COIMBATORE REGIONAL

PLAN -2038 Draft Report

VOLUME: 4 COIMBATORE
SUB-REGION

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Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................................................2-xi
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................................. 2-xii
CHAPTER 1. SITUATING COIMBATORE IN SUB-REGION IN TAMIL NADU ...................... 1
1.1 Area and Population ................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Economy ................................................................................................................................. 1
1.3 Environment ............................................................................................................................ 2
1.4 Connectivity ............................................................................................................................ 2
CHAPTER 2. COIMBATORE SUB-REGION IN COIMBATORE REGION ................................ 3
2.1 Area and Population ................................................................................................................ 3
2.2 Economy ................................................................................................................................. 3
2.3 Environment ............................................................................................................................ 4
2.4 Connectivity ............................................................................................................................ 5
CHAPTER 3. SYNCHRONISING TAMIL NADU VISION TO COIMBATORE .......................... 6
3.1 Role of Coimbatore in Vision ................................................................................................. 6
3.2 Role of Regional Connectivity ................................................................................................ 6
3.3 Vision, Aim and Objective...................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER 4. REGIONAL PLAN FOR COIMBATORE SUB-REGION...................................... 12
4.1 Resources of the Sub-Region ................................................................................................ 12
4.1.1 Special character of Coimbatore region ........................................................................ 12
4.2 Human Resource and its Development Potential in Coimbatore .......................................... 13
4.2.1 Population Growth ........................................................................................................ 13
4.2.2 Population Distribution in Space .................................................................................. 14
4.2.3 Sex ratio- Special feature of Coimbatore ...................................................................... 16
4.3 Economic Resources ............................................................................................................. 16
4.3.1 Workers and their Growth Pattern ................................................................................ 16
4.3.2 Sectoral Contribution to District Domestic Product: .................................................... 17
4.3.3 Trends in GDDP............................................................................................................ 18
4.3.4 Priority Sector ............................................................................................................... 18
4.3.5 Industries ....................................................................................................................... 18
4.3.6 Commercial Activities .................................................................................................. 20
4.3.7 Tourism ......................................................................................................................... 25
4.3.8 Agriculture .................................................................................................................... 28
4.3.9 Horticulture: Tea/ Plantation/ Flowers .......................................................................... 30
4.3.10 Animal Husbandry and Dairy Development ................................................................. 31
4.4 Physical Resources................................................................................................................ 32
4.4.1 Natural Resources ......................................................................................................... 32

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 4.4.2 Man-made Resources .................................................................................................... 39
CHAPTER 5. ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................... 111
5.1 Disaster: Landslides and Forest Fires ................................................................................. 111
5.1.1 Tamil Nadu ................................................................................................................. 111
5.1.2 Coimbatore .................................................................................................................. 111
5.1.3 Drought ....................................................................................................................... 111
5.1.4 Drought Analysis and mitigation ................................................................................ 112
5.1.5 Schemes adopted during drought ................................................................................ 113
5.2 Encroachment on Lakes/ Drainage Basin .......................................................................... 114
5.2.1 Degradation of Wetlands in Noyyal river basin .......................................................... 114
5.3 Biosphere: National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries ............................................................ 115
5.3.1 Forest Cover and Types .............................................................................................. 115
5.3.2 Annamalai Forest Reserve- Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary .................................. 116
5.4 Water and Environment ..................................................................................................... 123
5.4.1 Soil Type ..................................................................................................................... 123
5.4.2 Ground Water Scenario............................................................................................... 124
5.4.3 Pollution Levels in Coimbatore .................................................................................. 126
5.4.4 CEPI (Comprehensive Environment Pollution Index) ................................................ 126
CHAPTER 6. LAND UTILIZATION ........................................................................................... 128
6.1 Dominant Use ..................................................................................................................... 128
6.2 Habitat Area: Built up concentration and Expansion .......................................................... 130
6.3 Land Suitability Analysis for Development........................................................................ 131
6.4 Eco-sensitive Areas ............................................................................................................. 135
CHAPTER 7. – INSTITUTIONS AND GOVERNANCE ............................................................ 145
7.1 Existing Governance Institutions & their links (Horizontal & Vertical) .................................. 145
7.2 Planning Institutions and their link to Regional & State Level ................................................ 146
7.3 Location of Panchayat/ Block/ Taluka/ Municipal Offices....................................................... 150
7.4 E-Governance Process .............................................................................................................. 151
7.5 Central, State & District Development Programmes ................................................................ 152
7.6 Existing Planning Process and its Effectiveness ....................................................................... 153
CHAPTER 8. – PROPOSED STRATEGY FOR SUB-REGION ................................................. 157
8.1 Population Projection ................................................................................................................ 157
8.1.1 Natural......................................................................................................................... 157
8.1.2 Moving Average ......................................................................................................... 157
8.1.3 Declining Fertility Rate ............................................................................................... 158
8.1.4 Induced ........................................................................................................................ 159
8.2 Priority Sectors within the Sub-Region .................................................................................... 160

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 8.3 Location of Future Economic Activities ............................................................................. 163
8.3.1 Manufacturing Industries ............................................................................................ 163
8.3.2 Service Industries ........................................................................................................ 165
8.3.3 Employment Generation ............................................................................................. 168
8.3.4 Economic Infrastructure .............................................................................................. 174
8.3.5 Education Infrastructure .............................................................................................. 175
8.3.6 Tourism ....................................................................................................................... 181
8.4 Settlement Hierarchy........................................................................................................... 183
8.5 Scalogram Analysis ............................................................................................................ 185
8.6 Land Use Zoning................................................................................................................. 200
8.6.1 Final Proposal based upon Thrust Area ...................................................................... 206
CHAPTER 9. - FINANCIAL CONVERGENCE .......................................................................... 207
CHAPTER 10. - BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................. 209

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1-1 GDP of Tamil Nadu with respect to India ............................................................................. 1

Figure 1-2 GDP of Tamil Nadu with respect to India ............................................................................. 1
Figure 1-3 Comparison of Per Capita Income ........................................................................................ 2
Figure 2-1 Area and Population share of Coimbatore sub-region in the region ..................................... 3
Figure 2-2 Comparison of GDP for Coimbatore region ......................................................................... 3
Figure 2-3 Comparison of GDP (with reference to TamilNadu) for Coimbatore region........................ 4
Figure 4-1 Population Distribution Rural-Urban (1991-2011) ............................................................. 14
Figure 4-2 Main and Marginal workers ................................................................................................ 16
Figure 4-3 Work force participation ratio ............................................................................................. 16
Figure 4-4 Occupational structure......................................................................................................... 17
Figure 4-5 Sectoral contribution in GDDP/NDD.................................................................................. 17
Figure 4-6 GDDP/NDDP 2011-2012 .................................................................................................... 17
Figure 4-7 Trend in sectoral GDDP, 2004-2011................................................................................... 18
Figure 4-8 Block wise Investment ........................................................................................................ 19
Figure 4-9 Block Wise Employment .................................................................................................... 19
Figure 4-10 Block Wise Industries ....................................................................................................... 19
Figure 4-11 Investment Turnover of Industries .................................................................................... 20
Figure 4-12 Contribution of Service Sector to District GDP ................................................................ 20
Figure 4-13 Workforce in tertiary Sector .............................................................................................. 21
Figure 4-14 Skill Generated in Engineering ......................................................................................... 21
Figure 4-15 Software Export Growth (in crores) .................................................................................. 21
Figure 4-16 Concentration Comparison between the Taluks ................................................................ 24
Figure 4-17 Share of the Four Major Categories in Services................................................................ 24
Figure 4-18 Distribution of Tourism in Coimbatore ............................................................................. 25
Figure 4-19 Classification of Land (Joint Directorate of Agriculture) ................................................. 28
Figure 4-20 Percentage distribution of Slope ....................................................................................... 33
Figure 4-21 Methodology adopted for NDVI analysis. ........................................................................ 34
Figure 4-22 The NDVI generated Topological cover of Coimbatore district in 2008 and 2018 .......... 35
Figure 4-23 Percentage change observed in Vegetation in the Coimbatore district in 2008 and 2018
respectively ........................................................................................................................................... 35
Figure 4-24 The Area share of beats in sq.km. Of Valparai talukas ..................................................... 36
Figure 4-25 The Area share of beats in sq.km. Of Pollachi talukas ...................................................... 36
Figure 4-26 Forest Cover ...................................................................................................................... 38
Figure 4-27 Traffic volume per day ...................................................................................................... 41
Figure 4-28 Traffic volume in PCUs .................................................................................................... 42
Figure 4-29 Average distance of travel: Access trips distance ............................................................. 42
Figure 4-30 Average distance of travel: Dispersal trips distance ......................................................... 43
Figure 4-31 Average distance of travel: Prime trips distance ............................................................... 43
Figure 4-32 Modal Split ........................................................................................................................ 44
Figure 4-33 Trip Purpose ...................................................................................................................... 44
Figure 4-34 Registered commercial vehicles ........................................................................................ 44
Figure 4-35 Registered non-commercial vehicles................................................................................. 45
Figure 4-36 Total PCU at outer cordon ................................................................................................ 45
Figure 4-37 Speed and delay for peak hours......................................................................................... 46
Figure 4-38 Accidents in Coimbatore ................................................................................................... 46
Figure 4-39 Entry-Exit at bus terminals ................................................................................................ 47
Figure 4-40 Footpath coverage ............................................................................................................. 47

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Figure 4-41 Distribution of Passenger Trips by Mode of Travel to % from the Bus Terminals .......... 48
Figure 4-42 Distribution of Passenger Trips by Mode of Travel to & from the Railway Stations ....... 48
Figure 4-43 Total PM2.5 Emissions ..................................................................................................... 52
Figure 4-44 Sector-wise Share of GHG emission in Coimbatore (2015) ............................................. 52
Figure 4-45 Railway Passenger Movement .......................................................................................... 54
Figure 4-46 Trip purpose ...................................................................................................................... 55
Figure 4-47 Revenue generated from export of goods.......................................................................... 67
Figure 4-48 Revenue generated from import of goods ......................................................................... 67
Figure 4-49 Passenger Movement- Domestic ....................................................................................... 69
Figure 4-50 Passenger Movement International ................................................................................... 70
Figure 4-51 Quantity of Cargo Per Annum .......................................................................................... 72
Figure 4-52 Quantity of Domestic Cargo Per Month............................................................................ 73
Figure 4-53 Service Level Benchmarks ................................................................................................ 78
Figure 4-54 Existing sources of Energy ................................................................................................ 81
Figure 4-55Year wise Consumption of Electricity ............................................................................... 82
Figure 4-56 Sector wise Consumption of Electricity ............................................................................ 82
Figure 4-57 Project Electricity Demand ............................................................................................... 83
Figure 4-58 Energy Generation Comparison ........................................................................................ 84
Figure 4-59 Monthly Sunny Hours ....................................................................................................... 85
Figure 4-60 Average wind Density ....................................................................................................... 85
Figure 4-61 Diseases Scenario .............................................................................................................. 92
Figure 4-62 Coimbatore District Literacy ............................................................................................. 94
Figure 4-63 Block wise Literacy Rates of Coimbatore District ............................................................ 94
Figure 4-64 Flowchart of importance of community spaces ................................................................ 99
Figure 4-65 Rate of violent crimes ..................................................................................................... 100
Figure 4-66 Rate of Violent Crimes in Coimbatore ............................................................................ 101
Figure 4-67 Mettupalayam Community Hall ...................................................................................... 102
Figure 4-68 Coimbatore Community Hall .......................................................................................... 102
Figure 4-69 Culture and tradition of Coimbatore ............................................................................... 104
Figure 4-70 Flowchart of importance of community spaces .............................................................. 104
Figure 4-71 Rate of Violent Crimes in Coimbatore ............................................................................ 105
Figure 4-72 Coimbatore Community Hall ......................................................................................... 107
Figure 4-73 Mettupalayam Community Hall ...................................................................................... 107
Figure 4-74 Pollachi community centre .............................................................................................. 107
Figure 4-75 Variation of loans from 2013-14 to 2017-18................................................................... 108
Figure 5-1 The average annual rainfall of Coimbatore from 1991 to 2017 ........................................ 112
Figure 5-2 Temporal variation of Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) values at 3-, 6- and 12-month
time scale for Pollachi rain gauge station ........................................................................................... 113
Figure 5-3 Encroachment levels in the urban wetlands ...................................................................... 114
Figure 5-4 Annamalai forest hills ....................................................................................................... 116
Figure 5-5 Aliyar Dam ........................................................................................................................ 117
Figure 5-6 Annamalai Topography ..................................................................................................... 117
Figure 5-7 Parambikulam ................................................................................................................... 117
Figure 5-8 Annamalai Landuse ........................................................................................................... 117
Figure 5-9 Flora of Annamalai Reserve Forest ................................................................................... 118
Figure 5-10 Fauna of Annamalai Reserve Forest ............................................................................... 118
Figure 5-11 Photography .................................................................................................................... 119
Figure 5-12 Elephant Ride .................................................................................................................. 119
Figure 5-13 Forest ............................................................................................................................... 119
Figure 5-14 Trekking .......................................................................................................................... 119
Figure 5-15 Bird Watching ................................................................................................................. 119

