COMPUTER AIDED MODELING & ANALYSIS LAB 18MEL66

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Department of Mechanical
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CHAPTER 1
FINITE ELEMENT METHOD IN DESIGN ANALYSIS

Finite Element Method

The given system or structure is divided into small elements of units
interconnected at grid points. Each element is solved variable, inherently making use of
classical procedures and analytical. This process of breaking down of continuum of finite

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discrete elements and solving for the variable (velocity, displacement, stress and loads etc)
is called finite element analysis.

The two methods used for the analysis of a problem in FEM are:
(a) Force method: Here the forces are unknown (minimum complimentary energy
method)

(b)Displacement Method: Here the displacements are unknown (minimum potential

energy method)

The analysis by FEM involves the following steps.

1. Pre-processing: It is the act of preparation of data such as nodal locations,
element connectivity co-ordinates imposing boundary conditions applications of load and
providing material information to element etc. one can decide in this stage regarding the
number of nodes, elements, types with their order and the pattern of FE mesh.

2. Processing: This stage involves stiffness generation, stain energy calculation and
solutions of equations resulting in the evolution of nodal variables, induced elemental
forces, strains and stresses.

3. Post-Processing: The geometric deformation and distribution of forces, stresses

and strains in the structure, here the aspect of plotting a displaced plotting nodal date in
the form of contour plots, such as isotherms and isobars, and conversion of element
oriented data into best fitting nodal values is discussed. Preprocessing and post processing
are integral parts of finite element analysis. The general purpose mesh generation scheme
can model a variety of complex regions. The node numbering gives spars matrices and in
many cases should given minimum bandwidth proper block representation. Mesh plotting
shows the element layout.

STEPS INVOLVED IN FEM

The basic steps involved in finite element method are as follows.
1. Modeling
The basic idea of finite element modeling is to discretize the region and express the
displacement in terms of values at discrete points.

2. Discritization

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Discritization means division of a given structure into finite number elements of better
approximations. This forms the first step in the analysis of complicated structural system.

3. Formulation of elemental equation and convergence test

The properties of the elements are formulated and combined to obtain the solution for the
entire body or structure. For e.g. in the displacement formulation widely adopted in FE
analysis, simple functions known as shape functions are chosen to approximate the
variation of the displacement at the nodes of the element.
Convergence test is done to know that how much the approximate solution converges to
the exact value and the errors are calculated.

4. Determination of
a. Elemental stiffness matrix [Ke]
b. Elemental nodal displacement vector [Qe]
c. Elemental load vector [Fe]

5. Equilibrium equations are imposed so that each of the elements is in a state of

Equilibrium
[Ke] [Qe] = [Fe]
6. Assembly of
a. Stiffness matrix of all the elements [K]
b. Nodal displacements of all the elements [Q]
c. Nodal forces of all elements [f]
d. Overall stiffness matrix is formed by global addition of element stiffness
matrices.

7. Assembled Equilibrium Equation

The equation of equilibrium for the entire structure of body is then obtained by
combining the equilibrium equation of each element such that the continuity of
displacement is ensured at each node where the elements are connected.
[K] [Q] = [F]

8. Application of boundary conditions to the overall equilibrium equation.

The necessary conditions are imposed and the equations of equilibrium are solved for
the nodal displacements. There are two approaches of applying the boundary conditions.

a. Elimination technique
In this technique after imposing the boundary conditions, whichever displacement
is Zero, the corresponding row and column of the overall equilibrium is eliminated.
b. Penalty approach
A second approach for handling boundary condition is the penalty approach. This
approach easily implemented in a computer program and retains its simplicity even when
considering general boundary conditions where a large value of C is added to the highest
diagonal elements. On applying the boundary conditions, the overall equilibrium equation
gets modified.

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c. Solution of the modified overall equilibrium equation by gauss elimination method

The value of nodal displacements will be obtained in this step. Thus knowing of all
the nodal displacements, stain of each element will be computed. From these values
elemental stresses are obtained.

Computation of Stains:
For each element stain calculated is given by the overall equation
[] = {b} {q}
Where [] = Strain Matrix
{b} = Strain Displacement Matrix where b is unique for
each element
{q} = Elemental Nodal Displacement Vector.

Computation of Stress:
Knowing the strain, the stress is calculated as follows
i.e., [] = {D} {}
Where [] = Stress Matrix
{D} = Constitutive Matrix for plane stress
{} = Strain Matrix

Introduction to Finite Element Analysis

Any Continuous model has infinite degrees of freedom and it is just not possible to
solve the problem in this format. Finite element method reduces degrees of freedom from
infinite to finite with the help of discretization i.e. meshing. The finite element method
belongs to the category of numerical methods. The method originated in aerospace
industries as a tool to study stresses in complex airframe structures. The method has
gained popularity among the researchers and practioners with the advent of high speed
super computers to solve complex real world problems.
FEA:
Finite Element Analysis is a way to simulate loading conditions on a design and
determine the design’s response to those conditions.
 The design is modeled using discrete building blocks called elements
 Each element has exact equations that describe how it responds to a
certain load.
 The “sum” of the response of all elements in the model gives the total
response of the design.
 The elements have a finite number of unknowns, hence the name
finite elements.
 The finite element model, which has a finite number of unknowns, can only
approximate the response of the physical system, which has infinite unknowns.

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Physical System
F.E. Model

Degrees of Freedom
Degrees of freedom (DOFs) characterize the response of a field.

