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MICROENCAPSULATIONAREVIEW
MICROENCAPSULATIONAREVIEW
MICROENCAPSULATION: A REVIEW
JYOTHI SRI.S* 1, A.SEETHADEVI 1, K.SURIA PRABHA 1, P.MUTHUPRASANNA 1
AND ,P.PAVITRA2
1
Department Of Pharmaceutics, Hindu College Of pharmacy, Guntur, INDIA.
2
Department Of Pharmaceutics, Shri Vishnu College Of pharmacy, Bhimavaram, INDIA
JYOTHI SRI.S
Department Of Pharmaceutics, Hindu College Of pharmacy, Guntur, INDIA.
ABSTRACT
Microencapsulation is the process of surrounding or enveloping one substance
within another substance on a very small scale, yielding capsules ranging from less than
one micron to several hundred microns in size. The encapsulation efficiency of the
microparticles or microsphere or microcapsule depends upon different factors like
concentration of the polymer, solubility of polymer in solvent, rate of solvent removal,
solubility of organic solvent in water etc. Microencapsulation may be achieved by a myriad
of techniques. Substances may be microencapsulated with the intention that the core
material be confined within capsule walls for a specific period of time. Alternatively, core
materials may be encapsulated so that the core material will be released either gradually
through the capsule walls, known as controlled release or diffusion, or when external
conditions trigger the capsule walls to rupture, melt, or dissolve. This article is a review of
microencapsulation and materials involved in it, morphology of microcapsules,
microencapsulation technologies, purposes of microencapsulation, and benefits of
microencapsulation, release mechanisms, and application fields, with special emphasis on
microencapsulated additives in building construction materials.
KEYWORDS
Microencapsulation, morphology, release mechanism, benefits,technologies, applications
INTRODUCTION
Micro-encapsulation is a process in handling properties. Active materials are then
which tiny particles or droplets are surrounded encapsulated in micron-sized capsules of barrier
by a coating to give small capsules. In a polymers (gelatin, plastic, wax ...).2 Many
relatively simplistic form, a microcapsule is a microcapsules however bear little resemblance
small sphere with a uniform wall around it. The to these simple spheres. The core may be a
material inside the microcapsule is referred to as crystal, a jagged adsorbent particle, an emulsion,
the core, internal phase, or fill, whereas the wall a suspension of solids, or a suspension of
is sometimes called a shell, coating, or smaller microcapsules. The microcapsule even
membrane. Most microcapsules have diameters may have multiple walls.
between a few micrometers and a few
millimeters. MATERIALS INVOLVED IN
The definition has been expanded, and
MICROENCAPSULATION:
includes more foods. Every class of food
ingredient has been encapsulated; flavors are
Microencapsulation is the process by
the most common. The technique of
which individual particles or droplets of solid or
microencapsulation depends on the physical and
liquid material (the core) are surrounded or
chemical properties of the material to be
coated with a continuous film of polymeric
encapsulated.1 These micro-capsules have a
material (the shell) to produce capsules in the
number of benefits such as converting liquids to
micrometer to millimeter range, known as
solids, separating reactive compounds, providing
microcapsules.(Fig.No.1)
environmental protection, improved material
Figure No.1
Microcapsule with core and coat
Figure. No 2
Morphology of Microcapsules
REASON FOR MICROENCAPSULATION AND vitamins from the deteriorating effects of oxygen,
RELEASE MECHANISM: retarding evaporation of a volatile core,
The reasons for microencapsulation are improving the handling properties of a sticky
countless. In some cases, the core must be material, or isolating a reactive core from
isolated from its surroundings, as in isolating chemical attack. In other cases, the objective is
not to isolate the core completely but to control microencapsulated fertilizers and pesticides with
the rate at which it leaves the microcapsule, as locally limited release to reduce leaching into the
in the controlled release of drugs or pesticides. ground water, or microencapsulated catalysts
The problem may be as simple as masking the and enzymes for chemical and biotechnological
taste or odor of the core, or as complex as processes.(3)
increasing the selectivity of an adsorption or The mechanisms of releasing
extraction process. The reasons for encapsulated materials are planned in advance
microencapsulation are also described by John and depend on the purpose of
Franjione, Ph.D., and Niraj Vasishtha, PhD: as microencapsulation. An analysis of several
