Professional Documents
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Biocultural Diversity Conservation
Biocultural Diversity Conservation
Biocultural Diversity Conservation
‘This book will truly make a difference in the world. It represents a key milestone in our
A GLOBAL SOURCEBOOK
global understanding of the profound and inextricable links between cultural and
biological diversity. Written by two of the leading lights in this new and growing field, it
is filled with important information, case studies and analyses on a global scale.’
Nancy J. Turner, University of Victoria, Canada
This book is a unique compendium of projects from all around the world that take an
integrated biocultural approach to sustaining cultures and biodiversity. The 45 projects
reviewed exemplify a new focus in conservation, based on the emerging realization that
protecting and restoring biodiversity, and maintaining and revitalizing cultural diversity
and vitality, are intimately, indeed inextricably, inter-related.
Ellen Woodley, PhD, works as an ecological consultant in environment and development, specializing
in issues of local and traditional ecological knowledge. She is based in Ontario, Canada.
Cover photos – Top, left to right: Whitefeather Forest Initiative; Jorge Ishizawa; Kimberly Language Resource Centre;
Robert Wild. Main photo: Samantha Ross
Cover banner design – Ortixia Dilts
ISBN 978-1-84407-920-9
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#*0$6-563"-%*7&34*5:$0/4&37"5*0/
!FRICA
5ĒĜĚğĘ$ĠğĤĖģħĒĥĚĠğĚğĥĠ0Ħģ0Ĩğ)ĒğĕĤ
'ĠģĖĤĥ1ģĠĥĖĔĥĚĠğĒğĕ.ĒğĒĘĖĞĖğĥēĪ
)ĚĘęĝĒğĕ$ĠĞĞĦğĚĥĚĖĤĚğ$ĒĞĖģĠĠğ
0ROJECT CONTRIBUTORS *ONATHAN "ARNARD AND *OHN $E-ARCO
#REDIT *ONATHAN "ARNARD "IRD,IFE )NTERNATIONAL
#AMEROON IS AMONG THE TOP TEN COUNTRIES IN !FRICA FOR HIGH BIODIVERSITY AND
CULTURAL DIVERSITY 4HE RICH MONTANE FORESTS OF THE #AMEROON -OUNTAINS HAVE HIGH
NUMBERS OF ENDEMIC PLANT BIRD AMPHIBIAN REPTILE MAMMAL AND INSECT SPECIES
(OWEVER SOME AREAS HAVE BEEN CLEARED SUCH AS THE "AMENDA (IGHLANDS MONTANE
FOREST WHERE VERY LITTLE REMAINS DUE TO YEARS OF LOGGING FARMING AND GRAZING )T IS
ESTIMATED THAT IF CLEARING HAD CONTINUED UNABATED THE +ILUM
)JIM &OREST THE LARGEST
REMAINING PATCH OF "AMENDA (IGHLANDS MONTANE FOREST MIGHT HAVE COMPLETELY
DISAPPEARED BY 4HE +ILUM
)JIM &OREST 0ROJECT IS CONSIDERED TO BE ONE OF THE
PIONEERS OF COMMUNITY FORESTRY IN #AMEROON AND IS WIDELY REGARDED AS A MODEL OF
HOW COMMUNITIES CAN MANAGE THEIR FORESTS FOR BOTH BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND
07&37*&80'5)&130+&$54
TO MEET THEIR OWN NEEDS 7HEN OTHER COMMUNITIES LEARNED OF WHAT WAS HAPPENING
AT +ILUM
)JIM THEY CAME TO VISIT THE PROJECT IN ORDER TO LEARN MORE ABOUT CONSERVING
