Th net allouwable beari Copay Can be obloined

byopplyi a factor of afety of3

Ffr tthp fofoq

0-147 NBW
t
0299 (t0+ N) De . Enr

For Cirtuar and quore toth

+0-33(104 N)¢ knl»*
fRoM PLATE LoAo Te7
ALLO WA BLE BEA RIN6 PRE &URE
PLATE LOAD TELT:

Can be determingd
The alloua ble beari preure
aplate load teat ot the ete To tontut
Conduttia
load test. a pit of h 5 Bp x 5 Bp ,where
a plate
BP plate, i 1Cavated to a
ejma
depth of foundartion (a4). T
depth
of the plate f
uualy o-3 mquare Tt
2 5 mm thiek. OCa 8iomally
of stel and
made
are alto ud Some time L . largg
cirtulor plates
are ud
plate of 06m Lauare

2
i e aValee
A Central hole of t Bpx Bpr Bp
Th depth of the Centra hole (Dp) i
Pit
trom the following relartion
olbtoined

where
B wdiclth of pit
of th plate
Bp

Reaction Beam

Tack

Ant hor Pile

Central hol

zzza
5 Bp

plate ic
plate load test. t t a
For (mduthrg
ond ie applied
in th (etra hele and
plaud Thn rrartim t
 A Central hole of tthe i BpxBp I CavalE

The depth of tha (enira hole (Dp) i

Pit
olbtaine d frm folloing redatfion

Bp B

Df

B width of the pit

okere
plate
Bp

Reaction Beam

Ant hor Pile

D

Centrat hole

45/ 63

5 Bp

tha plate i
For (endurh plate load tesk .

and tta lcad ic applied

plawd in the (entral hole
Mean of a bydroul ic jack The reactionto
mean ot reachom
atk
t e jack provided
Some-hmeL fruBes are uRd inatead of a
beam

(ood
Teaction btam to take up te reacton A ertig
relea ted affer
of knl» i firat applied ohich i
i then applited in ineremen
ome time h load
Cofe Imd or t
 to take up te reacthom A Rotg ood
Teattiom beam
atter
of i firat oppliedwhich telea tëd
Lome tim The toad i then applied in inrement

of about 20 of tte etmated fafe load or *

it rcorded affer
of tta ultimale 0ad Theetle meot
further after an intewal
1,5.to2o. 4o. 60 mnutes and

obervathm are (onhinued

of ONR hour Thee
hour
fov clayey 4oilt untl rate ofetlement u le
hour tert i Condutted until
Han O2 mm per
the cetile mont ot about 25 m
failure or atleatt untl

has OCturtd
a per Code (14 1eee)

The ultimake load for the plate 9u(e) 4

inditated a break 6n lo- plot aetween

and e Hle ment
tte load intenty
break i not wel-defint dthe utimaBe load i takan
a tat Corretpndi to a ettle me»t of me- ft, of
plote oidth (B) On the ngrhura plet h utimate
loacd i obtained fremte interection of the taett
dram ehou ulP)

Tae uti mate bearing Capacrty of tha ProPoced foundation-

aulf) Can be obtaindd from the follouo relation
Ca) for clay*q £oile,
6) For Sandy oilt, C) ute)
ohere Bffouncartion oidth
2 plate load test Can alto be ued to delermine

tte etle ment fora e n inteny ot loadi Cgo)

Cctle me nt of tte plate
Te relarion oetoeo
for t am
(p) and that of foundafion (ce)
Ven belo
lood intenity are

B 0
ta) for clagy Aoils SfSpX
Bp
t load I0tentrt - seHlene
Sp i obtoine d froo

Curue for

(b) for Lond

B4(Bp03
8P (B t03)-
h idth of toundat
 b) tor andy
s B4(B03)
S:SP Bp (Bf +03)
B i the width of foundaten
In above eauathont
oid th of plate adtoin
meters and Bp h

MRte
soll od foun derhon for an llbuwable
3for deeigpia a

trail and erTor proce edure

settle mant of Sfa
valu? of R¢,i
adopted
Firat of al, a

tte Value of o obtoined at

A load
of fotiR and i¢ tho
where A ie area

plale sttiemet
Compurte d Valut ot 90. the
For
(urve
from te load etlement
Cp)i determintd
valu o
plate toad +et The
obtaint d rom
S is Com put ed u
it i Sand TuR (omputed
and u if
oith the allouwa ble
Value of S i Compared pealed t the
Settlement Th Prou dure
allounble tHement
al to
Computed Valut

plate load tect Can alo be utd for the

4T

ioflue nte fat tor T From

determinarhon of

S
P lot betuo een the ettle me nt and
of tte liae i equad to
load 9,8 slope
S
(t-T

