12

PERCENTAGE

12.1 INTRODUCTION

I n previon
15 class, you have studied the concept of percentage. You have also learnt
nercent into fraction, a ratio or decimal and vice-versa. In this chapter, we shall
conVsOme more problems on percentage.
discus

REVIEW OF WORK DONE EARLIER

a2 A
122

PERCENT he
word percent is an abbreviation of the Latin phrase per centum which
The

per
hundred o r hundredt
means

he term percent means per hundred or for every hundred.

Thus,
0 a Certain percent we mean that many hundredths.
When we say that a man gives 30 percent of his income as income tax. This meàns that he
s Rs 30 out of every hundred rupees of his income as income tax.
pays
is used for the term percent.
The symbol %

PERCENTAS A FRACTION We have, 35% =

35 hundredths =

100
Thus, a fraction with its denominator 100 is equal to that percent as is the numerator.

So, 8 % , = 1 2 % ,135 100 135% etc.

So,
100 880100
To convert a fraction into a percent we multiply the fraction by 100 and put the percent
sign1%.

Thus, x 100 %=80 20

x100 %=45%
toconvert a percent into a fraction, we divide it by 100 and remove the percent sign%.
25 13
25% ,13% = etc.
100 100
PERCENT AS A RATIO A percent can be expressed as a ratio with its second term 100 end
nrst term equal to the given percent.
For 8 36
example, 8% =
- = 8:100; 36% =: 9:25
100 100
frak
n order convert a given ratio into a percent, we first convert the given ratio into the
ction and
then multiply the fraction obtained by 100.

h
,6:5-=x100 g6 =120% and, 3:12-=1x100% =25%.
To converta
5 5
g v e n percént into a ratio, we first convert the percent into a fraction and
nen
express it as a ratio.
12.2
Mathemati for C
For example, 52% = =13:25

PERCENT IN DECIMAL FORM To convert a given percent in decimal form, we.

fraction with denominator as 100 and then the fraction is written in decimalress

65
form. it
For example, 65%= 0.65, 7.4%= =0.074
100 100
Inorder to convert a given decimal into a percent, we move the decimal point
side by two digits and put the percent sign %.

Forexample,0.122 =
12.2%, 0.275 =
27.5%, 0.037 3.7%.

EXERCISE 12.1
1. Write each of the following as percent:
14
25 (ii) 625 Cii) (iv) 0.8 (v) 0.005 (vi) 3:25
8

(vii) 11:80 (vii) 111:125 (ix) 13:75 (x) 15:16 (xi) 0.18 (xii)
(xii)
2. Convert the following percentages to fractions and ratios:
(i) 25% ii) 2.5% (i) 0.25% (iv) 0.3% (v) 125%
3. Express the
following as decimal fractions:
i) 27% ii) 6.3% ii) 32% (iv) 0.25% (v) 7.5% yio
1. ) 28
ANSWERS
i) 2.24% (l) 62.5% iv) 80%
(vii) 13.75% (v) 0.5% (vi) 12%
(vii) 88.8% ix) 17.33%
1
(x)93.75% (xi) 18% (xii) 5.6%
2.
1:4 Gi)1:40 ) oo1:400
3. G) 0.27
i) 0.063
400 iv)003:1000
1000 (v5:4
Gi) 0.32 (iv) 0.0025 (v) 0.075 (vi) 0.00125
12.3 FINDING A
PERCENIAGE OF A NUMBER
To find a
percent a given
of
number,
StepI
we
proceed as follows:
Obtain the number, say x.
Step II Obtain the required
percent, say P %.
Step JIl Multiply x by P and divide by 100 to obtain the
i.e.
required P % ofx
P% of x PX*
Following examples will illustrate the 100
above
procedure.
Example 1 Find: ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
(i) 12% of Rs 1200
i) 13% of Rs 6500
Solution ii) 20% of Rs 800
) 12% of Rs 1200=
Rsx1200
100 144
 12.3

13% of Rs
6500 Rs xL00 6500 Rs 845
(ii)
20
20% of Rs 800 = R s x 800 = Rs 160
(ii) 100
then find a.
e 93% of a is 46,

We have,

23
23% of a nXa.
100
ofa is given as 46.
But, 23%

Zoxa = 46 a = 46 x 100 a = 200

100
12 of 25 students are good at Mathematics. How many are not good at1t
Example
3 72