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Figure 5-16 Video ............................................................................................................................... 119
Figure 5-17 Eco-Shop ......................................................................................................................... 119
Figure 5-18 Elephant Camp ................................................................................................................ 119
Figure 5-19 Coimbatore District Ground water levels (1991-2016) ................................................... 124
Figure 5-20 Water Contamination level in districts of Tamil Nadu ................................................... 125
Figure 5-21 Fertilizer Consumption across Districts in Tamil Nadu (2012-13) ................................. 125
Figure 5-22 Classification of industries on the basis of pollution index (Source: Tamil Nadu Pollution
Control Board, Central Pollution Control Board) ............................................................................... 126
Figure 5-23 CEPI scores of Coimbatore in 2009 (Source: Tamil Nadu) ............................................ 126
Figure 6-1 Land use share (in %) ........................................................................................................ 129
Figure 6-2 Coimbatore LULC............................................................................................................. 130
Figure 6-3 Reserve forest and elephant corridors of Western Ghats .................................................. 136
Figure 6-4 Valparai showing the Anamali Tiger Reserve core and buffer ........................................ 136
Figure 6-5: Importance of Wetlands ................................................................................................... 139
Figure 6-6 Threats to Wetlands........................................................................................................... 139
Figure 6-8 8 Location of Red, Orange, Green and White ................................................................... 140
Figure 6-7 Map of Noyyal Basin showing zones created along the river due to pollution ................. 140
Figure 6-9 Graph showing increase in water levels due to rain water harvesting in Coimbatore (Static
water level in feet) .............................................................................................................................. 142
Figure 6-10 Encroachment levels in the urban wetlands .................................................................... 143
Figure 6-11 Shrinkage in the area of Wetlands................................................................................... 143
Figure 7-1 Department Overlapping ................................................................................................... 145
Figure 7-2 Administrative Boundary Map .......................................................................................... 146
Figure 8-1 Figure Methodology with Urbanization as Thrust area..................................................... 161
Figure 8-2 3Methodology with Environmental Sustainability as Thrust area .................................... 162
Figure 8-3 Multiple information Criteria Modelling .......................................................................... 163
Figure 8-4 Multi influence method ..................................................................................................... 163
Figure 8-5 Employment vs Turnover .................................................................................................. 164
Figure 8-6 Employment vs Turnover .................................................................................................. 166
Figure 8-7 Factors considered for Land Suitability ............................................................................ 166
Figure 8-8 Coimbatore Bypass connecting Gandhinagar and Nellambur........................................... 172
Figure 8-9 Distribution of Tourism in Coimbatore ............................................................................. 181
Figure 8-10 Share of Tamil Nadu Tourism in Tamil Nadu ................................................................ 182
Figure 8-11 International Tourists in Tamil Nadu .............................................................................. 182
Figure 8-12 Domestic Tourists in Tamil Nadu ................................................................................... 182
Figure 8-13Existing Employment Generation in ................................................................................ 183
Figure 8-14 .......................................................................................................................................... 190
Figure 8-15 Comparison of Coimbatore with Central Place Theory .................................................. 197
Figure 8-16 Comparison of Coimbatore with Linear City Model ...................................................... 197
Figure 8-17 Population Projection for year 2041................................................................................ 199
Figure 8-18 Correlation between distance from urban core and Population Density ......................... 199
Figure 8-19 Correlation between proximity to Urban core and workforce participation in Agriculture
............................................................................................................................................................ 200

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LIST OF MAPS
Map 1-1 Regional Proximity .................................................................................................................. 2
Map 2-1 Regional Connectivity of Coimbatore ...................................................................................... 5
Map 4-1 Existing forest cover of Coimbatore districts with Elephant corridors .................................. 12
Map 4-2 Existing forest cover of Coimbatore districts with Eco-Sensitive hotspots ........................... 13
Map 4-3 Settlement Hierarchy (Rural) 1991-2011 ............................................................................... 15
Map 4-4 Settlement Hierarchy (Urban) 1991-2011 .............................................................................. 15
Map 4-5 Concentration of Hospitality .................................................................................................. 23
Map 4-6 Concentration of IT Industries ............................................................................................... 23
Map 4-7 Concentration of Consultancies.............................................................................................. 23
Map 4-8 Concentration of Repair and Maintenance ............................................................................. 23
Map 4-9 Block wise percentage Area under Major .............................................................................. 29
Map 4-10 Crop Diversification ............................................................................................................. 29
Map 4-11 Soil Type .............................................................................................................................. 32
Map 4-12 Slope ..................................................................................................................................... 33
Map 4-13 Road Map ............................................................................................................................. 41
Map 4-14 Volume Count ...................................................................................................................... 45
Map 4-15 Speed and Delay ................................................................................................................... 46
Map 4-16 Desire lines of Bus stands .................................................................................................... 47
Map 4-17 Proposed Cycle Tracks along the Water Bodies and Foot over Bridges .............................. 49
Map 4-18 Gridded (1Km x 1Km) PM2.5 Emissions (2015) ................................................................ 53
Map 4-19 Railway Passenger Movement ............................................................................................. 54
Map 4-20 Outward movement of commodities .................................................................................... 56
Map 4-21 Inward movement of commodities ....................................................................................... 56
Map 4-22 Airport Passenger Movement ............................................................................................... 69
Map 4-23 Import-Export Cargo ............................................................................................................ 72
Map 4-24 Inbound-Outbound Cargo..................................................................................................... 72
Map 4-25 Location of various dams in Coimbatore ............................................................................. 75
Map 4-26 Transfer and Transport of waste ........................................................................................... 77
Map 4-27 Location of hazardous industries .......................................................................................... 79
Map 4-28 Solar Radiation Map of Coimbatore .................................................................................... 85
Map 4-29 Wind Density Map of Coimbatore ....................................................................................... 85
Map 4-30 Coimbatore District Health Care Infrastructure ................................................................... 88
Map 4-31 Mettupalayam Health Care Infrastructure ............................................................................ 88
Map 4-32 Coimbatore District Health Care Infrastructure ................................................................... 88
Map 4-33 Pollachi Health Care Infrastructure ...................................................................................... 88
Map 4-36 Block wise Education Infrastructure Distribution 2011 ....................................................... 96
Map 4-35 Urban and Rural Education Infrastructure 2011 .................................................................. 96
Map 4-37 Educational Infrastructure – Coimbatore City ..................................................................... 96
Map 4-38 Educational Infrastructure – Pollachi (Left) and Educational Infrastructure – Mettupalayam
(Right) ................................................................................................................................................... 97
Map 4-40 Culture and tradition of Coimbatore .................................................................................... 99
Map 4-41 Map showing proximities of community centres, open spaces and religious places ......... 102
Map 4-42 Pollachi community center ................................................................................................. 103
Map 4-43 Map showing proximities of community centres, open spaces and religious places ......... 106
Map 4-44 Map showing spaces devoid of community and open area ................................................ 107
Map 4-45 Existing economic infrastructure of Coimbatore blockwise .............................................. 109
Map 6-1 Existing Land use Map- Coimbatore District ....................................................................... 128
Map 6-2 Developable Suitability Map ................................................................................................ 133
Map 6-3 Landcover ............................................................................................................................. 134

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Map 6-4 Residential Land Suitability ................................................................................................. 135
Map 6-5 Map showing the 8 urban wetlands present in the vicinity of Noyyal Basin ....................... 138
Map 8-1 Land suitability of manufacturing industry .......................................................................... 164
Map 8-2 Proposed Manufacturing Industries...................................................................................... 165
Map 8-3 Land Suitability for Service Sector ...................................................................................... 165
Map 8-4 Proposals For Service Industry Blockwise ........................................................................... 167
Map 8-5 Land suitability map- Agro Based Industries ....................................................................... 169
Map 8-6 Land suitability map- Agro .................................................................................................. 170
Map 8-7 Proposed bypass and Bus terminals and routes .................................................................... 173
Map 8-8 Map of block-wise education infrastructure distribution for 2041 ....................................... 178
Map 8-9 Map for urban and rural education infrastructure distribution for 2011............................... 178
Map 8-10 Map of block-wise education infrastructure distribution for 2011 ..................................... 178
Map 8-11 Settlement Hierarchy 2041 ................................................................................................. 184
Map 8-12 Urban Growth Pole and Urban Growth Centres................................................................. 188
Map 8-13 Residential Land Suitability ............................................................................................... 196
Map 8-14 Distance of Villages from Urban Centres .......................................................................... 198
Map 8-15 Defense Industrial Corridor ................................................................................................ 203
Map 8-16 Locations of existing and proposed STPs in the district along with the area covered ....... 206

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 4-1 Population Growth Rate for different talukas in Coimbatore District .................................. 14
Table 4-2 Rural Urban distribution of population................................................................................. 14
Table 4-3 Class Wise Population – Urban ............................................................................................ 15
Table 4-4 Class Wise Population – Rural ............................................................................................. 15
Table 4-5 SC/ST population distribution in Coimbatore District in 2011 ............................................ 16
Table 4-6 Tourist footfall in Coimbatore .............................................................................................. 25
Table 4-7 Block wise productivity of major agriculture crops in Coimbatore district ......................... 29
Table 4-8 Block wise productivity of major fruits and vegetables in Coimbatore district ................... 30
Table 4-9 Block wise productivity of Plantation crops and Spices....................................................... 30
Table 4-10 Percentage of Area under Major Horticultural Crops in Coimbatore District .................... 31
Table 4-11 Block wise Livestock population of Coimbatore district ................................................... 31
Table 4-12 Percentage Distribution of Major Soil types of Coimbatore .............................................. 32
Table 4-13 Micronutrient Status of Soils in Coimbatore ...................................................................... 32
Table 4-14 Decadal change observed through NDVI Analysis for Coimbatore district....................... 35
Table 4-15 Forest Cover of Coimbatore ............................................................................................... 38
Table 4-16 Proposed Links for Cycle Tracks Phase 1 .......................................................................... 49
Table 4-17 Parking Characteristics Coimbatore ................................................................................... 50
Table 4-18 Railway Parking Charges ................................................................................................... 50
Table 4-19 Railway Leased Parking Charges ....................................................................................... 50
Table 4-20 Airport Parking Charges ..................................................................................................... 51
Table 4-21 Matrix showing types of goods being imported from various places ................................. 55
Table 4-22 Matrix showing types of goods being imported from various places ................................. 56
Table 4-23 Freight details for past three years ...................................................................................... 66
Table 4-24 Permissible weights of goods ............................................................................................. 67
Table 4-25 Allowances of goods .......................................................................................................... 67
Table 4-26 Import-Export Items ........................................................................................................... 70
Table 4-27 Inbound-Outbound Items .................................................................................................... 71
Table 4-28 Rate of Movement per kg ................................................................................................... 73
Table 4-29 Minimum Rate per Consignment ....................................................................................... 74
Table 4-30 Total capacity of different water sources............................................................................ 74
Table 4-31 Sources of Waste Generation in Coimbatore, Mettupalayam & Pollachi .......................... 76
Table 4-32 Transportation of solid waste ............................................................................................. 76
Table 4-33 Micro compost plant, Bio-Methanization plant & vermicomposting plant capacity.......... 77
Table 4-34 Dumping site locations, area & capacity ............................................................................ 77
Table 4-35 Details of Health Care Facilities and Waste Generation .................................................... 80
Table 4-36 Status of Hazardous Waste Generating Units (2017) ......................................................... 80
Table 4-37 Classification of industries on the basis of pollution index ................................................ 80
Table 4-38 Electricity Generation sources in Coimbatore .................................................................... 81
Table 4-39 Distribution substation in Coimbatore ................................................................................ 82
Table 4-40 Power coverage Block wise (Coimbatore) ......................................................................... 82
Table 4-41 Average Billing Rate of electricity ..................................................................................... 83
Table 4-42 per unit Generation cost of Electricity from various sources ............................................. 83
Table 4-43 Monthly Averaged Insulation (kWh/m^2/day) incident on a horizontal surface in
Coimbatore............................................................................................................................................ 84
Table 4-44 Block wise wind density of Coimbatore............................................................................. 86
Table 4-45 List of Hospitals with high patient float across Coimbatore District ................................. 87
Table 4-46 Public Health Institutions and Number of Speciality Clinic............................................... 87
Table 4-47 Public Health & Medical Services rendered by organizations & individual – Coimbatore
District (2013-14).................................................................................................................................. 89

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Table 4-48 Veterinary, Public Health Institutions & Animals Treated Block Wise ............................. 90
Table 4-49 Block Wise Healthcare Infrastructure ................................................................................ 90
Table 4-50 Educational Infrastructure ................................................................................... 94
Table 4-51 Gap Analysis for Educational Infrastructure - 2011 ........................................................... 94
Table 4-52 Incremental Human Resource Requirement by Skill level and District - 2017 & 2022 (in
000s)...................................................................................................................................................... 95
Table 4-53 Incremental Human Resource Availability by Skill level and District - 2017 & 2022 (in
000s)...................................................................................................................................................... 95
Table 4-54 ........................................................................................................................................... 101
Table 4-55 Coimbatore community hall and library available and required ...................................... 106
Table 4-56 Loans sanctioned for different sectors .............................................................................. 108
Table 4-57 32 Block Wise Existing Banks ......................................................................................... 108
Table 4-58 Block Wise Existing Markets ........................................................................................... 109
Table 5-5-1 SPI Classification of drought characterization ................................................................ 113
Table 5-2 Concentrations of heavy metals in the Urban Wetlands ..................................................... 115
Table 5-3 Forest Cover of Coimbatore ............................................................................................... 115
Table 5-4 Percentage Distribution of Major Soil types of Coimbatore .............................................. 123
Table 5-5 Micronutrient Status of Soils in Coimbatore ...................................................................... 123
Table 5-6 DPSR Model for Coimbatore ............................................................................................. 127
Table 6-1 Residential land suitability Areas ....................................................................................... 135
Table 8-1 Population projection using Proportion method ................................................................. 157
Table 8-2 Population Projection using Moving averages ................................................................... 158
Table 8-3 Population Projection considering Declining Fertility Rate ............................................... 158
Table 8-4 Population Projection of Coimbatore District .................................................................... 158
Table 8-5 Employments generated from various proposed industrial corridors for the year 2023 ..... 159
Table 8-6 Total Induced Population for the year 2041. ...................................................................... 159
Table 8-7 Influences and Weightages. ................................................................................................ 166
Table 8-8 Employment to be generated considering Work Force Participation Rate over the years . 168
Table 8-9 Block-wise proposed industries and projected employment .............................................. 168
Table 8-10 Banks ................................................................................................................................ 174
Table 8-11 Regulated and weekly markets Block wise ...................................................................... 175
Table 8-12Markets (fish, flower, automobile) and ware house .......................................................... 175
Table 8-13 Comparison of Coimbatore with literacy rate with Tamil Nadu ...................................... 176
Table 8-14 Incremental human resource by skill level of Coimbatore for 2012-2017 in 000s .......... 177
Table 8-15: Gap Analysis for Education Infrastructure For 2011 ...................................................... 178
Table 8-16: Gap Analysis for Education Infrastructure For 2041 ...................................................... 179
Table 8-17 Total Employment Existing and Projected ....................................................................... 183
Table 8-18 Settlement Hierarchy considering 5000+ population settlements as urban. ..................... 184
Table 8-19 General driving forces of urban migration ....................................................................... 185
Table 8-20 Parameters for defining growth centre ............................................................................. 186
Table 8-21 Calculation for 5th Order and 4th Order........................................................................... 188
Table 8-22 Calculation for 3rd Order and 2nd Order ......................................................................... 189
Table 8-23 Urban Growth Pole, Urban Growth Centre, Urban Growth Point.................................... 190
Table 8-24 Urban Service Centre, Central Village ............................................................................. 191
Table 8-25 Showing Identified Settlements ........................................................................................ 192
Table 8-26 Showing Identified Settlements and Reqisites for Upgrade in Order ............................... 192
Table 8-27 Residential land suitability Areas ..................................................................................... 196
Table 8-28 Locations and capacities of existing and proposed STPs in Coimbatore ......................... 204
Table 8-29 locations considered, projected population and sewage which will be produced in different
localities in the district ........................................................................................................................ 204

