Kingdom Animalia

LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
1. CELLULAR LEVEL - Sponges
2. TISSUE LEVEL - Coelenterates
3. ORGAN LEVEL - Platyhelminthes & Other phyla

ORGAN SYSTEM
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
OPEN TYPE CLOSED TYPE
Blood Vessels – NOT Blood Vessels - PRESENT
Cells & tissues - Bathed Blood circulated - Vessels

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
INTRACELLULAR EXTRACELLULAR
Amoeba, Bacteria Human alimentary canal

TYPES OF SYMMETRY
1. ASYMMETRICAL – cannot be divided into two equal halves e.g
SPONGES
2. SYMMETRICAL –
a) Radial symmetry: it is when an organism is equally spaced
around a central point, like spokes on a bicycle wheel eg
COELENTRATA
b) Bilateral symmetry: it is when an organism can be divided into
right and left halves, identical but mirror images, by a single
vertical plane e.g PLATYHELMINTHES ONWARDS
 GERM LAYERS
1. Cell in embryonic stages called germ cells which are arranged in layers to give rise
different organs.
2. Three different types of germ layers -
a) Ectoderm – It is the outermost layer which forms nail, hair, epidermis, etc.
b) Endoderm - It is the innermost layer which forms stomach, colon, urinary bladder,
etc.
c) Mesoderm – It is the middle layer between ectoderm and endoderm which forms
bones, cartilage, etc.

TYPE OF ORGANISMS
On the basis of germ layers
1. DIPLOBLASTIC - Organisms which derived from two embryonic germ layers
(ectoderm and endoderm). Mesoglea - Present in between ectoderm and endoderm
- Coelenterates
2. TRIPLOBLASTIC - Organisms which derived from all the three embryonic germ
layers - Ectoderm, Endoderm & Mesoderm. e.g., Chordates
 TYPE OF ORGANISMS - TRIPLOBLASTIC
On the basis of body cavity
COELOM  - BODY CAVITY WHICH IS LINED BY MESODERM
On the basis of presence or absence of coelom, organisms are divided into:
1. ACOELOMATES - these are the organisms having no body cavity.
2. PSEUDO-COELOMATE - these are organisms having false coelom. They have
pouches of mesoderm scattered between endoderm and ectoderm.
3. COELOMATES - these are complex organisms having true cavity lined by
mesoderm

1. SEGMENTATION -  METAMERIC SEGMENTATION (Metamerism) –

True segmentation - Earthworm 
2. NOTOCHORD - Rod like structure - MESODERMAL ORIGIN
a) Animals with notochord – CHORDATE
b) Animals with without - NONCHORDATES
CLASSIFICATION OF KINGDOM ANIMALIA
On the basis of fundamental features

PHYLUM - PORIFERA
COMMON NAME: SPONGES
TERM PORIFERA MEANS WITH THE HOLES
1. Marine , asymmetrical, cellular level of organization
2. WATER CANAL SYSTEM – comprises of OSTIA (minute pores on
body), SPONGOCOEL (body cavity) and OSCULUM 
3. FUNCTION OF WATER CANAL SYSTEM - Food gathering, respiratory
exchange and removal of wastes occur through Water canal system
4. SPONGOCOEL - lined by choanocytes /collar cells
5. Skeleton - Made up of spicules/ sponging fibres
6. HERMAPHRODITE – Male and female organs present on the same body
7. Fertilization internal
8. Development - indirect, with larval stage which metamorphoses to adult
e.g., Sycon, Euspongia
 PHYLLUM COELENTERATA
COMMON NAME: CNIDARIA
1. Marine, Radially symmetrical, Tissue level of organization, Diploblastic
2. COELENTERONE  - Body cavity
3. CNIDOBLAST - For anchorage, Defense & Capture of prey
4. Digestion extracellular and intracellular
5. SKELETON - made of calcium carbonate
6. SESSILE (FIXED )/FREE-SWIMMING
7. Exhibit two body forms: ALTERNATION OF GENERATION (METAGENESIS)
a) Polyp  - sessile, cylindrical (hydra )
b) Medusa - umbrella shaped, free living (jelly fish/Aurelia)
8. POLYP forms medusa asexually - MEDUSA forms polyp sexually

PHYLUM CTENOPHORA
 COMMON NAME: SEA WALNUTS/COMB
JELLIES
1. Exclusively marine, radially symmetrical
2. Body has CILIATED COMB PLATES IN 8 ROWS - help in locomotion

3. Digestion - intra as well as extra cellular

4. Show BIOLUMINESCENCE (living organism emit light)

5. HERMAPHRODITE – male and female organs present on the same body

6. Reproduction - Sexual

7. Fertilization - External

8. Development - Indirect

PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
COMMON NAME: FLAT WORMS
1. Have DORSO-VENTRALLY FLATTENED BODY
2. Bilaterally symmetrical, Triploblastic, Acoelomate, Organ level organization
3. Mostly endoparasite in animals including human -Parasite forms have hooks
and suckers
4. Absorb nutrients through body surface
5. FLAME CELLS - Osmoregulation and excretion
6. Fertilization - Internal
7. Development - Indirect
8. Planaria has high regeneration capacity
Taenia (Tape worm) , Fasciola, Planaria ( Liver fluke)
 PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES
NEMATODA
COMMON NAME: ROUND WORMS
1. May be free living, parasitic, aquatic or terrestrial
2. bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, Pseudocoelomates
3. Alimentary canal complete – have mouth and anus
4. Wastes removed through excretory pore
5. Dioecious - Sexes are separate  
6. Shows Sexual Dimorphism: Females longer than males
7. FERTILIZATION - Internal, DEVELOPMENT – Direct
Ascaris, Wuchereria (filarial worm )
.