THEIR OWN FORESTS
4HE @"AMENDA (IGHLANDS &OREST 0ROJECT WAS SET UP AS A COLLABORATIVE
PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN "IRD,IFE )NTERNATIONAL THE GOVERNMENT OF #AMEROON AND
THE COMMUNITIES OF #AMEROONS "AMENDA (IGHLANDS TO HELP THOSE INTERESTED
COMMUNITIES OUTSIDE +ILUM
)JIM 2ATHER THAN IMPOSING CONSERVATION ON THE
COMMUNITIES INVOLVED THE PROJECTS APPROACH WAS TO ENCOURAGE PEOPLE TO SHARE THE
MANY REASONS THAT THEY ALREADY HAD FOR VALUING THE FOREST INCLUDING REASONS THAT WERE
NOT WIDELY KNOWN OR WERE NEARLY FORGOTTEN BY THE COMMUNITIES THEMSELVES .OW
THERE ARE MORE THAN FOREST MANAGEMENT INSTITUTIONS &-)S ALONG WITH TRADITIONAL
MANAGEMENT INSTITUTIONS THAT ARE ACTIVE IN THE REGION DIRECTLY MANAGING THE FORESTS
WITHOUT PROJECT ASSISTANCE 4HE &-)S ARE COMMUNITY
BASED ORGANIZATIONS #"/S THAT
ARE NECESSARY FOR THE #OMMUNITY &ORESTRY LAW IN #AMEROON 4HEY PERFORM A NUMBER
OF ROLES RELATING TO THE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF THE FOREST AND REPORTING TO THE
'OVERNMENT AND PEOPLE ARE ELECTED FROM THE LOCAL COMMUNITIES CONCERNED TO FULlL
THESE ROLES 4HE PROJECT FACILITATED THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THESE #"/S AND THEN HELPED
THEM IN THEIR DEVELOPMENT ENSURING DUE REGARD TO GOVERNANCE AND TRANSPARENCY
4HE &-)S ARE STILL FUNCTIONING WITHOUT THE PRESENCE OF THE "IRD,IFE PROJECT
4HE LARGEST TRIBAL GROUPS IN THE AREA DECIDED TO FORM TWO UMBRELLA ORGANIZATIONS
TO SUPPORT EACH OTHER BETTER THE !SSOCIATION OF +OM &OREST -ANAGEMENT )NSTITUTIONS
AND THE !SSOCIATION OF /KU &OREST -ANAGEMENT )NSTITUTIONS 4HERE ARE ALSO SEVERAL
LOCAL NON
GOVERMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS .'/S NOW ACTIVE IN SUPPORTING COMMUNITIES
FOR LOCAL FOREST MANAGEMENT MOST OF WHICH WERE INITIALLY ASSISTED BY THE PROJECT
IN TERMS OF CAPACITY BUILDING ,OCAL PRACTICES BELIEFS AND LANGUAGES ASSOCIATED
WITH BIODIVERSITY HAVE BEEN REVITALIZED AND FOREST BOUNDARIES AND BIODIVERSITY HAVE
STABILIZED 7HILE NOT AN EXPLICIT OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT THE FREQUENT AND ONGOING
DISCUSSIONS ABOUT THE FOREST HAVE HELPED TO REVIVE AND PASS ON LOCAL KNOWLEDGE AND
ELEMENTS OF LANGUAGE TO MORE PEOPLE INCLUDING YOUNGER GENERATIONS !LL WRITTEN
MATERIALS AND ALL SPECIES NAMES ARE IN THE LOCAL LANGUAGE 3PECIAL ATTENTION IS GIVEN
TO KEY MEDICINAL PLANTS FROM THE FOREST WHOSE LOSS WOULD HAVE A MAJOR IMPACT
ON THE LOCAL PRACTICE OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 3PECIAL EFFORTS ARE MADE TO PROTECT
AN ENDEMIC LOCAL BIRD OF GREAT CULTURAL SIGNIlCANCE "ANNERMANS 4URACO WHICH
SYMBOLIZES THE CLOSE LINKS BETWEEN CULTURE AND BIODIVERSITY AND WHOSE EXTINCTION
