STRESS STRAIN RELATIONS

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STRESS – STRAIN RELATIONS

I.1 ELASTIC STRESS STARIN RELATION

In previous lectures we noticed that the equilibrium and compatibility
equations are applicable to solids subjected to small deformation under
loading. The constitutive equations relating stresses and strains depend on
the nature of the material and its state under loading.
Linearly elastic material exhibits small strains under loading and returns to its
original dimensions when this load is removed i.e. the load and the
deformation are directly proportional.

In uniaxial tensile loading as shown in Figure (1), the stress in loading

direction is related to the strain in the same direction by the following relation:

 x  E x
where E is the modulus of elasticity of the material.

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STRESS – STRAIN RELATIONS

Figure (1) Condition of uniaxial loading

The strains normal to the loading direction are reduced (as shown in Figure
(2)) and they are proportional to the strain in the loading direction by a ratio
() which is called poisson's ratio.

Figure (2) Lateral strains due to uniaxial loading

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STRESS – STRAIN RELATIONS
For explanation if the uniaxial loading was in x-direction with value x the
strains will be as following:

x =  x / E ,
y= z = - x = - x / E
Considering isotropic and homogeneous material which posses the same
properties in all directions and at all points, the stress-strain relation
becomes independent of the coordinate system chosen to describe the
problem. If this material is subjected to a system of entirely normal stresses,
it will possess symmetric strains with respect to these stresses and it follows
that the principal axes of stress and strain coincide. This may be generalized
to any orthogonal directions. For stress y the strains will be y = y / E and
x= z = - y = - y / E also stress z produces a strain z = z / E and y=
x = - z = - z / E. Applying the superposition concept, the strain in any
direction is linearly dependent upon the stress in its direction and those in
the two orthogonal directions. For example in Cartesian coordinate system,
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STRESS – STRAIN RELATIONS
x 
1
 x    y   z ,
E
 y   y    z   x ,
1
…………………………………(1)
E
 z   z    x   y 
1
E
The elastic constants E and  apply to both tensile and compression
loading and the above equations are called Hooke's law.

The shear strain components are also related to shear stress as shown in
Figure (3) and given by:
STRESS – STRAIN RELATIONS

and

Figure (3) Shear stress- shear strain relation

 xy  yz  zx
 xy  ,  yz  ,  zx  , ………………(2)
G G G

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STRESS – STRAIN RELATIONS
where G is the modulus of rigidity or shear modulus.

From (1) and (2) , these may be written as :

i    v  2 G  i , i  x, y, z …………………….(3)

 xy  G  xy ,  xz  G  xz ,  yz  G  yz ………………(4)

 , G are called Lame's elastic constants. Where :

G 3  2G  
E 
G 2  G 
Eliminating  E
 G
2(1  )
eliminating G E
 
(1  )(1  2)
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θ
σr
+r
+τ
r
STRESS – STRAIN RELATIONS
θ
+
I-2 DILATATION AND DISTORSION

From (1)
1  2
x  y  z   x   y   z 
E
1  2
 m  m
E
31  2  m
σ
v  m  ……………………………………..(5)
θ
E K
+ where

E 3  2G (1  )
K  
31  2  3 3

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STRESS – STRAIN RELATIONS
where K is called a bulk's modulus
when  = 0.5 the dilatation (v ) becomes zero irrespective to the state of stress
applied and for incompressible material.

Many metals have Poisson's ratio  in the range 0.25 to 0.35. Some rubbers
exhibit  values close to 0.5.

The relation between the strain deviation ' and the stress deviation ' is
obtained from (1)
' 1
E

' '

 x   m   x   m    y   z  2 m
'

' 1
E
'
 '

'

 x  m  x   y  z  1  2 m 
STRESS – STRAIN RELATIONS
but 1  2
m  m
E
1
'

E
'
 ' ' 1 '
E

 x  x   y  z  x (1  )  
1
2G
x
'

i
'

 i 
'
………………………………………………….(6)
2G
From (5) and (6)

i  m
'
 i  i   m  
'
……………………………………(7)
2G 3K
 x   m  yx  zx   m 0 0 
1    0
   0 
1
 xy  y  m  zy   m
2G  3K  ……(8)
  xz  yz  z   m   0 0 m 

STRESS – STRAIN RELATIONS
similarly

 i  i  m  2Gi  3Km
' '

 x   m  yx / 2  zx / 2   m 0 0
 
   2G   xy / 2 y  m  zy / 2   3K  0 m 0 
  xz / 2 ………..(9)
  yz / 2  z   m   0 0  m 

The physical interpretation from (5) and (6) is that deformation

consists of a change in volume (dilatation) + a change in shape
(distortion). The change in volume is related to the mean stress
while the change in shape is related to the stress deviation.
STRESS – STRAIN RELATIONS
Example 1

