; t.c.rp Mthh;.
rh;fps;” ‘uTz;l; Nlgps;” vd;w  ,th; RNjrpg; nghUl;fSf;F
Foe;ijfs; epWtdq;fis MjuT jpul;Ltjw;fhf
cz;lhf;fpdhh;. J}j;Jf;Fbapy; ‘jUk; rq;f
 1917-y; fy;fj;jhtpy; $ba nerT rhiyAk;> RNjrpa gz;lf
fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; Kjy; ngz; rhiyiaAk;” epWtpdhh;.
jiytuhf md;dpngrd;l;  J}j;Jf;Fbapy; fly;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;. thzpfj;jpy; Mq;fpNyah;
7. t.c.rpjk;gudhh;(1872 - 1936): Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpdh;.
 ‘fg;gNyhl;ba jkpod;” vd;W  ez;gh;fspd; cjtpahYk;> nghJ
Gfog;gLgth;. kf;fspd; MjuTlDk; 1906-y;
 J}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lj;jpYs;s RNjrp ];Bk; NetpNf\d;
xl;lgplhuk; vd;w rpw;W}hpy; 1872 fk;ngdpia epWtpdhh;.
nrg;lk;gh; 5-k; Njjp gpwe;jhh;.  gk;gha;f;Fr; nrd;W ‘fhypah”
 1895 -y; jpUr;rpapy; tof;fwpQh; vd;w Gjpa fg;gy; thq;fpdhh;.
gl;lk;> ngw;Wj; J}j;Jf;Fbapy; gpuhd;Rf;Fr; nrd;W ‘yhNth”
tof;fwpQuhf njhopy; elj;jp vd;w kw;nwhU fg;giy
te;jhh;. thq;fpdhh;. ,e;j ,uz;L
 jkpo;ehl;by; jpyfhpd; fg;gy;fspYk; J}j;Jf;Fb
fUj;Jf;fisg; gug;gpdhh;. tzpfh;fs; ruf;Ffis Vw;wpdh;.
vdNt ‘njd;dhl;L jpyfh;”
vd;W t.c.rp Nghw;wg;gl;lhh;.

7
 

 ,tUld; Rg;gukzpa rpth nghJf;$l;lj;jpy; Ngrpa

vd;gUk;> ehl;Lg;gw;w kf;fSf;F t.c.rp.Ak; Rg;gpukzpa rpthTk;
Cl;bdhh;fs;. ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldh;.
 t.c.rp xU rpwe;j ,yf;fpa thjp  t.c.rpf;Fk;> rpthtpw;Fk; ePjpgjp
Mq;fpy vOj;jhsuhd N[k;]; v.vr;. thy]; 40 tUlk; rpiwj;
Mydpd; E}y;fis ‘ kdk; Nghy; jz;lid tpjpj;jhh;. mjd; gpd;
tho;” ‘mfNk mwk;” kw;Wk; itrpuha; kpd;Nlhtpd;
‘typikf;F khh;f;fk;” vd;W ghpe;Jiug;gb MW Mz;Lfshf
jkpopy; nkhop ngah;j;jhh;. mJ Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
kdpjd; filgpbf;f Ntz;ba  t.c.rp Kjypy; Nfhak;Gj;J}h;
ed;ikfs;> ePf;f Ntz;ba rpiwapYk; gpd;dh;
jPikfs; Fwpj;J E}W fz;zD}hpYk; itf;fg;gl;lhh;.
ntz;ghf;fshf ‘nka;awpT rpiwapy; vz;iz Ml;Lk;
vd;w E}ypy; vOjpAs;shh;. nrf;fpy; khLfSf;Fg; gjpy;
tpjit kzk;> ngz; chpik rpjk;gudhiu ,Of;f itj;jdh;.
gw;wp mjpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ,jdhy; kpfTk; eype;J Nghdhh;.
 njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpd;  Rg;gpukzpa rpth fk;gsp kaph;
vOj;jjpfhuj;jpw;F ,sk;g+uzh; ntl;bajhy; njhONeha;
,aw;wpa ciu kpf vspjhf gpbj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. [hh;[;
,Ue;jjhy; itahGhp kd;dh; mhpaizNawpajhy;
gps;isAld; ,ize;J mijnahl;b rpiwj;jz;lid
ntspapl;lhh;. Fiwf;fg;gl;L 1911 brk;ghpy;
 ed;dpiy E}Yf;F ciu t.c.rpAk; rpthTk;
vOjpdhh;. irt rpj;jhe;jj;ij tpLjiyaile;jdh;.
Mope;J gbj;J ‘rptQhd  rpiwapypUe;J tpLjiyahdgpd;
Nghjk;” vd;w ciuia tWikahYk;> gpzpahYk;
vOjpAs;shh;. my;yy;gl;lhh;. t.c.rp jhd;
 1908 - khh;r; 12- k; Njjp gpgpd; rhFk; NghJ $l kw;wth;fis
re;jpu ghyh; tpLjiyia Njrgf;jp ghly;fisg; ghlr;
nfhz;lhl murhq;fj;jpd; nrhy;ypf; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;Nl
MiziaAk; kPwp 1936 etk;gh; 18-y; ,we;jhh;.

8
 

8. kfhj;kh fhe;jp (1869 - 1948):  njd; Mg;gphpf;fhtpy;jhd; Kjd;

 ‘,e;jpa Njrpaj; je;ij” Kjyhf rj;jpahfpufk; vd;w
cz;ik> Neh;ik> mfpk;ir GjpaKiw ,af;fj;ijf;
rj;jpak; Mfpatw;iw ifahz;lhh;.
MAjq;fshff; nfhz;L  ,e;jpahtpd; tpLjiyf;fhfg;
Mq;fpNyaiu vjph;j;J mwg;Nghh; Nghuhl fhe;jp jPhk
; hdpj;J 1915
Ghpe;jth;. [dthp khjk; njd;
 F[uhj; khepyj;jpy; Nghh; ge;jh; Mg;gphpf;fhtpypUe;J ,e;jpah
vd;Dkplj;jpy; 1869 mf;Nlhgh; 2- jpUk;gpdhh;.
k; Njjp fhe;jpgpwe;jhh;. ,tuJ  1915 Nk 15y; mfkjhghj;jpy;
,aw;ngah; Nkhfd;jh]; fuk;re;j; rgh;kjp Mw;wpd; mUNf Mrpukk;
fhe;jp je;ijahh;; ngah; fhgh xd;iw epWtpdhh;.
fhe;jp> jhahh; ngah; Gj;jpypgha;>  1917-y; fhe;jp ‘gP`hh;
,tUf;Fk; f];J}hpg;gha; khepyj;jpYs;s rk;guhd; vd;w
mk;ikahUf;Fk; 13-k; tajpy; ,lj;jpYs;s mThp gaphpLk;
jpUkzk; ele;jJ. Njhl;lj; njhopyhsh;fspd;
 1888 y; ,q;fpyhe;J nrd;W Jd;gq;fisg; Nghf;f
ghhp];lh; gl;lk; ngw;W rj;jpahfpufk; elj;jpdhh;. mJ
jpUk;gpdhh;. ngUk; ntw;wpngw;wJ.
 1892 -y; njd;dhg;gphpf;fh  1919y; Mq;fpNyah; nfhz;L
nrd;whh;. ‘Nel;lhy; ,e;jpa te;j nusyl; rl;lq;fis
fhq;fpu];” vd;w mikg;ig vjph;j;jhh;. 1991 Vg;uy; 6-k; Njjp
epWtp Mq;fpNyahpd; ehL KOtJk; `h;j;jhy;
mlf;FKiwr; rl;lq;fSf;F mDrhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
vjpuhf Nghuhbdhh;. Rkhh; 21  Mq;fpNy muRld;
Mz;Lfs; ,iltplhky; xj;Jiof;fhkypUf;f 1920
Nghuhbajpd; tpisthf nrg;lk;gh; khjk; rl;l kWg;G
,e;jpah;fSf;F vjpuhd gy ,af;fj;ijj; Jtq;fpdhh;.
rl;lq;fs; ePf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;jpa  1932 y; jho;jj
; g;gl;l kf;fis
kf;fspd; ,opepiyiaAk;> ,e;J r%fj;jpypUe;J gphpj;jJ.
Jd;gj;ijAk; Nghf;fpdhh;. Njh;jypy; jdpj; njhFjpahf;f