WOULD HAVE A SIGNIlCANT IMPACT ON LOCAL PRACTICES 5NDER ITS OBLIGATION AS SIGNATORY
TO THE #ONVENTION ON "IOLOGICAL $IVERSITY #"$ THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT HAS
SUPPORTED THE REVITALIZATION OF THE IMPORTANT CULTURAL VALUES OF THESE FORESTS WHICH
WOULD HAVE PROBABLY BEEN LOST TO EXTRACTIVE FORESTRY PRACTICES
#*0$6-563"-%*7&34*5:$0/4&37"5*0/
*ğĕĚĘĖğĠĦĤ4ĒĔģĖĕ4ĚĥĖĤĒğĕ#ĚĠĔĦĝĥĦģĒĝ
%ĚħĖģĤĚĥĪ"$ĒĤĖ4ĥĦĕĪėģĠĞ
4ĠĦĥęĨĖĤĥĖģğ&ĥęĚĠġĚĒ
0ROJECT #ONTRIBUTOR $ESALEGN $ESISSA
&IGURE #OMMUNITY GATHERING IN THE $ORBO SACRED PASTURE LAND TO GET BLESSING
FROM INDIGENOUS RELIGIOUS LEADERS SITTING IN THE FRONT ROW
#REDIT $ESALEGN $ESISSA
3ACRED LANDS IN SOUTHWESTERN %THIOPIA ARE IN DISTRESS DUE TO THE LACK OF RESPECT
FOR INDIGENOUS SPIRITUALITY AND THE FAILURE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT BODIES TO PROTECT
ITS INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND THEIR RELIGIOUS PRACTICES AS WELL AS OWING TO PRESSURES
FROM TREE CUTTING CATTLE GRAZING AND OTHER FOREST ENCROACHMENTS )N RESPONSE TO
THESE THREATS A CULTURAL MOVEMENT IS EMERGING AT THE GRASSROOTS LEVEL AND AMONG
ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS AND NON
GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS WHOSE FOCUS IS TO
RECAPTURE @WHOLE INDIGENOUS LANDSCAPES AND THEIR BELIEF SYSTEMS SEE 0LATE
4HE INDIGENOUS 'AMO PEOPLES OF %THIOPIA HAVE A LONG HISTORY OF CLOSE
ASSOCIATION WITH NATURE AND THEIR PRACTICES OF WORSHIPPING NATURE CONTINUE TODAY
THROUGH THE VENERATION OF SACRED SITES SACRED NATURAL FORESTS BURIAL GROUNDS PONDS
STREAMS AND OTHER LANDSCAPE FEATURES WHICH ARE THE LINK BETWEEN NATURE CULTURE
AND SPIRITUAL REALMS 4RADITIONAL RELIGION IS BASED ON A SYSTEM OF TABOOS CONCERNING
THE SPIRITS THAT ARE BELIEVED TO CONTROL THE SACRED SITES 4HESE TRADITIONAL SPIRITUAL
VALUES HAVE SERVED TO PREVENT PEOPLE FROM OVER
EXPLOITING CERTAIN AREAS (OWEVER
07&37*&80'5)&130+&$54
THESE CUSTOMS AND VALUES ARE NOW CHANGING BECAUSE OF THE ABANDONMENT OF
TRADITIONAL BELIEFS AND THE ADOPTION OF MONOTHEISM 4HE EXPANSION OF MONOTHEISTIC
RELIGION AND THE APPROPRIATION OF THE VENUE OF INDIGENOUS RELIGION ARE WORSENING
4HE %THIOPIAN CONSTITUTION GRANTS THE RIGHT OF WORSHIP IN ANY RELIGION BUT IN PRACTICE
THIS IS NOT HAPPENING AT THE LOCAL LEVEL
4HE PROJECT @! #OLLABORATIVE 3OCIAL AND "IOLOGICAL 3TUDY WITH 'AMO %LDERS
OF THE )MPORTANCE FOR "IOCULTURAL $IVERSITY OF ,IVING )NDIGENOUS 3ACRED 3ITES IN
THE 'AMO -ONTAGNARD 2EGION OF 3OUTHWEST %THIOPIA UNDERTAKEN BY THE
%THIOPIAN 7ILDLIFE AND .ATURAL (ISTORY 3OCIETY IN COLLABORATION WITH 'AMO ELDERS WAS
DESIGNED TO DETERMINE HOW INDIGENOUS SACRED SITES IN THE 'AMO HIGHLANDS MAINTAIN
