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On the optimization of building energy, material, and economic management

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Article  in  Advances in Concrete Construction · June 2021

DOI: 10.12989/acc.2021.11.6.455

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Advances in Concrete Construction, Vol. 11, No. 6 (2021) 455-468
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2021.11.6.455 455

On the optimization of building energy, material, and economic

management using soft computing
Zhao Wei1, Yousef Zandi**2, Morteza Gholizadeh2, Abdellatif Selmi3,4,
Angel Roco-Videla5,6 and Usama Konbr7
1
School of Management, Wuhan Polytechnic University, 430023 Wuhan, China
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
3
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
4
Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs deTunis (ENIT), Civil Engineering Laboratory, B.P. 37, Le belvédère1002, Tunis, Tunisia
5
Programa Magister en Ciencias Químico-biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Bernardo O´Higgins, Santiago, Chile
6
Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
7
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Egypt

(Received November 25, 2020, Revised April 18, 2021, Accepted April 21, 2021)

Abstract. This paper provides energy and economic analysis relevant to the cooling season in building enclosures. For a
whole year, an Energy Plus thermal transfer model has been created and simulated. Simulations were made from the cities in
five different areas of climate in China using weather data files. Energy savings were done from natural cold (e.g., outdoor air),
and electricity reductions were performed from air-conditioning electricity devices. This research has investigated the
relationship between the cost and building energy while finding a strong and positive correlation. This study has used the
Artificial Intelligence (AI) model as Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) and Teaching Learning Based Optimization (TLBO) to
calculate the accurate measurement. Three regression models as Pearson correlation coefficient (r), root mean square (RMSE),
and coefficient of determination (R2) was used to calculate the results. Following the results of (R2) and RMSE, ELM has shown
its higher performance in predicting the strength, energy, and cost of building materials. Based on the simulation results, for
office buildings situated in cold areas, the energy savings resulting from phase change materials (PCM) are more prevalent. The
test findings demonstrate that the energy savings from PCM applications for the cool area and hot summers and cold winter
office buildings were increased. Simple payback time indicated that PCMBs in inhabited buildings could be used cost-
effectively in a mild temperature environment.
Keywords: sustainability; building energy optimization; economic management; soft computing

1. Introduction
China will have an increase in energy demand.
Currently, the use of energy in spatial cooling systems alone
accounts for about 20% of overall domestic electricity
consumption (Lu 2007, Zuo et al. 2015, Zuo et al. 2017,
Abedini et al. 2020a, Qi et al. 2020). Moreover, the majority
of space-equipment were tailored to satisfy the peak
requirement for space-cooling, which happens during a
comparatively limited time of the year. This results in large-
scale energy misuse and reduces the efficiency of their
operating life (Dincer et al. 2002). As thermal energy
storage devices, phase-change materials (PCMs) can store
high levels of energy across the day in buildings (Abedini et
al. 2020b, Sun et al. 2020, Xue et al. 2020, Zheng et al.
2020, Qi and Fourie 2019). A natural cold supply, like
outside air, could be used during the night to eliminate
much of the heat contained in PCMs. The room cooling
Corresponding author, Ph.D.
E-mail: 551961652@qq.com
**Co-corresponding author, Professor
E-mail: yousefzandi@aol.com
systems can also be used in the night, using cheaper power
for this purpose (Xu et al. 2014a, Kordestani et al. 2020a,
Kordestani et al. 2020b, Rouhanifar et al. 2020). This
means PCMs will be used to save power and to transfer and
reduce the need for peak space cooling (Maccarini et al.
2018). This can also contribute to smaller space cooling
systems. The transition from peak to peak cycles of
electricity could theoretically provide substantial economic
benefits and incentives (Sun et al. 2018, Zhu et al. 2018,
Sun et al. 2019b). Research by (Bontemps et al. 2011)
analyzed application in an outdoor test cell under full
environmental conditions of three phase-changing materials
with a melting temperature of 21 C, 25 C and 27.5 C and
determined that the indoor air temperature was lowered by
3 C during summer and spring to around 21 C at an outdoor
average summer air temperature (Sun et al. 2014). Research
by (Cerón et al. 2011) produced and tested panels which
comprised PCMs and obtained direct sunlight in winter.
The surface temperatures of PCM tiles were stated to be
around 2 C above the surface temperatures of the tile
without PCM. The thermal efficiency of PCM panels on a
building roof was tested by (Pasupathy et al. 2008) for
thermal control year round. The current roof was proposed
for the addition of a 2-PCM panel structure, one with PCM