9
 

murhq;fk; Kad;wJ. ,ij MSeuhfTk; ,Ue;j ,e;jpah;

vjph;j;J fhe;jp g+dh efhpy; uh[h[p Mthh;.
rhFk; tiu cz;zhtpujk;  uh[h[p vd;W kf;fshy;
,Ue;jhh;. miof;fg;gl;l
 1927 y; irkd; FO Gwf;fzpg;G> uh[Nfhghyhr;rhhpah;
1930y; cg;G rj;jpahfpfuk; Mfpa jkpo;ehl;by; jUkGhp
,af;fq;fis elj;jpdhh;. 1930y; khtl;lj;jpy; X#Uf;F mUfpy;
yz;ldpy; Muk;gpj;j tl;l cs;s njhug;gs;sp vd;w
Nki[ khehl;by; fye;J fpuhkj;jpy; 1878 brk;gh; 8-k; Njjp
nfhz;lhh;. gpwe;jhh;.
 1942 Mf;]l
; ; 8-k; Njjp  1900 Kjy; Nryj;jpy; tof;fwpQh;
‘nts;isaNd ntspNaW” vd;w njhopiy Muk;gpj;J elj;jp
,af;fj;ij Muk;gpj;jhh; fhe;jp. te;jhh;.
,jdhy; fhe;jp cl;gl> vy;yh  jdJ murpay; tho;fi
; f 1916y;
jiyth;fisAk; gpbj;J jd;dhl;rp ,af;fj;jpy; gq;F
rpiwapyilj;jJ muR. nfhz;ljpd; %yk; Muk;gpj;jhh;.
,tUila kidtp f];J}hpgha;  ,e;jpa Njrpaf; fhq;fpurpy;
1944 - gpg;uthp 22-y; rpiwapNyNa Nrh;eJ
; 1919y; nusyl; rl;lj;ij
fhykhdhh;. 1945 -y; fhe;jp vjph;j;Jj; Jtq;fpa rj;jpahfpuf
tpLjiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;. ,af;fj;jpy; Kf;fpag;
 1948 [dthp 30y; fhe;jp[p gq;fhw;wpdhh;.
gpuhh;j;jid> $l;lj;jpw;F te;J  1920 [_iyapy; eilngw;w
nfhz;bUe;j NghJ ehJ}uk; fpyhgj; ,af;fj;jpd; rhh;gpy;
Nfhl;Nr vd;gtdhy; eilngw;w ,e;J - K];yk
P ;
Rl;Lf;nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. jiyth;fs; $l;lj;jpy; fye;J
9. uh[h[p (1878 - 1972): nfhz;lhh;. 1920y;
 ,e;jpah Rje;jpukile;jgpd; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpy;
jiyik MSeuhfg; jPtpukhf ,wq;fpa uh[h[p jdJ
gjtpVw;whh;. Kjy; jiyik tof;fwpQh; njhopiy cjwpj;
MSeuhfTk;> filrpj; jiyik js;sp KONeu murpay;
njhz;by; <Lgl;lhh;.

10
 

 fhe;jp[p rpiwapy; ,Ue;j  1912y; `pe;J hpT+A+ vd;w

fhyj;jpy; ‘aq; ,e;jpah” Mq;fpy khjg; gj;jphpf;ifia
gj;jphpf;ifapy; Mrphpauhf njhlq;fpdhh;.
gzpGhpe;jth;.  RNjrp ,af;fj;jpy; Kf;fpa gq;F
tfpj;jhh;.
10. mutpe;j; Nfh\; (1872 - 1950):
 fhq;fpuir ‘xU kj;jpa ju
Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jkpo;ehl;bd;
tFg;ghhpd; fUtp” vdf;
gq;F
$wpdhh;.
1. t.Nt.R. Iah;:
 ghz;br;Nrhpapy; ‘mutpe;jh;
 ghhp];lh; gbg;Gf;fhf ,yz;ld;
Mrpukj;jpid” njhlq;fpdhh;.
nrd;w t.Nt.R Iah;
 ,tUila E}y;fs;:Life Divine,
gaq;futhjpahdhh;.
Essays on Gita
 1908 y; ,th;fNshL ‘,e;jpah
 tpLjiyf;Fg; gpwF
tpLjp” apy; jq;fpapUe;j
ghz;br;Nrhpapy; jq;fp Md;kPf
kjd;yhy; jpq;fuh vd;w ,e;jpa
eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;lhh;.
gaq;futhjp fh;]hd; thyp vd;w
11. gpgpd; re;jpughy; (1858 - 1932): gphpl;b\; mjpfhhpiar; Rl;L
 jw;Nghija gq;fshNj\; ehl;bd; nfhd;wijaLj;J> ,e;jpah
rpahy;fl; khtl;lj;jpd; nghapy; tpLjp gphpl;b\; murhq;fj;jpd;
fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;jth;. jPtpu fz;fhzpg;Gf;Fs;;shfpaJ.
 gpuk;krkh[j;Jld; njhlh;G  Iah; u\;ahTf;F nrd;W
itj;J nfhz;lth;. ntbFz;L jahhpf;Fk;
 kpjthjpahf tho;f;ifiaj; Kiwiaf; fw;Wf;nfhz;L
njhlq;fpa ,th; gpd; GJitf;F te;jhh;. (1910)
jPtputhjpahf khwpdhh;.
 ,th; ghpjhrf; vd;w 2. thQ;rpehjd;:
thu,jioAk;> 1901y; epa+  nrq;Nfhl;il ,uFgjp Iahpd;
,e;jpa vd;w Mq;fpy kfdhd thQ;rpehjd;
gj;jphpf;ifAk; njhlq;fpdhh;. jpUtpjhq;$hpYs;s GdY}hpy;

 Bande Mataram vd;w Mq;fpy murhq;ff; fhl;byhfhypy;

jpdrhpia njhlq;fpdhh;. gzpGhpe;J te;jhh;.