LOCAL BIOCULTURAL DIVERSITY #ONVINCING THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT OFlCIALS WAS THE MOST
CHALLENGING PART OF IMPLEMENTING THE PROJECT -OST OF THEM PRACTISE MONOTHEISTIC
RELIGION AND RESISTED THE REQUEST OF THE RESEARCH TEAM TO WORK WITH THEM ON SACRED
SITE PROTECTION (OWEVER AFTER A SERIES OF DISCUSSIONS WITH CONCERNED GOVERNMENT
OFlCIALS THE WORK GOT UNDERWAY
4O ACHIEVE THE OBJECTIVE OF MINIMIZING THE PRESSURES ON SACRED SITES AND
TRADITIONAL BELIEFS THE PROJECT TEAM HAS UNDERTAKEN EXHAUSTIVE lELD RESEARCH AND
AWARENESS RAISING 4HE TEAM HAS CATEGORIZED AND MAPPED SACRED SITES THAT ARE STILL
MANAGED BY THE TRADITIONAL CUSTODIANS )N THE lRST PHASE OF THE PROJECT NEARLY
SACRED SITES WERE IDENTIlED DESCRIBED AND MAPPED /F THESE ARE SACRED FORESTS
RANGING FROM HA TO HA WHERE OVER PLANT SPECIES BELONGING TO FAMILIES
HAVE BEEN IDENTIlED INCLUDING ENDEMIC SPECIES AND SPECIES THAT ARE OTHERWISE
ABSENT OR RARE IN THE REST OF THE REGION 4HE FOCUS ON THE CONSERVATION POTENTIAL OF
THE TRADITIONAL BELIEF SYSTEM IS ONE WAY TO CONVINCE BOTH NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS AND
LOCAL COMMUNITIES OF THE VALUE OF LOCAL TRADITIONS
4HE SECOND PHASE OF THE PROJECT IS A PRACTICAL EXTENSION BASED ON THE lNDINGS
FROM THE lRST PHASE 4O THIS EFFECT AN ORGANIZATION &RIENDS OF 'AMO 'OFA 3ACRED
3ITES !SSOCIATION WAS ESTABLISHED TO GIVE LEGAL BACKING TO THE CUSTODIANS OF THE
SACRED SITES 4HE ASSOCIATION CONSISTS OF 'AMO AND 'OFA INDIGENOUS INTELLECTUALS AND
AIMS TO HELP CUSTODIANS PROTECT THEIR SACRED SITES 4HE ESTABLISHMENT OF INDIVIDUAL
NURSERY SITES IN SOME COMMUNITIES TO HELP RESTORE DEGRADED SACRED FORESTS HAS
BEEN SUCCESSFUL !WARENESS RAISING HAS BEEN SUCCESSFUL ON MANY FRONTS INCLUDING
SEMINARS GIVEN TO STUDENTS AND UNIVERSITY STAFF ON THE IMPORTANCE OF THE CULTURE AND
BIODIVERSITY OF SACRED SITES AND WORKSHOP PRESENTATIONS GIVEN TO DECISION MAKERS
ON THE IMPORTANCE OF SACRED SITES FOR CULTURE AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION 4HE
WORKSHOP WITH DECISION MAKERS ALLOWED FOR NETWORKING AND IDEA SHARING AMONG
FORMAL AND GRASSROOTS OPINION LEADERS AND FOR INCREASED BIOCULTURAL DIVERSITY
AWARENESS AMONG DECISION MAKERS !NOTHER MAJOR SUCCESS HAS BEEN SUPPORT FOR
PEOPLE TO UNDERTAKE RITUAL FESTIVALS 0EOPLE HAVE BEEN GRATIlED THAT THEIR INDIGENOUS
RELIGION IS COMING OUT INTO THE OPEN AFTER YEARS OF SUPPRESSION 4HE MOST TOUCHING
COMMENT IN RESPONSE TO THE FESTIVAL CAME FROM A COMMUNITY ELDER @4HANK YOU FOR
HELPING US TO GET BACK ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT PARTS OF OUR CULTURE WHICH IS OUR