"Microencapsulation is like the work of a clothing hundred patent documents revealed that the first
designer. He selects the pattern, cuts the cloth, developed and still often used is the mechanism
and sews the garment in due consideration of of external pressure which breaks the
the desires and age of his customer, plus the microcapsule wall and releases the liquid from
locale and climate where the garment is to be the core. This principle is applied in pressure-
worn. By analogy, in microencapsulation, sensitive copying papers (pressure of the pen-
capsules are designed and prepared to meet all ball or typewriter head), multi-component
the requirements in due consideration of the adhesives (activation in a press), deodorants
properties of the core material, intended use of and fungicides for shoes (mechanical pressure
the product, and the environment of storage" caused by walking), polishing pastes (rubbing)
Different purposes of microcapsule-based and aromas and sweeteners in chewing gums
final products require different characteristics of (chewing). In some applications, the
microcapsules. The size and shape of microcapsule wall breaks because of inner
microcapsules, chemical properties of pressure, e.g. for blowing agents in the
microcapsule walls, and their degradability, production of light plastic materials and synthetic
biocompatibility and permeability have to be leather. In instant drinks, microcapsules
considered in the selection of raw materials and dissolve in water.(4) Dissolution at the selected
microencapsulation processes. The purpose of pH value is useful for microencapsulated
microencapsulation is usually defined by the catalysts and pharmaceuticals. Drugs, vitamins,
permeability. Microcapsules with impermeable minerals, essential amino acids, fatty acids, or
walls are used in products where isolation of even whole diets, can be released into the
active substances is needed, followed by a quick gastro-intestinal tract by enzymatic degradation
release under defined conditions. The effects of digestible microcapsules. The core substance
achieved with impermeable microcapsules can be released by abrasion of the
include: separation of reactive components, microcapsule wall, e.g. in antistatic and
protection of sensitive substances against fragrances for textiles (abrasion in washing
environmental effects, reduced volatility of highly machines and dryers), or for grinding and cutting
volatile substances, conversion of liquid additives. In many applications, core materials
ingredients into a solid state, taste and odour are released by heat. Heat-sensitive recording
masking, and toxicity reduction. On the other papers (e.g. telefax paper), temperature
hand, microcapsules with permeable walls indicators for frozen food, heat-sensitive
enable prolonged release of active components adhesives, textile softeners and fragrances in
into the environment, such as in the case of formulations for dryers, cosmetic components to
prolonged release drugs, perfumes, deodorants, be released at body temperature and aromas for
repellents, etc., or immobilization with locally tea and baking, are based on the effect of
limited activity of microencapsulated melting of the microcapsule wall.
substances. Examples of later include Microencapsulated fire retardants or
Table.No.1
Complex coacervation refers to the phase being the liquid manufacturing vehicle phase.
separation of a liquid precipitate, or phase, The coating material phase, an immiscible
when solutions of two hydrophilic colloids are polymer in a liquid state, is formed by utilizing
mixed under suitable conditions. The general one of the methods of phase separation
outline of the processes consists of three steps coacervation, that is,
carried under continuous agitation [15]:
• By changing the temperature of the
Step 1: Formation of three immiscible polymer solution
chemical phases • By adding a salt
The immiscible chemical phases are (i) a liquid • By adding a non-solvent
manufacturing vehicle phase (ii) a core material • By adding incompatible polymer to the
phase and (iii) a coating material polymer solution
phase.(Fig.No.4) To form the three phases, the • By inducing a polymer-polymer
core material is dispersed in a solution of the interaction.
coating polymer, the solvent for the polymer
Figure .No.4
Process of Coacervation:
Step 2: Depositing the liquid polymer coating the total free interfacial energy of the system,
upon the core material brought about by the decrease of the coating
This is accomplished by controlled, physical material surface area during coalescence of the
mixing of the coating material (while liquid) and liquid polymer droplets.
the core material in the manufacturing vehicle.
