1.2.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Marine fishing in the Philippines in more than an industry. With more than 7,600 islands,
the Philippines has the world's longest discontinuous coastline. Through study, it was concluded
that over a million Filipinos are engaged in marine fishing somehow as a way of life for others
[ CITATION Amy87 \l 13321 ]. The Philippine fishing industry comprises marine capture fisheries,
inland capture fisheries, and aquaculture. Marine capture fisheries can be further divided into
municipal fisheries and commercial fisheries. Recreational fisheries are not significant. In
essence, fish catches in other parts of the Philippines are typically landed in private, traditional or
government-owned landing centers. These government-owned landing centers are fish ports
managed either by the Philippine Fisheries Development Authority (PFDA) or by Local
Government Units (LGUs) or managed by both [ CITATION Rep14 \l 13321 ].

Pursuant to Republic Act No. 8550 also known as “Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998”
Section 16 of the said act provides for the jurisdiction of Municipal Government with regard to
fisheries. Wherein, the LGUs shall also enforce all fishery laws, rules and regulations as well as
valid fishery ordinances enacted by the municipal/city council. As such, local fisherfolk reaped
several benefits from the construction of a modern fishing port, foreign commercial fishing
companies have likewise benefited. Anyway, the overall impact of the project on the local
including the national economy has not yet diminished. The intended beneficiaries of the fish
port complexes were small-and medium-scale local fisheries. The modern complexes were meant
to provide safe, hygienic and efficient unloading facilities where none existed in the past. On the
other hand, it appears that foreign commercial fishing companies had more to gain as to the use
of these facilities as transshipment ports because of their greater volume of catches [CITATION
DrO03 \l 13321 ].

Ports in the Philippines are classified as fishing ports, feeder ports or commercial ports.
Fishing ports, which are either municipal or regional, are those which primarily serve the fishing
industry and function as the main collection and distribution center of fish. Port development has
strong forward and backward linkages to the coastal municipalities’ economy. However, it
should also be approached with caution since an arbitrary and indiscriminate form of
development can be irretrievably costly to the entire nation [ CITATION Roq00 \l 13321 ] . Fish and
fishery/aquatic products generally come from two sources: capture fishery and aquaculture.
Capture fishery refers to the catching and harvesting of fish and other marine and aquatic
resources from the wild or natural environment whereas aquaculture pertains to all forms of
raising and culturing fish and other fishery species in fresh, brackish and marine water areas
[ CITATION Bur18 \l 13321 ].

The sea is considered as a huge food basket that helps maintain the food supply of the
whole country and provide livelihood to almost 2 million people. Fisheries are culturally,
economically, and ecologically important to Filipinos [ CITATION Dal14 \l 13321 ]. Also, according
to Perez, they contribute predominantly to income, employment, foreign exchange earnings,
nutrition, and thus to the stability of the Philippines in general. In constructing a port, they give
vessels and crews access to essential services and supplies, and enable vessel operators to land
their catch. While the majority of port operate responsibly and seek to avoid becoming conduits
for fish caught via illegal, unreported and unregulated means [ CITATION Hut15 \l 13321 ].
However, free trade is desirable in the long term, but too early to practice without market
failures. The spirit of trade is for the mutual benefit of participants which creates mutual trust.
These participants today are all related parties in the trade including not only sellers and buyers
but also people concerned in production, processing, marketing and communities. However,
issues that were raised are common rather than specific and current trade supported by
governments in fact is in favor of profit-seeking capital and not to sustainability. As a result,
winners are created for capital and losers for the community in the name of competition such as
the nature of overfishing would probably come into play. [ CITATION Yos08 \l 13321 ]. On the
contrary, some studies show that various hydrological and geophysical hazards would be a
hindrance as to the making of ports. Hydrological hazards that may affect the municipality
include flooding, storm surge, and tsunami. Geophysical hazards include ground shaking,
liquefaction, and volcanic hazard. [ CITATION Mun17 \l 13321 ]. Floating markets are not only
made possible and pleasurable by people, but also by objects, spaces and technologies. The
different versions of floating markets are connected in certain and multiple ways to construct one
particular floating market that will affect people, canals, boats, homes, fruits and vegetables
transportation. [ CITATION Pon15 \l 13321 ]. Construction of floating markets resiliency could have
some similarities as to stilted homes, wherein, they serve as a basis for replication in other flood-
prone area based on participatory consultation with local communities. Further, benefits of stilts
are many which include safe and healthy house, environmentally friendly, most importantly
protected by numerous floods [ CITATION Bis15 \l 13321 ].