Using a 60o rosette, the following strains have been determined at point Q
on the surface of steel machine base:
1 = 40  2 = 980  3 = 330 
Using the coordinate axes shown, determine at point Q:

The strain components x , y and xy

The principal stresses
And the maximum shearing stress

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STRESS – STRAIN RELATIONS
Solution :
a- Stain components

For the coordinate axes shown:

1 = 0 2 = 60o 3 = 120o

Substituting these values into Eqn. (16) in the lecture of the concept of
strain, we have
1   x 1   y 0    xy 0 1
 2   x 0.5 2   y 0.866 2   xy 0.866 0.5 
 3   x  0.5 2   y 0.866 2   xy 0.866  0.5 

Solving these equations for x , y and xy we obtain

x = 40 , y = 860  xy = 750 

These strains are indicated on the element shown

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STRESS – STRAIN RELATIONS

b- Principal stresses

We are going to calculate the principal stresses from the principal strains
which are being determined using Mohr's circle.
To draw Mohr/s circle for strain, we first plot point X below the horizontal
axis, i.e. X (40, -375), where xy is positive or as shown in the element the
side associated with x rotates counter clockwise. We also plot Y (860,
375) and then draw Mohr's circle.
Points A and B on Mohr's circle correspond the principal strains. We have
the principal strains A and B as:
A = -106 , B = 1006 
STRESS – STRAIN RELATIONS

Now we can use Hooke's law to calculate the principal stresses

knowing that on the surface z = 0, then
STRESS – STRAIN RELATIONS
1
 A  106  10 6   A  0.29 B 
200  10 3
1
 B  1006  10 6   B  0.29 A 
200  10 3
z 
1
0  0.29 A   B 
200  10 3

Solution of the above three equations gives:

A = 2 = 40.77 MPa, B = 1= 213.023 MPa

and z = -368 

c- Maximum Shearing Stress

1   3
 max   106.5 MPa
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STRESS – STRAIN RELATIONS
I-3 THERMOELASTIC RELATIONS

Strains result also from changes in temperature, however the thermal stresses
wouldn't be developed in the body if the changes in temperature are uniform
throughout the body and it is free to expand or contract. However in the
presence of either thermal gradients or external constraints, thermal stresses
are produced.

For linear elastic material, the strain resulting from the temperature can be
superimposed upon that developed from the applied load. If (T) is the
temperature change from the initial temperature and  is the coefficient of
thermal expansion, then eqs. (1) and (2) becomes:

x 
1
 x   y   z   T ,
E
 y   y    z   x   T ,
1
……………………………………(10)
E
 z   z    x   y   T
1
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E
STRESS – STRAIN RELATIONS
 xy  yz  zx
and
 xy  ,  yz  ,  zx  …………………………..(10)
G G G
The above equations show that; the temperature affects only the direct
strains while the shear strains are not affected.

From (5)
m
 m  T 
3K and

m
 v  3T 
K …

Equation (6) will remain the same since it excludes the change of
volume.
From (3)

i   ( v  3T)  2 G( i  T)   v  2Gi  3KT

………………(11)
STRESS – STRAIN RELATIONS
I-4 STRAIN ENERGY

Let U = strain energy density I,e, strain energy / unit volume

W = work done / unit volume

The energy stored in an element due to uniaxial stress must equal to the
work done
 1 1
U  W  F   x dydz  x dx
2 2
 1
U   x  x dxdydz
2
1
U(specific energy per unit volume)  xx
2
For pure shear
 STRESS – STRAIN RELATIONS
 1
U  W  M   xydydz  xydx
2
 1
U  xy  xydxdydz
2
1
U(specific energy per unit volume)   xy  xy
2
. For an element has all stresses and strains

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U  ( x  x   y  y   z  z   xy  xy   xz  xz   yz  yz )
2
In terms of principal stresses and principal strains :

1
U  (11  2 2  33 ) …………………………………(12)
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STRESS – STRAIN RELATIONS

1
U  ((1  m )(1  m )  (2  m )( 2  m )  (3  m )(1  m ))
' ' ' ' ' '

2
 '  1 ' m    2 ' m  
 (1  m )    ( 2  m )
'
  
     
1  2G 3K   2G 3K 
U   
2 '  3 '
m  
 3
(    )
m    
2 G 3 K 
   

1 1
U 
2  2G
 1 2
1   2   3   m 
'2 '2 '2

K 
The strain energy is usually divided into two parts namely energy which
changes volume Uv (dilatation energy) and energy which changes
shape Ud (distortion energy)

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STRESS – STRAIN RELATIONS

U  Ud  U v
1  x  y  z
2
1  1
Uv  m 
2
   I1
2
…(13)
2K 2K  3  18K

Ud 
1
4G
'2

1   2   3 
'2 '2 3
4G
 oct
2
 ……………….(14)

Taking temperature into consideration, it will affect only Uvolume and not
Udistortion.

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