Copyright © 2021 Techno-Press, Ltd.

http://www.techno-press.org/?journal=acc&subpage=7 ISSN: 2287-5301 (Print), 2287-531X (Online)
456 Zhao Wei, Morteza Gholizadeh, Yousef Zandi, Abdellatif Selmi, Angel Roco-Videla and Usama Konbr
Fig. 1 Energy saving diagram
at 32 C PCM, 4 cm thickness and the other with PCM at 27
C melting temperature and 2.5 cm in thickness to retain a 27
C ceiling temperature over the year. The geometrical
settings of two PCM storage devices using four distinct
kinds of PCM were also investigated in (Esen et al. 1998,
Esen 2000). The key guideline was to increase the device
efficiency by using shorter lengths and thinner part walls. In
order to examine the relationship between climate
conditions and the free cooling capacity of the use of PCM
in houses, Medved and Arkar have selected 6 cities in
Europe (Medved et al. 2008). The findings revealed that the
optimum PCM is expected to melt at around the same
temperature as the normal ambient air temperature plus 2 C
to give the best refreshment time. The findings of these
studies have shown that the proper use of PCMs in
buildings could contribute to reducing energy consumption
and improving indoor thermal comfort of occupants
because of the relatively small fluctuations in temperature
through phase change processes (Sun et al. 2019a, Zhang et
al. 2019a, Zhang et al. 2019b, Zhang et al. 2019c).
However, the processes of phase shift are transitional and
the heat transfer rates through boxes are not consistent. The
use of heat transfer processes alone will be incomplete to
estimate the capacity for energy saving and economic
viability of the latent heat energy storage systems (Alam et
al. 2020c, Alam et al. 2020b, Li et al. 2020, Zhang et al.
2020b). To close this information gap, energy and
electricity savings were technically explored through the
model in three summer months between June 1st and
August 31st by applying PCM boards in building
enclosures. The simulation has been carried out using
weather data from five towns situated in five climatic zones
in China.
Over the past five years, China has been one of the
leading users of electricity in the construction market,
accounting for 40% of the global energy supply from fossil
fuels (Alam et al. 2020a, Zhang et al. 2020a, Abedini et al.
2021). In addition, the increase in the time spent on people
spending in buildings is expected to be about 20,012 MJ
(Sun et al. 2014) because of different factors, such as
enhancing building facilities and thermal comfort level. The
government focuses mainly on energy management and
building maintenance. Latent thermal energy stock using
PCM is a basic and efficient technology for building
envelopes to improve building energy efficiency (Yang et
Fig. 2 Green office building cost saving
al. 2015, Yang et al. 2020, Ma et al. 2021, Zhang et al.
2021). Latent heat storage is a simple, efficient technology.
Studies showed that PCM reduces energy demand
bylowering indoor temperatures, flattening indoor
temperature fluctuations, and moving loads from peak
hours (Dinh-Cong et al. 2019, Alaskar et al. 2020,
Alyousef et al. 2020, Huang et al. 2020). Therefore, the use
of PCM in buildings is very important to reduce the
consumption of electricity. Number modelling is a powerful
and useful method for assessing the efficiency of PCM
applications in buildings (Shariati 2020, Shariati et al.
2020c, Shariati et al. 2020h, Rajaei et al. 2021). In Energy
Plus, (Lei et al. 2016) has assessed the energy efficiency of
building envelopes that are combined with PCMs to
reduce the cooling of Singapore’s tropical atmosphere.
Parametric experiments were carried out to assess the
effects of different variables including temperature changes
(22-32 C), position of PCM with a thickness varying
from 3-20 mm (exterior vs interior). It can be inferred
that PCMs were best performing on the external surfaces of
the walls. In addition, the thinner PCM layer demonstrated
increased efficiencies and cost advantages. Soares et al.
(Soares et al. 2014) conducted a multi-dimensional
optimization analysis by integrating Energy Plus and
GenOpt method to assess the energy savings of
lightweight, steel-framed buildings in various climates for
pcm-dry walls. The researchers concluded that for each
environment, an optimal solution can be found, which in
turn helps annual heating and cooling energy
conservation with PCM-drywalls. In addition, PCM
drywalls for colder climates were found to be acceptable.
Researcher (Chan 2011) has analyzed the energy efficiency
of a traditional apartment in Energy Plus with integrated
PCM walls located in Hong Kong. The building combined
with PCM was commercially impossible during the cost
recovery era of 91 years. However, a 23, 4-year energy
recovery cycle from environmental evaluation revealed that
energy savings would exceed the PCM wallboard’s
encompassing energy and lead to the reduction of emissions
of greenhouse gases in the building. Cui et al. (Cui et al.
2015) used Energy Plus to assess the best location of PCM
in a room model. The authors observed that the best thermal
and energy efficiency was shown by PCM embedded into
walls. In Changsha, the best thermal efficiency in the room
model was found among various cities with integrated PCM
 On the optimization of building energy, material, and economic management using soft computing 457