LIFE )N OUR AGE THE YOUNGER PEOPLE DO NOT RESPECT RITUAL PLACES AND RITUAL MATERIALS
AS A RESULT THE WRATH OF OUR ANCESTORS CAME TO OUR LAND WHICH PREVENTED US FROM
GETTING GOOD CROPS MILKING COWS AND KEEP OUR CHILDREN HEALTHY
4HE ELDERS AND OTHER COMMUNITY MEMBERS HAVE MADE A VOW TO PROTECT THEIR
RITUAL PLACES 0ROJECT SUCCESS DEPENDS ON THE PARTICIPATION OF RITUAL LEADERS YOUTH
AND COMMUNITY AT LARGE SO THE PROJECT HAS BEEN SUCCESSFUL THUS FAR 3INCE THE END
OF THE PROJECT HAS EXPANDED FURTHER INTO THE 'OFA HIGHLANDS WHERE THE
IDENTIlCATION OF SACRED SITES AND MAPPING IS CURRENTLY UNDERWAY 4HE PROJECT AIMS TO
EXPAND TO MORE REMOTE AREAS WITH MORE MARGINALIZED PEOPLE
#*0$6-563"-%*7&34*5:$0/4&37"5*0/
#ĚĠĕĚħĖģĤĚĥĪ$ĠğĤĖģħĒĥĚĠğĥęģĠĦĘę
5ģĒĕĚĥĚĠğĒĝ1ģĒĔĥĚĔĖĤĚğ4ĠĦĥęĨĖĤĥĖģğ&ĥęĚĠġĚĒ
Ē)ĠĥĤġĠĥĠė#ĚĠĔĦĝĥĦģĒĝ%ĚħĖģĤĚĥĪ
0ROJECT #ONTRIBUTOR :ERIHUN 7OLDU
4HE SOUTHERN 2IFT 6ALLEY IN 3OUTHWESTERN %THIOPIA IS KNOWN AS ONE OF THE HOTSPOTS
OF BIOCULTURAL DIVERSITY AND OF INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE AND
CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY THROUGH HOME GARDENS AGROFORESTRY PRACTICES AND
SACRED FORESTS 4HE PROJECT @%THNOBOTANY OF )NDIGENOUS 0EOPLE OF THE 3OUTHERN 2IFT
6ALLEY AND 3OUTHWESTERN %THIOPIA WAS UNDERTAKEN IN COLLABORATION WITH THE
(AMAR +ONSO $ASSANETCH -URSI -EEN AND $IZI )NDIGENOUS 0EOPLES OF 3OUTHERN
%THIOPIA WITH SUPPORT FROM 4HE #HRISTENSEN &UND
4HE lRST PHASE OF THE PROJECT FOCUSED ON THE ETHNOBOTANICAL KNOWLEDGE OF
THE +ONSO AND (AMAR PEOPLES 0ROJECT RESULTS SHOW THAT THE +ONSO TRADITION OF
GROWING MULTIPURPOSE INDIGENOUS TREES IN THEIR CROP lELDS AND HOME GARDENS ACTS TO
MAINTAIN THESE TREES EVEN AFTER THE SPECIES BECOME RARE OR ABSENT IN NATURAL STANDS
3UCH TRADITIONS PROMOTE BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION THROUGH USES THAT ARE ESSENTIAL TO
THE +ONSOS LIVELIHOODS 4HE POLYCULTURAL FARMING SYSTEM WHICH MINIMIZES THE RISK
OF CROP FAILURE IS ALSO A MEANS OF DIVERSIFYING CROP NICHES 4HE SUBTLE AND ACTIVE
PROCESSES INVOLVED IN THE CULTIVATION AND GRADUAL DOMESTICATION OF SELECTED USEFUL
WILD PLANTS ADD YET ANOTHER DIMENSION TO THE LOCAL AGROBIODIVERSITY 7OMEN PLAY
AN ACTIVE ROLE IN MAINTAINING AGROBIODIVERSITY A ROLE NOT COMMONLY RECOGNIZED IN
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES 4HERE IS ALSO A TRADITION OF RECOGNIZING AND
ENSURING THE CONTINUED EXISTENCE OF SACRED FORESTS IN THE +ONSO AREA SHOWING THAT
TRADITIONAL LEADERS AND TRADITIONAL INSTITUTIONS SUCH AS RELIGIOUS BELIEFS PLAY A VITAL
ROLE IN CONSERVING THESE NATURAL FORESTS )N THE HIGHLY DEGRADED +ONSO LANDSCAPE
REMNANT PATCHES OF NATURAL FORESTS ARE STILL FOUND BECAUSE OF THESE TRADITIONAL
