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President Ramon Magsaysay
State University
Iba, Zambales, Philippines
Tel/Fax No.: (047) 811-1683

College of Engineering/Computer Engineering

AC221: Fundamentals of Electronic Circuits
Semester of A.Y. 2020-2021

Introduction

In computer engineering, a logic family may refer to one of two related concepts. A
logic family of monolithic digital integrated circuit devices is a group of electronic
logic gates constructed using one of several different designs, usually with compatible
logic levels and power supply characteristics within a family. Many logic families were
produced as individual components, each containing one or a few related basic
logical functions, which could be used as "building-blocks" to create systems or as so-
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called "glue" to interconnect more complex integrated circuits. A "logic family" may
also refer to a set of techniques used to implement logic within VLSI integrated circuits
such as central processors, memories, or other complex functions. Some such logic
families use static techniques to minimize design complexity. Other such logic families,
such as domino logic, use clocked dynamic techniques to minimize size, power
consumption and delay.

Intended Learning Outcomes

A. Able to know the different type of logic families

B. Able to know the characteristic of logic families
Discussion

Logic Family

• Logic Families indicate the type of logic circuit used in the IC.
• A Circuit configuration or arrangement of the circuit elements in a special manner will
result in a particular Logic Family.
• The set of digital ICs belonging to the same logic family are electrically compatible with
each other

Characteristic of Logic Families

• Speed: Speed of a logic circuit is determined by the time between the application of
input and change in the output of the circuit.
• Fan-in: It determines the number of inputs the logic gate can handle.

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• Fan-out: Determines the number of circuits that a gate can drive.
• Noise Immunity: Maximum noise that a circuit can withstand without affecting the
output.
• Power: When a circuit switches from one state to the other, power dissipates.

Basic Classification of Logic Families are as follows:

• Bipolar Devices
• Metal Oxide Semiconductor Devices
• Hybrid Device

Bipolar families

• Bipolar transistors are fabricated on a chip in digital integrated circuits.

• Bipolar technology is preferred for SSI [Small scale integration] and MSI [Medium scale
integration] because it is faster.
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Types of Bipolar Families:

• Diode Logic (DL)

• Resistor Transistor Logic (RTL)
• Diode Transistor Logic (DTL)
• Transistor- Transistor Logic (TTL)
• Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL) or Current Mode Logic (CML)
• Integrated Injection Logic (IIL)

Diode Logic

• In DL (diode logic), only Diode and Resistors are used for implementing a particular
Logic. Remember that the Diode conducts only when it is Forward Biased.
• Disadvantages of Diode Logic
• Diode Logic suffers from voltage degradation from one stage to the next.
• Diode Logic only permits OR and AND Functions

Resistor Transistor Logic

• In RTL (resistor transistor logic), all the logic are implemented using resistors and
transistors. One basic thing about the transistor (NPN), is that HIGH at input causes
output to be LOW (i.e. like a inverter). In the case of PNP transistor, the LOW at input
causes output to be HIGH.

Advantage:

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• Less number of Transistors

Disadvantage:

• High Power Dissipation

• Low Fan In

Diode Transistor Logic

• In DTL (Diode transistor logic), all the logic is implemented using diodes and transistors.

Disadvantage:

• Propagation Delay is Larger

Transistor Transistor Logic

• The first transistor–transistor logic family of integrated circuits was introduced by Sylvania
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as Sylvania Universal High–Level Logic (SUHL) in 1963. Texas Instruments introduced 7400
Series TTL family in 1964. Transistor–transistor logic uses bipolar transistors to form its
integrated circuits. TTL has changed significantly over the years, with newer versions
replacing the older types.
• Since the transistors of a standard TTL gate are saturated switches, minority carrier
storage time in each junction limits the switching speed of the device. Variations on the
basic TTL design are intended to reduce these effects and improve speed, power
consumption, or both.

Emitter Coupled Logic

• ECL is the fastest of all logic families and therefore is employed in applications where
very high speed is essential.
• High speeds have become possible in ECL because transistors are used in differential
amplifier configuration, in which they are never driven into saturation and thereby the
storage delay time is eliminated.

Drawbacks of Emitter Coupled Logic:

• Low noise margins

• High power dissipation.
• It uses negative voltage supply which makes it difficult to use ECL in conjunction with
TTL and MOS circuits.

Integrated Injection Logic

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• The integrated injection logic (IIL or I2L) uses bipolar transistors in a kind of current-
steering arrangement to form its integrated circuits. IIL is slightly easier to construct on
an integrated circuit, and so was popular for early VLSI circuits.

Types of MOS Families:

• P-MOS Family
• N-MOS Family
• C-MOS Family

PMOS

• PMOS stands for P-channel MOSFETs.

• It is the oldest and slowest type of technology.
• PMOS is the first high density MOS circuit technology to be produced
• It makes the use of enhancement mode Pchannel MOSFET transistors in forming the
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basic gate building blocks.

• There are no resistors in this circuits.

NMOS

• N-MOS stands for N-channel MOSFETs.

• N-MOS devices were developed as processing technology improved.
• N-MOS devices are most common because Nchannel processing is easier than P-
channel processing.
• The N-MOS are widely used in microprocessors and microcircuits.

CMOS

• CMOS stands for complementary MOSFETs.

• CMOS devices are chips in which both Pchannel and N-channel enhancement
MOSFETs are connected in a push-pull arrangement.
• CMOS are simple , small in size ,cheaper in fabrication and consume very little power.

Hybrid Family:

• Bi-CMOS Family

BICMOS

• One major improvement was to combine CMOS inputs and TTL drivers to form of a new
type of logic devices called Bi-CMOS logic.
• In the 1990s, modern integrated circuit fabrication technologies began to make Bi-

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CMOS a reality.
• This technology rapidly found application in amplifiers and analog power
management circuits, and has some advantages in digital logic.
• Bi-CMOS circuits use the characteristics of each type of transistor most appropriately.

Resources and Additional Resources

• Wikipedia
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