11
 

 murhq;f mlf;FKiwf;Ff;  thQ;rpehjd; Mi\ Rl;Lf;

fhuzkhd ney;iy khtl;lf; nfhy;tjw;F Kd;G GJit te;j
fnyf;lh; uhgh;l; tpy;ypak; Mi\ ePyfz;l gpuk;kr;rhhpia
vd;w mjpfhhpiaf; nfhy;yj; re;jpj;jhh;.
jpl;lkpl;lhh;.  ePyfz;l gpukr;rhhp kPJ
 t.Nt.R Iahplk; Jg;ghf;fp Rl rhl;lg;gl;l M\; nfhiyf;
gapw;rp ngw;whh;. Fw;wk; ep&gpf;fg;gl;ljhff; $wp
 1911 [_d; 17k; Njjp ,tUf;F Vohz;L fhy
nfhilf;fhdYf;Fr; rpiwjz;lid toq;fg;gl;lJ.
nry;tjw;fhf ney;iyapypUe;J  t.Nt.R. Iah; Nrud;khNjtpapd;
Gif tz;bapy; jd; ‘guj;Jth[ Mrpukk;” xd;iw
kidtpAld; Gwg;gl;Lr; nrd;W epWtpaijg; Nghd;W ePyfz;l
nfhz;bUe;j Mi\ kzpahl;rp gpuk;kr;rhhpAk; fh;ehlfj;jpYs;s
Giftz;b epiyaj;jpy; ee;jpkiyapy; Mrpukk; xd;iw
‘gpnusdpq;” ifj;Jg;ghf;fpahy; mikj;J mikjpahf tho;eJ
;
Rl;Lf; nfhd;whh;. jdJ 88 tJ tajpy; caph;
ePj;jhh;.
3. ePyfz;l gpukr;rhhp:
 ePyfz;l gpukr;rhhp M\; nfhiy 4. lhf;lh; rz;gfuhkd;:
tof;fpy; Fw;wthspahff;  ehQ;rpy; ehl;ilr; Nrh;ej
; lhf;lh;
fUjg;gl;L Vohz;L fhy rpiwj; rz;gfuhkd; INuhg;gpa
jz;lid ngw;whh;. ehLfspy; Rw;Wg;gazk; nra;jhh;.
 ,th; GJitapy; jQ;rk;  ‘GNuh ,e;jpah” vd;w ngahpy;
GFe;jpUe;jNghJ 1910 Vg;uy; 10- gj;jphpf;if elj;jpdhh;.
k; Njjp ‘ghuj khj rq;fk;” vd;w
mikg;ig Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. 5. Rg;gpukzpa rpth:
jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s  t.c.rpAk; rpthTk; jkpo;ehl;L
me;epa mjpfhhpfisf; nfhd;W RNjrpaf;fj;jpd;
,e;jpahTf;F Rauh[;ak; ,ul;ilah;fshfj; jpfo;ej
; hh;fs;.
ngWtNj mjd; Nehf;fkhFk;.  ‘Rje;jpuhde;jh;” vd;w
 GJitapy; ‘#hpNahjak;” vd;w Gidg;ngaiu #l;bf;
gj;jphpf;ifia elj;jp te;jhh;. nfhz;lth; rpth.

12
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 ‘ghujp Mrpukk;” vd;w ngauhy; jkpofj;jpy; Mq;fpNyaiu

Njr gf;jh;fspd; ghriw xd;iw vjph;j;j Kjy; tpLjiy
epWtpdhh;. tPuuhthh;.
 rpthTf;F ,izahf  jpUney;Ntyp gFjpapy; jkpo;
,d;ndhU Njrgf;jiur; nrhy;y NgRk; kwth; Fyj;ijr; Nrh;ej
; th;
KbahJ vd;w Gfohuk; Nkiyg; ghisaf;fhuh;fspy; Gfo;
#l;bAs;shh; kh.ngh.rp. ngw;wth;.

6. Rahl;rp ,af;fk;:  1755 -k; Mz;L Mq;fpNya

 md;dpngrz;l;> rp.gp. uhkrhkp jsgjp mnyf;rhz;lh; n`uhd;

ma;ah;. [p.v]; RUz;Nly;> gp.gp. kw;Wk; Mw;fhL ethg;gpd; jsgjp

thbah> v];. Rg;gpukzpa ma;ah;> khg+y;fhd; Nrh;eJ

; Gypj;Njtiu

vd;. Rg;Guht;> gp. gl;lhgp vjph;j;jdh;. Mdhy; Gypj;Njth;

rpj;jhuhika;a> v. nuq;fehj ,th;fis Njhw;fbj;jdh;.

Kjypahh;> khN[hp uhka;ah;  1959 -k; Mz;L eilngw;w me;j

MfpNahh; Rahl;rp ,af;fj;jpd; ey;Y}y; Nghhpy; a+Rg;fhd;
gpujhd jiyth;fshth;. vd;gthplk; Gypj;Njth;

 nrd;id rl;lkd;w cWg;gpduhf Njhy;tpAw;whh;. ,Ug;gpDk; 1764

jQ;ir tp.Nf. uhkdhrhhp. y; ney;fl;Lk; nrtiy kPz;Lk;

jkpo;ehl;by; Rahl;rp ,af;fj; ifg;gw;wpdhh;.

jiytuhdh;. 1917 Nk 19-y;  1767 -y; jsgjp Nfk;ngy;

flY}hpy; tp.gp. khjtuht; gpuGthy; Gypj;Njth;
jiyikapy; khepy Rahl;rp khehL Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhh;.
eilngw;wJ.
 Rahl;rp ,af;fj;jpd; 8. tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd; (1761 -

Fwpf;Nfhisg; gw;wpg; gpur;rhuk; 1799):

nra;tjw;nfd gp.v];. Fkhurhkp  1790 y; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpapd;

uh[h ‘kPdhl;rp rfha tpNtfhp ghisf;fhuh; gjtpf;F te;j 47
tpjahy” aj;ij Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. tJ fl;lnghk;kd; ,tuhth;.
 fPiog; ghisaq;fhuh;fspy;
7. Gypj;Njth;:
Gfo;ngw;w tPughz;ba njYq;F
 ney;fl;Lk; nrty; vd;w gFjpia
nkhop NgRk; ehaf;fh; Fyj;jth;.
Ml;rp nra;j Gypj;Njth;
13
 

 1798 - k; Mz;L tiu Mq;fpNyahplk; fhl;bf;