Fig. 3 Green building construction

(a)
walls and the decrease in room temperature was attained up
to 10 C. Research by (Alam et al. 2014) in Energy Plus
have tested its energy saving capacity in eight of Australia’s
main cities (representing six major climatic zones) using
five distinct ranges of temperature. The simulation results
showed that the efficacy of PCM depends heavily on many
variables such as local climatic conditions, thermostat
radius, thickening, and PCM surface area. Later (Li et al.
2015) analyzed Fluent’s thermal efficiency of a PCM roof
in a single domestic unit in Daqing, China. Different
factors, such as strength of the solar radiation, transitional
and latent PCM sun, roofing slopes, PCM thickness and the
exterior roof surface absorption coefficients were studied.
The effect of PCM in roofs on temperature delay was found
in the room to be very high (beyond 3 h when compared to
common roof). In addition, the transfer temperature and
latent heat of PCM have low thermal efficiency effects on
roofs in comparison with variables like the roof pitch, PCM
layer thickness and the absorption coefficient from the
exterior roof surface. Moreover, several other researchers
(b)
carried out various thermal efficiency studies on building
components that incorporated PCM for passive cooling Fig. 4 The simulation of energy saving in a building
(Naghipour et al. 2020a, Shariati et al. 2020a, Shariati et al.
2020i, Yazdani et al. 2020). While China has a wide area,
few researchers have compared the thermal efficiency of 2013, Chen et al. 2019, Shariati et al. 2019c, Trung et al.
buildings located in various climatic regions of China in 2019b). In addition to the simulation softwares that were
relation to their impact on the effect of PCM. Moreover, the mentioned earlier, Artificial intelligence (AI) can lead to
literature has failed to comprehensively study the economic determining even faster results than other numerical
analysis and energy conservation of the interconnected methods (Shariati et al., Shariati et al. 2019d, Shariati et al.
building with PCM (Shariati 2008, Safa et al. 2019, 2019e, Trung et al. 2019a). In fact, the ability of AI
Naghipour et al. 2020b, Shariati et al. 2020b). In most algorithms in the optimization and prediction of
experiments the use of PCMs in building enclosures was experimental data is significant. In recent years, different
assessed with a clear payback time (Shariati et al. 2019a, AI models have been introduced and developed, and
Afshar et al. 2020, Shariati et al. 2020g). For instance, (Sun reliable results were obtained (Mohammadhassani et al.
et al. 2014) performed an energy and economic study of a 2014b, Sadeghipour Chahnasir et al. 2018, Sedghi et al.
PCM-powered building enclosure. The payback cycle was 2018, Katebi et al. 2019). Artificial neural networks
simple, static, without considering the worth of capital in (ANNs) as a subfield of AI perform on the basis of human
time. The economic assessment may be unnecessarily neurons and can simulate and predict complex problems.
simplistic and overestimate the system’s overall The first and simplest type of ANNs is Feedforward Neural
performance. networks (Nguyen 2017, Habibi et al. 2019, Ganesan et al.
2020, Islam et al. 2020). Another subset of AI algorithms is
machine learning (ML) which can perform data analysis
2. Using feedforward neural networks in energy automatically through experience. ML is employed in a
problems wide range of applications such as computer vision and
medicine (Toghroli et al. 2014, Safa et al. 2016, Toghroli et
Although experimental studies are able to provide al. 2016, Mansouri et al. 2019). Each AI algorithm can be
accurate results, simulation tools enable operators employed for solving diverse problems, while their
to determine the performance of energy devices with accuracy may be different (Razavian et al. 2020, Mehrabi et
more precision and lower cost (Mohammadhassani et al. al. 2021, Shariati et al.
458 Zhao Wei, Morteza Gholizadeh, Yousef Zandi, Abdellatif Selmi, Angel Roco-Videla and Usama Konbr