Deposition of the liquid polymer coating around Step 3: Rigidizing the coating
the core material occurs if the polymer is This is usually done by thermal, cross linking or
adsorbed at the interface formed between the desolvation techniques, to form a self sustaining
core material and the liquid vehicle phase, and microcapsule.
this adsorption phenomenon is a prerequisite to Complex coacervation can also occur
effective coating. The continued deposition of the with the neutralization of two oppositely
coating material is promoted by a reduction in charged polymers. The core material such as
an oily phase is dispersed in an aqueous when the coacervation pH was adjusted to the
solution of the two polymers. A change is electrical equivalence pH value and not to the
made in the aqueous phase (pH) to induce pH of maximum coacervate yield. Gelatin is
the formation of a polymer rich phase that only stable at the pH value between 4 and 6,
becomes the wall material. The Coacervates our data shown that the alkalization caused
are usually stabilized by thermal treatment, the breaking of the wall of the microcapsule
crosslinking or desolvation made by the crosslinking agent of glycerol.
techniques.(Fig.No.5),They found that the Not only is the purple-colored shikonin
yield of gelatin–acacia microcapsules alkalized into a blue color, but the
decreases at surfactant concentrations above saponification effects may also be undergone
or below the optimum. Inhibition of by the solvent (sesame oil) of extract
coacervation due to high concentrations of containing shikonin reacting with sodium
surfactants and disturbance of hydride. However, this reaction would not be
microencapsulation due to high hydrophilic– shown in the microcapsule made by the
lipophilic balance (HLB) values have been crosslinking agent of formaldehyde. This
reported. In general, the concentration of a explains why the shell of the microcapsule
surfactant required to increase the yield of made by formaldehyde is more rigid than that
microcapsules is too low to produce regular- made by glycerol. In other words, the
sized droplets. The analysis of the size microcapsule made by glycerol has a more
distribution shows that the microcapsules are permeable shell than made by formaldehyde.
multi-dispersed. In the coacervation process, The particle size of the microcapsule was not
the pH value of a continuous gelatin phase affected by the difference of crosslinking
would be adjusted above its isoelectric point agents. Using the low concentration 3% and
to form negatively charged gelatin, which is 6% of plasticizer glycerol instead of
able to create monodispersed droplets. The formaldehyde, similar morphology results
positively charged gelatin is attracted to the were obtained. Increasing the amount of
negatively charged acacia to form coacervate crosslinking agent leads to an increase in the
droplets when the pH value is adjusted to encapsulation ability. However, the results
below its isoelectric point. Therefore, the indicated that above 6% of glycerin,
particle size distributions of emulsion droplets encapsulation ability decreases as the
are effected by the factors of pH adjustment, crosslinking agent increases due to the
especially the adding rate of the acidifying alteration of the mechanism and inability to
agent. The report shows the indomethacin integrate into the network even after the
microcapsules had the slowest release rate addition of an excess amount.
Figure.No.5
Complex Coacervation
Figure. No. 6
Polymer-Polymer Incompatibility
Figure.No8.
Figure.No.9
Hydrogel Microspheres
Figure .No.10
Spray-Drying
Spray congealing can be done by spray in a coating material melt rather than a coating
drying equipment where protective coating will solution. Coating solidification is accomplished
be applied as a melt. Core material is dispersed by spraying the hot mixture into cool air stream.
Waxes, fatty acids, and alcohols, polymers which In the top spray system the coating
are solids at room temperature but meltable at material is sprayed downwards on to the fluid
reasonable temperature are applicable to spray bed such that as the solid or porous particles
congealing.22, prepared mucoadhesive micro move to the coating region they become
particles and to design an innovative vaginal encapsulated. Increased encapsulation
delivery systems for econazole nitrate (ECN) to efficiency and the prevention of cluster formation
enhance the drug antifungal activity. Seven are achieved by opposing flows of the coating
different formulations were prepared by spray- materials and the particles. Dripping of the
congealing, a lipid-hydrophilic matrix (Gelucire coated particles depends on the formulation of
((R)) 53/10) was used as carrier and several the coating material. Top spray fluid-bed coaters
mucoadhesive polymers such as chitosan, produce higher yields of encapsulated particles
sodium carboxymethylcellulose and poloxamers than either bottom or tangential sprays.