Mq;fpNyah;fSf;F thp nrYj;jp nfhLj;jdh;.
te;j fl;lnghk;kd;> mt;thz;L  mf;Nlhgh; 17> 1799-y; faj;jhW
Vw;gl;l tsh;rr
; papdhy; thp (J}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lk;)
nrYj;j Kbatpy;iy. vd;Dkplj;jpy; fl;lnghk;kd;
 1798 -y; khtl;l Ml;rpahsh; J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhh;.
[hf;rdhy; ,th;  etk;gh; 16> 1801-y;
miyfopf;fg;gl;lhh;. ,tuJ ghQ;rhyf;Fwpr;rpapy;
mikr;rh; rptRg;gpukzpa fl;lnghk;kdpd; rNfhjuh;fs;
gps;is Mq;fpNyah;fshy; ifJ Ckj;Jiu> nrtj;ijah
nra;ag;gl;lhh;. ,e;j ,uhkehjGu J}f;fpyplg;gl;ldh;.
epfo;r;rpf;F [hf;rNd fhuzk;
vdf;$wp nrd;id MSeh; 9. kUJ rNfhjuh;fs;:
vl;th;l; fpist; [hf;rid  rptfq;if gFjpia
gjtpePf;fk; nra;jhh;. Mz;lth;fs; kUJ rNfhjuh;fs;
 1799 y; fnyf;lh; Y}\pq;ld; (nts;is kUJ> rpd;d kUJ)
tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kDf;F kUJ ghz;bah;fs; rptfq;ifr;
miog;G tpLj;jhh;. Mdhy; rpq;fk; vd
fl;lnghk;kd; tukWj;jhh;. miof;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.
mtiu mlf;f Nk[h; [hd;  1800 - 01 y; kUJ
ghdh;Nkd; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. rNfhjuh;fspd; jiyikapy;
 ghdh;Nkd; Nfhl;ilia njd;dpe;jpaf; fyfk;
Kw;WifapLtij mwpe;j Mq;fpNyah;fSf;F vjpuhf
fl;lnghk;kd; mq;fpUe;J ntbj;jJ. ,g;Gul;rp ,e;jpahtpy;
jg;gpj;Jr; nrd;W fsg;g+h; fhl;by; Mq;fpNyah;fSf;F vjpuhd
kiwe;J nfhz;lhh;. Kjy; Gul;rp vdf; $wyhk;.
 GJf;Nfhl;il murh; tp[auFehj  mf;dpa+> ,d;]>; gpshf;fhd;
njhz;ilkhDk;> vl;laGuk; Mfpa %tiuAk; kUJ
vl;lg;gDk; fl;lnghk;kid rNfhjuh;fis mlf;f vl;th;l;
,Uf;Fk; ,lkwpe;J fpist; mDg;gpdhh;. ,th;fshy;

14
 

kUJ rNfhjuh;fis mlf;f Jiz Nte;juhfTk; Mdhh;.

Kbahky; jpdwpdh;. 1948 y; ,th; Nrh\payp];l;
 jQ;ir> GJf;Nfhl;il> vl;laGu (Socialist Party)fl;rpia
JNuhfpfspd; cjtpahy; Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.
fhisah; Nfhtpiy Mq;fpNyah; 11. mUzh Mrg; myp(1909 - 1996):
tPoj
; ;jpdh;. NrhoGuj;jpy; kUJ
 mUzh Mrg; mypapd;
ghz;bah;fs; gpbgl;ldh;.
Gizg;ngah; mUzh fq;Fyp
 mf;Nlhgh; 24> 1801 y;
MFk;.
jpUg;gj;J}hpy; (rptfq;if
 ,tuJ fzth; Mrg; myp
khtl;lk;) kUJ rNfhjuh;fis
Mthh;.
J}f;fpypl;ldh;.
 ,e;j ngz;kdpNa
 jkpofj;jpy; Njrpa czh;T vd;w
mnkhpf;fhtpd; Kjy; ,e;jpah
tpijia Kjd; Kjypy;
J}jh; Mthh;.
tpjpj;jth;fs; kUJ
 rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj;jpy; fye;J
rNfhjuh;fNs.
nfhz;ljw;fhfTk; jdpegh;
10. Mr;rhh;ah eNue;jpu Njt; rj;jpahfpufj;jpy; fye;J
(1889 - 1956): nfhz;ljw;fhfTk; ifJ
 tof;fwpQh;> Njrpa thjp> r%f nra;ag;gl;L rpiw nrd;whh;.
thjpahd eNue;jpu Njt;>  1942 y; Fthypah; Nlq;f;
tof;fwpQh; njhopiy iftpl;L gFjpapy; ,e;jpahtpd; %th;z
tpl;L xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpy; nfhbia cah;j;jpdhh;. ,tNu
jk;ik ,izj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;. nly;ypapd; Kjy; Nkah; Mthh;.
 1934 y; ghl;dh Nrh\payp];l; (1958). 1964 y; mfpycyf

khehl;bd; (Patna’s Socialist nydpd; ghpir (International

Conference) jiytuhfTk;> 1937 Lenin Prize) ngw;whh;.

y; xd;Wgl;l khfhzj;jpd; (UP)  vjhe;jh kw;Wk; ehuhazd;

rl;lkd;w cWg;gpduhf Mdhh;. kw;Wk; AV ghypfhTld;

 1925y; fhrp tpj;ahgPj; (Kashi ,ize;J ypq;f; kw;Wk; Ngl;Nuhy;

Vidya Peeth) fy;Y}hpapd; Kjy; (Link and Patrol) Mfpa

tuhfTk; gpwF yf;Ndh kw;Wk; gj;jphpf;iffis Muk;gpj;jhh;.

gdhu]; gy;fiyf;fofq;fspd;
15
 

12. gfj;rpq; (1907 - 1931): kw;Wk; 1932 y; fhe;jpAld; g+dh

 `pe;J];jhd; Nrh\yp];l; xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhz;lhh;.
FbauR ,uhZtj;jpd;  kf;fs; fy;tp r%fk; (Peolple
(Hindustan Socialist Republican Education Society) vd;w fy;tp
Army) cWg;gpduhdhh;. ,th; FOkj;ij Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.
gQ;rhgpy; kpypl;ld;l; nes[thd;  1924 y; jho;jj
; g;gl;l (or)
ghuj; rigia (Militant Naujawan xLf;fg;gl;lth;fs; tFg;Gfs;
Bharat Sabha) Muk;gpj;jhh;. epWtdj;ijAk; (Depressed
1928 y; gphpl;b\; mjpfhhp Classes Institute) kw;Wk; 1927 y;
rhz;lh;i] nfhiy nra;jhh;. rkh[; rkj;jh rq;fj;ijAk;
yh$h; rjp tof;fpy; Fw;wk; (Samaj Samata Sangh)
rhl;lg;gl;lth; ,th; Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ntbFz;L  1924 Kjy; 1946 tiu fth;dh;
tPrp jhf;Fjy; elj;jpdhh;. n[duy; eph;thf FOtpd;
 khh;r; 23> 1931 y; ,th; cWg;gpduhf ,Ue;jhh;.
J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhh;.  ,e;jpa njhopyhsh; fl;rpiaAk;>
ml;ltiz tFg;gpdh;
13. gf;fpk; re;jpu rl;Nlhh;gNj $l;likg;igAk; (Scheduled
(1833 - 1894): castes Federation)
 te;Nj khjuk; ghliy Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.
njhFj;jth; Mthh;.  murpay; eph;zarigapd;
 ,tuJ Kjy; ehty; tiuTf;FOtpd; jiytuhdhh;.
Jh;Nf];ee;jpdp 1864 y;  Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy;
ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ,tuJ ,jo; rl;lmikr;ruhd ,th; ,e;J
gq;fjh;rd; MFk;. tpjp kNrhjh (Hindu code Bill)
mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.
14. gPkhuht; mk;Ngj;fhh; (1891 - 1956):
 1956 y; hpgg;spf; fl;rpia
 xLf;fg;gl;l jho;j;jg;gl;l
(Republic Party) Vw;gLj;jpa
kf;fspd; ngUe;jiytuhthh;.
,th; tho;ehspy; ,Wjpapy;
 %d;W tl;l Nkir
Gj;jkjj;jpw;F khwpdh;.
khehLfspYk; fye;J nfhz;lhh;