Table 1 Details of the building envelopes

Envelope Construction (from outside to inside)
40 mm reinforcement concrete, 25 mm thermal
Roof
insulating layer, 50 mm concrete, 10 m mortar
5 mm mortar, 200 mm reinforcement concrete,
Wall with
10 mm PCM,
PCM 12 mm morta
5 mm mortar, 200 mm reinforcement concrete,
Wall
12 mm mortar
Floor 100 mm reinforcement concrete
(a)

2021). Feedforward Neural Networks (FNNs) are widely

implemented in several fields by supplying many artificial
and natural phenomena which are greatly difficult for
conventional parametric techniques to manage due to their
efficiency in approximating rigorous nonlinear mappings
directly from data input (Xu et al. 2014b, Mousavi et al.
2020, Xu et al. 2020). A single hidden layer feedforward
network is one of the most used NNs, which can be studied
thoroughly because of its learning potentials and fault
tolerance capacities (Habibi et al. 2016, Safa et al. 2020, (b)
Shariati et al. 2020d, Shariati et al. 2020f). In comparison to Fig. 5 Eco- friendly building material
conventional models, ELM is a new fast learning neural
algorithm for SLFNs (Pazhoohan et al. 2019, Shariati et al.
2019g, Shariati et al. 2020e, Jiao et al. 2021). It is optimal problem are the parameters concerned and the best
implemented automatically without iterative tuning and value of that objective function is the best solution (Shariati
without user intervention. The parameters for the training of et al. 2012, Bhattacharyya et al. 2016, Shariati et al. 2017,
hidden nodes that include the weights and biases of the Wei et al. 2018). In this research, ELM and TLBO have
input can be used individually and randomly in ELM been employed as a new tool for the most exact
(Shariati 2013, Suhatril et al. 2019, Cui et al. 2020, measurement of building energy optimization. The
Toghroli et al. 2020). This means that a fixed non-linear coefficients of efficiency of the air conditioning system
transition without a time consuming learning process could during day i and night i, respectively are the 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑖𝑑 support
effectively complete the training period, all of which makes and 𝐶̄ 𝑂𝑃𝑖𝑛 . The condensing temperature was used during
ELM a reliable forecast for non-linear problems (Ding et al. the day 𝑖 and night 𝑖, respectively. 𝑇𝑖𝑑 and 𝑇𝑖𝑛 were the
2014, Toghroli et al. 2017, Milovancevic et al. 2019, Sajedi mean daytime and nighttime temperatures, respectively,
et al. 2019). TLBO is an inspired instructor algorithm for (daytime from 8:00 AM to 8:00 PM) and nighttime (8:00
the influence of the learner in a classroom as the two PM to 8:00 AM).
essential elements of this algorithm which include two
𝑖𝑗 𝑖+1𝑗
simple modes of learning. 1) students in the process of 𝜚𝑠⁄𝑛 = ∑91 24 7
𝑖=1(∑𝑗=20 𝑞𝑖𝑛 × 𝜏𝑖𝑗 ∑𝑗=1 𝑞𝑖𝑛 × 𝜏𝑖+1𝑗 )
learning and 2) teachers in the process of teaching (Shah et × 𝜂𝑖+1 × 𝛿(𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 )
al. 2016a, Brandejsky 2018, Nosrati et al. 2018, Shariati et 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑇𝑚 ≤ 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡
al. 2019f). “The teacher” is a highly skilled individual who 𝛿(𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 ) = { (1)