It has long been recognized that a country’s transport system plays a central role in its
development. Over the years, researchers have looked at the impact of investing in transport
infrastructure and produced numerous studies showing evidence of economic growth, increases
in productivity and reduction of income inequality [ CITATION Kri17 \l 13321 ] . The Philippines
national planning policy aims to limit the concentration of activities in Manila to reduce
congestion of the road system leading to the capital region by encouraging maritime transport
and rail revival specifically on Luzon, and to foster the development of new economic growth
centers across the country. One of the problems of mobility in the islands is the break in
movement induced by switching from land to sea transport, in order to improve sea-land mixed
mode of transportation, both for passengers and for freight [ CITATION Boq12 \l 13321 ].

The transport of goods generates the greatest income, and the carriage of passengers
brings only a small percentage of the total revenue for ferry companies. Ferry carriers appreciate
the benefits derived from the passenger traffic and seek to attract their attention. Moreover, ferry
shipping meant an extension of roads to cross the straits and channels and ferries were the
floating bridges and primarily met transport needs. Ferry shipping is designed to extend the land-
based routes and to create the sea corridors for carriage of goods and passengers. The passengers
travelling for tourist motives represented the largest segment of passengers purchasing the
services on-board of the ferries [CITATION Kiz \l 13321 ].

In developing ferry connections, it is necessary to have suitable infrastructure in place.

[ CITATION Ins \l 13321 ] . The safe and efficient process of transporting freight, vehicles or
passengers between ship and shore is a primary and vital aspect of any successful RoRo and
Ferry Terminal port operation and each type of facility has its own unique needs and
requirements just to meet the needs of people. [ CITATION Tim19 \l 13321 ].

The public transport stops differ from one another in the types of services they offer.
Frequencies, service coverage, stopping patterns, and connections may all vary. This creates
differences in the impacts particular stops have on surrounding property values. One would
expect the ferry terminals in a system with the greatest frequencies, cheapest services, highest
quality facilities, and best connections to bus networks would have higher land value premiums
due to accessibility around them. Property redevelopment opportunities may be also be greater
around some ferry terminals than others, further increasing the potential for value uplift in some
locations and stymying it in others.

Property value effects may substantially differ by land-use type. Residential properties
may be very differently affected than industrial or commercial properties, with owners of the
latter being more likely to internalize potential land value uplift from the announcement of
transport improvements, socio-economic and demographic variables play a significant role in
influencing the impacts of transit stops on property values. Disparities in socio-economic status
and ethnicity produce higher ridership on public transport in some neighborhoods than others. In
many cities, low-income households are particularly attracted to locations serviced by public
transport, where residents become captive riders, particularly where they have no private motor
vehicle alternatives.

River ferry services are often seen as premium public transport services, offering
uncongested, scenic, high-amenity travel with few stops, linking suburban areas with
destinations such as central business districts and universities for commuting purposes [ CITATION
Tsa17 \l 13321 ].

Ferries carry the limitation that everyone has to get off at the end of the line. Transit
connections are needed for onward journeys onto land, but the resulting passenger trips often
require several changes of vehicle to continue in one direction, which is always less effective
than services that can flow continuously across the city like a well-designed bus or rail line. Like
others, establishing ferry lines has certain limitations to consider, such as: high frequency, very
high density, quality landside access, frequent transit lines, a direct path, few major terminals,
favorable pricing[ CITATION Jar19 \l 13321 ].

Businesses everywhere could face similar challenges during the next few years. A larger
global population and growing economies are placing bigger demands on already-depleted water
supplies. Making a business out of improving water efficiency won’t be easy. Successful
providers will have to migrate from selling equipment and components to selling solutions aimed
at helping business customers reduce their water and energy use. The providers will therefore
have to develop new skills and capabilities, particularly in marketing and sales, to identify and
capture the higher-value-added solutions that business-to-business markets need[ CITATION
Boc09 \l 13321 ].

Water needs for domestic, agricultural and livestock uses create acute sustainability
pressures. Climate change and urban sprawl worsen the environmental pressures on water and
sanitation supply and quality. All of this creates the need for greater efficiency, management and
use of water services. [ CITATION Ste14 \l 13321 ].

When water began to flow in his well, Bird learned that the liquid had a "particular taste
and effect" that rendered it unpalatable to drink. Demonstrating a great deal of resourcefulness,
the old man began to peddle the water around town, especially to the sick and afflicted [ CITATION
Joe95 \l 13321 ].

The development framework strategy for Pampanga follows the clustering for the
Pampanga Megalopolis, packaging the province’s diversity to the tourist. Tourism circuits are
proposed to help the province to better market and brand their tourism to different kinds of
tourists and visitors. The tourism projects will be community driven. Building up the capabilities
of local community and hiring them will enable the province to reduce poverty, and will further
improve the local economy. Community-based eco-tourism balances and distributes the
development to the local community. [ CITATION Pal18 \l 13321 ]

Some of the priority projects for tourism include tourism circuits, tourism information
kiosks and information centers, as well as development of Candaba Wetland and Nature Park,
Floridablanca Astroscience Center, and Mt. Arayat Eco-Adventure Park. The proposed priority
roads will be incorporated to provide better connectivity between destinations. Water transport
will also be utilized as well, starting with the Lubao Bamboo hub to Bangkung Mapalad as the
kick start for the water transportation.[ CITATION Pal18 \l 13321 ]