16
 

15. ,uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; (1884 - 1962):  Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; gpujk

 RNjrp ,af;fk; (gPfhhp khzth; mikr;ruhd ,th; 1964 tiu
khehl;il Bihari Students gpujkuhf ,Ue;jhh;. ,th; etPd
Conference)Vw;gLj;Jjy;. ,e;jpahtpd; rpw;gp
rhk;guhd; rj;ahfpufk;> vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;whh;.
xj;Jioahik ntspNaW  gQ;rrPyf; nfhs;ifiaAk;> mzp
,af;fk;> nts;isaNd Nruh khehLfs; ,af;fj;ijAk;
ntspNaW ,af;fk; Mfpatw;wpy; Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.
fye;J nfhz;lhh;.
 ghl;dhtpy; Njrpa fy;Y}hpia Gj;jfq;fs;:
Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.  b];fthp Mg; ,e;jpah (The
 ,ilf;fhy murhq;fj;jpy; (1946) Discovery of India)
czT kw;Wk; tptrhaj;Jiw  fpspk;]]; Mg; Nth;yl
; ;
mikr;ruhf ,Ue;jhh;. (Glimpses of word History)
 murpay; eph;za rigapd;  gQ;r; Mg; ,e;jpah (The Unity of
jiytuhf ,Ue;jhh;. 1962 y; India)
ghuj; uj;dh tpUJ ngw;whh;. Nj];  ,d;bngd;ld;]; mz;l; M‡g;lh;
- `pe;jp thug;gj;jphpf;ifapd; (Independence and After)
Mrphpauhf ,Ue;jhh;. ,e;jpa  ,e;jpah mz;l; Nth;yl
; ;(India
hpgg;spf;fpd; (Indian Republic) and World)
Kjy; jiytuhthh;.
 ,tuJ Rarhpij (Auto -
biography (Rarhpij)) MFk;
16. [t`h;yhy; NeU (1889 - 1964):
 1928 y; ,e;jpa Njrpa
1. Fjpuhk; Ngh]; (1899 - 1908):
fhq;fpurpd; nghJr;
 kjpdhg;g+iu Nrh;ej
; gaq;futhjp
nrayhsuhftk;> 1929 y;
RNjrp ,af;fj;jpy; fye;J
jiytuhfTk;
nfhz;lhh;. gpwF tq;fhs
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;. yh$h;
Gul;rpfu fl;rpapy; jd;id
fhq;fpu]; khehl;bd; (1929)
,izj;Jf; nfhz;lhh; gPfhh; -
NghJ G+uz tpLjiy
Krhgh;g+h; ePjpgjp fpq;]N
; ghh;L
jPhk
; hdj;ij nfhz;L te;jhh;.
uapy; gazj;jpd; NghJ

17
 

ntbFz;L jhf;Fjy;  1913y; rhd; gpuhd;rp];Nfhtpy;

elj;jpajhy; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L (USA) Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l fhjh;
kuzjz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;lhh;. fl;rpapd; (Ghadr Party) Kjy;
jiytuhthh;. ,th; n[h;kdpapy;
2. fhd; mg;Jy; fh‡gh; fhd; (1890 - ,e;jpa tpLjiy fkpl;bia
1998): Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.
 vy;iy fhe;jp> ghj;\h fhd; (m) ,tuJ Gj;jfq;fs;:
rh;`hjp fhe;jp> ghf;fh; - , -  nty;j; Mg; Ne\d;]; (Wealth of
Mg;fhd; vd;wiof;fg;gl;l Nations) `pz;l]
; ; ghh; nry;g;
tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l tPuh; Mthh;. fy;rr
; h; (Hints for Self Culture)
 ,th; td;Kiwapy;yh
nrQ;rl;il ,af;fk; my;yJ 4. nksyhdh mGy;fyhk; Mrhj; (1890
Fjha; fpj;kj;fh;fs; vd;w - 1958):
,af;fj;ij rl;l kWg;G
 fpyhgj; fkpl;bapd; jiytuhd
,af;fj;jpd; NghJ Muk;gpj;jhh;. ,th;> 1923 - nly;yp fhq;fpu];
 xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;> rl;l rpwg;G khehl;bd; jiyth;
kWg;G ,af;fk;> nts;isaNd Mthh;. ePzl
; fhyk;
ntspNaW ,af;fk; gjtpapypUe;j ,sk; taJ
Nghd;wtw;wpy; fye;J nfhz;lhh;. fhq;fpu]; khehl;bd;
 gf;J}d; (Pakhtoon) vd;w jiytuhthh;.
gj;jphpf;ifapd; MrphpauhfTk;>  ehfpaj; -cy;- cnykh(1924) d;
gpwF ‘jh]; Nuhrh” (Das Roze) jiyth;. Njrpa K];yk
P ;
vd;w gj;jphpf;ifiaAk; khehl;bd; jiytuhthh;. kw;Wk;
ntspapl;lhh;. 1945 y; eilngw;w rpk;yh
 1987 y; ghuj;uj;dh tpUJ khehl;bw;Fk; jiyikg;nghWg;G
ngw;whh;. tfpj;jhh;. 1946 y; te;j fhgpndl;
J}Jf;FOTld; Ngr;Rthh;ji
; j
3. yhyh `h;jahs; (1884 0 1939): elj;jpatuhthh;. Rje;jpu
 nly;ypapd; gaq;futhjp ,e;jpa ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy;
tpLjiyf;fhf ntspehLfspd; fy;tpaikr;rh;. UGC,AICTE
cjtpia ehbdhh;. kw;Wk; IIT fhuf;g+h; Mfpait

18
 

cUthf ,th; xU Kf;fpa gq;F Nghd;w gj;jphpf;iffSf;F

tfpj;jhh;. Mrphpauhf jpfo;ej
; h;.
 ,tuJ E}y; - ,e;jpah tpd;];
g;hPlk; (India Wins Freedom) 7. Kfk;kJ myp [pd;dh (1876 - 1948):
 Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhfNyapd;
5. Nklk; gpf;fh[p fhkh (1861 - 1936): rpe;jidfshy; <h;f;fg;gl;lhh;. 1906
 gk;ghapd; Rje;jpu Nghuhl;l y; K];yk
P f
; spd;
ngz;kdp. jdpj;njhFjpfSf;F vjpuhf
 g;hP ,e;jpa nrhirl;b kw;Wk; xg;ge;jk; nra;jhh;.

te;Nj khjuk; (Free India  gpwF 1913 y; K];yk

P ; yPff
; py;

Soceity) gj;jphpf;ifiaAk; ,ize;jhh;. 1916 yf;Ndh

Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. cld;gbf;iff;F Kf;fpa fhuzkhf

,Ue;jhh;. 1917 md;dpngrz;bd;

6. kjd; Nkhfd; khstpah jd;dhl;rp ,af;fj;jpy; ,ize;jhh;.

