Discharge Through an Orifice

ME419
Fluid Mechanics Lab.

 Instructors:
 Dr. Khalid Sultan
 Mr. Ahmad Bufarres
 Dr. Husam Elghannay
Spring 2020
 Theory
𝑃1 𝑉12 𝑃2 𝑉22
𝑍1 + + = 𝑍2 + +
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔

Ho
 Applying Bernoulli's theorem between the
surface of the water 1 and the orifice 2
𝑉𝑜2
𝐻𝑜 = orifice
2𝑔
So that
𝑉𝑜 = 2𝑔𝐻𝑜

Deviations from theory are estimated using:

Cc= ac/ao
Cu=uc/uo=(Hc/Ho)1/2
Cd= Q/Qo =ucac/(uoao)=CcCu
 Flow Through an Orifice

 Discharge from an orifice is considerably lower than predicted

by Bernoulli Equation

 The reduction in flow is normally due to a contraction of the

flow stream down stream the orifice

 The objectives of the experiment is to study the discharge

through an orifice
To evaluate the coefficients of contraction, velocity, and
discharge at a given flow rate/head
Evaluation of discharge coefficients over a range of flow
heads using graphical means
 Apparatus
 The Orifice Discharge accessory consists of a cylindrical
glass tank which has an orifice fitted in the base.
 A traverse assembly is provided which enables a pitot tube to
be positioned anywhere in the jet.
 Attached to this pitot tube is a sharp blade which can be
traversed across the jet to accurately measure the jet diameter
and the vena contracta diameter and so determine the
contraction coefficient.
 The pitot head and the total head across the orifice are shown
on manometer tubes adjacent to the tank.
 Measuring Tank.
 Stopwatch.
 Experimental Procedure
Prepare the test bench (level + connections + mount the orifice plate).
Le the water flow to fill the desired height and adjust the inlet flow to
have a small steady discharge from the overflow
Part-1
 Collect a known weight of water from the
orifice into the weighting tank and record the
time.
 Record the value of the head Ho on the orifice.
 Insert Pitot tube into the emerging jet and
record Hc when the level stabilizes
 Measure the diameter of the “vena contracta”
using the sharp edge of the pitot tube
 Experimental Procedure

Part-2

 Reduce the inflow to the tank and lower the level (head) in the tank in stages
 Allow the level to settle to a steady value at each stage
 Record/ measure both the discharge and the applied head Ho(do multiple
readings)
 Record sufficient number of experiments to be able to determine the relation
between the head and discharge
Experiment
 Calculation Procedure (Part-I)

 Diameter of orifice =13 mm

 Cross sectional area, ao = 1.332 x10-4 m2
 Head on Orifice, Ho = 373.5 mm
 Time required to collect 15 kg water = 65.8 s
 Discharge = 15/(1000×65.8) =2.28 x 10-4 m3/s
 Pitot tube reading, Hc = 371.5 mm
 Diameter of jet: 10.45 turns of the screw at 1 thread per mm = 10.45 mm
 Coefficient of discharge Cd = Q/[(2gHo)1/2 × ao]=……
 = 0.634 (say 0.63)
 Coefficient of velocity Cu = (Hc/Ho)1/2 = (371.5/372.5)1/2 ~ 0.996
Coefficient of contraction Ca = ac/ao = (10.45/13.0)2 = 0.646
 Calculations (Part-II)
Qty (kg) t (s) Ho (mm) 10^4 x Q(m^3/s) Ho^1/2 (m^1/2)
15 65.8 372.5 2.28 0.610
15 70.9 347 2.12 0.589
15 75.1 308.5 2.00 0.555
15 79 275.5 1.90 0.525
15 83.5 243 1.80 0.493
15 89.1 210 1.68 0.458
15 94.7 186 1.58 0.431
15 105.4 145 1.42 0.381
Calculations (Part-II)

Q=Cd (2gHo)1/2 × ao
Q~slope(Ho)1/2
 Calculation Data (use this for your report)
Exp. # Mass (kg) Avg. time (s) Ho (mm)
1 2 22.8 382  For Exp. #1
2 2 25 349  Hc= 376 mm
3 2 25.7 302  Do= 13 mm

4 2 27.7 269  Dc =12 mm

5 2 28.4 252
6 2 35.4 214
7 1 28.8 173
8 1 32.5 133
 Report Tasks

 Estimate Cv , Cc , and Cd for experiment #1

 Plot Q vs. Ho1/2 . Estimate the average slope and use it to
estimate the average discharge coefficient
 Estimate the average discharge coefficient for the given data
for each individual experiment and use them to calculate an
average discharge coefficient
 Discuses your results
Thank you