CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 FTIR RESULTS:

FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) is an effective method for the

identification of organic and inorganic molecular compounds present in the sample.
Chemical molecules absorb light in the infrared region of the
electromagnetic spectrum, which correlates to the bonds in the molecules. FTIR
matches the emission spectrum of the IR source of the sample with background
emission of the spectrum of the recorded IR sources. The ratio of the sample
emission spectrum to that of the background spectrum is directly proportional to the
sample absorption spectrum data in the software, depending on the absorption
frequency range of 500 to 4000 cm-1. The FTIR spectra of the prepared antioxidant
extracts for peas, sabja, sesame, horsegram, coffee has been shown in the following
table

The presence of antioxidant promising functional compounds such

as OH, RCOOH and phenolic groups in the natural antioxidants were identified by
means of FTIR Spectroscopy
4.2 DPPH RESULTS:

Dpph(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) test which determines the scavenging

effect of each antioxidants given in below table at different concentration levels.

From the table we can determine that the sesame has high scavenging property
compared to other antioxidants.

The scavenging effect was determined by mean of DPPH for different concentration of
antioxidants such as 500, 1000, 1500,and was observed that the increases with the
increase in concentration of the natural antioxidant extracts with the maximum
occurring at 1500 ppm..
 DPPH Assay
100

90

80

70
Scavenging Effect (%)

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
500 PPM 1000 PPM 1500 PPM

Concentration

COFFEE PEAS HORSEGRAM SABJA SESAME

From DPPH Test: (Scavenging Effect)

Sesame > Horse gram > Sabja > Coffee > Pea
4.3 FCR TEST RESULTS:

The phenolic content present in the natural antioxidant extracts were determined in
terms of Gallic Acid Equivalent by means of Folin-Ciocalteu Test.

Sample Weight of dry Absorbance GAE conc. GAE

Solution extract per ml conc.
(C)
(gm) (mg/ml) (C)(µg/ml)

1000 0.001 0.25 0.047 46.77

1000 0.001 0.19 0.033 33.66

1000 0.001 0.22 0.040 40.21

1000 0.001 0.25 0.047 46.77

1000 0.001 0.63 0.129 129.83

 Sesame has higher phenolic content compared to other antioxidants. The total
phenolic content is shown in the bar graph.

From FCR Test:(Total Phenolic Content)

Sesame > Horse gram > Sabja > Coffee > Pea
4.4 RESULT FOR RSM IN MINITAB SOFTWARE:

Table :

INFERENCE FROM ANOVA:

• Reaction temperature influences yield to maximum extent and yield increases

till optimum reaction temperature.
• Yield largely depends on catalyst loading and increasing or decreasing of
methanol - oil ratio from optimum value affects the yield.
• YIELD = -5021 + 184.8 A + 511 B + 144.8 C - 17.46 A*A - 77.8 B*B
- 1.147 C*C-3.00 A*B - 0.125 A*C - 5.50 B*C
• Yield = 79 % for the optimum condition
 Fig:
Optimum condition for high yield:
Methanol - Oil ratio :- 1:5
Temperature :- 60℃
Catalyst loading :- 1.00gram

Fig:
4.4 RANCIMAT TEST RESULT:
The rancimat test is the final result of our project where the storage stability
of biodiesel with and without antioxidant extract can be determined.

INDUCTION PERIOD OF THE SAMPLES THROUGH RANCIMAT TEST:-

Jatropha biodiesel + Lemon grass oil – 2.06 hrs.

Biodiesel + Pea – 4.10 hrs.
Biodiesel + Sabja – 7.10 hrs.
Biodiesel + Coffee – 7.74 hrs.
Biodiesel + Horse gram – 8.10 hrs.
Biodiesel + Sesame – 9.92 hrs.

The graph for each samples are given below:

From RANCIMAT Test:(Induction Period)
Sesame > Horse gram > Coffee > Sabja > Pea
 So the biodiesel blend that has sesame as antioxidant has the higher
induction period and peas as antioxidant has lower induction period. so we
infer that sesame has high storage stability among five antioxidants