1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑇𝑚 > 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡
provides students with his/her expertise and has a 𝑖+1𝑗
∑19
𝑗=8 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 ×𝜏𝑖+1𝑗
significant impact on their results. During the instructor 𝜂𝑖+1 = (2)
𝑖𝑗 𝑖+1𝑗
process, a teacher trains students to their best result, and ∑24 7
𝑗=20 𝑞𝑖𝑛 ×𝜏𝑖𝑗 +∑𝑗=1 𝑞𝑖𝑛 ×𝜏𝑖+1𝑗
then returns all words to the teacher-learner relationship 𝑖𝑗 𝑖+1𝑗
𝑚𝑎𝑥(∑24 7
𝑗=20 𝑞𝑖𝑛 ×𝜏𝑖𝑗 +∑𝑗=1 𝑞𝑖𝑛 ×𝜏𝑖+1𝑗 )
from the TLBO viewpoint (Shariati et al. 2011, Vujic et al. 𝐿= 𝑓𝑜𝑟 1 ≤ 𝑖 ≤ 91 (3)
𝜌∆ℎ
2011, Shah et al. 2015, Ziaei-Nia et al. 2018). In the learner
phase, “students”, and the relationship with the instructor 𝑝𝑑 𝑝𝑛
𝜚𝑠⁄𝑛 = 𝜌𝑠 × 𝐿 × ∆ℎ × ∑91
𝑖=1 ( − )
and the student and the subject are main elements of the 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑖𝑑 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑖𝑛
learning process (Arabnejad Khanouki et al. 2010, × 𝛿(𝑇𝑖𝑒 − 𝑇𝑖𝑛 ) × 𝜂𝑖+1 (4)
Arabnejad Khanouki et al. 2011, Ismail et al. 2018, Majedi
et al. 2020). In TLBO, students (𝑛) are considered as a
population and different design values (𝑚) are considered 3. Methodology
as different subjects. Students’ results are similar to the
fitness value of the problem of optimization. In the whole 3.1 Statistical data
population, teacher is the only option (Jalali et al. 2012,
Davoodnabi et al. 2019, Xie et al. 2019, Huang et al. 2021). 160 data were originally extracted from the literature.
The specification variables in the objective function of the The current study has investigated optimization of building
 On the optimization of building energy, material, and economic management using soft computing
energy, material, and economy management via soft
computing.
3.2 Extreme Learning Machine (ELM)
In 2006, (Huang et al. 2006) initiated the Extreme
Learning Machine as Single Layer Feed Advance Neural
Network (SLFN). A random biases and weights computes-
SLFN computes any continuous function on a compact
input set with random bias and weights (Huang 2003,
Mohammadhassani et al. 2014a, Li et al. 2019, Luo et al.
2019). Input and weight biases for one SLFN were
approximately selected randomly and the output weights of
the SLFN were analytically calculated on the basis of the
input (Hamidian et al. 2011, Shariati et al. 2018, Shariati et
al. 2019b, Zhang et al. 2019d). A fast learning model was
applied to the concept of finding the predictions and
weights of the SLFN and the network parameters could be
specified by ELM to avoid redundant human interference
(Shariati et al. 2010, Shah et al. 2016b, Shahabi et al. 2016,
Jabri et al. 2018). The development of an ELM model
involves three phases 1) SLFN formation, 2) random
collection of network biases and weights 3) Estimating
weight of operation by reversing the output matrix of the
hidden layer (Daie et al. 2011, Mohammadhassani et al.
2014c, Nasrollahi et al. 2018, Majedi et al. 2021). One
SLFN with L-hidden nodes is mathematically analyzed for
a data collection with N training examples, n-dimensional
input vectors and m-dimensional targets
𝐿
∑ 𝛽𝑖 𝐺(𝑤𝑖 . 𝑥𝑗 + 𝑏𝑖 ) = 𝑜𝑗
𝑖=1
𝑗 = 1, 2, 3, … , 𝑁