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

School of Planning and Architecture Bhopal (SPA-B) is pleased to acknowledge various line
departments of Government of Tamil Nadu, at state, District and Taluka level for their wholehearted
cooperation in providing relevant information regarding various sectors. We are highly indebted to the
Coimbatore City Officials for sharing their knowledge with us that greatly assisted us for the study.
A special thanks to the District Panchayat Secretary Mrs. Sanghmitra, during her tenure for her support
and immense effort in coordinating with the concerned line departments for providing data. She has
contributed in this Endeavour by giving us invaluable support and inspiration during the field visit.
We sincerely thank the District Collector Office for giving us an insight about the district and
participating in the discussion regarding the future vision of the Coimbatore district in Tamil Nadu. We
would also like to thank Mr. V.M. Rajendran, TCPO Coimbatore for his inexplicable help in
understanding the existing Planning scenario of Coimbatore. We would further extend a sincere
gratitude to the officials of Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation, National Highway Authority of
India, TWAD Board, CODISSIA, DIC, SIEMA, NDIC and other line departments for their humble
assistance. We specially acknowledge the people of Coimbatore District for their cooperation and
support during data collection and survey.
A special thanks to the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH
(German Technical Cooperation) team headed by Mr. Georg Jahnsen, Mr. Felix Knopf, Mr. Abhishek
Agrawal, Ms. Tanaya Saha, Mr. Shriman Narayan and Mr. Kishore for giving us an opportunity to work
on the Coimbatore regional plan and supporting us with their expertise in the field. Our special
acknowledgement to the research associates Ms. Anubhuti Shrivastava and Mr. Jayaprakash for their
efforts in the entire process.
We thank our students of Master of Planning for their sincere efforts and contribution in the preparation
of the Coimbatore Sub- Regional Plan. We thank our Director sir Prof. Dr. N. Sridharan and faculty of
Department of Planning Prof. Dr. Kshama Puntambekar, Prof. Dr. Ashfaque Alam, Prof. Shomit Bade
and Prof. Garima Shrivastav in guiding the students with their expertise during data collection and also
analysis for preparation of the plan.
We owe our responsibility for all the omissions and commissions in the report.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Coimbatore district is the second largest urban agglomeration of Tamil Nadu and one of the most
industrialized districts of the state. It has been a major textile hub since 1930s after the decline of the
cotton industry in Mumbai. Since then, Coimbatore has seen an economic boom in the textile industry
followed by the pump industry and today it is a major industrial, commercial, healthcare, educational,
information technology and manufacturing hub of Tamil Nadu.
The soil of the district is very fertile and provides for excellent agricultural conditions. The major
agricultural produce is maize, banana, coconut, paddy, cholam, groundnut, sugarcane, beetle nuts, curry
leaves, jasmine etc. Coimbatore is very productive in terms of yield and irrigation facilities
Coimbatore district has more than 25,000 industries and is known as the “Manchester of South” and the
“Pump City of India”. It provides for 60% of water pump demand and 40% of motor and wet grinder
demand of the country. The district has 5 SEZs (Special Economic Zones) and is the second largest
software producer in Tamil Nadu. The proposed Coimbatore- Salem Industrial corridor will enhance
the employment potential and raise the efficiency and the competitiveness of the industrial enterprise.
Along with this rapidly expanding industrial and economic center, Coimbatore proudly treasures one
of the 8 “biodiversity hotspots” of the world; the Western Ghats. They form the eco-sensitive zone and
hence, naturally qualify for preservation and sustainable development. The Ghats are adorned with large
number of plants, animals, amphibians, birds, reptiles, mammals and other endemic species. In the same
way, the Valparai Taluk of Coimbatore district houses the Anamalai Tiger Reserve and treasures an
array of flora and fauna.
We know that, Coimbatore as a district has high agricultural, industrial as well as economic potential
that will lead to urbanization. But it is imperative to control the direction of growth and make sure that
“mindless urbanization” does not lead to the saturation of the district and depletion of the environment.
From this we derived our vision which is to enhance the capacity of Coimbatore sub-region as a Global
Employment generation hub. Coimbatore Sub- Regional Plan is aspiring for an inclusive and
sustainable development of all the sectors and strata of the society along with focus on employment
generation for economy based development.
For the preparation of the sub-regional plan, we identified the major sectors that constitutes the
framework of a region like demography, housing, transport, economy, infrastructure, environment and
governance and found out the potentials and issues related to each sector after the qualitative and
quantitative analysis of the data collected through primary and secondary survey. The analysis gave us
three thrust areas- Urbanization, Industries and Environment. Each sector has its own importance in the
development of the region which contributes differently but needs to be linked together for an integrated
and inclusive development. Hence, three different methodologies with different approaches have been
adopted for the project. Each thrust area underwent analysis on the basis of land suitability of existing
concentration or existing potentials, population projection, and other methods and came up with
individual proposals. Each proposal gave a direction of growth and development and talked about which
region of the district needs to be developed in what potential sector and what are the areas that has to
be marked as a “no-touch” zone for a sustainable development of the district. These proposals were
then overlapped to find out the conflicting areas and co-related areas where an integrated development
can happen.

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CHAPTER 1. SITUATING COIMBATORE IN SUB-
REGION IN TAMIL NADU

1.1 AREA AND POPULATION

Coimbatore is situated in the extreme west of Tamil Nadu, near the state of Kerala. Coimbatore got its
significance as it served as an entry and exit point to neighbouring Kerala popularly referred to as the
Palghat Gap. District located on East-West and North-South trade route gave it additional benefit and
led to formation of this industrial city.
The area of Coimbatore district is 4723 sq. km. which comprises of 3.63 percent area of the state of
Tamil Nadu. Population of Coimbatore district (2011) is 34.58 lakhs which comprises of 4.79%
population of Tamil Nadu. Population Density of Coimbatore district is 731 persons per sq. km.

1.2 ECONOMY
Coimbatore is the economic engine of the state after Chennai. It is one of the major hubs for
manufacturing, education and health care in Tamil Nadu. According to city competitiveness index
report, it is ranked 14th in the list, in India. After Chennai, it is 2nd highest software producer in Tamil
Nadu. Among all cities of India, it is ranked 17th in global outsourcing of products.
Coimbatore District is mainly based on manufacturing and service sector economy. However, the other
sources of income generation are household small scale industries, agriculture and allied activities etc.
which also generate a sizeable amount of income.
Various values of economic indicators of Coimbatore, like GDDP and per capita income are compared
to state values, which portrays the current scenario of economic condition.
Tamil Nadu is the highest growing state of India in terms of urbanization. The state contribution to the
nation’s Gross domestic product is highest i.e. 7% after Maharashtra state whose contribution is 13%
shown in figure 1-1. Coimbatore district contribution in Gross domestic product of state is 6% which is
second highest next to the Chennai as shown in figure 1-2. The comparison within the Coimbatore
region provides that, the contribution of Coimbatore district is more than others because industrial
development in the district.

Figure 1-1 GDP of Tamil Nadu with respect to India Figure 1-2 GDP of Tamil Nadu with respect to India

Source: Department of Economics and statistics

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Per Capita income of district is 77,975 INR
as compared to state’s income of 89,050
INR. According to figure1-4, the difference
between both is marginal the reason for this
may be involvement of maximum
population in industrial and service
activities.

Figure 1-3 Comparison of Per Capita Income

1.3 ENVIRONMENT
It is surrounded by mountains on the west, with reserve forests and the (Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve) on
the northern side. The eastern side of the district, including the city is predominantly dry. The entire
western and northern part of the district borders the Western Ghats with the Nilgiri biosphere as well
as the Anaimalai and Munnar ranges. A western pass to Kerala, popularly referred to as the Palghat Gap
provides its boundary. Because of its close proximity to the Western Ghats, the district is rich in fauna.
Many lakes and ponds were constructed near the river in ancient times. The city of Coimbatore has nine
lakes (wetlands). Singanallur Lake, Kuruchi Lake, Valankulam Lake, Krishnampatti Lake, Muthannan
Lake and Seevagasintamani Lake are some of them. In most of the urban ecosystems, these wetlands
are the major life-supporting component with high concentrations of birds, mammals, reptiles,
amphibians, fish and invertebrate species. The Coimbatore urban wetlands harbours more than 125
species of resident and migratory birds, with August – October being the peak season. Spot-billed
Pelican, Painted Stork, Open Billed Stork, Ibis, Spot-billed Duck, Teal, Black Winged Stilt are some of
the migratory birds that visit Coimbatore wetlands regularly.

1.4 CONNECTIVITY
Coimbatore region is well connected within the region as well as with other districts through major
national and state highway. The district is situated in the western side of Tamil Nadu, sharing borders
with Palakkad district of Kerala. The Western Ghats mountain range surround it in the West and the
North, with reserve forests and the (Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve) surround it on the northern side.
Map 1-1 Regional Proximity

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CHAPTER 2. COIMBATORE SUB-REGION IN
COIMBATORE REGION

2.1 AREA AND POPULATION

One of the four districts constituting Coimbatore region is the Coimbatore District. The area of
Coimbatore region is 20644.36 sq. km of which Coimbatore district comprises of 22.92% of the total
area. The population of Coimbatore region is 89.24 lakh, of which Coimbatore District comprises of
38.75% of the total population.

Figure 2-1 Area and Population share of Coimbatore sub-region in the region

2.2 ECONOMY

SHARE OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT IN TAMIL NADU AND

COIMBATORE REGION (%) (Rs. Cr)

STATE / (2015-16)
DISTRICT PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY TOTAL

TAMIL NADU 104910 318138 460017 883066

CBE REGION 15366 52556 65944 133865
COIMBATORE 3800 25237 27838 56876
NILGIRIS 1023 1890 5067 7980
TIRUPPUR 3941 12006 16961 32907
ERODE 6602 13422 16078 36102
* CBE - COIMBATORE

Figure 2-2 Comparison of GDP for Coimbatore region

Coimbatore district’s contribution to the Coimbatore region in Gross District Domestic Product is the
highest i.e. 27% as shown in figure 2-2

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 Figure 2-3 Comparison of GDP (with reference to TamilNadu) for Coimbatore region

2.3 ENVIRONMENT
Coimbatore being under a tropical wet and dry climate has several soil types which are found in all
types of climates. Sandy Loam, Clay Loam and Sandy Clay Loam are the types of soils found in
Coimbatore region. The soil in Coimbatore is enriched with organic matter from the hill ranges. There
are rich tracts of red loam in Pollachi.
Coimbatore is blessed with rivers and lakes that are home to a variety of biodiversity and recharge the
groundwater. The main sources of surface water in Coimbatore are Noyyal, Bhavani, Amravathi, Aliyar
and Palar.
Coimbatore lies within the extent of watershed of the Noyyal River Basin. It consists of a network of
lakes and canals. Currently, there are 24 lakes in Coimbatore in the Noyyal River Basin. The main River
basins are the Cauvery River Basin and Parambikulam Aliyar Basin. Cauvery basins. Bhavani, Noyyal,
Amaravathi, Parambikulam- Aliyar and Valparai are the sub basins. The City has total 24 lakes out of
which 8 are within the Coimbatore Municipal Corporation limits namely Ammankulam, Narasampathi,
Krishnampathi, Selvampathy, Kumaraswamy aka Muthannakulam, Selvachinthamani, Periyakulam
aka Ukkadam Big Tank, Valankulam and Singanallur.
Due to presence of numerous industries in Coimbatore, and no proper effluent treatment methods being
used, the pollution levels are very high in the area. About 42336 industries are present in the district.
Coimbatore ranks 38th among the industrial area surveyed among 43 other industrial clusters with CEPI
score above 70 on a scale of 1 to 100. Thus, Coimbatore can be counted among some of the majorly
polluted areas in the country. The entire state of Tamil Nadu has been declared as an air pollution control
area as per the provision of Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. This is the result of
increased industrialization and urbanization in the state
Coimbatore has a large portion of land under forests and theses forests are immensely rich in flora and
fauna. Also, the forests are abundant in natural resources and are a major source of major and minor
forest produce for the whole country. These forests are home to many rare species such as jackal, civet
cat, panther, wild bear, etc. Categories of the Coimbatore Forest Division based on geographical

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variance are the Nilgiris Slopes Reserved Forests, Plain Forests around Mettupalayam, Velliangadu
Valley, Naickenpalayam Valley, Thadagam Valley, Bolampatty Valley and Walayar Valley. The
Western Ghats and the Valparai are eco-sensitive regions as they house Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve and
the Anamalai Tiger Reserve respectively.