PHYLUM ANNELIDA
 ANNULUS LITTLE RING ORGANISMS
1. Free living/Parasitic, Aquatic/Terrestrial
2. Bilaterally symmetrical, Triploblastic, organ-system level of organization
3. METAMERISM -  segmented body
4. TYPES OF MUSCLES: longitudinal and circular muscles in body wall for
locomotion
5. NEPHRIDIA  - for osmoregulation and excretion
6. Circulatory system - closed type
7. Monoecious /Hermaphrodites - Earthworm (Pheretima) and Leech
(Hirudinaria))
8. Dioecious – Nereis
9. Fertilization - external ,Development - direct or indirect
Nereis, Pheretima (earth worm ) and Hirudinaria ( blood sucking leech ) 

PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
JOINTED LEGED ORGANISMS
1. LARGEST PHYLUM - 2/3 are insects
2. Bilaterally symmetrical, Triploblastic, Organ-system level of organization,
Coelomate
3. SEGMENTED BODY - Head, Thorax, Abdomen
4. EXOSKELETON - CHITIN to cover the body
5. RESPIRATION – by TRACHEAL SYSTEM
6. EXCRETION - through MALPIGHIAN TUBULES
7. SENSORY ORGANS - ANTENNAE, EYES
8. Circulatory system - open type
9. Mostly - dioecious , oviparous
10. Economic importance- Honey bees (Apis), Silkworm worm (Bombyx)
11. Vectors - Mosquito, Housefly 
 PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
SOFT BODIED & SHELLED ORGANISMS
1. SECOND LARGEST PHYLUM of Animalia
2. Bilaterally symmetrical, Triploblastic, organ-system level of organization
3. Body - divisible into head, muscular foot and visceral hump and is covered by a
SOFT AND SPONGY LAYER OF SKIN called MANTLE
4. Body - covered by calcareous shell
5. Respiration - by feather like gills in mantle cavity
6. Head has sensory tentacles
7. RADULA-file like rasping organ for feeding
8. Usually dioecious
Pila, Pinctada (pearl oyster), Octopus, snail, devil fish

NOT IN COURSE - JUST TO CO-RELATE THE ORGAN’S

 PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
SPINY SKINNED ORGANISMS
1. Exclusively marine
2. Radially symmetrical in adult but bilaterally symmetrical in larval stage
3. Digestive system complete - Mouth ventral, Anus on dorsal side (upper side)
4. WATER VASCULAR SYSTEM - to carry out food gathering, respiration,
locomotion
5. Endoskeleton - Calcareous ossicles
6. Excretory system - Absent
7. Dioecious - sexes are separate
8. Fertilization - External
9. Development - Indirect (free swimming larva)
Asterias, Starfish, sea  urchin, sea lily, sea cucumber

PHYLUM PROTOCHORDATA
(HEMICHORDATA)
WORM LIKE MARINE ANIMALS  
1. Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and coelomate
2. Body - CYLINDRICAL, HAS PROBOSCIS, COLLAR AND TRUNK
3. Circulation - open type
4. Respiration - by gills
5. EXCRETION - BY PROBOSCIS GLAND
6. Under non chordate
7. Dioecious - sexes are separate
8. Fertilization - external
9. Development - indirect
Balanoglossus 
 PHYLUM CHORDATA
1. Bilaterally symmetrical, Triploblastic and Coelomate with organ system level of
organization
2. Presence of Notochord
3. Nerve cord - Dorsal hollow spinal cord
4. Heart - Ventral
5. Circulation - Closed type
6. Have paired pharyngeal gill slits
Phylum chordate is divided into THREE SUB-PHYLA
Chordata = Urochordata, Cephalochordate & Vertebrata
7. Protochordates = Urochordata + Cephalochordate
a) Urochordata – Notochord present in larval tail
b) Cephalochordate – Notochord extends from head to tail

NOT IN COURSE - JUST TO CO-RELATE THE ORGAN’S

 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
CHORDATES & NON-CHORDATES

SUB-PHYLUM VERTEBRATA
1. Animals are triploblastic and coelomate
2. HEART –MUSCULAR, VENTRAL WITH TWO, THREE OR FOUR
CHAMBERS
3. EXCRETION AND OSMOREGULATION – BY KIDNEYS
4. Dorsal nerve chord is present.
5. NOTOCORD - In embryonic stage. IN ADULTS - IT IS REPLACED BY
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
6. ALL VERTEBRATES ARE CHORDATES BUT ALL CHORDATES ARE NOT
VERTEBRATES
7. Vertebrates are divided into two super classes –
a. Agnatha
b. Gnathostomata