𝐺 = activation performance
𝑤𝑖 = [𝑤𝑖1 , 𝑤𝑖2 , … , 𝑤𝑖𝑛 ]𝑇 = weight vector connecting
𝑖 𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠 to hidden neuron
𝑇 knowledge is transferred. Two students 𝑋𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋𝑗 are
𝑥𝑗 = [𝑥𝑗1 , 𝑥𝑗1 , … , 𝑥𝑗𝑚 ] = input vector
𝛽𝑖 = [𝛽𝑖1 , 𝛽𝑖2 , … , 𝛽𝑖𝑚 ]𝑇 = weight vector connecting
output neurons to hidden neurons
𝑏𝑖 = [𝑏𝑖1 , 𝑏𝑖2 , … , 𝑏𝑖𝑚 ]𝑇 = bias vector
𝑇
𝑜𝑗 = [𝑜𝑗1 , 𝑜𝑗1 , … , 𝑜𝑗𝑚 ] = output vector
Supposing that one SLFNN with activation function
𝐺 and 𝐿 hidden neurons could compute the targets (𝑡𝑗 )
with 0 error e.g., ∑𝐿𝑗=1‖𝑜𝑗 − 𝑡𝑗 ‖ = 0 , Eq. (1) can be
modified to Eq. (6)
∑𝐿𝑖=1 𝛽𝑖 𝐺(𝑤𝑖 . 𝑥𝑗 + 𝑏𝑖 ) = 𝑡𝑗 𝑗 = 1, 2, 3, … , =
𝑇
[𝑡𝑗1 , 𝑡𝑗2 , … , 𝑡𝑗𝑚 ] = target vector
Also, this 𝑁 equations could be compactly written as
𝑡𝑗
𝐻𝛽 = 𝑇
𝐺(𝑤1 + 𝑥1 + 𝑏1 ) … 𝐺(𝑤𝐿 . 𝑥1 + 𝑏𝐿 )
𝐻=[ ⋮ … ⋮ ]
𝐺(𝑤1 + 𝑥𝑁 + 𝑏1 ) … 𝐺(𝑤𝐿 . 𝑥𝑁 + 𝑏𝐿 ) 𝑁×𝐿
and
459
𝛽1𝑇 𝑡1𝑇
𝛽=[ ⋮ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 = [ ⋮ ] (9)
𝛽𝐿𝑇 𝐿×𝑚 𝑡𝑁𝑇 𝑁×𝑚
Output weights are gained if the minimal differential
between the left side (predicted variables) and the right side
(target variables) of Eq. (9) is occurred i.e., 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ‖𝐻𝛽 −
𝑇‖. Also, it was proved that when the output weight is as
follows, the minimal error between the predicted variables
and target variables are occurred
𝛽̂ = 𝐻 † 𝑇 (10)
𝛽̂ = output weight vector
𝐻 † = Moor-Penrose generalized inverse matrix
𝑇 = target vector
As noted, no optimization process is involved in ELM,
then the human inferences and the training time are reduced
efficiently. The components of ELM are shown in Fig. 3.
3.3 Teaching–Learning Optimization (TLBO)
TLBO is an interaction between the teacher and learner
in a teacher - learner or among learners in a class to test all
the feasible solutions to an optimization problem as
Learners. The knowledge obtained by a learner in a given
subject is the value of design variables, then TLBO is going
to strength this knowledge to advance the value of design
variables, which is led to the optimum solution. TLBO
works in two phases as: 1) Initializing learners in which 𝑁
number learner learn 𝐷 number subjects and learners show
the possible resolutions, whilst the subjects are the decision
values that need to be optimized in problem. Students are
initialized by the values between 0 and 1 for each learned
(5) subject. 𝑖𝑖̇ learner is shown by the row vector 𝑥𝑖̇ .
𝑋𝑖̇ = [𝑥𝑖,1 , 𝑥𝑖,2 , 𝑥𝑖,3,…., 𝑥𝑖,𝑗]
learn from learner B, if learner B is more knowledgeable.
Thus, if the fitness of B is better than the fitness of A,
randomly chosen as 𝑖 = ̸ 𝑗. If the fitness of 𝑋𝑖 (𝑓 𝑋𝑖 ) is
better than, then 𝑋𝑖 is updated to 𝑋𝑛𝑒𝑤 as
𝑋𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑋𝑖 + 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑( ) ∗ 𝑋𝑖 − 𝑋𝑗 (13)
Updated as:
𝑋𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑋𝑖 + 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑() ∗ 𝑋𝑗 − 𝑋𝑖 (14)
If the fitness of 𝑋𝑛𝑒𝑤 is better than 𝑋𝑖 , then 𝑋𝑖 =
𝑋𝑛𝑒𝑤 else 𝑋𝑛𝑒𝑤 is rejected.
(7)
(8)
Fig. 6 Hempcrete green building material
460 Zhao Wei, Morteza Gholizadeh, Yousef Zandi, Abdellatif Selmi, Angel Roco-Videla and Usama Konbr

