Mariaden A.

Alcala BSN I-A November 26, 2019

Name of Theorist: Faye Glenn Abdellah

Name of Theory: 21 Nursing Problems

Nursing Background

Education

 Nursing Diploma – Fitkin Memorial Hospital

School of Nursing
 Bachelor of Science Degree in Nursing, Columbia
University (1945)
 Master of Arts Degree in Physiology
 Doctor of Education (1955)

Nursing Experience

 Health Nurse
 Faculty of Yale from 1945-1949
 Nurse Officer

Nursing Theory

Nursing is based on an art and science that mold the attitudes, intellectual competencies and
technical skills of the individual nurse into the desire and ability to help people, sick or well, cope with
their health needs.

21 Nursing Problems

1. To maintain good hygiene and physical comfort

2. To promote optimal activity, exercise, rest, and sleep
3. To promote safety
4. To maintain good body mechanics and prevent the correct deformity
5. To facilitate the maintenance of supply
6. To facilitate the maintenance of nutrition of all body cell
7. To facilitate the elimination
8. To facilitate the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance
9. To recognize the physiological responses of the body to disease condition
10. To facilitate the maintenance of regulatory mechanism and function
11. To facilitate the maintenance of sensory function
12. To identify and accept the positive and the negative expression, feelings, and reaction
13. To identify and accept interrelatedness of emotions and organic illness
14. To facilitate the maintenance of effective verbal and nonverbal communication
15. To promote development of productive interpersonal relationship
16. To facilitate progress toward achievement and personal spiritual goal
17. To create or maintain therapeutic environment
18. To facilitate awareness on individual needs
19. To accept optimum possible goals in the light of limitation, physical, and emotional
 20. To use community resources as an aid in resolving problem arising from illness
21. To understand the role of social problems as influencing factor in the cause of illness

Metaparadigm

Person

Having physical, emotional, and sociological need

Environment

Planning for optimum health on local, state, and international need

Health

A state of mutually exclusive of illness

Nursing

A comprehensive awareness and helping profession

Theoretical Framework
Reflection

By using Abdellah’s concepts of health, nursing problems, and problem solving, the theoretical
statement of nursing that can be derived is the use of the problem solving approach with key nursing
problems related to health needs of people.

This benefit not just for patients but also for nurses. It will develop their critical thinking and
their nursing skills in order to provide the comfort and help needed for the patient. It is the nurse’s duty
to keep their patient be at ease and comfortable during their recovering process.

Overall this theory is one that can be used today that will still play a positive role in the patient’s
outcome. The theory is clear, concise, easy to read, understand, and follow without difficulty for any
nurse. Abdellah’s theory has enhanced the nursing assessment and problem solving and critical thinking
abilities required to recognize a patient’s problem and adequately formulate a nursing care plan for the
patient
Mariaden A. Alcala BSN I-A November 26, 2019

Nursing Theorist: Lydia Eloise Hall

Nursing Theory: Care, Core, and Cure Theory

Nursing Background

Education

 Basic Nursing Education (19270

 Bachelor in Public Health Nursing (1937)
 Masters in Teaching Natural Sciences
(1942)

Nursing Experience

 Clinical Education, Research and Superior

Nursing Theory

The core is the patient receiving the nursing care. The core has goals set by him or herself rather
than any other person, and behaves according to his or her feelings and values.

The cure is the attention given to patients by medical professionals. She explains in the model
that the cure circle is shared by the nurse with other health professionals, such as physicians or physical
therapists. These are the interventions or actions geared toward treating the patient for whatever illness
or disease he or she is suffering from.

The care circle addresses the role of nurses, and is focused on performing the task of nurturing
patients. This means the “motherly” care provided by nurses, which may include comfort measures,
patient instruction, and helping the patient meet his or her needs when help is needed.

In all circles of the model, the nurse is present. The focus of the nurse’s role is on the care circle.
This is where she acts as a professional in order to help the patient meet his or her needs and attain a
sense of balance.

Metaparadigm

Person

The source of energy and motivation for hearing is the individual care recipient, not the health
care provider. Hall emphasizes the importance of the individual as unique, capable of growth and
learning, and requiring a total person approach.