(1861 - 1946): fhe;jpapd; tUiff;F gpwF

 tof;fwpQh; kw;Wk; kpjthj fhq;fpuRld; fUj;J NtWghL

jiytuhthh;. gyKiw rl;lkd;w nfhz;lhh;. xj;Jioahik

ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpduhf ,af;fj;ij vjph;j;jhh;. 1929y; 14

Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;. ,tuJ mk;r Nfhhpf;iffis ntspapl;lhh;.

Kaw;rpahy; xU epidtfk; 1940 yh$h; K];yk

P ; yPf; khehl;by;
ghfp];jhd; jdpehL Nfhhpf;ifia
(Memorial) [hypad; thyhghf;
ntspapl;lhh;. gpwF Rje;jpu
gLnfhiy ele;j ,lj;jpy;
ghfp];jhdpd; Kjy; fth;dh;
fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
n[duy; Mdhh;.
 1926 y; Njrpa fl;rpia
(Nationalist party) Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.
8. utPe;jpuehj; jh$h; (1861 - 1941):
gpwF gdhu]; ,e;J
 tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l tPuh; kw;Wk;
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; Jiz
ftp (poet) Mthh;. ,tuJ %j;j
Nte;juhdhh;.
rNfhjuh; rj;jpNae;jpuehj;
 `pe;J];jhd;> mGAjah kw;Wk;
jh$Nu ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ,e;jpa
,e;jpaa+dpad; (Hindustan,
ICS mjpfhhp Mthh;. brk;gh; 22>
Abyudaya and India Union) 1901y; Nghy;gg
; +h; mUNf
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 

rhe;jpepNfjd; fy;tp epWtdj;ij Jwe;J tpLiy Nghuhl;lj;jpy;

Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. fPjhQ;rypia fye;J nfhz;lhh;.
vOjpajw;fhf 1913 y; Nehgy;  [t`h;yhy; NeUTld; ,ize;J
ghpR ngw;whh;. tq;fg;gphptpidf;F ,e;jpa Rje;jpu yPfi
; f
(1905) vjpuhf uf;\ge;jd; (Independence for India League)
jpUtpohit njhlq;fp itj;jhh;. Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. 1938 (`hpGuh)
tp];t ghujp gy;fiyf;fofj;ij fhq;fpu]; khehl;bw;Fk;> 1939
Vw;gLj;jpdhy;. 1915y; (jphpGhp) fhq;fpu]; khehl;bw;F
gphpl;b\hhplkpUe;J ngw;w jiytuhf ,Ue;j Ngh];
iel;Tl; gl;lj;ij [hypad; fhe;jpAld; Vw;gl;l fUj;J
thyhghf; gLnfhiyapdhy; Nkhjyhy; fhq;fpu]pypUe;J
Jwe;jhh;. ,tuJ Kjy; ftpij tpyfp 1939y; ghh;th;L gpshf;
(m) ghly; mk;hpj g[hh; fl;rp kw;Wk; fprhd; rigia
gj;jphpf;fh vd;w gj;jphpf;ifapy; Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;.
ntspte;jJ. ,th;  tPl;LrpiwapypUe;j Ngh]; jg;gpr;
ghdGy;(Banaphul) vd;w nrd;W 1941 y; ngh;ypid
fijiaAk;> ghDrpd;`h; mile;J `pl;yiu re;jpj;J
ghlhtsp (Bhanusinter Padavali) cjtp Nfl;lhh;. gpwF 1943y;
vd;w ftpijj; njhFg;igAk; rpq;fg;g+hpy; ,e;jpa Njrpa
vOjpdhh;. ,tuJ uhZtj;jpd; (Azad Hind Fauz)
,uz;Lghly;njhFg;Gfs; jiyikg; nghWg;ig Vw;Wf;
,Uehl;bd; Njrpa fPjq;fshf nfhz;lhh;. mq;F RNjr ,e;jpa
cs;sd. murhq;fj;ij (Provincial Indian
1. [d fz kz - ,e;jpah Govt) Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. fhe;jpia
2. mkh; Nrhdh; gq;sh - Njrg;gpjh vd;W mioj;jhh;. 1945
tq;fhsNjrk; tpkhd tpgj;jpy; ,we;jhh;. vd

9. Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; (1897 - 1945): ek;gg;gLfpwJ. ,tuJ $w;Wfs;

(m) ];Nyhfd;fs;
 1920 y; ICS mjpfhhpahd Ngh];
fhe;jpapd; xj;Jioahik ,af;f 1. nly;yp rhNyh (Dilli Chalo)

Nghuhl;l miog;ig Vw;W gzpia 2. n[a; `pe;j; (Jai Hind)

20
 

jp ,e;jpah ];l;uFy; (The India  ,tuJ je;ij [Nth;gha; gNly;>

Struggle) vd;gJ ,tuJ Rarhpij 1857 Gul;rpapy; [hd;]puhzpapd;
E}yhFk;. uhZtj;jpy; Nghhpl;l tPuuhthh;.
 1928 y; gh;Njhyp rj;ahfpufj;ij
10. rNuh[pdp ehAL (1879 - 1949): elj;jpajhy; gh;Njhyp
 cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;ijr; Nrh;e;j rj;ahfpufj;ij elj;jpajhy;
iel;bq;Nfyhd (ftpf;Fapy;) gh;Njhyp ngz;fshy; rh;jhh;
rNuh[pdp ehAL Nghghy fpU\;z vd;wiof;fg;gl;lhh;.
NfhfNyapd; Mjutpdhy;  rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj;jpy; ifJ
tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Eioe;j nra;ag;gl;l Kjy; Njrpa
ngz; tPuh; Mthh;. jiytuhthh;. fhe;jpapd; jdp egh;
 fhe;jp cld; jz;bahj;jpiuapy; rj;ahfpufk; kw;Wk; nts;isaNd
fye;J nfhz;lh;. 1925 Mk; ntspNaW ,af;fj;jpy; fye;J
Mz;L fhd;g+h; fhq;fpu]; nfhz;l ,th; Rje;jpu
khehl;bd; jiytuhdhh;. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy;
cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpd; Kjy; Jizg;gpujkuhthh;.
ngz;fth;dh;.
,tuJ ftpij njhFg;Gfs;: jiyth;fSk; mwpag;gLk; ngah;fSk;
o jp Nfhy;ld; jpuN]hy;l; (The jiyth;fs;> mwpag;gLk; ngah;fs;