(Lutrol((R)) F68 and F127) were added. The bottom spray is also known as
“Wurster’s coater” in recognition of its
FLUIDIZED-BED TECHNOLOGY: development by Prof. D.E. Wurster 24. This
Fluid bed coating, another mechanical technique uses a coating chamber that has a
encapsulation method, is restricted to cylindrical nozzle and a perforated bottom plate.
encapsulation of solid core materials, including The cylindrical nozzle is used for spraying the
liquids absorbed into porous solids. This coating material. As the particles move upwards
technique is used extensively to encapsulate through the perforated bottom plate and pass the
pharmaceuticals. Solid particles to be nozzle area, they are encapsulated by the
encapsulated are suspended on a jet of air and coating material. The coating material adheres to
then covered by a spray of liquid coating the particle surface by evaporation of the solvent
material.23 The capsules are then moved to an or cooling of the encapsulated particle. This
area where their shells are solidified by cooling process is continued until the desired thickness
or solvent vaporization. The process of and weight is obtained. Although it is a time
suspending, spraying, and cooling is repeated consuming process, the multilayer coating
until the capsules' walls are of the desired procedure helps in reducing particle defects.
thickness. This process is known as the Wurster The tangential spray consists of a rotating
process when the spray nozzle is located at the disc at the bottom of the coating chamber, with
bottom of the fluidized bed of particles. Both the same diameter as the chamber. During the
fluidized bed coating and the Wurster process process the disc is raised to create a gap
are variations of the pan coating method between the edge of the chamber and the disc.
The liquid coating is sprayed onto the The tangential nozzle is placed above the
particles and the rapid evaporation helps in the rotating disc through which the coating material
formation of an outer layer on the particles. The is released. The particles move through the gap
thickness and formulations of the coating can be into the spraying zone and are encapsulated. As
obtained as desired. Different types of fluid-bed they travel a minimum distance there is a higher
coaters include top spray, bottom spray, and yield of encapsulated particles.
tangential spray (Fig.11).
Figure. No. 11
FLUIDIZED-BED TECHNOLOGY
Figure.No.12
Pan Coating
Figure.No.13
Centrifugal Extrusion
formulation or by their electrolytic co-deposition with metal ions (Fig. 15) 31, 32
Figure .No 15
Schematic diagram showing pathways for microcapsule incorporation into Coatings.
(a) Blending of microcapsules with binders;
(b) electrolytic co-deposition of Microcapsules with metallic ions
The mixing of microcapsules with coating the night, when the temperature falls, the heat
binders requires compatibility of the shell stored inside the capsules is released, thereby
material with the binder. Generally, reducing energy needs.
microcapsules are used in coatings for
controlled-release applications, but Commonly used coat materials in
microcapsules containing active ingredients such microencapsulation:
as biocides can also be trapped inside a coating At Coating Place, coatings are
matrix that will release the contents slowly over customized to solve problems. Once desired
time. Another interesting example is to use coat functions and coating material restrictions
microcapsules in the development of self-healing have been established, a coating formulation can
coatings33. For this, microcapsules containing be developed from a range of available coating
monomer, cross linker or catalysts are materials, modifiers, and solvents. The list of
incorporated into a coating matrix such that, coating materials shown below represents the
when a coating ruptures, the microcapsules range of components that have been
along the rupture break open and release their successfully applied in coating formulations at
contents. Subsequently, the monomer Coating Place. This list is not comprehensive;
polymerizes crosslink’s, and fills the damage, there are many other materials that can be
thereby preventing further propagation. An applied. Coating materials may be applied
innovative example is the use of directly as a hot melt or via a solution,
microencapsulated phase-change material suspension, dispersion, emulsion, colloid, or
(PCM) particles in interior coatings for buildings latex. Solvent vehicles may be aqueous or
34,35
. During the day, as the temperature rises, organic. (TABLE.NO.3)
the core material melts and stores heat. During
Table.No.3
Figure.No.16.
Applications Of Microencapsulation
For example Rhizobium is a very interesting protecting and offering targeting release of the
bacterium which improves nitrate adsorption active materials.
and conversion. But inoculation is often
unsuccessful because cells are washed out Applications of microcapsules in building
by rain. By cell encapsulation processes, it is construction materials
possible to maintain continuous inoculation An analysis of scientific articles and patents
and higher cell concentration. This list is not shows numerous possibilities of adding
exhaustive, the nutraceuticals’ world could microencapsulated active ingredients into
be the last mentioned because of the growing construction materials, such as cement, lime,
interest & increasing demand we have to face concrete, mortar, artificial marble, sealants,
in ingredients with health benefits which often paints and other coatings, and functionalized
require improvement of their efficiency and textiles. A summary of applications is presented
stability (e.g. probiotics, vitamins...) by in (Fig.No.17)
Figure .No.17
Applications of microcapsules in building construction materials
REFERENCES