PRACTICES )N THESE SACRED FORESTS THERE IS LESS DEFORESTATION SINCE TRADITIONAL SPIRITUAL
VALUES HAVE INmUENCED PEOPLES BEHAVIOUR AND HAVE PLAYED A ROLE IN PROTECTING
THEM AND ENSURING THAT SOME OF THE CULTURALLY VALUED TREES AND OTHER MEDICINAL
PLANTS ARE FOUND ON A SUSTAINED BASIS !LTHOUGH THEY OCCUPY A RELATIVELY SMALL AREA
THE SACRED FORESTS IN +ONSO HAVE GREATER WOODY SPECIES RICHNESS AND TAXONOMIC
DIVERSITY THAN THE COMMUNAL GRAZING LANDS BUSHLANDS AND SCRUBLANDS PROTECTED
BY THE COMMUNITY )N THE (AMAR AREA THERE IS ALSO A TRADITION OF PROTECTING LARGE
RIVERINE TREES THROUGH A SYSTEM OF TABOOS
!N IMPORTANT FEATURE OF THE PROJECT IS THAT IT WAS CONDUCTED WITH THE ACTIVE
PARTICIPATION OF THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF THE CONCERNED COMMUNITIES AS EQUAL
PARTNERS OF THE PROJECT TEAM AND ALL lNDINGS PUBLICATIONS AND PATENTS WILL BELONG
TO ALL TEAM PARTNERS 4HE PROJECT IS WORKING TO INTRODUCE MECHANISMS OF HORIZONTAL
EXCHANGE OF KNOWLEDGE EXPERIENCE AND RESOURCES OF USEFUL VALUES KNOWLEDGE AND
SKILLS WITH THE NEIGHBOURING COMMUNITIES
!LTHOUGH THE PROJECT WAS INITIATED BY ACADEMIC STAFF OF THE $EPARTMENT OF
"IOLOGY AT !DDIS !BABA 5NIVERSITY THE PROJECT IS DETERMINING METHODS FOR BEST
PRACTICES OF WORKING TOGETHER WITH INDIGENOUS PEOPLES BASED ON MUTUAL TRUST AND
EQUAL PARTICIPATION FOR THE FAIR AND EQUITABLE SHARING OF BENElTS ACCRUED IN LINE WITH
THE PRINCIPLES ESPOUSED IN THE #"$
07&37*&80'5)&130+&$54
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ĥęĖ#ĠĥĥĝĖ(ĠĦģĕ -"(&/"3*"4*$&3"3*"
0ROJECT #ONTRIBUTOR 9ASUYUKI -ORIMOTO
&IGURE 7OMEN DISPLAYING KITETE GOURDS AND KITETE SEED NECKLACES AT A
COMMUNITY FESTIVAL
#REDIT 9ASUYUKI -ORIMOTO"IOVERSITY )NTERNATIONAL
&OR THE +AMBA PEOPLE IN THE +ITUI $ISTRICT OF +ENYA THE BOTTLE GOURD ,AGENARIA
SICERARIA AND ITS ESTIMATED LANDRACES ARE PART OF A RICH CULTURAL HISTORY HAVING
BEEN CULTIVATED FOR APPROXIMATELY YEARS +NOWN LOCALLY AS KITETE THIS PLANT
IS CENTRAL TO THE MATERIAL CULTURE OF THE REGION AND HAS MUCH SYMBOLIC AND CULTURAL
VALUE AS ILLUSTRATED BY THE COMPLEX BELIEF SYSTEM THAT UNDERPINS THE ROLE OF THIS
SPECIES IN +AMBA CULTURE SEE "OX IN #HAPTER $IVERSE UTILIZATION WAS A DRIVING
FORCE FOR THE CULTIVATION OF SO MANY LANDRACES WITH A TOTAL OF DIFFERENT MAJOR USES
DOCUMENTED SO FAR BY THE PROJECT @#OMMUNITY
"ASED $OCUMENTATION OF )NDIGENOUS
+NOWLEDGE !WARENESS AND #ONSERVATION OF #ULTURAL AND 'ENETIC $IVERSITY OF "OTTLE
'OURD ,AGENARIA SICERARIA IN +ITUI $ISTRICT IN +ENYA 3OME OF THE USES INCLUDE
KITETE AS FOOD n SOME LANDRACES ARE EDIBLE TYPICALLY EATEN IN SAUCES OR BOILED OR
FRIED AND KITETE AS CALABASHES n THE HOLLOWED
OUT SHELLS HAVE TRADITIONALLY BEEN USED
#*0$6-563"-%*7&34*5:$0/4&37"5*0/