Overview of Structural Analysis

Structural analysis is probably the most

common application of the finite element method. The term structural (or structure)
implies not only civil engineering structures such as bridges and buildings, but also naval,
aeronautical, and mechanical structures such as ship hulls, aircraft bodies, and machine
housings, as well as mechanical components such as pistons, machine parts, and tools.

Types of Structural Analysis

The seven types of structural analyses available in the ANSYS family of products are
explained below. The primary unknowns (nodal degrees of freedom) calculated in a

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structural analysis are displacements. Other quantities, such as strains, stresses, and
reaction forces, are then derived from the nodal displacements.

Structural analyses are available in the ANSYS Multiphysics, ANSYS Mechanical, ANSYS
Structural, and ANSYS Professional programs only.

Static Analysis--Used to determine displacements, stresses, etc. under static loading

conditions. Both linear and nonlinear static analyses. Nonlinearities can include plasticity,
stress stiffening, large deflection, large strain, hyper elasticity, contact surfaces, and creep.

Modal Analysis--Used to calculate the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a structure.
Different mode extraction methods are available.

Harmonic Analysis--Used to determine the response of a structure to harmonically time-

varying loads.

Transient Dynamic Analysis--Used to determine the response of a structure to arbitrarily

time-varying loads. All nonlinearities mentioned under Static Analysis above are allowed.

Spectrum Analysis--An extension of the modal analysis, used to calculate stresses and
strains due to a response spectrum or a PSD input (random vibrations).

Explicit Dynamic Analysis--This type of structural analysis is only available in the ANSYS
LS-DYNA program. ANSYS LS-DYNA provides an interface to the LS-DYNA explicit finite
element program. Explicit dynamic analysis is used to calculate fast solutions for large
deformation dynamics and complex contact problems. In addition to the above analysis
types, several special-purpose features are available:

 Fracture mechanics

 Composites

 Fatigue

 p-Method

 Beam Analyses

A static analysis can be either linear or nonlinear. All types of nonlinearities are allowed -
large deformations, plasticity, creep, stress stiffening, contact (gap) elements, hyper elastic
elements, and so on.

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Elements Used in Structural Analyses

Most ANSYS element types are structural elements, ranging from simple spars and beams
to more complex layered shells and large strain solids. Most types of structural analyses
can use any of these elements.

LINK1
LINK1 can be used in a variety of engineering applications. Depending upon the
application, you can think of the element as a truss, a link, a spring, etc. The 2-D spar
element is a uniaxial tension-compression element with two degrees of freedom at each
node: translations in the nodal x and y directions. As in a pin-jointed structure, no bending
of the element is considered. The element is defined by two nodes, the cross-sectional area,
an initial strain, and the material properties.

LINK BEAM

BEAM3
BEAM3 is a uniaxial element with tension, compression, and bending capabilities. The
element has three degrees of freedom at each node: translations in the nodal x and y
directions and rotation about the nodal z-axis. The element is defined by two nodes, the
cross-sectional area, the area moment of inertia, the height, and the material properties

PLANE42
PLANE42 is used for 2-D modeling of solid structures. The element can be used either as a
plane element (plane stress or plane strain) or as an axisymmetric element. The element is
defined by four nodes having two degrees of freedom at each node: translations in the
nodal x and y directions. The element has plasticity, creep, swelling, stress stiffening, large
deflection, and large strain capabilities.

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Thermal Analysis: is used to determine the temperature distribution in an object. Other

quantities of interest include amount of heat lost or gained, thermal gradients, and thermal
flux. All three primary heat transfer modes can be simulated: conduction, convection,
radiation.
o Steady-State
 Time-dependent effects are ignored.
o Transient
 To determine temperatures, etc. as a function of time.
 Allows phase change (melting or freezing) to be simulated.
o Electromagnetic analysis is used to calculate magnetic fields in electromagnetic
devices.
o Static and low-frequency electromagnetics
 To simulate devices operating with DC power sources, low-frequency AC, or
low-frequency transient signals.

The three basic steps for using any software:

(1)Pre-processing: It includes (a) CAD Model (b) Meshing (c) Boundary Conditions
(2) Processing or Solution
(3) Post-processing: It Includes Results and Interpretations

Solution Methods:

Two solution methods are available for solving structural problems in the ANSYS family of
products:

i) h-method and
ii) P-method.

The h-method can be used for any type of analysis, but the p-method can be used only
for linear structural static analyses. Depending on the problem to be solved, the h-
method usually requires a finer mesh than the p-method. The p-method provides an
excellent way to solve a problem to a desired level of accuracy while using a coarse
mesh.

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General Steps

Step 1: Ansys Utility Menu

File – clear and start new – do not read file – ok
File – change job name – enter new job name – xxxx – ok
File – change title – enter new title – yyy – ok

Step 2: Ansys Main Menu – Preferences

Select – STRUCTURAL – ok

Step 3: Preprocessor
Element type – select type of element from the table and the required
options
Real constants – give the details such as thickness, areas, moment of inertia,
etc. Required depending on the nature of the problem.
Material Properties – give the details such as Young’s modulus, Poisson’s
ratio etc. Depending on the nature of the problem.

Step 4: Modeling – create the required geometry such as nodes elements, area,
volume by using the appropriate options.

Step 5: Generate – Elements/ nodes using Mesh Tool if necessary (in 2D and 3D
problems)

Step 6: Apply boundary conditions/loads such as DOF constraints,

Force/Momentum, Pressure etc.

Step 7: Solution – Solve the problem

Step 8: General Post Processor – plot / list the required results.

Step 9: Plot ctrls – animate – deformed shape – def+undeformed-ok

Step 10: to save the solution, ansys tool bar- save, model.

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