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Perimeters and Areas of Plane Figures: Module
Perimeters and Areas of Plane Figures: Module
MODULE - 4
Mensuration
20 Notes
You are already familair with a number of plane figures such as rectangle, square,
parallelogram, triangle, circle, etc. You also know how to find perimeters and areas of
these figures using different formulae. In this lesson, we shall consolidate this knowledge
and learn something more about these, particularly the Heron’s formula for finding the area
of a triangle and formula for finding the area of a sector of a circle.
OBJECTIVES
After studying this lesson, you will be able to
• find the perimeters and areas of some triangles and quadrilaterals, using formulae
learnt earlier;
• use Heron’s formula for finding the area of a triangle;
• find the areas of some rectilinear figures (including rectangular paths) by dividing
them into known figures such as triangles, squares, trapeziums, rectangles, etc.;
• find the circumference and area of a circle;
• find the areas of circular paths;
• derive and understand the formulae for perimeter and area of a sector of a
circle;
• find the perimeter and the area of a sector, using the above formulae;
• find the areas of some combinations of figures involving circles, sectors as well
as triangles, squares and rectangles;
• solve daily life problems based on perimeters and areas of various plane
figures.
1
(vi) Area of a triangle = base × corresponding altitude
2
1
(vii)Area of a rhombus = product of its diagonals
2
1
(viii) Area of a trapezium = (sum of the two parallel sides) × distance between them
2
(ix) circumference of a circle = 2 π × radius
(x) Area of a circle = π× (radius)2
20250 2
Therefore, area of the field = m
15
Notes
= 1350 m2 ...(2)
From (1) and (2), we have:
3x 2
= 1350
2
1350 × 2
x2 = = 900 = (30 )
2
or
3
or x = 30
Hence, corresponding altitutde is 30 m and the base is 3 × 30 m i.e., 90 m.
Example 20.5: Find the area of a rhombus whose diagonals are of lengths 16 cm and
12 cm.
1 1
Solution: Area of the rhombus = product of its diagonals = × 16 × 12 cm2
2 2
= 96 cm2
Example 20.6: Length of the two parallel sides of a trapezium are 20 cm and 12 cm and
the distance between them is 5 cm. Find the area of the trapezium.
1
Solution: Area of a trapezium = (sum of the two parallel sides)×distance between them
2
1
= (20 + 12) × 5 cm2 = 80 cm2
2
1
Area of a triangle = base × corresponding altitude
2
However, sometimes we are not given the altitude (height) corresponding to the given
base of a triangle. Instead of that we are given the three sides of the triangle. In this case
also, we can find the height (or altitude) corresponding to a side and calculate its area. Let
us explain it through an example.
Example 20.7: Find the area of the triangle ABC, whose sides AB, BC and CA are
respectively 5 cm, 6 cm and 7 cm.
Solution: Draw AD ⊥ BC as shown in Fig. 20.1.
Let BD = x cm
A
So, CD = (6 – x) cm
7
Now, from right triangle ABD, we have: 5
AB2 = BD2 + AD2 (Pythagoras Theorem)
i.e. 25 = x2 + AD2 ...(1) B D C
6
Similarly, from right triangle ACD, we have:
Fig. 20.1
2 2 2
AC = CD + AD
i.e. 49 = (6 – x)2 + AD2 ...(2)
From (1) and (2), we have:
49 – 25 = (6 – x)2 – x2
i.e. AD2 = 24 or AD = 24 = 2 6 cm
1 1
Thus, area of ΔABC = BC × AD = × 6 × 2 6 cm2 = 6 6 cm2
2 2
You must have observed that the process involved in the solution of the above example is
lengthy. To help us in this matter, a formula for finding the area of a triangle with three given
sides was provided by a Greek mathematician Heron (75 B.C. to 10 B.C.). It is as
follows:
a+b+c
where, a, b and c are the three sides of the triangle and s = . This formula can be
2
proved on similar lines as in Example 20.7 by taking a, b and c for 6, 7 and 5 respectively.
Let us find the area of the triangle of Example 20.7 using this formula.
Here, a = 6 cm, b = 7 cm and c = 5 cm
6+7+5
So, s = = 9 cm
2
9 × 3 × 2 × 3 cm
2
=
Let us take some more examples to illustrate the use of this formula.
Example 20.8: The sides of a triangular field are 165 m, 154 m and 143 m. Find the area
of the field.