2.4 CONNECTIVITY
The city is located 510 kms from Chennai in S-W direction. It serves as an entry and exit point to the
There are three major highway corridors passing through centre heart of city:
• NH47: Avinashi Road – towards Salem leading to Bangalore and Chennai
• NH47: Polakkad Road – towards Kochi
• NH67: Trichy Road
• NH67: Metthupalayam Road – towards Kerala
• NH209: Sathy Road – towards Satyamanglam
• NH209: Pollachi Road
TSNTC – operates Moffusil and town bus service, seven bus terminal operates and managed by CMC.
Coimbatore is well connected by rail on broad gauge. The city lies on southern railway zone and the
district is dotted with thirteen railway stations.
City has one International Airport - serving 15 domestic and 3 international destinations and one
Defence Airport acting as military airbase.

Regional Connectivity:

Coimbatore is well connected by roadway, Map 2-1 Regional Connectivity of Coimbatore

railway and airway with other part of the
country. Neighbouring state of Kerala and the
hill station of Udhagamandalam (Ooty). Major
cities like Bangalore, Mysore, Erode, Kochi,
Madurai etc are well connected via roads and
National Highways. The road d

istance from the major cities is Chennai-508

km, Bengaluru-363 km, Kochi-188 km and
Tiruchirappalli-217 km.
The connectivity by road to surrounding area
is given in map and have good passenger
traffic as these roads provided good
connectivity to surrounding areas of Tamil
Nadu.
The International Airport in Coimbatore
connects directly to Chennai, Mumbai,
Ahmadabad, Kolkata New Delhi and
Internationally it connects Sharjha and
Singapore directly. Coimbatore airport needs
improvement in terms of international
connectivity and infrastructure to because it
grows ten percent every year in term of both
passenger and cargo movement.

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CHAPTER 3. SYNCHRONISING TAMIL NADU
VISION TO COIMBATORE

3.1 ROLE OF COIMBATORE IN VISION

Vision Tamil Nadu 2023 aims for economic prosperity, inclusive growth, health for all, world class
infrastructure, healthy investment climate, knowledge hub and innovation capital of India, creating
conducive environment for human development, nurturing a rich heritage and preserving the ecology,
protecting against vulnerability and improving the quality of institutions and governance.
Coimbatore- Salem Industrial corridor has been proposed for manufacturing and business investment
region and Agri- Business investment region as a public private partnership mode of finance. The first
project would enhance the employment potential of the region and increase the industrial output and
the later project would empower the rural communities to create valuable agro-based businesses thus
achieving economic prosperity and inclusive growth. Coimbatore- Madurai Industrial corridor has also
been proposed with an objective to develop the region as an industrial corridor focusing on textiles,
light industries and agro-based industries. Industrial parks for SMEs have been proposed in the village
of Kandiyan Kovil and Myleripalayam in the Coimbatore district in an area of 250 acres and 22 acres
respectively.
Mass Public Transit System for Madurai and Coimbatore has been proposed that would give the million
plus population of the agglomeration a world-class public transit system and seamless connectivity.
Knowledge Hub in Coimbatore has been proposed as a destination for higher education and a regional
hub for learning for the entire country. An Entrepreneurship Development Centre has been proposed
that will focus on imparting skill based training to SMEs to support them in economic activity.

3.2 ROLE OF REGIONAL CONNECTIVITY

High speed passenger rail link from Madurai to Coimbatore and Coimbatore to Chennai has been
proposed. The Chennai - Madurai - Kanyakumari, Chennai - Erode - Coimbatore, Chennai - Jolarpet -
Bangalore are the key routes within the state. The proposed project will double the existing single
railway lines and come up with new tracks for freight and high speed rail. Six/Eight Lane Triangular
Corridor: Chengalpet - Thoothukudi Alignment, Six/Eight Lane Triangular Corridor: Thoothukudi -
Coimbatore Alignment and Six/Eight Lane Triangular Corridor: Coimbatore - Chengalpet Alignment
has been proposed. These will form the backbone of the Industrial Corridors and will have a multiplier
effect on the economy.

3.3 VISION, AIM AND OBJECTIVE

Vision: To enhance the capacity of Coimbatore as a Global Employment Generating Hub.
Aim: To formulate strategies for the preparation of Spatial Plan for the region.
Objectives: i) Assessing the different sectors to identify the area specific potentials to create an
Employment driven development.
ii) To prepare an efficient and sustainable Spatial Plan.
iii) To facilitate economy driven development by focusing on industries and thrust areas.
iv) To create spatial framework and policies that regulate urbanization and can
preserves ecology.

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Methodology

After the thrust areas are defined, each thrust area proceeded with its own methodology of analysis
and proposals.

Urbanisation:

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Urbanisation as a thrust area is very important to be analysed as in the later chapters, we will see how
in the projections for the district by analysing prevalent demographic trends and research documents,
it shall house almost 85% of population in the urban setting and coherent planning at a regional level
in this foreground will be crucial and a game changer.
This analysis is further the base of our proposals at macro level as we will be able to identify potential
growth area in the region.

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Industries:
As MSMEs have played an important role in the growth of the district, the industries were identified as
a thrust area for the growth of the district. The manufacturing and tertiary sectors contribute to about
29% and 66% to the GDP of the district, industries and service sector have been analysed based on their
potential, the suitable areas and the availability of human resources.
Sectoral linkages for Industries:

Coimbatore being an educational hub in the region, the promotion of industries and service sector shall
provide employment to the youth with various skills in varied fields thus promoting it as an employment
generating hub.

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Environment:

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Environment as a thrust area is very important to be analysed as in the later chapters, we will see how
ecosystem services of the region contribute in employment generation and preserve the ecology from
the impact of urbanisation.

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CHAPTER 4. REGIONAL PLAN FOR COIMBATORE
SUB-REGION

4.1 RESOURCES OF THE SUB-REGION

4.1.1 Special character of Coimbatore region
a) Eco-Sensitivity
Coimbatore district proudly houses parts of Western Ghats which borders the district’s North and West
along with the Nilgiri Biosphere, Anamalai and Munar ranges. It treasures a rich flora and fauna and is
the home to Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park (IGWSNP) which is today known as
Anamalai Tiger Reserve. The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) set new guidelines to create
eco-sensitive zones (ESZs) around Protected Areas to prevent ecological damage caused due to
developmental activities around National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries. The new ESZ guidelines
would also ensure that these areas act as ‘shock absorbers’ to the protected areas by regulating and
managing the activities around such areas.
Two eco-sensitive areas by as per the guidelines are the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve in the Western Ghats
and the Anamalai Tiger Reserve along with the Valparai Taluk.

b) Western Ghats system and Coimbatore

Coimbatore is located at the foot hills of the Map 4-1 Existing forest cover of Coimbatore districts with
Niligiri hills in Western Tamil Nadu. Elephant corridors
Coimbatore district has a high ratio of area
covered under forest majorly due to the
dominating factor of Western Ghats range. The
total geographical area of Coimbatore district is
4732 sq Kms out of which forest cover of
Coimbatore comprises an area of about 1206 sq
Kms which accounts for around 25% of total
geographical area, out of which total forest
exist in Karamadai, P.N.Palayam,
Thondamuthur, Madukkarai, Anamalai and
Valparai Blocks.The forest area covers the
north western part and southern parts of
Coimbatore district. The north western part
shares some reserve forest areas with Niligiri
bio reserve and the southern part of the district
comprise some reserve forest areas of Anamalai
Tiger reserve. Around 46 % of total
geographical area of Anamalai Tiger reserve
falls under Coimbatore district. Similarly
around 32 % of total geographical area of
Niligiri biosphere reserve falls under
Coimbatore district. Anamalai Tiger reserve
areas are located mainly in the Valparai Taluk
and extending its portion to Pollachi and
Udumalapet region of Coimbatore district. The
forest areas such as Mulli, Pillur, Manar hills,

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 Siruvani, Anaikatti, Gopanari, in Coimbatore forest Map 4-2 Existing forest cover of Coimbatore districts
with Eco-Sensitive hotspots
division and Varagaliar, Topslip, Akkamalai,
Monombolly forest areas in Anamalai Tiger Reserve
(Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary) are eco sensitive
zones with rich floristic diversity.

c) Water systems
Water Bodies in Coimbatore Coimbatore is blessed
with rivers and lakes that are home to a variety of
biodiversity and recharge the groundwater. The main
sources of surface water in Coimbatore are Noyyal,
Bhavani, Amravathi, Aliyar and Palar.
Coimbatore lies within the extent of watershed of the
Noyyal River Basin. It consists of a network of lakes
and canals. Currently, there are 24 lakes in Coimbatore
in the Noyyal River Basin. The main River basins are
the Cauvery River Basin and ParambikulamAliyar
Basin. Cauvery basins. Bhavani, Noyyal, Amaravathi,
Parambikulam- Aliyar and Valparaiare the sub basins.

C.1) Noyyal River Basin

The Noyyal River rises from the Vellingiri hills in the Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu and drains into the
Kaveri River. The river's basin is 180 km long and 25 km wide. It covers a total area of 3,500 sq. km.
1,800 sq. km of the basin’s area is the cultivated land. The Central Groundwater Board had declared
the 100-odd km stretch of Noyyal between Kachimanathi and Tirupur as over-exploited, in 2004 and
2009, a term used for an area extracting more water than its annual recharge.
C.2) Wetlands of Coimbatore
The City has total 24 lakes out of which 8 are within the Coimbatore Corporation limits namely
Ammankulam, Narasampathi, Krishnampathi, Selvampathy, Kumaraswamy aka Muthannakulam,
Selvachinthamani, Periyakulam aka Ukkadam Big Tank, Valankulam and Singanallur. Earlier there
used to be nine lakes but Ammankulam is now converted to a slum redevelopment scheme. These
interconnecting wetlands were built by Chola Kings in the 8th-9th century to prevent the unwanted
flooding. These tanks helped in percolation of subsoil water and thus were a major factor in replenishing
the ground water.

4.2 HUMAN RESOURCE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL

IN COIMBATORE

4.2.1 Population Growth

Population Growth Rate is the increase in the number of individuals in a population.

Calculation of Growth Rate (GR),
GR = 100 (Pt - Po) / Po
where, Pt = Population of Terminal year and Po = Population of Base year

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The population growth rate of Coimbatore District is consistent throughout the last two decades. The
growth rate from 1991-2001 is 15.33% and growth rate in 2001-11 is 15.78%.
Table 4-1 Population Growth Rate for different talukas in Coimbatore District

Name 1991-2001 (in %) 2001-2011 (in %)

Coimbatore district 15.33 15.78
Mettupalayam 13.10 8.79
Sulur 18.58 19.89
Coimbatore north 25.65 30.06
Coimbatore south 16.23 16.32
Pollachi 8.90 5.51
Valparai -12.00 -34.22

From the above table, we see that, the growth rate of Coimbatore district is consistent throughout the
last two decades. In Coimbatore district there are 6 talukas, within which 5 talukas have positive growth
rate. The growth rate of Mettupalayam and Pollachi taluka has decreased and the growth rate of
Coimbatore North taluka has increased considerably. The growth rate of Sulur taluka and Coimbatore
South taluka is consistent. However, in Valparai taluka, we see, negative growth rate, which may be
attributed to undulating terrain, restricted forest area in majority of the taluka and very less job
opportunities, which lead to people moving out of the zone, thereby decreasing the population of the
area and also declining the growth rate.

4.2.2 Population Distribution in Space

4.2.2.1 Rural-Urban Distribution

In Coimbatore district, it is observed that from the last two decades, the population living in rural areas
is declining and urban areas are increasing. Currently, majority of the population in Coimbatore district
lives in urban areas, i.e. 76% of the total population.
Table 4-2 Rural Urban distribution of population

Total population (in Rural population Urban population (in

Year
lakhs) (in lakhs) lakhs)
1991 24.65 6.76 17.89
2001 29.12 7.60 21.51
2011 34.58 8.39 26.18

1991 RURAL- URBAN 2001 RURAL URBAN 2011 RURAL URBAN

DISTRIBUTION OF DISTRIBUTION OF DISTRIBUTION OF
POPULATION POPULATION POPULATION

27% 26% 24%

73% 74% 76%

Rural Urban Rural Rural Urban

Figure 4-1 Population Distribution Rural-Urban (1991-2011)

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Settlement Hierarchy Rural and Urban (1991-2011)
Map 4-3 Settlement Hierarchy (Rural) Map 4-4 Settlement Hierarchy (Urban) 1991-
1991-2011 2011

Table 4-3 Class Wise Population – Urban

Urban
Class Population 1991 2001 2011
I 1,00,000 + 2 1 2
II 50,000 – 1,00,000 3 5 5
III 20,000 – 50,000 4 11 18
IV 10,000 – 20,000 22 21 27
V 5,000 – 10,000 27 27 14
VI 5,000 or less 8 1 3

Table 4-4 Class Wise Population – Rural

Rural
Class Population 1991 2001 2011
I 10,000 + 2 4 7
II 5000 - 9999 34 43 69
III 2000 - 4999 109 106 102
IV 1000 - 1999 49 45 42
V 500 - 999 14 12 9
VI 200 - 499 4 4 6
VII 200 or less 1 1 3

4.2.2.2 Concentration of Marginalised population (SC/ST) across settlement

Coimbatore district has 15.57% of SC population, 0.82% of ST population out of total population. Now,
the distribution of SC/ST population according to talukas is given in the Table 4-5.

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 Table 4-5 SC/ST population distribution in Coimbatore District in 2011

Taluka name SC (in %) ST (in %)

Mettupalayam 8.24 30.74
Sulur 10.42 0.62
Coimbatore North 7.07 15.59
Coimbatore South 35.69 14.58
Pollachi 20.68 34.07
Valparai 7.89 4.38

Here, it is observed that within 6 taluks of Coimbatore that the majority of the SC population are
distributed over Coimbatore South and Pollachi taluk and the majority of ST population is distributed
over Pollachi and Mettupalayam taluks.