We have,
good at Mathematics
Number of students who are

1
72% of 25 =
72 X25=18

4
25-18 =7.
of students who are not good at MathematicsThis was 40%
=
Number
of the
team won 10 games from the total they played.
Camole 4 A football
total. How many games were played in all
Solunon
Let x be the total number of games played. Then,
40% ofx = 10

40
X x =10
100
50
10 2x =50 »x=25
5
in all 25 games were played.
Hence,
75% of her money, how much did
Example 5 If Chameli had Rs 600 left after spending
she have in the beginning ?
AOn
Solution Suppose Chameli had Rs z in the beginning. Then,
3:
76 =Rs
Money spent by Chameli =75% of x =RsXx
100

Money left with Chameli =Rs| Rs 4

Rs
4
left cfter spending 75% of her money.
But, it is given that she had Rs 600

=2400
= 600x =600x4
Hence, Chameli had Rs 2400.
xarn 8.8% of medicine for stomach-up
sets is absolute aleohol; 3.3% of it
0.177% chloroform. How much of each
a common

mentha oil: 0.07% spearmint oil, and

S a pack of 30
ml?
Unese compounds is there in
 12.4

Solution We have,
Mathematics fo Clas y
Total quantity of the liquid in the pack = 30

Amount of alcohol = 78.8% of 30 ml = x30 ml =

= 0.780
100 0.788 x 30 ml
= 23.64 ml
Amount of spearmint oil = 0.07% of 30 ml

(0.07 x30 |ml= (0.0007 x 30) ml:

100
= 0.177% of 30 ml
0.021 m
Amount of chloroform

0.177 x30 |ml =

0.00177x 30 ml
100 =

A nursery has 5000 plants. 5% of the plants are roses and 1

0.5311ml
Example7
plants. What is the total number of other plants? re mang
ango
Solution We have,
Total number of plants = 5000

Number of rose plants = 5% of 5000 = x 5000=250

100

Number of mango plants = 1% of 5000 = X 5000 50

Number of other plants =5000 (250+ 50) = 4700

Example 8 Malvika gets 98 marks in her exams. This amounts to 56% of the total marls
What are the maximum marks?
Solution Let the maximum marks be x. Then,
56% ofx = 98 Givenl
56xx =98
100
100
*=98x*
56
* = 175
Hence, the maximum marks are 175
Example 9 A certain company has 80 employees who are engineers. In this con pa
edin
engineers constitute 40% of its work force. How many people are employ
the company?
Solution Let x people be employed in the company.
al to
Since 40% of its work force are engineers. This means that 40% 0f x 1s e
the total number of engineers.
40 100
X x =80 * x80 200
100 40
Hence, 200 people are employed in the company
Example 10
Kishan spends 30% of his salary on food and donates 3% of hiss items.
wat
What

temple. In a particular month, he spends Rs 231 on these t o

his total salary for this month?
 12.5
Suppose
nose Ki Kishan's total salary is Rs 100 per month.
E x p e n d i t u
food 30% of Rs 100 Rs 30
per month on =
=

Danation per month to temple Rs. =3% of Rs 100 Rs 3.

Total expenditure = Rs (30 + 3) = Rs 33.

IfeoXDenditure is Rs 33, then total salary = Rs 100

Tfexpenditure is Re 1, then total salary = Rs 100

33

I fexpenditure 1s Ks 231, then total salary = Rs 2 3 1 | = Rs700

33
Hence, Kishan's total salary for the given month is Rs 700.
11 Out of hey totalincome Mrs Sharma spends 20% on house rent and 70% of the
Examp 11
st on household expenditure. If she saves Rs 1800, what is the total income?
rest

Suppose total income of Mrs Sharma is Rs 100

Solution

Expenditure on house rent = 20% of Rs 100 = Rs 20

Balance money = Rs (100 20) = Rs 80

Household expenditure = 70% of Rs 80 Rs x80=Rs 56

100
Saving = Rs (80 - 56) = 24.

Now,
If saving is Rs 24, then total income = Rs 100

100
Ifsaving is Re 1, then total income = Rs
2
Ifsaving is Rs 1800, then total income = Rs 100 x1800 Rs 7500
24
Rs 7500
Hence, total income of Mrs Sharma is
certain article.
12 Anushree has to pay 4% sales tax in addition to the price
of a
Example
Find the of her article, if she pays Rs 2.60 in all.
price
Solution Let the price of the article be Rs 100
Sales tax = 4% of Rs 100 = Rs 4
Rs (100 4) Rs 104
Total amount paid = + =

Now,
When she pays Rs 104, price = Rs 100
100
When she pays Re 1, price = Re 104

100 Rs 2.50
When she pays Rs 2.60, price =
Rsx 2.60 =

104
A Hence, price of the article is Rs 2.50
After spending 25% of the remainder, he has
Example'A13Aman man loses 20%o of his money.
Ks 480.00 left. How much money did he originally
have?