= 11 × 11 × 3 × 7 × 2 × 2 m2 = 10164 m2
Example 20.9: Find the area of a trapezium whose parallel sides are of lengths 11 cm
amd 25 cm and whose non-parallel sides are of lengths 15 cm and 13 cm.
Solution: Let ABCD be the trapezium in which AB = 11 cm, CD = 25 cm, AD = 15 cm
and BC =13 cm (See Fig. 20.2)
Through B, we draw a line parallel to AD to intersect DC at E. Draw BF ⊥ DC.
Now, clearly BE = AD = 15 cm
A B
BC = 13 cm (given)
and EC = (25 – 11) cm = 14 cm
15 + 13 + 14
So, for ΔBEC, s = cm = 21 cm
2 D E F C
Fig. 20.2
Therefore area of ΔBEC = s(s − a )(s − b)(s − c )
= 21× 6 × 8 × 7 cm2
= 7 × 3 × 4 cm2 = 84 cm2 ...(1)
1
Again, area of ΔBEC = EC × BF
2
1
= × 14 × BF ...(2)
2
So, from (1) and (2), we have:
1
× 14 × BF = 84
2
84
i.e., BF = cm = 12 cm
7
= 496 m2 M L
H E
Example 20.11: There are two rectangular paths in G F
O N
the middle of a park as shown in Fig. 20.4. Find the
cost of paving the paths with concrete at the rate of S R C
D
` 15 per m2. It is given that AB = CD = 50 m,
Fig. 20.4
AD = BC = 40 m and EF = PQ = 2.5 m.
= ` 3281.25
Example 20.12: Find the area of the figure ABCDEFG (See Fig. 20.5) in which ABCG
is a rectangle, AB = 3 cm, BC = 5 cm, GF = 2.5 cm = DE = CF., CD = 3.5 cm, EF = 4.5
cm, and CD || EF.
Solution: Required area = area of rectangle ABCG + area of isosceles triangle FGC
+ area of trapezium DCEF ...(1)
Now, area of rectangle ABCG = l × b = 5 × 3 cm2 = 15 cm2 ...(2)
For area of ΔFGC, draw FM ⊥ CG.
As FG = FC (given), therefore
A B
M is the mid point of GC.
3
That is, GM = = 1.5 cm
2
Now, from ΔGMF,
G M C D
GF2 = FM2 + GM2
or (2.5)2 = FM2 + (1.5)2
or FM2 = (2.5)2 – (1.5)2 = 4 F E
So, FM = 2, i.e., length of FM = 2 cm Fig. 20.5
1
So, area of ΔFGC = GC × FM
2
1
= × 3 × 2 cm2 = 3 cm2 ...(3)
2
1
Also, area of trapezium CDEF = (sum of the parallel sides) × distance between them
2
1
= (3.5 + 4.5) × 2 cm2
2
1
= × 8 × 2 cm2 = 8 cm2 ...(4)
2
= 3.14 × 30 × 2 = 188.4 m2
So, cost of paving the bricks at ` 24 per m2
Fig. 20.9
= ` 24 × 188.4
= ` 4521.60
Notes
circle. Recall that a part of a circular region enclosed
between two radii of the corresponding circle is called
.
Q
and OAQB is called the major sector of the circle Fig. 20.10
(with major arc AQB).
Note: unless stated otherwise, by sector, we shall mean a minor sector.
(i) Perimeter of the sector: Clearly, perimeter of the sector OAPB is equal to OA +
OB + length of arc APB.
Let radius OA (or OB) be r, length of the arc APB be l and ∠AOB be θ.
We can find the length l of the arc APB as follows:
We know that circumference of the circle = 2 πr
Now, for total angle 360o at the centre, length = 2πr
2πr
So, for angle θ, length l = ×θ
360 o
πrθ
or l= ...(1)
180o
Thus, perimeter of the sector OAPB = OA + OB + l
πrθ πrθ
=r+r+ o = 2 r +
180 180o
(ii) Area of the sector
Area of the circle = πr2
Now, for total angle 360o, area = πr2
πr 2
So, for angle θ, area = ×θ
360o
Perimeter = 2r +
(
πr 360 o − θ )
180 o
πr 2
and area =
360 o
(
× 360 o − θ )
Example 20.15: Find the perimeter and area of the sector of a circle of radius 9 cm with
central angle 35o.