4.2.3 Sex ratio- Special feature of Coimbatore

Sex ratio is defined as the number of females per thousand males. It is an important and useful indicator
to assess relative excess of deficit of men or women in a given population at that point of time.
Therefore, Sex Ratio (SR) = (Total no. of females/ Total No. of Males) X 100
In Coimbatore district sex ratio is 1000. This signifies that the number of males is equal to the number
of females. This is even higher that the sex ratio of Tamil Nadu State which is 996. In Coimbatore
district, not only the sex ratio of the urban areas is good, even the rural areas have good sex ratio. In
some villages, like Nellithurai in Mettupalayam taluka, Vadavedampatti in Sulur taluk,
Kaniyalampalayam in Pollachi taluk etc have higher sex ratio than the district. This indicates less
disparity among males and females in society.

4.3 ECONOMIC RESOURCES

4.3.1 Workers and their Growth Pattern
In Coimbatore from 2001 to 2011, total workers increased by 21% because of MSME and development
in service sector.

8%
2001-2011 45.34

1991-2001 38.9

92% Upto 1991 35.6

Main workers
Numbers
Marginal workers

Figure 4-2 Main and Marginal workers Figure 4-3 Work force participation ratio

Source: Census Handbook, Coimbatore, 2011

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Almost 50% of the district population is working. Figure 7 is showing a percentage share of main and
marginal workers in total workers population. 92% out of total working population is main workers
because of the involvement in small scale industries and service activities. Share of marginal workers
is 8% as cultivators and agricultural labours are less.
Work force participation ratio is the ratio between total working population and total population of the
district. Coimbatore has a Work force participation ratio of 45.34. From figure 8 it is observed that
WFPR is continuously increasing as working population is increase.

5% The share of cultivators and agriculture labours is 5% and

15% 12% respectively shown in figure 9. There share is
continuously declining because of the urbanization and
3% industrialization.

Others includes construction workers, register and non-

77% register industry workers, workers in service sector, etc.
the contribution of this sector is almost 77% due to
availability of resources.
Cultivators Agriculture labors
HH industry Others

Figure 4-4 Occupational structure

Source: Census Handbook, Coimbatore, 2011

4.3.2 Sectoral Contribution to District Domestic Product:

There are three broad sectors, namely primary, secondary and tertiary.

5%

29% NDDP 6.5 31.5 62

66% GDDP 5.17 29 65.83

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Primary Secondary Tertiary Primary Secondary Tertiary

Figure 4-5 Sectoral contribution in GDDP/NDD Figure 4-6 GDDP/NDDP 2011-2012

Source: Statistical handbook, Coimbatore, 2011

Maximum share is by Service sector, followed by Business & Hotels. Less number of people are
engaged in this sector but then too the sector contributes more to the GDDP. In GDDP 29% share is
from the Industrial sector which mainly includes MSME. The contribution of agriculture and allied
activities is least in GDDP i.e. 5%.

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4.3.3 Trends in GDDP
According to figure 6, contribution of primary sector is continuously decreasing from year 2004 to
2011. The main reason for the decrease is drought and increasing manufacturing activities.

Figure 4-7 Trend in sectoral GDDP, 2004-2011

Source: Statistical handbook, Coimbatore, 2011

The share of secondary sector was 40% in 2004 but sudden declined was observed from 2006. The
reason for this may be the formation of Tirupur district and shift of textile industries from Coimbatore
to Tirupur and continuous decrease has been observed till date.
The shift from secondary to tertiary sector was observed in 2006-07 due to formation of 1st special
economic zone for service industries. The share of this sector was almost 64% in year 2009. But in 2010
sudden drop was observed due to great recession which occurred in all over the world and many people
lose their jobs. Currently, district ranks 2nd in software production after Chennai.

4.3.4 Priority Sector

The prominent economic activities in the region according to sectors are:

• Tertiary sector includes tourism, information technology, hotels, banks & insurance,
education, health care etc.

• Secondary sector includes registered & non-registered industries, textile, pump industry,
foundry and casting, engineering products, construction, electricity, gas, water supply

Primary sector includes agriculture & allied activities, sericulture, floriculture, pisciculture, forest
conservation, mining & stone quarrying.

4.3.5 Industries
4.3.5.1 Investment in Manufacturing
The most investment in automobile industry in Madukkurai and there is good percentage of investment
in SS Kulam, P N Palayam and Sulur also. Sulur has the highest investment in textile. P N Palayam and
Annur also have good amount of investment in textile. There is the highest investment in Pump in P N
Palayam and Annur area has also good investment in Pump. In foundry, P N Palayam has highest
amount of investment and after that Sulur, SS Kulam and Madukkurai has investment from higher to
lower in rage respectively. Ss Kulam has the highest investment in Wet grinder. The most investment
in manufacturing.

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In Sulur area and P N Palayam, SS Kulam and Annur also have good investment.

Figure 4-8 Block wise Investment

Source: Statistical handbook, Coimbatore, 2011

4.3.5.2 Employment in Manufacturing

Sulur has the highest no of employment in manufacturing. In automobile - P N Palayam, textile – Sulur,
Pump – Madukkurai, Foundry – Sulur, P N Palayam, SS Kulam, Madukkurai and Annur respectively,
Wet Grinder – SS Kulam, Sulur and P N Palayam respectively have highest no of employment.

Figure 4-9 Block Wise Employment

4.3.5.3 Turnover in Manufacturing
In manufacturing industries, the maximum turnover is obtained by Annur area. In automobile, highest
to lowest turnover in Madukkurai, Sulur, Kinathukadavu, P N Palayam, Sulur respectively. In Textile,
highest
Turnover in Annur block. In pump – Sulur block, in foundry – Sulur, and wet grinder- Sulur block.

Figure 4-10 Block Wise Industries

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4.3.5.4 Investment vs Turnover
The highest to lowest investment in textile
industry, wet grinder, automobile and foundry
respectively and getting turnover from textile,
wet grinder, foundry, automobile and pump
respectively. The investment is very less but the
getting turnover is more in pump industry as
compare of investment vs turnover graph.

Figure 4-11 Investment Turnover of Industries

4.3.6 Commercial Activities

4.3.6.1 Service Sector Industries
The tertiary sector is a medley of various sub-groups such as Trade, Hotels and Restaurants, Transport
and Communication, Financing, Real Estate, Information Technology, Social and Personal Services.
Tertiary sector the major contributor to the district GDP, saw an exponential grodwth since 2000s with
the decline in agriculture and emergence of IT sector. The service sector contributes to about 65% of
the district GDP as of 2011-12, employing 90% of the Work Force.
The service sector includes:

Information Technology Hospitality

Consultanc Repair & Maintenance Travel
y
Media Entertainment Healthcare Professional Finance Insurance
Services
Consulting & Sports Design Marketing & Sales Management & Retail
Staffing
The contribution of service sector industries in the district GDP is shown in Figure 1 and Work Force
Participation over the years has been depicted in Figure 2.

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2004-05 2009-10 2014-15

Other Servicces Real Estate Banking and Insurance

Communication Transport and logistics Trade, Hotel and Restraunts

Figure 4-12 Contribution of Service Sector to District GDP

Source: National Skill Development Report, 2016

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 600000

400000

200000

0
1981 2001 2014
Figure 4-13 Workforce in tertiary Sector

Source: Business Plan Coimbatore, 2016

140000
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Figure 4-14 Skill Generated in Engineering

Source: IT and ITES feasibility report 2008

4.3.6.2 IT Sector
Software and BPO sector were originally concentrated in Chennai and urban agglomerations in the
region but has emerged in Coimbatore due to state government’s favourable industrial policies for IT
sector, ready availability of skilled human resources and strong IT infrastructure. The growth can also
be attributed to its proximity to second international landing hub, Chennai and another major IT giants
Kochi and Bangalore.
The city is the second largest software producer in the whole state after Chennai. IT sector saw a boom
with the launching of TIDEL Park and other planned IT parks in and around the city. Companies like
Tata Consultancy Services, Cognizant, IBM, Dell and KGISL have registered their presence in the city

200

150

100

50

0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Figure 4-15 Software Export Growth (in crores)

Source: Software Technology Park India, Coimbatore

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The sector contributes to the highest share in exports from the district. IT/ITES and consultancies have
been identified as the long-term growth sectors for Coimbatore.

4.3.6.3 Hospitality
Hospitality has emerged as a promising sector over the past few years. Business tourism brings the most
of the city’s tourists. Good connectivity, availability of infrastructure, Special economic zones and
increasing domestic and international air routes help people expand their companies. Various multi-
specialty hospitals, educational institutes and heritage tourism are an added advantage. Five-star hotels
like Vivanta, Le Meridian, Trident and four-star hotels like Clarion, The Residency, Heritage Inn and
Mangala International have registered their presence in the city.

4.3.6.4 Inferences
Coimbatore has seen an exponential growth in service sector in the past decade. Based on MSMEs
registered with District Industrial Centre Coimbatore, the service industries were categorized under
various sub heads. As per the concentrations, employment and turnover of the major sectors under
services, four sub-sectors were identified with major contribution to economy and employments. The
sub sectors are Information Technology, Hospitality, Consultancies and Repair & Maintenance.

Information Technology Hospitality Consultancy Repair & Maintenance

Web Designing Restaurants Construction Audits

E- Commerce Hotels Company Plumbers
Software Cafes Chartered Electrician
Machine Design Resorts Accountants Mechanics
Computer-aided Lawyers
design Architects
Fabricators

The major factors for the selection of the sub-sectors are: -

• To support the Manufacturing Industries by harnessing skills within the industry.

• Acts as supplementary support to the allied industries in terms of maintenance.

• To promote technological growth of the industries in urban areas in terms of E-marketing,

technical assistance, etc.

• Enhancing lifestyle and tourism.

• Potential of these industries in terms of employment and revenue generation within service sector.

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 Map 4-5 Concentration of Hospitality Map 4-6 Concentration of IT Industries

Source: District Industrial Centre Source: District Industrial Centre

The concentrations for the four sub sectors have been mapped for tehsil-wise. Information Technology-
Figure 4-6 is concentrated in the urban centres owing to the availability of infrastructure, undisrupted
power supply and connectivity to Chennai.
Hospitality- Figure 4-5 is mostly concentrated in and around the Coimbatore Municipality owing to
major connectivity, presence of industries and Special Economic Zones.

Map 4-7 Concentration of Consultancies Map 4-8 Concentration of Repair and Maintenance

Source: District Industrial Centre Source: District Industrial Centre

Many Consultancies- Figure 4-7 are present in North, South Coimbatore and Pollachi, with Valparai
having the least share. Repair and Maintenance- Figure 4-8 works are more concentrated near more
industrialized areas of North, South Coimbatore and Mettupalayam.

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Sulur is an emerging industrial hub with the proposed defence corridor, presence of Special Economic
Zones and proximity to Avinashi, Tirupur. Valparai being more agriculture in nature has a potential for
Hospitality due to the presence of tea estates and Anamalai Forest Reserve.
Following factors were considered for analysis of various sub-sectors:
i. Concentration of number of service industries throughout the district.

ii. Employment in service sector in the district.

iii. Turnover generated by service Industries throughout the district.

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%
Employment No. of Industries Turnover Employment/Industry Turnover/ Employed
IT Repair Consultancies Hospitality
Figure 4-17 Share of the Four Major Categories in Services

100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
INVESTMENT EMPLOYMENT INDUSTRIES NOS TURNOVER
Coimbatore North Coimbatore South Mettupalayam Pollachi Sulur Valparai

Figure 4-16 Concentration Comparison between the Taluks

Source: District Industrial Centre

From above partition graphs, following inferences are drawn: -

i. More people are employed in repair and maintenance jobs and generate maximum turnover.

ii. IT sector has a considerable share in turnover while employing lesser number of people, and
requires skilled human resources, available in Coimbatore due to the presence of many
engineering colleges.

iii. Hospitality is an emerging sector in Mettupalayam, owing to its proximity to various hill stations
like Ooty and Coonoor.

iv. Consultancies are more concentrated in urban centers requiring skilled labour, readily available
due to the presence various colleges and universities.

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4.3.7 Tourism
Coimbatore is an industrial hub known for its multifaceted
tourism destinations. Tourist inflow can be attributed
majorly to the pleasing weather, warm culture, natural
resources and spirit of entrepreneurship. Owing to
Coimbatore being an Industrial Hub, Healthcare
Destination and Educational centres it attracts more
Business tourists (MICE Tourism).

The location of Coimbatore along the Western Ghats and

the cool winds flowing though the Palghat gap provide a
pleasant climate to the city. Coimbatore is city with several
distinguished tourism genre. Its vegetation, monuments,
temples, biodiversity and rural life make it an attractive
Figure 4-18 Distribution of Tourism in Coimbatore
tourist spot.
Figure 4-18 shows the distribution of tourism in Coimbatore.

Table 4-6 Tourist footfall in Coimbatore

Year Footfall
2007 1862247 16246 1878493 -
2008 2318784 27185 2345969 25%
2009 2559926 32634 2592560 11%
2010 4230196 34680 4264876 65%
2011 6483928 51285 6535213 53%
2012 7936796 53730 7990526 22%
2013 10960052 59144 11019196 38%
2014 14118518 70289 14188807 29%
Source: Districts of India

Over the years domestic tourism has been flourishing in the district. As per Coimbatore Tourism Report
2015, the number of domestic tourists coming to Coimbatore increased from 79.36 lakh in 2012 to 1.09
crore in 2013. In 2014, 1.41 crore tourists visited Coimbatore. Most foreigners visit northern and
southern districts of the state and later enter Kerala through them, but the share of foreign tourists is
much less.