Environment

The concept of environment is dealt with in relation to the individual. Hall is credited with
developing the concept of Loeb Center because she assumed that the hospital environment during
treatment of acute illness creates a difficult psychological experience for the ill individual. Loeb Center
focuses on providing an environment that is conductive to self-development. In such a setting, the focus
of the action of the nurses is the individual, so that any actions taken in relation to society or
environment are the purpose of assisting the individual in attaining a personal goal.

Health

Health can be inferred to be a state of self-awareness with a conscious selection of behaviors

that are optimal for that individual. Hall stresses that need to help the person explore the meaning of his
or her behavior to identify and overcome problems.

Nursing

Nursing is identified as consisting of participation in the care, core, and cure aspects of
patient care.

Theoretical Framework

Reflection

Hall broadly defines this theory with concepts of behavior, reflection, self-awareness, Second
stage illness and Wholly Professional Nursing. The behavior defines as everything that is said or done. It
is dictated by feelings both conscious and unconscious. The Reflection is the verbalizations of patients is
repeated back to them with different phraseology to invite them to explore feelings further. The self-
awareness refers to the state of being the nurse endeavor to help their patients achieve. The more self-
awareness a person has of their feelings, the more control they have over their behavior. The Second
stage illness is when the patient enters the second phase of medical care once the doctors begin giving
only follow up care. This stage is conducive to learning and rehabilitation. The Wholly Professional
Nursing implies nursing care given exclusively by professional registered nurses, educated in the
behavioral sciences who take the responsibility and opportunity to coordinate and deliver the total care
of their patients.
Mariaden A. Alcala BSN I-A November 26, 2019

Nursing Theorist: Virginia Henderson

Nursing Theory: 14 Components of Basic Nursing Care

Nursing Background

Education

 Army School of Nursing (1921)

 Bachelor of Science and Masters
Degree, Columbia University
Teachers College (1926)

Nursing Experience

 Practice at Henry Street Visiting

Nursing Service in New York
 Taught nursing at Teachers College and Yale University

Nursing Theory

The nurse is, and should be independent practitioner and able to make independent judgements
as long as she or he is not diagnosing, prescribing treatment for diseases, or making a prognosis, for
these are physicians function. But the nurse is viewed as the authority on basic nursing care.

14 Basic Needs

1. Breathe normally
2. Eat and drink adequately
3. Eliminate body wastes
4. Move and maintain desirable posture
5. Sleep and rest
6. Select suitable clothes; dress and undress
7. Maintain body temperature within normal range by adjusting clothing and modifying the
environment
8. Keep the body clean and well-groomed and protect the integument
9. Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid injuring others
10. Communicate with others in expressing emotions, needs fears or opinions
11. Worship according to one’s faith
12. Work in such ways that there is a sense of accomplishment
13. Play or participate in various forms of recreation
14. Learn, discover or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and health and use
the available health facility
Metaparadigm

Person

Recipient of nursing care, who is composed of biological, psychological, sociological and

spiritual components.

Environment

External environment (biologic, physical, and behavioral); some discussion of the impact of
community on the individual and family.

Health

Based on the patient’s ability to function independently

Nursing

Assist the person, sick or well, in performance of activities and help the person gain
independence as rapidly as possible.

Theoretical Framework
Reflection

Henderson’s goal is to define the unique focus of nursing practice. The theory emphasizes the
importance of increasing the patient’s independence so that progress after hospitalization would not be
delayed. Her emphasis on basic human needs as the central focus on nursing practice has led to further
theory development regarding the needs of the patient and how nursing can assist in meeting those
needs.
Mariaden A. Alcala BSN I-A November 26, 2019

Nursing Theorist: Rozzano Locsin

Nursing Theory: Theory of Nursing as Caring Technology

Nursing Background

Education

 Doctor of Philosophy in Nursing at the

University of the Philippines
 Master of Arts in Nursing in Silliman
University (1978)
 Bachelor of Science in Nursing in Silliman
University (1976)

Nursing Experience

 Professor of Nursing at Tokushima University

 Professor Emeritus of Florida Atlantic University
 Visiting Professor at the Universities in Thailand, Uganda, and the Philippines

Nursing Theory

1. To care and to know that patient fully

2. Technology is an extension of caring that enable a greater sense of knowing
3. Knowing is a mutual process between the nurse and those being
4. Nursed is a unique and necessitates creative and imaginative ways of being cared for

Metaparadigm

Person

Participants in their care rather than of nurse care

Environment

The technological world in which we live

Health

Humanity is preserved by technology. An experience that is often expressed in terms of

wellness and illness and may occur in the presence or absence of disease.