πrθ
Solution: Perimeter of the sector = 2r +
180 o
⎛ 22 9 × 35o ⎞
⎜
=⎜ 2 × 9 + × ⎟ cm
⎝ 7 180o ⎟⎠
⎛ 11× 1 ⎞ 47
= ⎜18 + ⎟ cm = cm
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
πr 2 × θ
Area of the sector =
360o
⎛ 22 81× 35o ⎞
= ⎜⎜ × ⎟ 2
o ⎟ cm
⎝ 7 360 ⎠
⎛ 11× 9 ⎞ 2 99
=⎜ ⎟ cm = cm 2
⎝ 4 ⎠ 4
Example 20.16: Find the perimeter and area of the sector of a circle of radius 6 cm and
length of the arc of the sector as 22 cm.
Solution: Perimeter of the sector = 2r + length of the arc
= (2 × 6 + 22) cm = 34 cm
For area, let us first find the central angle θ.
πrθ
So, = 22
180 o
Notes 180 o × 7
or θ= = 210o
6
πr 2θ
So, area of the sector =
360 o
22 36 × 210o
= ×
7 360o
= 66 cm2
Alternate method for area:
Circumference of the circle = 2πr
22
= 2× × 6 cm
7
22
and area of the circle = πr2 = × 6 × 6 cm2
7
22 22
For length 2 × × 6 cm, area = × 6 × 6 cm2
7 7
22 6 × 6 × 7 × 22
So, for length 22 cm, area = × cm2
7 2 × 22 × 6
= 66 cm2
1 1
Also, ∠BOP = ∠COP = ∠BOC = × 120o = 60o
2 2
BP 3
Now, = sin∠BOP = sin60 o = [See Lessons 22-23]
OB 2
A
BP 3
i.e., =
3.5 2
O
3.5 3
So, BC = 2 × cm = 3.5 3 cm
2 C
B P
3
Therefore, area of ΔABC = BC 2
4 Fig. 20.12
3
= × 3.5 × 3.5 × 3 cm2
4
Now, area of the design = area of the circle – area of ΔABC
3
= (3.14 × 3.5 × 3.5 – × 3.5 × 3.5 × 3) cm2
4
Notes ⎛ 7.46 ⎞
= 12.25⎜ ⎟ cm2 = 12.25 × 1.865 cm2
⎝ 4 ⎠
Therefore, cost of making the design at ` 0.50 per cm2
= ` 12.25 × 1.865 × 0.50 = ` 114.23 (approx)
Example 20.18: On a square shaped handkerchief,
nine circular designs, each of radius 7 cm, are made
as shown in Fig. 20.13. Find the area of the remainig
portion of the handkerchief.
Solution: As radius of each circular design is 7 cm,
diameter of each will be 2 × 7 cm = 14 cm
So, side of the square handkerchief = 3 × 14 = 42 cm ...(1)
Therefore, area of the square = 42 × 42 cm2 Fig. 20.13
22
Also, area of a circle = πr2 = × 7 × 7 cm 2 = 154 cm2
7
So, area of 9 circles = 9 × 154 cm2 ...(2)
Therefore, from (1) and (2), area of the remaining portion
= (42 × 42 – 9 × 154) cm2
= (1764 – 1386) cm2 = 378 cm2
10 cm
LET US SUM UP
• Perimeter of a rectangle = 2 (length + breadth)
Notes
• Area of a rectangle = length × breadth
• Perimeter of a square = 4 × side
• Area of a square = (side)2
• Area of a parallelogram = base × corresponding altitude
1
• Area of a triangle = base × corresponding altitude
2
and also s(s − a )(s − b)(s − c ) , where a, b and c are the three sides of the triangle
a+b+c
and s = .
2
1
• Area of a rhombus = product of its diagonals
2
1
• Area of a trapezium = (sum of the two parallel sides) × distance between them
2
• Area of rectangular path = area of the outer rectangle – area of inner rectangle
• Area of cross paths in the middle = Sum of the areas of the two paths – area of the
common portion
• circumference of a circle of radius r = 2 πr
• Area of a circle of radius r = πr2
• Area of a circular path = Area of the outer circle – area of the inner circle
πrθ
• Length l of the arc of a sector of a circle of radius r with central angle θ is l =
180o
πrθ
• Perimeter of the sector a circle with radius r and central angle θ = 2r +
180o
πr 2θ
• Area of the sector of a circle with radius r and central and θ =
360 o
TERMINAL EXERCISE
1. The side of a square park is 37.5 m. Find its area.
2. The perimeter of a square is 480 cm. Find its area.
3. Find the time taken by a person in walking along the boundary of a square field of area
40 000 m2 at a speed of 4 km/h.