4.3.7.1 Major Tourist Spots

Coimbatore district is blessed with many tourist attractions. These include temples, waterfalls, theme
parks, museums and wildlife sanctuaries. Apart from this, Coimbatore is the entry and exit point to the
neighbouring state of Kerala and the hill station of Udhagamandalam or Ooty. It is the landing point for
those who want to take the Mountain train that runs from Mettupalayam, just 35 km from Coimbatore.
The major tourist attractions in Coimbatore can be listed as follows -
1. Siruvani Waterfalls
Siruvani waterfalls is located to the west of Coimbatore and has a dam across the river Siruvani. The
native population include two prominent tribal communities, Irulars and Mudugars. The place has a
serene and naturally appealing ambience.
2. Dhyanalinga Temple
This is a yogic temple for meditation and prayers. Located in the midst of forests, it is an attractive
tourist spot for people who have a yearning for spirituality and meditation. Goddess Lingabairavi is

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worshipped seeking for spiritual awakening.Because of the different types of meditation practices being
taught here, it attracts a large number of foreign tourists round the year.
3. PerurPatteeswaraswamy Temple
PerurPatteeswaraswamy temple was built by KarikalaCholanand and is located near river Noyyal. It is
the most popular temple of Coimbatore.Lord Shiva (Patteeswarar being the other name for Shiva) is
worshipped here. There is a golden statue of Natarajaas well. The paintings and the sculptures in the
temple are alluring.
4. KovaiKondattam
KovaiKondattam is a theme park which is visited by families and children for the water games and
other exciting options like rock climbing, water dance, wave pool, and dashing cars. It has a large tourist
footfall and is a popular tourist spot especially for kids.
5. Monkey Falls
This is located in Anaimalai Hills range. People firmly believe that the water here has medicinal
properties. The place has been identified as an Ecotourism by the Department of Tourism, Government
of Tamil Nadu.
6. Anaimalai Wildlife Sanctuary
Anaimalai wildlife sanctuary is home to several rare species such as wild bear pangolin, civet cat, flying
squirrel, panther, jackal, gaur, etc. to name a few. The place attracts many tourists, especially foreign
tourists.
7. Black Thunder Theme Park
Black Thunder was the first theme park to be established in Coimbatore. It is an alluring tourist spot for
children and receives maximum footfall in the vacation season.
8. Gass Museum
Gass Forest Museum is a part of the Tamil Forest Academy and is one of the oldest museums of
Coimbatore. The museum displays plant and animal fossils and a wide variety of forest produce.
9. Khadi Gandhi Gallery
The Khadi Gandhi gallery was set up in July 1970. It displays various pictures of Gandhi right from his
birth to his death. It also displays certain khadi products that were used by Gandhi. Gandhi Jayanti is
celebrated with pomp and show on the gallery.
10. Government Museum
Tamil Nadu established a central museum in 1989. The museum displays remains of fossil and age-old
tools. Some ancient decorative pieces, ornaments, coins, etc. have also been exhibited here. Collection
of rocks and minerals is also present.
11. Marudhamalai Temple
This temple is located on a hillock and because of the scenic beauty around, it is one of the most visited
temples of the district. People often come here to pray and meditate in the naturally relieving ambience.
There are a few water bodies around the temple and a spring.
12. Thirumoorthy Temple

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Thirumoorthy Temple is situated at the foot of Thirumoorthy Hills adjoining the Thirumoorthy Dam.
A stream flows adjoining the temple and there is a waterfall nearby. The place is being developed
further.
13. Salim Ali Ornithology Centre
The Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON) is located at the foothills of
Western Ghats adjacent to Coimbatore South Reserved Forest. The aim of the institution is sustainable
use and conservation of natural resources. The building has been designed by the renowned Architect
Laurie Baker and has attracted the attention of a lot of architecture students and enthusiasts across the
country.
14. TNAU Botanical Garden
The Botanical garden has many varieties of plants, flowers and trees. It is under the authority of Tamil
Nadu Agricultural University. Visiting the garden is a delightful experience. .
15. Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary & National Park
This is a protected area and is home to many tribal communities. Many kinds of major and minor forest
produce come from these forests. The place has the otential to attract more tourists that must be used.
16. Baralikadu
Baralikadu is an ecotourist spot where tourists can come and relish the beauty of forests. Some sports
and trekking facilities are also available. There is a ride facility too that ends near the banks of Bhavani
river.
17. G.D. Naidu Industrial Exhibition
This place provides a delightful educational experience. It is a tribute to the legendary industrialist G.D.
Naidu. The exhibition displays the machinery and textiles of the bygone era.
18. MICE Tourism
‘MICE’ stands for Meetings, Incentives, Conferences and Exhibitions. MICE tourism is a major
contributor to the tourism industry. For Coimbatore, which has historically been a centre for trade and
commerce, and continues to be an industrial hub, MICE tourism has a lot of potential. Coimbatore is an
important destination for business travellers. Trade fairs and exhibitions are held here on a frequent
basis. In the last few years a number of star hotels have come up as well. Business meetings and
conferences are also held here, but there is still a lot of potential that needs to be tapped. Coimbatore is
an important centre for healthcare and education as well. The major MICE venues for Coimbatore city
include CODISSIA Trade Fair Complex, Residency hotel, VivantaTaj, Le Meridian, Aloft, Park Plaza,
The Grand Regent, Jenny’s Club, etc.

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4.3.8 Agriculture
Primary sector in Coimbatore comprises of agriculture and allied sectors such as horticulture,
sericulture, water resources, agricultural engineering, agri-business, animal husbandry and fisheries.
Agriculture is a common activity within the rural areas of the district practiced commonly with animal
husbandry. Due to hard rocky terrain which leads to limited ground water availability, agriculture is
mostly rain-fed. The normal rainfall is around 689 mm for the district and the highest percentage of
total rainfall of 48 per cent is received during north-east monsoon, with south west monsoon
contributing only 28 per cent. Cauvery river and its tributaries Bhavani and Noyyal play a very
important role in irrigation. Major source of irrigation is through wells which contribute 80 per cent of
the net irrigated area of the district. The production of any crop is determined by factors such as fertility
of land, monsoon behaviour, rainfall, irrigation, application of fertilizers, climatic conditions, marketing
facilities, prices etc. Coconut is the major crop grown having 44 per cent of the gross cropped area
followed by sorghum (16 per cent), banana (5 per cent) and groundnut (4 per cent).

Horticulture department in Coimbatore district is focused on developing Aromatic and Medicinal

plants, production of valuable drugs and aromatic oils of commercial value. Rural population has been
provided with more employment opportunities with cultivation of plantation crops like tea, coffee,
cardamom and pepper. Sericulture however is limited only to Pollachi taluk of Coimbatore district.
Pisciculture is also limited to Pollachi and Mettupalayam and since the district is landlocked, there is a
potential only for inland fisheries.

4.3.8.1 Land Use Classification

The increasing trend in fallow lands (both current and other fallows) and land put to non-agricultural
use over the years is a serious concern and needs greater attention. In wake of same Dry Land
Sustainable Technology was launched in 2016 within which assistance is provided. For this a cluster of
1000 villagers are formed, and 1000 hectares of fallow land is allotted to them. Initially covering only
6 taluks, the scheme now covers the entire district.

2015-16

2014-15

2013-14

2012-13

2011-12

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000

Non-agri uses Other fallow Current fallow
Area in Ha
Figure 4-19 Classification of Land (Joint Directorate of Agriculture)

Land under non-agricultural uses over the years has remained constant while current fallow has
showed an increase.

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4.3.8.2 Cropping Pattern

Map 4-9 Block wise percentage Area under Major Map 4-10 Crop Diversification
`

Anamalai has 50% area under paddy cultivation

as shown in Figure 4-9 owing to good ground
water availability and soil conditions. Major
crops cultivated in the district are Paddy,
Coconut, Maize, sugarcane, Cholam, Sorghum,
Banana, Curry leaves, Tomato and Goundnut.
Due to varying spatial and geographical

conditions, productivity of different crops vary from block to block. Block wise distribution of major
agricultural crops is shown in table 18 below.
Large variety of crops is grown in the district as shown in Figure 4-10. The diversification varies from
block to block depending upon available soil type, major economic practices, labour availability and
water for irrigation.
Table 4-7 Block wise productivity of major agriculture crops in Coimbatore district

Groun Green Sugar

Blocks Paddy Cholam Maize Cotton Coconut
dnut gram -cane
Anamalai 4.5 1.32 6.75 2.6 2.49 0.66 120 11
Annur 0.0 1.33 6.75 3.4 3.03 0.64 120 11
Karamadai 0.0 1.27 6.75 2.6 2.24 0.73 120 11
Madukkarai 0.0 1.26 6.75 3.4 2.65 0.65 120 11
Pollachi north 0.0 1.28 6.38 3.5 2.64 0.71 120 11
Pollachi south 0.0 1.36 6.75 3.3 2.51 0.66 0.00 11
S.S. Kulam 0.0 1.28 6.75 2.8 0.00 0.67 120 11
Sulur 0.0 1.26 6.74 2.6 0.00 0.69 120 11
P.n. palayam 0.0 1.34 6.75 4.0 0.00 0.58 120 11
Kinathukadavu 0.0 1.32 6.75 2.9 2.40 0.71 120 11
Thondamuthur 4.6 1.31 6.74 3.1 2.65 0.68 120 11
Sultanpet 0.0 1.26 6.75 0.0 0.00 0.73 0.00 11
Source: NADP (2017-2018)

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 Coconut is the major crop in all areas due to soil suitability and less labour requirements. Sizeable
quantities of maize, Cholam groundnut is grown in all 12 blocks. A shift in diet of people, dry
conditions and water scarcity has caused a move towards increased Cholam production.

4.3.9 Horticulture: Tea/ Plantation/ Flowers

Productivity of major fruit and vegetable crops in the 12 blocks of Coimbatore district revealed that
banana is the major crop in most of the districts. Land under banana is also quite sizeable in all blocks.
Tomato is an important vegetable with productivity varying from 11 to 32 tonnes/ha among the blocks.

Table 4-8 Block wise productivity of major fruits and vegetables in Coimbatore district

Blocks Banana Mango Tapioca Tomato Sapota Amla Rose Jasmine

Anamalai 540 60 389 110 198 150 0 0
Annur 400 55 300 300 250 180 0 100
Karamadai 320 55 301 300 187 145 90 100
Kinathukadavu 310 70 250 320 99 50 0 0
Madukkarai 390 54 301 300 221 160 0 0
P.n. palayam 450 60 429 250 250 150 70 70
Pollachi north 360 42 430 250 150 150 55 55
Pollachi south 539 60 390 110 198 150 0 60
S. S. Kulum 400 55 299 300 250 180 0 100
Sultanpet 310 70 0 320 120 150 0 0
Sulur 400 55 300 300 250 180 0 100
Thondamuthur 400 40 0 300 220 150 50 0
Source: NADP (2017-2018)

4.3.9.1 Spices and Plantation Crops

The plantation crops table revealed that Anaimalai block has an area of 11186 ha under tea and 2252
ha under coffee due to the location and elevation of the block. Arecanut is the other major plantation
crop with 841 ha in Thondamuthur block followed by 755 ha in Karamadai block. Plantation crops need
good processing facilities and labour.

Table 4-9 Block wise productivity of Plantation crops and Spices

Cashew Betal Curry

Blocks Coffee Tea Arecanut Cocoa Chillies Nutmeg
Nut vine Leaves
Anamalai 4.80 5 20 130 10 11 270 0 10
Annur 32 0 0 0 10 0 25 249.99 0
Karamadai 0 0 0 0 10 57.43 119.84 200 0
Kinathukadavu 0 0 0 0 10 10 80 0 0
Madukkarai 31.99 0 0 500 12 8 20 0 0
P.N. Palayam 4.53 0 0 749.39 10 8.97 27 1949.88 0
Pollachi north 4.50 0 0 0 10 0 20 250 0
Pollachi south 4.81 0 0 130 10 11 10.49 0 0
S. S. Kulum 0 0 0 0 10 12.51 25 249.87 0
Sultanpet 0 0 0 0 0 0 79.99 0 0
Sulur 0 0 0 0 10 12.67 0 249.94 0
Thondamuthur 6 0 0 0 12 7.53 119.98 199.11 10
Source: NADP (2017-2018)

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 Table 4-10 Percentage of Area under Major Horticultural Crops in Coimbatore District

Spices &
Blocks Fruits Vegetables Plantation Crops Flowers
Condiments

Anamalai 10.84 1.95 21.43 87.66 0.44

Annur 13.51 10.58 15.77 0.1 7.29
Karamadai 27.83 7.2 27.15 4.96 60.68
Kinathukadavu 2.62 11.13 3.95 0.12 1.65
Madukkarai 8.96 16.99 4.69 0.53 0.42
P.N. Palayam 6.52 2.77 3.87 0.49 11.72
Pollachi (n) 3.8 6.15 2.07 0.09 0.2
Pollachi (s) 3.47 2.73 3.4 0.09 0.14
S.S. Kulam 3.77 1.44 2.46 0.09 5.89
Sulur 3.53 3.64 2.61 0.15 2.94
Sulthanpet 1.86 12.19 2.13 0.18 0
Thondamuthur 13.28 23.22 10.49 5.54 8.62
Total 100 100 100 100 100
Source: NADP (2017-2018)

For fruits, nearly 65% of the areas are in four blocks with Karamadai contributing to around 27%. In
vegetables five blocks have 74% of the total area nearly 75% of the area under spices and condiments
are in four. About 88% of the plantation crops and 91% of medicinal and aromatic plants are in
Anaimalai block. Around 72% of the areas under flowers are in Karamadai and P.N Pallayam blocks.
Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) was started as an umbrella scheme in 2007 for safeguarding
complete development of agriculture and allied activities by allowing states to choose their own
development activities. The scheme has come a long way since its initiation and has been implemented
across two plan periods i.e. during 11th and 12th plan periods.

4.3.10 Animal Husbandry and Dairy Development

During 2013-14, total population of cattle in the district was 577128, as per the 17thLivestock Census.
In general, there is a declining trend in the cattle population due to the increasing cost of maintenance
and the non-availability of fodder. The 19th livestock census is shown below.

Table 4-11 Block wise Livestock population of Coimbatore district

Block Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goat Pigs Others Poultry

Anamalai 25927 2144 2838 14002 634 0 729297
Annur 21537 489 13605 16904 76 781 696382
Karamadai 22880 745 16908 26319 499 6967 104895
Kinathukadavu 23133 84 3627 12463 240 0 1243663
Madukkarai 17847 88 1597 9127 124 5333 254243
P.N. Palayam 14597 76 1354 16345 410 6474 0
Pol(n) 24102 523 771 9212 729 0 587213
Pol(s) 13999 202 1239 7654 66 0 773307
S.S. Kulam 5080 52 2819 5502 167 2730 22100
Sulur 19920 139 136092 16027 519 7180 621840
Sulthanpet 24462 39 18383 8733 165 5086 4807092
Thondamuthur 11599 255 7906 11469 255 7344 176746
Source: NADP (2017-2018)

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This Livestock helps to generate income to the farmers by egg, meet and milk when the income of crops
is seasonal. Sheep are a regular source of income for it facilitates wool production.