slope

48/ 63

SeTTLEMENT OF STRUTORE4
AuoWABE
dfferentia H e met
Tftere a large
of a ctruchue . cdamage may
between Vanouu Partz
Tt
OCtur due t acklitimal developed
diffiult to predict dferen tia ttemead than
more

maximum Setleme ot Te diferentiod

pre dict
to the
olytained inolirectly fromtte
ettie meots& are geerally
25.3. CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
Piles can be classified according to (1) the material used (2) the mode uransfer of losd, (3) the methoy
of construction, (4) the use, or (5) the displacement of soil, as described below.
of
() Classification according to materinl used
There are four types of piles according to materials used.
Steel Piles. Steel piles are generally éither in the fom of thick pipes or rolled steel H-sections. Pipe
steel piles are driven into the ground with their ends open or coscd. Piles are provided wit
driving point or shoc at the lower end.
Epoxy coatings are applied in the factory during manufacture of pipes to reduce corrasion of the
steel piles. Sometimes, concrete encasement at site is done as a protection against corrosion. To take
into account the corrosion, an additional thickness of the steel section is usually recommended.
Concrete Ples. Cement concrete is used in the construction of concrete piles. Concrete piles ar
either precast or cast-in situ. Precast concrete piles are prepared in' a factory or a casting yard. The
reinforcement is provided to resist handling and driving stresses. Preçast piles can also be prestressed
using high strength steel pretensioned cables.
A pile is constructcd by making a hole in the grour ind en filling it with concet.
cast-in situ
A cast-in situ pilc may be cased or uncased. A cased pile is constructed bý driving a steel casing into
the ground and filling it with concrete. An uncased pile is constructed by driving the casing to the
desired depth and gradually withdrawing casing when fresh concrete is filled. An uncased
have a pedestal.
pile may
(ü) Timber Piles. Timber piles are made from tree trunks after proper trimming. The timber used shouk
be straight, sound and free from defects.
Stecl shocs are provided. to prevent damage during
driving. To avoid damage to the of
te
pile, a metal band ora cap is provided. Splicing of timber piles is done using a pipe sleevetopor meta
straps and bolts. The length of the pipe sleeve should be at least five times the diaîneter of the
Timber piles below he table have generally long lifc.
pie
water
these are attacked by insects. The life of the timber
However, above the water
labE
piles can be increased by preservatives such
creosote oils. Timber ples should not be used in marine environment where
these are
various organisms. attackod
v) Composite plles. A composite pile is made of two materials.
A
lower portion of stecl and the upper portion of cast-in situ composite pile may consist of
concrete. A composite pile may also n
the lower portion of timber below the
permanent water table and the upper-Rortion of concrete.
it is difficul! to provide a
proper joint belween two dissimilar
used in practice materials, composite piles are r
ship foting w de and
hauia th de
pth o

founclrti om ot OR
Ter3aghi theory ancd
aume hear failure
and : 15 kNlm*
Sol: Given

B: 2m 35 C 15 N Im

wkt

Fro Table 3-1

For 35 Ne: 578 No 4t-4 Ny: 2

NoLd l->x q1-4

+ &xIx 4i4 +O.5x l8 x

u 5 x54.8
201o
200 kN]m
 25.12. NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION
than the downward drg
When the soil layer surounding a portion of the pile shaft settles more pile, a

is known as negative skin friction.

occurs on the pile. The drag
Negative skin friction develops when a soft or loose soil surrounding the pile settles after the pile na
been installed. The negative skin frniction occurs in the soil zone. which moves downward relative to the plt
The negative friction imposes an extra downward load on the pile. The magnitude of the negative Sk
fricu
friction is computed the same method as discussed in the preceding sections for the (positive)
using
resistance, However, thec direction is downwards.
the
The net ultimate load-carying capacity of the pile is given by equation (Fig. 25.10

Scanned with CamScanner

PILE FOUNDATIONS 685

.25.19)
negative skin friction,
where 2n
Q' = net ultimate load.

anticipated thatnegative
Where it is
impose undesirable,
skin friction would . FILL
large downward drag pile, it can be
on a
.*%'.'
eliminated by providing protective sleeve
a

or a coating
for
the section which is sur
rounded by he selting soil.
3.13 DYNAMIC FORMULAE - NEGATIVE SKIN
FRICTION (Onst
Theload-carrying capacity
be from the
of a driven
resistance FRM SOL
pile can estimated
against penetration developed during
driving operation. The methods give fairly
good results only in the case of free-
draining sands and hard clays in which
high pore water pressures does not develop lap
during the driving of piles. In saturated Fig 25.10.
fine-grained soils, high pore water pressure develops during the driving operation and the strength of the soil