Solution he had Rs 100

originally
uppose, Rs 20
Amount lost = 20% of Rs 100 =
 Mathematics for ass V
12.6
20) = Rs 80
Rs (100
-

=
Remainder
remainder
25% ofthe
Expenditure
25 20
Rs80 Rs00x80= Rs
25% of 100
Rs (80 -

20) = Rs 60
Remainder =

had Rs 100
If remainder is Rs 60, he originally
100
had Rs
Ifremainder is Re 1, he originally 60
(100
Ifremainder is Rs 480, he originally had Rs 60 X480 |= Rs 800
Hence, the man had Rs800
An alloy contains 36% zinc, 40%copper
Example 14 the quantity of each of the contents
and the rest is ickel. Find
nickel. Find in
in a sample of 1 kg alloy. grams
Solution We have,
Zinc in the alloy = 36%, Copper in the alloy = 40%

Nickel in the alloy = [100 (36 + 40)% = 24%

Now,
Quantity of zinc in 1 kg of alloy = 36% of 1 kg
36% of 1000 grams
6
x1000
100
grams= 360grams
Quantity of copper in the alloy = 40% of 1 kg
= 40% of 1000grams

x1000 grams
100
=
400 grams
and,
Quantity of nickel in the alloy =
24% of 1 kg
24% of 1000 grams

24x1000 grams 240 grams.

Example 15 100
Rani's weight is 25% that of Meena's and 40%
of Tara's weight is that of Tara's. What
Solution
Meena's weight? pereuntage
Let Meena's
weight be x kg and Tara's weight be y
kg. Then,
Rani's weight 25% of
=
Meena's weight =
25
100
Also, Rani's weight =
40% of Tara's weight 4 (i
From (i) and ii), we
get
=
010
25 40
100X
100
=

100
25:x = 40y
J00

Multiplying both sides

 12.7
ANCENMage 25x =8y sides by 5
Dividing both
. . (iii)

We ave
to find 8Meena's weight as the percentage of Tara's weight 1.e.,
x100 x100
x100 =160 [Using (ii))

Hence,
Meena's weight is 160% of Tara's weight.
Rohan's
is
p l e1 6 Rakesh
esh's income is 25% more than that of Rohan. What percent
income less than Rakesh's income?
income be Rs 100. Then.
Let Rohan's
Soltion

Rakesh's
Income =Rs 125
Rs 100
Rakesh's income is Rs 125, Rohan's income
=

TF
100
income is Re 1, Rohan's income Re =-
Tf Rakesh's 125
10
income is Rs 100, Rohan's income =
Rs| 100 = Rs 80
If Rakesh's 125
Rohan's income is 20% less
than that of Rakesh.
Hence, what
15 marks,
40o to pass. Ifhe gets
185 marks, falls short by
Rishi requires have got?
Cample 17 maximum marks he could
were the
scored 40% marks.
had 15 marks more, he could have
If Rishi 200
Solution than 185 is 185 + 15
=

15 marks more
Now,
maximum marks be x. Then,
Let the
40% ofr = 200

4 00
100
200x100 -500
40
marks 500. be its value
10%. What will
=
maximum
Thus, every year by
machine depreciates
value of a
Xample 18 The value is Rs
50,000?
after 2 years if
its present

Present value of the

machine =Rs 50,000 Rs 50,000
Solution 1
=
year=
10% of Rs of
Decrease in value after
0 Rs 5000
= Rs x50,000 =

100

Rs (50,000
5000) =
Rs 45000
=

one year
Depreciated
value after =
=
10% of Rs 45000
ofRs
value after
2 years
Decrease in 4500
x x 45000=Rs
RS 100
Rs
(4
( 45
5000
000-
-445
5000
0))
= Rs 40050
=
= Rs
value after
2 years
= Rs 40050.
Depreciated after 2 years
machine