SUPER CLASSES
SUPER CLASS – AGNATHA
(WITHOUT JAW)
CLASS – CYCLOSTOMATA
1. ECTOPARASITES ON SOME FISHES
2. Elongated body with 6-15 pairs of gill slits
3. SUCKING CIRCULAR MOUTH WITHOUT JAW
4. Body is DEVOID OF SCALES
5. Paired fins
6. Cranium and vertebral column are cartilaginous
7. Circulation is closed –marine but migrate to fresh water for spawning : After
spawning they die
8. Larvae, metamorphosis and return to the ocean
Lamprey, Hagfish 

SUPER CLASS – GNATHOSTOMATA

(WITH FINS)
CLASS – PISCES
1. COMMON NAME - FISHES  
2. The body is streamlined.
3. Muscular tail is present which assists in locomotion.
4. Body is covered with scales.
5. Paired gills are present; which can breathe oxygen dissolved in water.
6. They are cold-blooded animals - POIKILOTHERMIC.
7. The heart has only two chambers.
8. They lay eggs - OVIPAROUS
9. Fishes can be bony (Rohu & katla) or cartilaginous (Shark).
 FEATURES BONEY FISH CARTILAGE FISH
CLASS OSTEICHTHYE CHONDRICHTHYES
S
HABITAT MARINE/FRESH MARINE
WATER
ENDOSKELETO CALCIUM CARTILAGINOUS
N CARBONATE
EXOSKELETON CYCLOID PLACOID
BODY SCALES
Thin bony plates

GILL SLITS 4 PAIRS 5-7 PAIRS

OPERCULUM PRESENT ABSENT

(Hydrostatic
function)
MOUTH TERMINAL VENTRAL
POSTION
AIR BLADDER PRESENT ABSENT
(Help in
buoyancy)
TAIL LOBES EQUAL UNEQUAL
POSITION IN SWIM (Bladder) CAN REST
WATER
EXCRETORY AMMONIA UREA
PRODUCT
FERTILIZATION EXTERNAL INTERNAL
EXAMPLES Hippocampus, Shark, Sting rays,
Labeo, Betta, Torpedo, Trygon,
Katla, Scoliodon

CARTILAGINOUS FISHES 
 BONY FISHES 
CLASS – AMPHIBIA
COMMON NAME - FROGS   
1. Dual life - Live on land and move to water for breeding
2. Body - head and trunk
3. COLD BLOODED – POIKILOTHERMIC
4. Tail - in larval stage, Two pairs of limbs - with digits without claws
5. Skin- smooth and moist with mucous glands
6. Eyes - with nictitating membranes
7. Tympanum - ear drum
8. HEART - THREE CHAMBERED - 2 Atrium & 1 Ventricle
9. Respiration by gills in larva and by lungs & skin in adults
10. Urinary tract and reproductive tract open in a common - Cloacal chambers with
an opening - CLOACAL APERTURE
11. UNISEXUAL
12. OVIPAROUS
13. Fertilization - External
14. Development - Indirect with tadpole larva
Toad, Frog, salamander, etc.
 EGGS IN
CHAIN

CLASS – REPILIA
COMMON NAME - CREEPING ANIMALS   
1. SKIN - Dry without glands, Covered by horny epidermal scales  
2. SKIN - Snakes and lizards - Shed scales as skin cast
3. Tympanum - small without external opening
4. 12 pairs of cranial nerves
5. COLD BLOODED – POIKILOTHERMIC
6. HEART - THREE CHAMBERED but 4-chambered in crocodiles
7. OVIPAROUS - Covered by hard calcareoue shells 
8. Respiration by lungs
9. UNISEXUAL,, FERTILIZATION - INTERNAL
10. Development - DIRECT
Snake, Tortoise, Turtle, Viper, Lizard

CLASS –AVES
COMMON NAME - BIRDS
1. Streamlined body, covered with feathers
2. Jaws - modified into beaks, teeth absent
3. Forelimbs form wings, Hind limbs - For perching (sitting), swimming, running
4. Voice box called SYRINX is present
5. Respiration by lungs
6. No glands on skin -Except oil gland at base of tail
7. Bones are PNEUMATIC BONES (air cavities)
8. Warm Blooded – Homoeothermic
9. Heart – 4 Chambered
10. Oviparous, Unisexual, Fertilization - Internal
11. DEVELOPMENT - External in amniotic egg
Pigeon, Crow, Sparrow, Ostrich
 CLASS – MAMMALIA
1. Aquatic/aerial/terrestrial
2. Have mammary glands in females for nourishing the young ones
3. External ear (pinna) is present
4. Different types of teeth in jaw
5. Skin has sweat glands and sebaceous glands
6. Heart is 4 chambered
7. Respiration is by lungs.
8. Body has hair
9. Excretion – by kindney
10. Viviparous (give birth young ones)
Few are oviparous - Platypus
Few are Marsupials – Pouched mammals - Kangaroo
Human, Chimpanzee, Lion