4.4 PHYSICAL RESOURCES

Map 4-11 Soil Type
4.4.1 Natural Resources
4.4.1.1 Soil and its Fertility
Coimbatore being under a tropical wet and dry climate has
several soil types which are found in all types of climates. The
soil found in the district are Loamy soil, Clayey soil and
Calcareous black cotton soil. Red calcerous soil is predominant
from the 60 percent of red soil cover in the district.They occupy
most parts of Coimbatore and Mettupalayam.
Red loam are also found in Coimbatore. The soil in Coimbatore
is enriched with organic matter from the hill ranges. There are
rich tracts of red loam in Pollachi. The soils in Pollachi are
mostly of sandy loam often mixed with gravel.
Major horticulture crops cultivated in this district are fruits
crops like mango and banana, vegetables like tomato, brinjal,
bhendi and onion, spices like turmeric and flowers like tube
rose, and jasmine.

Table 4-12 Percentage Distribution of Major Soil types of Coimbatore

Red Red Non- Alluvial and

Brown
Location Calcareous Black Soil Calcareous Colluvial Forest Soil
Soil
Soil Soil Soil
Coimbatore (N) 60.39 12.54 11.89 9.57 5.64 -
Coimbatore (S) 67.26 5.73 14.62 8.25 4.14 -
Mettupalayam 39.57 - 15.66 - - 44.77
Pollachi 54.42 8.23 37.35 - - -
Source: District Survey Report, Coimbatore District

Table 4-13 Micronutrient Status of Soils in Coimbatore

Percent Deficiency
Taluk
Zinc Copper Manganese Iron
Coimbatore (N and S) 93 66 10 17
Mettupalayam 90 74 8 30
Pollachi 93 72 14 11
Source: District Survey Report, Coimbatore District

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4.4.1.2 Slope Map 4-12 Slope
The slope of an area controls the infiltration into subsurface.
The rate of infiltration is inversely related to the slope. Higher
the degree of slope lower will be the infiltration rate. In
Coimbatore district, 38% per cent of the land has 0-5 degree
of slope while 5% of the area has steep slope resulting high
run off.

Figure 4-20 Percentage distribution of Slope

4.4.1.3 Altitude/ Contour

Coimbatore lies at 11°1′6″N 76°58′21″E in south India at 411 metres (1349 ft) above sea level on the
banks of the Noyyal River, in south-western Tamil Nadu.

4.4.1.4 Minerals
The list of minerals found in Coimbatore:
• Dolomite
• Natural Mica
• Silica Sand
• Iron Ore
• Dolomite Powder
• Quartz Mineral
• Calcite Minerals
• Mica Products
• Mica Powder
• Processed Minerals
• Ramming Mass
• Feldspar Mineral
• China Clay
• Manganese Ore
• Calcite Powder

4.4.1.5 Forest
The forest is an unpredictable biological ecosystem comprising principally of trees that cushion the
earth and aid a bunch of life forms. The trees help make an extraordinary situation which influences the
flora and fauna. Trees are an essential segment of the earth. They clean the air, cool it on hot days,
moderate warmth around evening time, and go about as startling sound safeguards. Forest takes care of
majorly two components of the environment i.e. Temperature and Rainfall.

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According to the National Forest Policy one-third of land area of the country should have forest cover
in order to prevent soil erosion, land degradation and to ensure ecological balance. Being a developing
urban centre in the southern state of Tamil Nadu, after the capital city Chennai, Coimbatore has a huge
forest cover that shelters an amazing range of flora and fauna. There are various indigenous local tribes
who also share the large regional forest cover in the district of Coimbatore as the sacred woodlands
according to the ethnical mythologies of the local region and depend upon them for their livelihood.
Coimbatore is located at the foot hills of the Niligiri hills in Western Tamil Nadu. Coimbatore district
has a high ratio of area covered under forest majorly due to the dominating factor of Western Ghats
range. The total geographical area of Coimbatore district is 4732 sq Kms out of which forest cover of
Coimbatore comprises an area of about 1206 sq Kms which accounts for around 25% of total
geographical area, out of which total forest exist in Karamadai, P.N.Palayam, Thondamuthur,
Madukkarai, Anamalai and Valparai Blocks.The forest area covers the north western part and southern
parts of Coimbatore district. The north western part shares some reserve forest areas with Niligiri bio
reserve and the southern part of the district comprise some reserve forest areas of Anamalai Tiger
reserve. Around 46 % of total geographical area of Anamalai Tiger reserve falls under Coimbatore
district. Similarly, around 32 % of total geographical area of Niligiri biosphere reserve falls under
Coimbatore district. Anamalai Tiger reserve areas are located mainly in the Valparai Taluk and
extending its portion to Pollachi and Udumalapet region of Coimbatore district. The forest areas such
as Mulli, Pillur, Manar hills, Siruvani, Anaikatti, Gopanari, in Coimbatore forest division and
Varagaliar, Topslip, Akkamalai, Monombolly forest areas in Anamalai Tiger Reserve (Indira Gandhi
Wildlife Sanctuary) are eco sensitive zones with rich floristic diversity.

a) Temporal Change in Forest Cover

Coimbatore is one of the most privileged districts as compared to other districts of Tamilnadu in terms
of vegetation cover as well as richness in biodiversity. But, due to its expanding urban regime and
industrialization, a diminishing effect on the same is observed. For observing these forest cover
changes, NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) method, vegetation cover analysis was done
with the help of satellite imageries of a decade (i.e. 2008 and 2018).
Live green plants absorb solar radiation in the photo synthetically active radiation (PAR) spectral
region, which they use as a source of energy in the process of photosynthesis. NDVI is calculated from
the visible and near infrared light reflected by vegetation. Live green plants appear relatively dark in
the PAR and relatively bright in the near-infrared (Gates 1980). NDVI is calculated from these
individual measurements as follows: – NDVI = (NIR – Red)/ (NIR + Red) – where RED and NIR stand
for the spectral reflectance measurements acquired in the red and near-infrared regions, respectively.
The results from the NDVI analysis are characterised
into Intensity of the density of the vegetation in the order
as no vegetation, lowest dense, lower dense, dense,
higher dense, highest dense. The dense, higher dense and
highest dense categories account for the major forest
cover in the Coimbatore district whereas the lower
densities are majorly consisting of built-up and water
bodies. The result observed is approximately 35%
decrease in vegetation cover from 2008(57.70% of total
geographical area of Coimbatore district) to 2018
(22.39% of total geographical area of Coimbatore
district). Table and graph show the decadal change in the
forest cover of Coimbatore district: Figure 4-21 Methodology adopted for NDVI
analysis.

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 Figure 4-22 The NDVI generated Topological cover of Coimbatore district in 2008 and 2018

Table 4-14 Decadal change observed through NDVI Analysis for Coimbatore district

Vegetation Type In 2008 In 2018 Change Observed

No vegetation 59.3757 11.3292 -48.046
Lowest dense 403.0803 882.6435 479.5662
Lower dense 1529.957 2764.258 1234.301
Dense 1341.698 1025.821 -189.938
Higher dense 1215.759 28.6416 -1187.11
Highest dense 162.8235 0 Disappeared

3% 1% 0% 0%
No vegetation

9% Lowest dense 19%

22%
26% Lower dense
32%
Dense
59%
29% Higher dense

Highest dense

Figure 4-23 Percentage change observed in Vegetation in the Coimbatore district in 2008 and 2018 respectively

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b) Eco – Tourism
Keeping in mind all the components and sub components of Tamil-Nadu State policy on Eco-tourism,
2010, the report presents a series of understanding made through rigorous studies and internet findings.
Low input, low impact, sustainable initiatives that involves active community participation is the
objective for the development of the region. It is a very well-known fact that Tamil-Nadu is ranked 3rd
among all fact that Indian state in attracting domestic and foreign tourists. Coimbatore region being the
area of study share a fare portion of a variety of forest cover i.e. Anamalai, Nilgiri’s, and Valparai wild
life and bio diversity sanctuaries. Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and Anamalai Tiger Reserve are
the house for several flora-fauna. It is always a matter of concern when we are about to deal with nature,
eco-tourism with amalgamation of the local tribal people and governmental measures. In order to
provide visitors with a variety of experiences and maximize benefits for local communities, eco-tourism
strategies are required the provision of a range of activities and facilities at a given destination site and
village. The methodology of upbringing this sector is based on three objectives:
• Protection of Environment & Natural Habitat.
• Economic sustainability of the forest area and the adjoining buffer zone.
• Cultural integrity of the tribal settlements & their protection of the environment and the natural
habitat.
To maximize and to protect visitors with a variety of experiences along with upliftment of local
communities, integration among range of activities and facilities has to be provided. An approach of
converting a consumer into a customer can also help in that regard, providing a range of accommodation
including tents, huts to meet the very first requirement to promote Eco-tourism is the involvement of
local community and the next thing is the provision of eco-huts. The Tiger Reserve falls in four revenue
taluka namely; Pollachi, and Valparai of Coimbatore district and Udumalpet of Tiruppur.
c) Human wildlife conflicts
The forest cover of Coimbatore region is divided into 2 zones namely Coimbatore division (South
Eastern fringes of Niligiri biosphere reserve) and Anamalai Reserve forest. Human -wildlife conflicts
happen due to more concentration of traditional migratory elephant corridors. Valparai Taluk of
Coimbatore district has more than 70 % of its geographical area in Anamalai reserve forest including
the core tiger reserve area (960 sq. km). Increase in conservation network area through acquisition of
corridors and extension of habitats, will establish protected area linkages with reserve forests and
provide wider habitat areas for wildlife. Natural water body resources can be amalgated with artificial
water bodies in consideration with the natural ground slope in passage of elephant corridors for the
animals to drink water. Human elephant conflicts in Valparai forest area more commonly involve
conflicts between human settlement and wildlife like elephants , leopards ,tigers etc . Human-elephant
conflict, leading to loss of lives of people and elephants and damage to property and crops, poses a
major challenge for conserving elephants outside

13% 21% 23% 19%

11%
12% 18% 21%
19%
25% 16%2%
aliyar arthanripalayam akkamali grasshills
villonie pachathannir attakatty upper aliyar
iyerpadi kavurkal

Figure 4-25 The Area share of beats in sq.km. Of Figure 4-24 The Area share of beats in sq.km. Of
Pollachi talukas Valparai talukas

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Protected Areas across forest area. The Anamalai hills are home to the 2nd largest wild Asian elephant
population in India. The Valparai plateau, with 220 sq. km. of tea and coffee plantations interspersed
with patches of forests and Eucalyptus plantations, is a fragmented landscape home to several
endangered and endemic species of Western Ghats including elephants. Extent rainforest fragments and
riparian patches within tea and coffee plantations provide refuges for elephant use and movements
across the plateau into surrounding protected areas. Encounters with elephants that lead to human deaths
and damages by elephants to buildings and food stores cause economic losses and trauma among local
people and reduce their tolerance levels. Based on spatial clusters and seasonal peaks of conflict, we
have developed targeted mitigation efforts. Implementation of Elephant Information Network (EIN)
that conveys advance information on elephant presence and their movements in plantations to local
people to avoid any injury or fatal encounters with elephants. The official headquarters of Anamalai
Tiger Reserve is at Pollachi. Administratively, it falls under the Tamil Nadu Forest Department. The
agricultural prosperity of the plains in Pollachi, Udumalpet and hilly taluk of Valparai, adjoining areas
in Erode district, depends very much on this Tiger Reserve. Anaimalai is worth to be designated as
‘Anthropological Reserve’ as it supports 6 indigenous people viz. Malasar, Malai malasars, Kadars,
Eravallars, Pulayars and Muduvars. This is very unique in the entire Tamil Nadu and probably the only
Tiger Reserve with diverse groups of indigenous people.
Main objectives of the Draft State forest policy are:
I. Ensuring environmental and ecological stability of forest area.
II. Ecotourism for supporting conservation.
III. Construction of new elephant corridors.

d) Forest fires
With the data showcased by the forest department 75 incidents were reported in 2016 in the Coimbatore
forest area which destroyed 154.44 hectares of forest vegetation. Of the 75 incidents reported, 24 forest
fires were in Boluvampatti range. The forest prone areas are Devarayapuram, Marudhamalai, and
Narasipuram. Forest fires in Coimbatore forest division have engulfed around 190 hec. Of forest area
affecting its flora and fauna in the last 2 years. Out of the total geographical area of Coimbatore district,
the forest fire prone area extends to 125 km sq.

• Causes of forest fire

Encroachment of the forest land by local tribal people and channelizing forest cover for their food,
obtaining wood for cooking is the major factor behind the causes adding up to the forest fires in
Coimbatore forest area. Forest fire is caused by miscreants as illegal and unethical dumping of waste,
leftover by tourist and burning them.
Fire prevention measures can be adopted as in creation of artificial water bodies, construction of the
trenches, burning of the leftover and food stuff by the tourists and other nuisances should be strictly
kept in check and guilty people must be posed with fine and lawful punishment. Active participation
of the forest rangers and the local tribal people can help in controlling the causes of the forest fire
problems in the Coimbatore region. The following are some practices that can come handy in preventing
the forest fires in Coimbatore region:
Checking the local regulations in respect with permit regulations and "burn ban" restrictions. These are
available from municipality, fire department or department of natural resources.
o Obtaining a burning permit for burning grass, brush, slash or other debris in or within a prescribed
distance of forest land;
o A campfire permit and the landowner's permission for an open campfire, cooking fire or bonfire
in or near forest land;

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 o A work permit for any work in forest land involving two or more people.