Nursing

Nurse value technological competency as an expression of caring in nursing.

Theoretical Framework

Reflection

Locsin’s theory works to frame the relationship between nursing care and the use of technology.
Locsin’s perspective of caring and understanding human being relates to the simultaneity paradigm.
According to this paradigm, people are believed to be more than just the sum of their parts. People are
considered whole at all times, regardless of being sick, or if technologies are utilized on them. The role
of nursing is not to fix the broken patient or make them whole but to care and know the patient fully. HE
sees technology as an extension of caring that enables a greater sense of knowing. The idea of knowing
is a central idea throughout Locsin’s work.
Mariaden A. Alcala BSN I-A November 26, 2019

Nursing Theorist: Ida Jean Orlando

Nursing Theory: Nursing Process Theory

Nursing Background

Education

 New York Medical College, Flower Fifth

Avenue Hospital School of Nursing
(1947)
 Bachelor of Science in Public Health, St.
John University (1951)
 Master of Arts Degree in Mental Health
Consultation, Columbia University
(1954)

Nursing Experience

 Obsterical, Medical, Surgical and Emergency Services

 Assistant Director of Nursing
 Taught several courses in the hospital-based school of nursing
 Taught for 8 years at Yael School of Nursing
 Nursing Clinical Consultation at McLean Hospital in Massachusetts
 Nurse Educator for Metropolitan State Hospital in Massachusetts
 Assistant Director for Nursing Education and Research

Nursing Theory

The function of professional nurse is to discover and meet the patient’s immediate need for
help.

The evidence of relief of patient’s distress is seen as positive changes in the patients observable
behavior.

A positive relationship exist between the time the patient experiences unmet needs and the
degree of distress; therefore, immediacy is stress in the theory.

Metaparadigm

Person

Defines a person in terms of the patient or individual with unmet needs.

 Environment

Does not define environment but assumes that nursing situation occur when there is a nurse-
patient contact.

Health

Does not define health but assumes that feelings of adequacy and well-being from fulfilled
needs to contribute to health.

Nursing

A district that functions autonomously, the function of which is to find out and meet the
patients’ immediate need for help.

Theoretical Framework

Reflection

The role of a nurse is to find out and meet the patient’s immediate needs for help. The patient’s
presenting behavior might be a cry for help. However, the help the patient needs may not be what it
appears to be. Because of this, nurses have to use their own perception, thoughts about perception, or
the feeling engendered from their thoughts to explore the meaning of the patient’s behavior.
Mariaden A. Alcala BSN I-A November 26, 2019

Nursing Theorist: Nola J. Pender

Nursing Theory: Health Promotion Theory

Nursing Background

Education

 Diploma in Nursing, Michigan State

University (1962)
 Baccalaureate Degree in Nursing, Michigan
State University (1964)
 PhD. In Psychology and Education

Nursing Experience

 Community Health Nurse, Rush University

 Faculty Position at Michigan State
University and Illinois University
 Professor at Emiritus School of Nursing

Nursing Theory

Each person has unique personal characteristics and experiences that affect actions. Prior
related behavior is important in influencing future behavior.

Personal Factor

 Biological Factor: age, gender, body mass index, pubertal status, aerobic capacity,
strength, agility and balance
 Psychological Factor: self-esteem, self-motivation, personal competence, perceived
health status, definition of health
 Personal Sociocultural Factor: race, ethnicity, acculturation, education, socioeconomic
status

Major Concept

1. Human Health Promotion: behavior motivated by the desire to increase well-being and
actualize human health potential and also an approach to wellness
2. Health Protection: behavior motivated desire to actively avoid illness
3. Individual Characteristic and Experiences
4. Behavior-Specific Cognition and Effect
5. Behavior Outcome
Metaparadigm

Person

The individual, who is the primary focus on the model

Environment

The physical interpersonal and economic circumstances in which person lives

Health

A positive high level state

Nursing

The role of the nurse includes raising consciousness related to health promoting behaviors,
promoting self-efficacy, enhancing the benefits of change, controlling the environment to support
behavior change and managing barriers to change.