Fig. 7 ELM structure

Table 2 Material parameters of single family house model

Input Input value Data source
International
Wall Wood fame, 2 ⁄ 4, 16 in.o.c Energy
Conservation
Roof Wood advanced frame 24 in.o.c Code (ICC, 2009)
Floor ECC-2000 ground floor lightweight

Table 3 Thermo-physical properties of the building

materials
Coefficient of Specific Thermal
Building Density
thermal conductivity heat resistance
materials (kg/m3)
W/(m K) (J/kg K) (m 2 K)/W
Reinforcement
Fig. 8 Using the trunk of tree as green material 2500 1.74 0.92 0.02
concrete
Thermal
insulating 1000 0.085 0.92 0.07
Step 2 and 3 are iterated up to the end of criteria, if the material
highest number of generations is gained or the average Mortar 1800 0.93 1.05 0.01
fitness variable for all students is not improved. Regarding Concrete 1600 0.84 1050 0.15
that 𝑋𝑖 has the best fitness value, 𝑓𝑋𝑖 is deemed as the
final resolution to the optimized problem.
𝑃 = 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
𝑃̅ = predicted values
4. Result and discussion 𝑂 = observed values
𝑂𝑖 = observed values in sample 𝑖
4.1 Model performance indicators 𝑂̅ = mean of observed variables
𝑁 = number of training or testing samples
According to the data derived from literature. 30% of 𝑃𝑖 = predicted values in sample
data is used in testing phase, while 70% is randomly
assigned for training part. For comparing the results of each 4.2 Result and discussion
model (ELM, TLBO), statistical model performance
indicators of determination coefficient (R2), root mean The ELM and TLBO development tests are seen in Figs.
square (RMSE), Pearson correlation coefficient (r) were 10 and 11. The ELM and TLBO scatter charts in the
used and compared in MATLAB. research are presented in Figs. 10(a) and 11(a). The
2 population used in this analysis for two models is 75, and
[∑𝑁 (𝑂𝑖 −𝑂̅).(𝑃𝑖 −𝑃̅)]
𝑅2 = ∑𝑁 𝑖=1
(𝑂 ̅ ).∑𝑁 (𝑃𝑖 −𝑃̅)
(15) our research is also iterated at 50. The horizontal axis
𝑖=1 𝑖 −𝑂 𝑖=1
reflects the values found for material energy optimization
𝑁(∑𝑁 𝑁 𝑁
𝑖=1 𝑂𝑖 .𝑃𝑖 )−(∑𝑖=1 𝑂𝑖 ).(∑𝑖=1 𝑃𝑖 ) and cost efficiency control in the training and test stages,
𝑟= 2 2
(16)
√(𝑁 ∑𝑁 𝑂2 −(∑𝑁 𝑂𝑖 ) ).(𝑁 ∑𝑁 𝑃2 −(∑𝑁 𝑃𝑖 ) ) while in both phases, the vertical axis displays the predicted
𝑖=1 𝑖 𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖 𝑖=1
values (Figs. 10(a), 11(a)). The horizontal axis indicates the
1 number of training samples in Figs. 10(d) and 11(d) and the
𝑅𝑀𝑆𝐸 = √∑𝑁
𝑖=1 (𝑂𝑖 − 𝑃𝑖 )
2 (17)
𝑁 vertical line shows optimization of building energy and
 On the optimization of building energy, material, and economic management using soft computing 461

Fig. 9 TLBO flowchart

Contour Plot of Density (Kg/m3) vs (A/C), Fine Aggregate (%) Contour Plot of Permeability (cm/s) vs (W/C), Fine Aggregate (%)
3.0 3.0
Density Permeability
(Kg/m3) (cm/s)
< 800 < 1.1
800 – 820 1.1 – 1.2
2.5 820 – 840 2.5 1.2 – 1.3
840 – 860 1.3 – 1.4
> 860 > 1.4

Hold Values Hold Values

(W/C)

(W/C) 2 (A/C) 2
(A/C)

2.0 Nano Silica 2 2.0 Nano Silica 2

1.5 1.5

1.0 1.0
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Fine Aggregate (%) Fine Aggregate (%)