Thus, the value of the

nus, the
12.8 Mathematics for Clas VII
Example 19 The population of a town increases by 6% every year. If thee

population is 15900, find its population a year ago. present

Solution Let the population of the town be 100 a year ago. Then,
Increase in population = 6% of 100 6

Present population = 106

100
If present population is 106, population a year ago =

100
If present population is 1, population a year ago = 10

100
Ifpresent population is 15900, population a year ago 106 1500

Hence, the population of the townyear ago was 15000.

a

Example 20 The price of sugar goes up by 20%. By how much percent must a house wi,
reduce her consumption so that the expenditure does not increase?
wife
Let the consumption of sugar originally be 100 kg and its price be Rs 100
Solution
Then,
New price of 100 kg sugar = Rs 120 : Price increases by 20%|
Now, Rs 120 can fetch 100 kg sugar
50
Rs 100 can fetch =
100100
120
|kg sugar 20 kg sugar
3

Reduction in consumption =|100- %=16%

Example 21 A number is increased by 10% and then it is decreased by 10%. Find the net
increase or decrease percent.
Solution Let the number be = 100
Increase in the number = 10% = 10% of 100 = 10

Increased number =
100+ 10 = 110
This number is decreased by 10%.

Decrease in the number =10% of110= x100 |=11

110
New number = 110 - 11 = 99

Thus, net decrease = 100 99 =1

Hence net percentage decrease = 1 0 0 %=1%

100
Example 22 The salary of an officer has been increased by 50%. By what percent the new
salary must be reduced to restore the original salary?
Solution Let original salary be Rs 100. Then,
Increase in the salary = 50% of Rs 100 Rs 50
Salary after increment =Rs 150
in order to restore the original
be
Now, salary, a reduction of Rs 50 should
made on Rs 150.
Thus,
Reduction on Rs 150 = Rs 50
 12.9
PeCemage
50
Reduction on He l = Ke 150

x100=33
Reduction on Rs 100 Re 150100 -38
Hence, reduction on new salary 33 % =

carat gold is hundred

Example23 Find
anle23
the percent of pure gold in 22-carat gold, if 24
percent pure gold.
In 22-carat gold pure gold is 22 parts out of 24 parts.
Solution

Percent of pure gold in 22-carat gold =x100 % 91

24 like other
like cricket, 30% like football and remaining
60% people in a city number of people is
56
Evample 24 If like the other games? If the total
games. What percent
like each type of game.
lakhs, find the exact number who
like cricket, 30% like football.
It is given that 60% people
Solution
who like other games =(100-60-30)%=10%
Percentage of people
Total number of people
=
56,00,000
who like cricket = 60% of 5600000
Number of people
60 5600000 =33,60,000
100

like football = 30% of 5600000

Number of people who
30
x5600000 =16,80,000
100
=
(10% of 5600000) =
5,60, 009
Number of people
who like other games
EXERCISE 12.2

(iii) 25% of 10 kg
1. Find: 25% ofRs 1000
(ii) (vi) 2.5% of 10000 ml
(i) 22% of 120 (v) 135% of 80 cm
5000 metre
(iv) 16.5% of
if
2. Find the number a, (i)%ofa is 50
(ii) 0.5% ofa is 3
(i) 8.4% ofa is 42

100 ofy and z.

(iv) 100% of a is find the values
If* 480, =
is
is 24% ofz. post office Savings Bank account. If this
. xis 5%ofy, y month in his post
month
deposits Rs 150pper
er
monthly
income.
find his
A cooliehis monthly income,
got 695 marks,
If she got
examination. If mar find the total
of
15% of
15% monthiy
marks in
he
the annual
annual
examination.

86.875%
.5. Asha got
e x a m i n a t i o n .

in a full year. If her attendanee is 90%, find the

m a r k s of
the
number of 216 days
school for opened. was
to school
6. Deepti went which
the
are mango trees, 18% lemon and the rest are
of these
on
number of days 12%
2000
trees.
orange
trees.
has of
7. A gard trees.
Find the
number

orange
 12.10 Mathematics for Class
contain 12% of proteins, 25% of fats and 63% of earhl
VIll
8. Balanced diet should
a child needs
2600 calories in this food daily, find in calories the
intake.
the amount
of each of hydrates.
these in his daily food
total of 62 r u n s in 96 balls. He hit 3 sixes, 8 foura 2o
fours,
9. A ericketer scored a twos and
of the total r u n s came in g
singles. What percentage
i) Sixes (ii) fours (iii) twos (iv) singles
10. A cricketer hit 120 runs in 150 balls during a test match. 20% of the runs cam..
did he score in ame in 8,
30% in 4's, 25% in 2's and the rest in l's. How many runs

(i) 6's (ii) 4's (iii) 2's (iv) singles

What % of his shots were scoring ones?