4. Length of a room is three times its breadth. If its breadth is 4.5 m, find the area of the
floor.
5. The length and breadth of a rectangle are in the ratio of 5 : 2 and its perimeter is 980
cm. Find the area of the rectangle.
6. Find the area of each of the following parallelograms:
(i) one side is 25 cm and corresponding altitude is 12 cm
(ii) Two adjacent sides are 13 cm and 14 cm and one diagonal is 15 cm.
7. The area of a rectangular field is 27000 m2 and its length and breadth are in the ratio
6:5. Find the cost of fencing the field by four rounds of barbed wire at the rate of ` 7
per 10 metre.
8. Find the area of each of the following trapeziums:
S. No. Lengths of parellel sides Distance between the parallel sides
(i) 30 cm and 20 cm 15 cm
(ii) 15.5 cm and 10.5 cm 7.5 cm
(iii) 15 cm and 45 cm 14.6 cm
(iv) 40 cm and 22 cm 12 cm
9. Find the area of a plot which is in the shape of a quadrilateral, one of whose diagonals
is 20 m and lengths of the perpendiculars from the opposite corners on it are of lengths
12 m and 18 m respectively.
10. Find the area of a field in the shape of a trapezium whose parallel sides are of lengths
48 m and 160 m and non-parallel sides of lengths 50 m and 78 m.
1.5 cm
1.5 cm
6 cm
Fig. 20.16
28. A farmer buys a circular field at the rate of ` 700 per m2 for ` 316800. Find the
perimeter of the field.
29. A horse is tied to a pole at a corner of a square field of side 12 m by a rope of length
3.5 m. Find the area of the part of the field in which the horse can graze.
30. Find the area of the quadrant of a circle whose circumference is 44 cm.
..
A P
Q
31. In Fig. 20.17, OAQB is a quadrant of a circle
of radius 7 cm and APB is a semicircle. Find
the area of the shaded region.
O B
Fig. 20.17
Fig. 20.19
Fig. 20.20
Fig. 20.21
In each of the questions 36 to 42, write the correct answer from the four given options:
36. The perimeter of a square of side a is
(A) a2 (B) 4a (C) 2a (D) 2a
37. The sides of a triangle are 15 cm, 20 cm, and 25 cm. Its area is
(A) 30 cm2 (B) 150 cm2 (C) 187.5 cm2 (D) 300 cm2
38. The base of an isosceles triangle is 8 cm and one of its equal sides is 5 cm. The
corresponding height of the triangle is
(A) 5 cm (B) 4 cm (C) 3 cm (D) 2 cm
39. If a is the side of an equilateral triangle, then its altitude is
3 2 3 3 3
(A) a (B) (C) a (D)
2 2a 2 2 2a
πr 2
(v) Area of a sector of circle of radius r and central angle 60o is .
6
(vi) Perimeter of a sector of circle of radius 5 cm and central angle 120o is 5 cm +
10π
cm
3
44. Fill in the blanks:
1
(i) Area of a rhombus = product of its ___________________
2
1
(ii) Area of a trapezium = (sum of its ________) × distance between ______
2
(iii) The ratio of the areas of two sectors of two circles of radii 4 cm and 8 cm and
central angles 100o and 50o respectively is __________
(iv) The ratio of the lengths of the arcs of two sectors of two circles of radii 10 cm and
5 cm and central angles 75o and 150o is _____________.
(v) Perimeter of a rhombus of diagonals 16 cm and 12 cm is __________
2. 15 2 cm
2. 36 3 cm2 ; 6 3 cm
20.3
1. 648 m2
2. 276 m2
3. 7225 m2
⎛ 5 ⎞
4. ⎜ 27 + 11 ⎟ cm2
⎝ 4 ⎠
20.4
1. 15 cm
2. 8750
3. 10.78 m2
20.5
1 154
1. Perimeter = 35 cm; Area = cm2
2 3
2. Perimeter = 23 cm, Area = 33 cm2
1
2. 4 × π × 5 – 10 × 10 cm2
2
Notes
2
= (50π – 100) cm2