Theoretical Framework
Reflection

Pender’s health promotion model is an organizing structure that establishes how nurses and
patients can work together to aid individuals in achieving optimal health outcomes through health
promotion engagement. T

The model of health promotion is multifaceted in the nature that it is applicable across the
lifespan in various settings and situations and has also been revised to mirror more effective outcomes
of patient well-being.
Mariaden A. Alcala BSN I-A November 26, 2019

Nursing Theorist: Hildegard Elizabeth Peplau

Nursing Theory: Interpersonal Relations Theory

Nursing Background

Education

 Pottstown, Pennsylvania School of Nursing

(1931)
 Bennington College (1943)
 Chestnut Lodge
 Doctorate Degree, Teacher’s College,
Columbia University

Nursing Experience

 Army Nurse Corps in 312th Field Station Hospital

Nursing Theory

Role of Nurses

Teacher – the nurse provides knowledge about a need or problem

Resource – the nurse provides information to understand a problem

Counselor – the nurse helps recognize, face, accept and resolve a problem

Technical expert – the nurse provides physical care using clinical skills

Surrogate – the nurse may take the place of another

Phases of Nursing

Orientation Phase – health problem has emerged that results in a “felt need” and a professional
assistance in sought

Identification Phase – the patient identifies who can help the nurse permits exploration of feeling to aid
patient in undergoing illness as experienced that reorients feelings and strengthens positive forces in
personality and provides needed satisfaction

Exploitation Phase – the nurse can project new goals to be achieved through personal effort from nurse
to patient as patient gives gratification to achieved newly formed goal
Resolution Phase – the patient gradually puts aside old goals and adopts new goals. The patient also
frees himself or herself from identification with the nurse

Metaparadigm

Person

Encompasses the patient and the nurse

Environment

Forces outside the organism within the context of culture

Health

Implies forward movement of personality and other on-going human processes in the
direction of creative, constructive, personal, and community living

Nursing

The therapeutic, interpersonal process between the nurse and the patient

Theoretical Framework

Reflection

Peplau’s theory focuses on the nurse-patient relationship and how two work together toward
the common goal of wellness. By working through a set of phases in a particular order, the nurse and
patient can reach the goal toward wellness together and the patient can continue that journey after the
relationship is terminated.

This theory is important because the nurse needs to understand the importance of how the
nurse-patient relationship can help the patient achieve a better understanding of the importance of
their care. Once the patient has a good understanding of his or her care, he can continue to work toward
wellness without having the nurse constantly helping.
Mariaden A. Alcala BSN I-A November 26, 2019

Nursing Theorist: Joyce Travelbee

Nursing Theory: Human-to-Human Relationship Theory

Nursing Background

Education

 Charity Hospital School of Nursing (1946)

 BS Degree in Nursing Education, Louisiana
State University (1956)
 MS Degree in Nursing, Yale University
(1959)

Nursing Experience

 Taught Psychiatric Nursing at Depaul Hospital Affiliate School, New Orleans

 Taught Psychiatric Nursing at Charity Hospital School of Nursing, Louisiana State
University

Nursing Theory

The nurse is responsible for helping the patient avoid and alleviate the distress of unmet
needs.

An individual, family, or community to prevent or cope with the experience of illness and
suffering and if necessary, to find meaning of his life.

Metaparadigm

Person

A human is being unique, irreplaceable individual who is in the continuous process of

becoming, evolving, and changing.

Environment

Human condition and life experiences encountered by all human beings as suffering, hope,
pain, and illness.

Health

Objective health is an absence of discernible disease, disability or defect as measured by

physical examination, laboratory tests, assessment by spiritual director or psychological counselor.
 Subjective health status is an individual

Nursing

The therapeutic, interpersonal process between the nurse and the patient

Theoretical Framework

Reflection

Her theory is an interpersonal process that involves the practitioner assisting an individual or
community in preventing or coping with illnesses, suffering or experiences.

The Human-to-Human relationship model transcends the physical and focuses more on the
emotional and spiritual aspects individual patients. The holistic approach provides a sense of purpose
and control especially to an already vulnerable patient. When all other methods fail, we must seek
alternatives to provide patients with the best possible care. Travelbee recognized the need to focus on
more than just the patient’s physical condition, but also on providing compassion and creating rapport
with the patient.