Golden  ghyfq;fhju jpyfh;- Nyhf;

o Threshold) khd;ah;> kfhuh\;uh rhf;uB];

o jp gPjh; Mg; j lhd;(The Feather mikjpaw;wth;fspd; je;ij

of the Dawn) -1 912  fhd; mg;Jy; fhgh;fhd; -

vy;iyf;fhe;jp (m) ghl;rhfhd;
o jp GNuhf;fd; tpq;f; (The Broken
 gpgpd; re;jpughy; - Nj\; ehaf;
Wing - 1917)
 rp.vg;. Mz;l;&]; - jPdge;J
11. ty;ygha; gNly; (1875 - 1950):
 jhjhgha; nesNuh[p -
 ,Uk;G kdpjh;> gp];khh;f; - rh;jhh;
,e;jpahtpd; KJngUk; kdpjh;
gNly; F[uhj;jpy; gpwe;j
 ,uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; - Njr
tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l tPuh; Mthh;.
uj;jpdk;

21
 

 n[agpufh\; ehuhazd; - Nyhf; fhy thpirg;gl;bay;

ehaf;> N[.gp. 17 - k; E}w;whz;L fk;ngzpapd;
 yhyh y[gjpuha; - gQ;rhg; rpq;fk;> th;j;jf tphpthf;fk;
gQ;rhg; Nfrh;> N`h;-,-gQ;rhg;  1600 - Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa
 vk;.Nf.fhe;jp - kfhj;kh> fk;ngdp Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.
ghG[p> Njrg;gpjh  1609 - Kjyhk; N[k;]; kd;dhpd;
 v];.rp.Ngh]; - Nejh[p gl;lak; fk;ngdpia
 utPej
; puehj; jh$h; - ftpFU> gyg;gLj;jpaJ.
FUNjt;  1612 - fk;ngdp th;j;jfKiw
 NeU - rhr;rh> Nuh[htpd; uh[h> etPdkakhf;fg;gl;lJ.
gz;bl; [p  1613 - #uj;jpy; th;j;jff;
 ty;ygha; gNly; - ,e;jpahtpd; fplq;F fl;lg;gl;lJ.
gp];khh;f;> ,Uk;G kdpjh;  1616 - 1618 - rh; jhk]; kd;Nwh
 rNuh[pdp ehAL - ftpf;Fapy;> [`hq;fPhplkpUe;J Kf;fpa
,e;jpahtpd; iel;bq;Nfy; thzpg chpikfis ngwy;
 yhy; gfJ}h; rh];jphp -  1635 - 1658 - fpuhk;ngy;
rkhjhdj;jpd; kdpjh; fk;ngdpapd; th;j;jf chpikia
 rp.Mh;.jh]; - Njrge;J tphpTgLj;jy;.
 ,uh[h[p - jw;fhy ,e;jpahtpd;  1640 - Gdpj nrapd;l; [hh;[;
gP\;k gpjhk`h;> rp.Mh; Nfhl;il fl;lg;gl;lJ.
 mutpe;j; Nfh\; - murpay;  1661 - gk;gha;
Qhdp Nghh;j;Jf;fr
P pahplkpUe;J
 tpNdhgh[p - g+kpjhdj; rPjdkhfg; ngwg;gl;lJ.
je;ij  1668 - gk;gha; fk;ngdpf;F
 md;id njurh - thliff;F nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
,opg;gpwg;ghsh;fspd; Jiztp  1670 - nrd;id kf;fs; njhif
 b. gpufhrk; - Me;jpu Nfrhp 40>000.
 yhy; gfJ}h; rh];jphp -  1678 - 1681 - nrd;id Nfhl;il
rkhjhdj;jpd; kdpjh; gyg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

22
 

 1685 - 1688 - nrd;id  1730 - kjuh]; kf;fs;

fh;ehlfj;jpd; njhif 300>000
jiyikafkhapw;W.  1730 - thzpg VfNghf
 1687 - gk;gha; chpik NkYk; ePbg;G
th;j;jfj;jiyikafkhjy;  1746 - 1748 - Kjy; fh;ehlfg;
 1688 - nrd;id khefuhl;rp Nghh;
Jtf;fg;gly;  1749 - 1754 - ,uz;lhk;
 1689 - fk;ngdp gil xd;iw fh;ehlfg; Nghh;
itj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; chpik  1757 - gpshrpg; Nghh;
ngw;wJ.  1757 - 1767 - uhgh;l; fpistpd;
 1693 - rh;N[h\pah iry;L ‘,ul;il Ml;rp”
fk;ngdpf;F Gjpa gl;laj;ij  1758 - 1763 - %d;whk; ghdpgl;
thq;fp nfhLj;J ghJfhg;G Nghh;
mspj;jy;.  1764 - gf;rhh; Nghh;
 1696 - tq;fhs gz;lfrhiy  1765 - 1772 - myfhghj;
‘tpy;ypak; Nfhl;il” vd;W cld;gbf;if tq;fhsj;jpy;
ngahplg;gly;. Mq;fpNyah; Mjpf;fk;
18- k; E}w;whz;L fk;ngdp Mjpf;fk;  1967 - 69 - Kjy; ik#h; Nghh;
 1709 - ‘nfhlhy;gpd;  1772 - 1785 - thud; N`];bq;];
jPhT
; ” - yz;ldpy; Nghl;bf;  1775 - 1782 - Mq;fpy - kuhl;ba
fk;ngdpahy; Vw;gl;l gpur;rid Nghh;
jPhf
; ;fg;gl;lJ.  1780 - 1784 - ,uz;lhk; ik#h;
 1710 - fk;ngdpapd; Nghh;
VfNghf chpik ePf;fg;gl;lJ.  1781 - tUtha; thhpak;
 1710> 32 - Mh;fhL Jtf;fg;gly;
ethgp Kiw mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gly;  1786 - 1793 - fhud; thyp];
 1717 - g&f;\ahplkpUe;J rPhj
; pUj;jk;.
NkYk; th;j;jfr; rYiffs; ngwy;  1787 - fh;ehlf xg;ge;jk;
 1726 - fy;fj;jh epjp  1790 - 1792 - %d;whk; ik#h;
eph;thfk; rPuikf;fg;gly; Nghh;

