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Fundamentals of Corporate Finance, 2/e: Robert Parrino, Ph.D. David S. Kidwell, Ph.D. Thomas W. Bates, PH.D
Fundamentals of Corporate Finance, 2/e: Robert Parrino, Ph.D. David S. Kidwell, Ph.D. Thomas W. Bates, PH.D
Finance, 2/e
Total Debt
Total Debt Ratio
Total Assets
Total Debt
Debt - to - Equity
Total Equity
Total Assets
Equity Multiplier
Total Equity
Financial Ratios and Firm Performance
o LEVERAGE (DEBT) RATIOS
• For the ratio below, a higher number generally
indicates less bankruptcy risk and (possibly)
lower potential return
EBIT
Times Interest Earned
Interest Expense
EBITDA
Cash coverage
Interest Expense
Financial Ratios and Firm Performance
o PROFITABILITY RATIOS
• Indicate whether a firm is generating adequate
profit from its assets. In general, higher ratios
indicate better performance.
Net Income
Net Profit Margin (4.16)
Net Sales
Net Income
Return on Assets (4.18)
Total Assets
Net Income
Return on Equity (4.19)
Total Equity
Financial Ratios and Firm Performance
o MARKET VALUE RATIOS
• Indicate how the market is valuing the firm’s
equity. Higher ratios indicate greater
shareholder wealth.
Price Per Share
Price - Earnings Ratio (4.21)
Earnings Per Share
Price Per Share
Market - to - Book (4.22)
Book Value of Equity Per Share
Exhibit 4.3: Ratios for Time-Trend
Analysis for Diaz Manufacturing
The DuPont System
o THE DUPONT SYSTEM
• Diagnostic tool for evaluating a firm’s financial
health
• Uses related ratios that link the balance sheet
and income statement
• Based on two equations that connect a firm’s
ROA and ROE
• Used by management and shareholders to
understand factors that drive ROE
The DuPont System
o THE DUPONT EQUATION