Contour Plot of Compressive stre vs Fine Aggregate (%), Nano Silica Contour Plot of Void (%) vs (A/C), Fine Aggregate (%)
3.0 3.0
Compressive Void (%)
strentgh < 20.0
< 2.6 20.0 – 20.5
2.6 – 2.8 20.5 – 21.0
2.5 2.8 – 3.0 2.5 21.0 – 21.5
3.0 – 3.2 21.5 – 22.0
Fine Aggregate (%)

3.2 – 3.4 22.0 – 22.5

> 3.4 22.5 – 23.0
> 23.0
Hold Values
(A/C)

2.0 (W/C) 2 2.0 Hold Values

(A/C) 2 (W/C) 2
Nano Silica 2

1.5 1.5

1.0 1.0
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Nano Silica Fine Aggregate (%)

Fig. 10 Contour plot of responses via their two most important factors (Energy plots)

economic management during testing (Figs. 10(d), 11(d)). lines are 15%–30% differential from the blue line, meaning
The blue line also indicates a 100% alignment between the the models are less accurate. Fully aligning blue with radial
predicted values and the observed values, while the radial line (y=x equation) means that models can estimate true
462 Zhao Wei, Morteza Gholizadeh, Yousef Zandi, Abdellatif Selmi, Angel Roco-Videla and Usama Konbr

(a) AI Results for building energy of

(b) Error distribution (c) Observed error values
material data set in test phase

(d) Optimization of building energy material and economy management in ELM Test Data
Fig. 11 ELM test output

(a) AI Results for building energy of

(b) Error distribution (c) Observed error values
material data set in test phase

(d) Optimization of building energy material and economy management in ELM Test Data
Fig. 12 TLBO test output

values without error (R2 equals 1), meaning that our models
are accurate without errors. Regardless of the accurate
performance of training phase, it does not guarantee the
performance of model in testing phase, requiring to analyze
the testing phase results as well. Therefore, by analyzing the
test results, it was resulted that ELM could show better and
accurate performance in assessing the optimization building
energy material and economic management in this study.
This study with previous performance measurements
was evaluated in training and testing phases after an
analysis of the parameters used in ELM and TLBO models
(Table 4). The RMSE values are (0.7528) for ELM through
Table 4 and (0.8006) for TLBO in testing process. Of
course, nearly 0 is the best RMSE rating. ELM
demonstrated better results than TLBO in this analysis by
comparing RMSE of two models. It means that ELM could
 On the optimization of building energy, material, and economic management using soft computing
Table 4 Comparing the training and testing phase results of
TLBO and ELM
Training phase Testing phase
AI Models RMSE r R2 RMSE r R2
TLBO 0.9065 0.7725 0.8970 0.8006 0.6993 0.9085
ELM 0.8045 0.9578 0.9943 0.7528 0.8549 0.9993
*Bold is the best
demonstrate superior performance in assessing the
optimization of building energy of material, and economy
management. On the other hand, the more R2 (RSQR) and r
value is near to 1, the more it is acceptable as the best
model. In this study, the R2 values of ELM (0.9993), and
TLBO (0.9943) were compared and since the value of ELM
is near to 1, then the best performance metrics belong to this
model. As a result, in this research, ELM represented the
superior performance than TLBO in term of accuracy and
the least error percentages.
5. Conclusions
The best energy saving opportunity for extreme cold
climates was identified from the study of energy savings in
the summer and winter. With respect to energy saving, it
was insufficient during the summer to recover the
investment from the office buildings situated in different
cities of China. Considering the energy saving in summer
and winter, the use of PCM in energy saving in few cities is
considered to have great economic saving and attractiveness
in investing. As the energy use for a building can be
influenced by varying indoor comfort temperatures. The
effect of various phase-change temperatures on energy
savings of buildings should also be taken into account. In
this analysis, the comparison of the RMSE and R2 values
for ELM and TLBO shows superior efficiency of ELM in
material and cost of building compared to TLBO in terms of
precision and less error percentages.
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predicting the shear strength of a V-shaped angle shear
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pumice powder and nano-clay on the strength and permeability
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architecture in predicting strain in tie section of concrete deep
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Naghipour, M., Yousofizinsaz, G. and Shariati, M. (2020b),
“Experimental study on axial compressive behavior of welded
built-up CFT stub columns made by cold-formed sections with
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Shariati, M., Armaghani, D.J., Khandelwal, M., Zhou, J.,
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Shariati, M., Ghorbani, M., Naghipour, M., Alinejad, N. and
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