22% of her investment. If she earns Rs 187, then how much

11. Radha earns
id she
d:.

invest?
12. Rohit deposits 12% of his income in a bank. He deposited Rs 1440 in the bank a.
1997. What w a s his total income for the year
1997? uring
13. Gunpowder contains 75% nitre and 10% sulphur. Find the amount of the gunpowd.
which carries 9 kg nitre. What amount of gunpowder would contain 2.3 kg sulphur?
rder
14. An alloy of tin and copper consists of 15 parts of tin and 105 parts of copper. Find th
percentage of copper in the alloy?
15. An alloy contains 32% copper, 40% nickel and rest zinc. Find the mass of the zinc in 1
kg of the alloy.
16. A motorist travelled 122 kilometres before his first stop. If he had 10% of his journe
to completeat this point, how long w a s the total ride?
17. A certain school has 300 students, 142 of whom are boys. It has 30 teachers, 12 of
whom are men. What percent of the total number of students and teachers in the
school is female?
18. Aman's income is 20% less than that of Anil. How much percent is Anil's income more
than Aman's income?
19. The value of a machine depreciates every year by 5%. If the present value of the
achine be Rs 100000, what will be its value after 2 year
20. The population of a town increases by 10% annually. If the present population is
60000, what wll be its population after 2 years?
21. The population of a town increases by 10% annually. If the present population
22000, find its population a year ago.
salary is Rs 3575. Wha
22.
Ankit was given an increment of 10% on his salary. His new
was his salary before increment?
23. In the new budget, the price of petrol rose by 10%. By how much percent mustou
reduce the consumption so that the expenditure does not increase?
ne
24. Mohan's income is Rs 15500 per month. He saves 11% of his income. Ifhisn
increases by 10%, then he reduces his saving by 1%, how much does he save no
25. Shikha's income is 60% more than that of Shalu, What percent is Shalu's income ie
than Shikha's? f the
26. Rs 3500 is to be shared among three people so that the first person gets o 9
second, who in turn gets 50% of the third. How much will each of them geu
riginal price
P*
of
27. After a 20% hike, the cost of Chinese Vase is Rs 2000. What was the original
the object?
ecemage 12.11

ANSWERSs
(ii) Rs 250 (ii) 2.5 kg
26.40 (iv) 825 metre (v) 1.08 metre (vi) 250 m
(ii) 600 ii) 10000
2 i 500
(iv) 100
40000 4. Rs 1000 6. 800 marks 7. 1400
2 240days
=

9600, 6.
sy 9. i) 29.03% ü) 51.61%
3 1 2 , 6 5 0 ,1 6 3 8
ii) 645% (iv) 12.9%
(i) 36 i) 30
24 iv) 30,38.67%
12. Rs 12000 13. 12 kg, 23
1 Rs850
kg 14. 87.5% 15. 280 grams
160
6 1220km
17. % 18. 25% 19. Rs 90250 20. 72600 21. 20000
3

Rs 3250
23. 9 24. Rs1705, Same as before 25. 37.5
Rs 1000, Rs 2000, 27. Rs 1666.67
Rs 500,

THINGS TO REMEMBER
1Per cent means per hundred or for every hundred.
2. Byacertain per cent, we mean that many hundredths.
Afraction with ts denominator as 100 is called a per cent and is equal to that per cent as is the
numerator.

4 Aratio with its second term 100 is also called a per cent.
5. To convert a fraction into a per cent, we multiply the fraction by 100.
6. To convert a ratio into a per cent, we write it as a fraction and multiply it by 100.
7. To convert a decimal into a per cent, we shift the decimal point two places to the right.
8.To convert a per cent into a fraction, we drop per cent sign (%) and divide the remainder by 100.
9. To convert a per cent into a ratio, we drop per cent sign (o) and forma ratio with the remaining
number as the first term and 100 as the second term.
10. To convert a per cent into a decimal, we drop per cent sign (%) and shift the decimal point two
places to the left.

1. Increase% Increasex100
=--original ualue
, Decrease % = Decreasex100 |
original value