Pampanga has significant surface water supplies, which are currently not maximized.
Based on the geography of the Province and the high annual rainfall, there is also a large volume
of surface runoff water that can be contained and impounded. Through developing a series of
water retaining ponds and series of water reservoirs, it would help to mitigate flooding during
rainy seasons and become a source of water during dry season. After constructing the water
retention reservoirs, the cities and municipalities could invest and develop water treatment plants
and distribution systems as to provide clean water for domestic and industrial use. Investing in
water treatment plants also helps to solve the issue of waste-water pollution. [ CITATION Pal18 \l
13321 ]

Sasmuan Bangkung Mapalad Critical Habitat & Ecotourism Area (SBMCHEA) is a

small island that was formed from volcanic sediments of the Mt. Pinatubo eruption in 1991. It is
situated at Barangay Batang II, one of the 5 coastal barangays of Sasmuan, Pampanga. On its
north is the town of Guagua, by the east you’ll find the towns of Masantol and Macabebe. On its
west is Lubao and on its south is Manila Bay. Overlooking from the islet will be a majestic view
of the coastal area of Orani, Bataan. Abundant in biodiversity and blessed with good climate,
SBMCHEA thrives in different mangrove and other wildlife species. It currently nestles 16
different types of mangroves. It also serves as a layover and temporary home to more than 80
species (estimated around 31,000) of migratory birds from wintering countries. Since the area is
slowly becoming a tourist spot, these types of activities provide livelihood for the townsfolk of
Lubao, Pampanga. Some locals have been employed as boatmen while other locals offer
services to cook food for the guests. Because of these reasons, SBMCHEA deserves the support
it needs not only from tourists coming outside Pampanga, but support coming from the locals
themselves. [ CITATION Arm18 \l 13321 ]

The Bureau of Fisheries at Aquatic Resources (BFAR) turned over more than P600,000
worth of fishing equipment, materials as well as livelihood training to the fishermen of Lubao
and Sasmuan towns. The BFAR turned over livelihood assistance in the form of fishing gear and
paraphernalia worth P149,400. The BFAR also gave post harvest equipment worth P42,515. Six
units of fish stalls worth P100,000 were also given as part of the fisheries livelihood
development program. Sasmuan, Lubao and Guagua pond operators were also given fish
fingerlings for dispersal amounting to P201,000. The distribution was part of the coastal clean-up
drive “Manila Bay: Gawing MMK” (Malinis at Masaganang Karagatan). This is in compliance
to the Supreme Court’s Writ of Continuing Mandamus to clean Manila Bay and its tributary
waters in neighboring provinces like Pampanga. The BFAR also allocated some P145,000 worth
of fish fingerlings for communal dispersal under the Balik Sigla sa Ilog program. [ CITATION
Flo18 \l 13321 ]

Recovering the Guagua-Pasak River – From stagnant waters to a dynamic and thriving
ecosystem. Hon. Mayor Nardo Velasco urge every municipality official, all residents, and other
stakeholders to rally behind the implementation of this project, keeping in mind of the long-term
vision of Sasmuan Municipality, not just to protect the community from floodwaters and other
disasters but also to become and remain an eco-tourism center, the aquaculture haven, and the
cradle of culture and the arts within the Province of Pampanga.[ CITATION Dou19 \l 13321 ]

The province aims to set a development and protection program for the Sasmuan river
area here and its bay frontage as part of the Supreme Court (SC) order on the clean-up of Manila
Bay and its tributary waterways. Tolentino, who heads the oversight committee on the ongoing
clean up along Sasmuan river and neighboring embankments, told Sun.Star Pampanga that they
are proceeding well with the environmental works. Earlier, Governor Lilia Pineda, in continuous
compliance with the SC order, ordered local officials here to assist the Department of Public
Works and Highways (DPWH) in demolishing illegal structures in Sasmuan River near Manila
Bay. Pineda, noted that a portion of the river became a virtual dumpsite with tons garbage
dumped along the riverbanks, instructed Provincial Government Environment and Natural
Resources Officer Arthur Punsalan to assist Mayor Nardo Velasco in "pulling out tons of
garbage dumped beside the river and clear the area as soon as possible." Tolentino said that the
houses affected by the clearing operations will be given financial assistance to help them rebuild
in another relocation site. "We are optimistic to come up further comprehensive plans once the
clearing operations are all accomplished," Tolentino said, adding that the Sasmuan river is
among the major tributary waterways into Manila Bay, adding that its protection and clean-up
will contribute to the overall condition of the Bay. Tolentino said that they are in constant
discussion and coordination with Sasmuan officials, the DPWH and other groups in the program
to ensure the initial clean up initiatives are accomplished. [CITATION Ian \t \l 13321 ]