23
 

 1790 - 1800 - fhud; thyprpd;  1887 - = uhk fpU\;z

gj;jhz;L epythpj; jpl;lk; klKk;> kp\Dk; Muk;gpf;fg;
 1793 - 1798 - nty;ny];ypapd; gl;lJ.
rPhj
; pUj;jk; - gl;lar; rl;lk;  1892 - ,e;jpa kd;wq;fs;
 1799 - ehd;fhk; ik#h; rl;lk; mjpfhhpfs; fhq;fpu];
Nghh; - njd;dpe;jpahtpy; $l;lq;fspy; fye;J nfhs;s
Mq;fpNyhh; Mjpf;fk;. $lhJ vd;w jiyik ePff
; paJ.
19 - k; E}w;whz;L fk;ngdp Mjpf;fk; - 20-k; E}w;whz;L - tpLjiy
Mq;fpy Mjpf;fj;jpw;F vjph;g;G Nghuhl;lk;
 1800 - 1801 - njd;dpe;jpaf;  1905 - tq;fhs gphptpid
fpsh;r;rp - RNjrp ,af;fk;
 1806 - NtY}h;f; fpsh;r;rp  1906 - K];yk
P ; yPf;
 1808 - jpUthq;$h; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.
fpsh;r;rp  1907 - #uj; fhq;fpu];
 1809 - Nfhg;ghy; [kPd;jhh; gpsT
fpsh;r;rp  1909 - khh;yp - kpd;Nlh
 1828 - gpuk;k rkh[k; rPhj
; pUj;jk;
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.  1911 - nly;yp jh;ghh;
 1829 - fhrp kf;fs;  1914 - 1918 - Kjy; cyfg;Nghh; -
fpsh;r;rp Rahl;rp ,af;fk;
 1831 - gpy;yh;fs; fyfk;  1916 - yf;Ndh fhq;fpu];
 1844 - #uj; kf;fs; - gphpe;Njhh; $bdh;
vjph;g;G  1917 - khz;NlFtpd;
 1855 - rhe;jy; fpsh;rr
; p Mf];L gpufldk;
 1857 - ngUq;fpsh;r;rp  1919 - nusyl;
 1861 - gpuhj;jdh rkh[k; rj;jpahfpufk; - khd;l;Nghh;L
epWtg;gl;lJ. rPhj
; pUj;jk; - ,ul;il Ml;rp
 1875 - gpuk;kQhd rig  1920 - 1922 - fpyhgj; -
Mhpa rkh[k; epWtg;gl;lJ. xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;
 1885 - ,e;jpa Njrpa  1921 - Nty;]; ,sturh;
fhq;fpu]; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. Gwf;fzpg;G

24
 

 1923 - 1926 - Rauh[;[paf; fl;rp  1940 - Mf];L mwptpg;G

,af;fk; (rYif)
 1927 - 1929 - irkd; FO.  1942 - 1945 - jdpegh;
 1928 - NeU mwpf;if rj;jpahfpufk; -fphpg;];
 1929 - g+uz Rauh[;aj; J}Jf;FOtpd; ghpe;Jiufs; -
jPhkhdk; nts;isaNdntspNaW
 1930 - 1931 - rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk; ,af;fk; - uh[h[papd; jpl;lk; -
- cg;G rj;jpahfpufk; Rgh\; Nghjk; ,e;jpa Njrpa
 1931 - Kjy; tl;l Nki[ ,uhZtKk;.
khehL; fhe;jp[p ,h;tpd;  1945 - Ntty; jpl;lk; -
xg;ge;jk; rpk;yh khehL - mikr;ruitj;
 1932 - ,uz;lhtJ tl;l J}Jf;FO jpl;lk;
Nki[ khehL- tFg;Gj;jPhT
; -  1946 - Neub eltbf;if
g+dh cld;ghL> %d;whtJ ehs; - ,ilf;fhy murhq;fk;
tl;lNki[ khehL  1947 -nksz;l; ngl;ld;
 1935 - 1937 - ,e;jpa murpay; jpl;lk; - gphptpid tpLjiy
rl;lk; - khepy Rahl;rp

jiyth;fs; gilg;Gfs; / nra;jpjhs;fs;

mutpe;j Nfh\;  fh;kNahfp
 gthdp ke;jph;
 epa+ Nyk;g; ghh; xy;L ( New lamp for
old)
B.C. rhl;lh;[p  Mde;j; ehj;
 Jh;Nf\; ee;jpdp
BR. mk;Ngj;fh;  %f; ehaf;
 gfp];fphpl; ghuj;
jhjgha; nesNuh[p  uh];l; Nfhlh;
 it]; mg; ,e;jpah (Poverty
unbritish Rule ) gphpl;b\; Ml;rpapy;
tWikfs;
jahde;j ru];tjp  Ntj gh];\ah G+gpf;fh
 rj;ahjg; gpufh\;

25
 

Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhfNy  Njrpak;

 Rjh;f;
[t`h;yhy; NeU  Nrhtpaj; Mrpah
 ,e;jpahtpd; fz;Lgpbg;G
 ,e;jpahit ftpo;j;J tpl;lJ
 Njrpa muf;fd;
kfhj;kh fhe;jp  et[Pdh
 ,sk; ,e;jpah kw;Wk; `hpn[d;
 ,e;jpaf; fUj;J
kjd;Nkhfd; khstpah  `pe;J];jhd;
 jiyth;
,utPe;juehj; jh$h;  u\;ahkplUe;J fbjq;fs;
 Nfhuh
uh[huhk; Nkhfd; uha;  rk;gj; fKjp
 kPuj; cy; mf;gh;
 gh;`h gl;lh
tpNtfhde;jh  gpuG+jh ghuj; cg;Nghjdh
 gpurah Mah; g];rah
md;dpngrd;l;  epA+ ,e;jpah fhkd;nty;j;
B.R. jpyfh;  Nfrhp kw;Wk; kuhjh
B.K. ee;jh  NfhfNy\d; Rakhpij
B. cgj;ahap  re;jpah
ghy rh];jphp rk;Ngj;fh;  jh;gd;
ghpd;ej; h; Fkhh; Nfh\; kw;Wk; GNge;jpuh  vq;nfsz;lh;
jj;jh
gpgpd; re;jpughy;  ghpjh;\f;
fh;rd;  fpof;fpd; jj;Jtq;fs;
jahy; rq; k[pj;j  l;hpg;A+d;
jPd;ge;J kpj;uh  ePy;jh;gd;
NjNte;jpuehj; jh$h;  ,e;jpa fz;zhb (kpuh;)
EV. uhkrhkp ehaf;fh;  FbauR
GS Iah;  RNjrkpj;ud;
GS Iah;> tPuuhftr;rhhp kw;Wk; Rgh uht;  jp `pe;J
gz;bl;
Fyhk; `pird;  ,d;Fyhg;

26
 

`hp\; re;jpu Kfh;[p  ,e;J

`z;lh;];  ,e;jpad; Kry;kd;];
[];th; re;jpu tpj;ahrhfh;  Nrhk; gpufh\;
N[hjp ghb Ny  Fyhk; fphp
K.K.Kj;uh  rd;[Ptdp
KM gdpf;fh;  jp `pe;J];jhd; ilk;];
M.A mrhj;  ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; ngw;wJ
MG uhdNl  ,e;jpa nghUshjhuj;jpd;
fl;Liufs;
M.N.uha;  ,e;jpa khw;wk;
Nklk; gpfh[p fhkh  te;Nj khjuk;
kTydh KfkJ myp  Nfhk;nul;
PC uha;  ,e;jpa Ntjpapaypd; tuyhW

RP jj;  ,e;jpah ^Nl

uhghl; iel;  ,e;jpah ];Nll;]n
; kd;
uhgh;l; iel; kw;Wk; jhk]; nel;  Kk;ig ilk;];
SC Ngh];  ,e;jpa Nghuhl;lq;fs;
SN ghdh;[p  ngq;fhsp
rr;rpd; juehj; rd;ahy;  ge;jp [Ptd;
rpahk;[p fpU\;zth;kh (yz;ld;)  ,e;jpa rKjhak;
rrpFkhh; Nfh\; kw;Wk; Nkhjpyhy; Nfh\;  mk;hpj; g[hh; gl;hpfh
jhuf; ej; jh];  ,ytr `pe;J];jhd;

27