➢ Burning of piles must be at least 50 feet from any permanent structures and 500 feet from any
forest slash.
➢ Clearing area around the burn pile of any flammable debris.
➢ Establishment of the forest line around the core zone prone to forest fires.
➢ Keeping the fires fighting equipment handy with a connected water hose or other sources.
➢ Smoking prohibition should be exercised while moving from one place to another in forest land.
➢ Power saws must have a proper muffler and be accompanied by a round point shovel or fire
extinguisher.
➢ During the summer season, when the trees shed their leaves, grass and shrubs become extremely
dry, a small blaze could set the forest on fire.
e) Forest Cover and Types
Based on density, forests can be divided into the following types-
• Very Dense Forests - Lands with forest cover having a canopy density of 70 percent and above.
• Moderately Dense Forest - All lands with forest cover having a canopy density between 40 to 70
percent.
• Open Forest- Lands with forest cover having a canopy density between 10 to 40 percent.
Coimbatore has a large portion of land under forests and theses forests are immensely rich in flora and
fauna. Also, the forests are abundant in natural resources and are a major source of major and minor
forest produce for the whole country. These forests are home to many rare species such as jackal, civet
cat, panther, wild bear, etc. Categories of the Coimbatore Forest Division based on geographical
variance are the Nilgiris Slopes Reserved Forests, Plain Forests around Mettupalayam, Velliangadu
Valley, Naickenpalayam Valley, Thadagam Valley, Bolampatty Valley and Walayar Valley.
Table 4.5.1 - 4 shows the year wise forest cover of Coimbatore between 2003 and 2015. In 1997, the
Forest Area decreased as a significant amount of area was found to be under tea gardens and henceforth,
this area was excluded from the forest cover. The main reason for increase in Forest cover in 2015 is
agroforestry.
Table 4-15 Forest Cover of Coimbatore

Very Dense Mod Dense % of Geog.

Year Open Forest Total
Forest Forest Area
2003 405 833 566 1804 24.15
2005 424 825 567 1806 24.18
2009 379 951 540 1870 25.04
2011 381 922 527 1830 24.50
2013 381 932 547 1860 24.90
2015 377 943 1307 2627 35.17

f) Elephant Corridors
The Coimbatore Forest Division forms part of the core zone of
the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR). It passes significant
numbers of elephant population and is among the eleven
Elephant Reserves in India and one among four in Tamil Nadu.

Figure 4-26 Forest Cover

Source: State of Forest Reports, Tamil Nadu

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One of the highest human-elephant conflict areas in India due to constant human interference by various
LULC (Land Use Land Cover) changes in elephant migratory routes. Fragmentation or destruction of
contiguous forest into three separate landscapes as Anaimalai, Periyar, and Agasthyamalai. More than
70 human deaths have occurred due to elephants in the last decade.

• High Conflict Zones

Fringe areas of Boluvampatti Block-II, Kallar, Kovaiputhur, Madukkarai, Sirimugai, Sadivayal and
Thadagam villages. The region is prone to frequent crop raids by the elephants. Records showed that
the forest department had paid more than INR 1.5 million (US$35,000) as compensation, for 300 crop
raids during 2009–10. Discussions with local farmers suggested that peak elephant raids occur
immediately after the northeast monsoon and lasts until early March, which coincides with the
migratory season of elephants. The main conflict zones are -
Jaccanari - Vedar Colony Corridor
Kallar - Jaccanari Corridor
Kallar- Nellithurai Corridor
Anakatti - Veerapandi Corridor
Maruthamalai -Thanikandi Corridor
Kalkothi - Walyar Corridor

• Causes of Human-elephant conflict

The main causes of human-elephant conflict are agriculture expansion in the corridors, existing and
proposed highways crossing the corridors, vehicular traffic along the Ooty-Coimbatore road.
Development of private lands next to the corridors, development of forest land for plantations and
hydroelectric project, increasing number of brick kilns, due to huge demand of construction materials,
in the outskirts of the city in the Thadagam Valley.

4.4.1.6 Watershed
Coimbatore is blessed with rivers and lakes that are home to a variety of biodiversity and recharge the
groundwater. The main sources of surface water in Coimbatore are Noyyal, Bhavani, Amravathi, Aliyar
and Palar.
Coimbatore lies within the extent of watershed of the Noyyal River Basin. It consists of a network of
lakes and canals. Currently, there are 24 lakes in Coimbatore in the Noyyal River Basin. The main River
basins are the Cauvery River Basin and ParambikulamAliyar Basin. Cauvery basins. Bhavani, Noyyal,
Amaravathi, Parambikulam- Aliyar and Valparaiare the sub basins.

4.4.2 Man-made Resources

4.4.2.1 Physical Infrastructure
4.4.2.1.1 Transport Network

Road
Coimbatore is well connected by roadway, railway and airway with neighbour part of the country. It
lies on the latitude and longitude of 10.99416° N, 76.96631° E. The Coimbatore is well connected to
major urban centres through roads i.e Chennai-508 km, Bengaluru-363 km, Kochi-188 km and

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Tiruchirappalli-217 km. There are three major highway corridors are passing through centre heart of
city.
NH47 Avinashi Road – towards Salem leading to Bangalore and Chennai

NH47 Palakkad Road – towards Kochi

NH67 Trichy Road

NH67 Mettupalayam Road–towards Kerala

NH209 Sathy Road–towards Satyamanglam

NH209 Pollachi Road

These national highways have high passengers and freight traffic on these roads due to imports and
exports of goods and services to various towns and cities in terms of motors parts production, textile
industrialisation etc and these also roads provided good connectivity to surrounding areas of Tamil
Nadu as a Industrial corridor as well as defence corridor for increasing the production and balancing
the regional connectivity throughout the state. The road connectivity to surrounding area is given in
map.

Rail
Coimbatore is also well connected by rail connectivity by broad gauge. The city lies on southern railway
zone. The railways connectivity of Coimbatore is well connected to every cities of the country. It
majorly connects Bangalore, Trichy, Chennai, New Delhi, Mumbai and other region of country directly.
The major railway stations in Coimbatore are Coimbatore Junction, Irugur, Singanallur, Peelamedu,
Pudunur, Vellalore and Coimbatore North. Coimbatore also serves a toy train journey of narrow gauge
for passengers to reach Ooty as it runs between Mettupalayam to Udagamandalam.
Air
Coimbatore is an international airport it serves good connectivity to various parts of country and lies in
the north east direction of the city periphery which connects flights directly to Chennai, Mumbai,
Ahmadabad, Kolkata New Delhi and Internationally it connects Sharjah and Singapore directly as most
of the industrialist comes on a regular basis from these countries to invest in Coimbatore for industries.
Due to the rapid industrialisation and education hub development in cities, it also increases the number
of passengers from various nations to the Coimbatore every year which gives more emphasis on
improvement in terms of international connectivity and infrastructure to because it grows ten percent
every year in term of both passenger and cargo movement.
4.4.2.1.2 Connectivity

The city and metropolitan area are served by major National and State highways that run either in an
east-west or north-south direction. Avinashi Road is one of congested and busiest road as most of the
traffic moves towards Salem, Erode and Chennai of passenger as well as freight movement. Other
arterials include Trichy Road (Central-Southeast), Mettupalayam Road (North-South), Sathy Road
(South-North East), Palakkad Road (East-West), Pollachi Road (North-South) and Thadagam Road
(east-west). Maruthamalai Road starts at the intersection of Lawley Road Junction and
connects Vadavalli and extends up to Maruthamalai foothills. Other roads include 100 feet road,
Bharatiyar Road, Dr.Nanjappa Road, Balasundarum Road, Crosscut Road in Gandhipuram Area,
Diwhan Bahadhur Road(DB Road), TV Swamy Road, Brooke Bond Road in RS Puram Areas, Race
Course Road etc.

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NH – 47 – Avinashi Road Map 4-13 Road Map

NH 67 – Trichy Road
NH 209 – Pollachi Road
TSNTC – operates Moffusil and town bus
service, seven bus terminal operates and
managed by CMC.
Traffic Volume Count
On analysing the Traffic Volume count of different roads,
it is deduced that Avinashi Road and Trichy road is
having very high Traffic volume both crossing 65000
vehicles daily. This high volume of traffic movement
suggests introduction of efficient public transport system
on these reads for seamless mobility of the passengers.
It is depicted that major flow of commercial vehicles is
transverse through the Trichy Road and Avinashi road
because these roads provide local as well as regional
connectivity to the major urban centres of the state.

Chettipalayam - Maddukkarai Road

Nanjundapuram Road

Avinashi Road Flyover

Sastri Road RUB

Kannusamy Gr. Street

Vellakinar Privu to Vellakinar Road

NGGO Colony to Idigarai Road

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000

Total no. of passenger vehicles Total no. of Goods vehicle Total no of slow moving vehicle
Figure 4-27 Traffic volume per day
Source: CMP 2015

On studying the hourly variation in traffic volume on various roads peak hour has been identified which
observed to be 8:00 am to 9:00 am on Thadagam road it is also observed that Pollachi Road observed
to have slightly higher PCU level during 2: am to 6:00 am because of the movement of freight vehicles,
again there is increase in PCU during 5:00 pm to 6:00 pm which is peak for evening.

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 Figure 4-28 Traffic volume in PCUs

Source: CMP 2015

Trip length
Total average trip length in the region is 10.7km. It is observed that in access trips, buses are the most
preferred modes for community to longer distances followed by auto rickshaw and taxi while in prime
trips, other than buses, two wheelers and cars are also added up in the preference to commute to larger
distances. Dispersal trips is very much similar to access trips.
For short commuter travel, cycle and walk are most preferred modes.

Taxi 3.5
Auto Rikshaw 2.73
Walk 0.5
Cycle 1.18
Mini Bus 2.93
Bus 4.64
Car 2.23
2-wheelar 2.29

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

2-wheelar Car Bus Mini Bus Cycle Walk Auto Rikshaw Taxi

Figure 4-29 Average distance of travel: Access trips distance

Source: CMP 2015

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 Taxi 6
Auto Rikshaw 3.72
Walk 0.75
Cycle 2.87
Mini Bus 5.6
Bus 10.3
Car 9.58
2-wheelar 7.33

0 2 4 6 8 10 12
2-wheelar Car Bus Mini Bus Cycle Walk Auto Rikshaw Taxi
Figure 4-30 Average distance of travel: Dispersal trips distance

Source: CMP 2015

Taxi 3.8
Auto Rikshaw 2.15
Walk 0.44
Cycle 1.45
Mini Bus 3.01
Bus 4.06
Car 2.25
2-wheelar 2.28

0 1 2 3 4 5
2-wheelar Car Bus Mini Bus Cycle Walk Auto Rikshaw Taxi
Figure 4-31 Average distance of travel: Prime trips distance

Source: CMP 2015

Modal Split and Trip Purpose

After analysis it should be noted that large share of population prefers to walk for most of their trips
taken accounting to 43% following using public transport and auto rickshaw which accounts to 27%
and 23% respectively. It is observed that though the ownership of private vehicles is increasing with
income, the share of motorized private trips is less than 20-30%.
On analysing the Passenger characteristics, it is observed that majority of the trips are taken for work
and education purpose accounting to 30% and 23% respectively. Business trips are also high in the
region due to emphasis more on local and regional connectivity integrated with the education hub as
well as industrialisation in the city region which accounts to 16%.

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 1%
6%1% 8%
9% Work
20% 2 WHEELER 27% Business 30%
CAR 4%
BUS Education
CYCLE 10% Social
WALK Recreational
AUTO RIKSHAW 2% Religion
TAXI
Others 16%
23%
43%

Figure 4-32 Modal Split Figure 4-33 Trip Purpose

Source: CMP 2015

As per the data from RTO, it shows that most of passengers prefer to use private transport rather than
public transport because due to the lack of frequency of buses and integrated transport land use as well
as waiting time for public transport due to traffic congestion.
Registered Vehicles

45000
Number of Vehicles

40000
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0

2010-11 2013-14 2015-16 2016-17

Figure 4-34 Registered commercial vehicles

Source: TNSTC

It is observed from comparative study of previous years trend that commercial vehicles specially ‘Lorry’
and motor cycles are getting registered at a very high rate followed by light commercial vehicles and
IPT modes including autorickshaws, taxi and cabs. The ownership of scooter and moped is decreasing
from 2012-2017.

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 2000000
1800000
Number of Vehicles

1600000
1400000
1200000
1000000
800000
600000
400000
200000
0

2010-11 2013-14 2015-16 2016-17

Figure 4-35 Registered non-commercial vehicles

Source: TNSTC

Capacity (V/C)
Map 4-14 Volume Count
On analysing the volume capacity of the roads on outer
cordon we observed that NH 67 is having high V/C value
reaching to 0.84 and also NH 47 is also having high V/C
value reaching 0.88 which suggest that they have traffic
volume reaching to the brim and require urgent road
widening or introduction of public transport system.

27500
25000
22500
No. OF PCUs

20000
17500
15000
12500
10000
7500
5000
2500
0

Total no. of passenger vehicles

Total no. of Goods vehicle
Figure 4-36 Total PCU at outer cordon

Source: TNSTC

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After analysing the Passenger car unit (PCU’s) at outer cordon on NH 67 and NH 47 are having higher
PCU level because they are acting as a regional road network. Hence a large number of passenger-
carrying as well as freight vehicles movement on this road. Due to the heavy urbanisation,
industrialisation and ever-increasing Educational hub development in the area, the traffic is increasing
rapidly from the current state to the next level. Keeping in this present scenario and the future needs of
the area, proper measures or strategies needed to be taken on this specific road.
Speed & delay survey and Accidents Map 4-15 Speed and Delay

The maximum speed & delay for peak hours is at Avinashi,

Thondamuthur, mettupalayam and Trichy road, here the
speed is less than 21km/hr.

Figure 4-37 Speed and delay for peak hours

Source: TNSTC

The maximum blackspots where most of the fatal and non-fatal accidents took place is at Avinashi road,
Trichy road and Sathy road.
14000
5883 5813
Number Of Accidents

5588 5739
12000 5076 5240
4706
10000
8000
4061 4308 4372 4365
3511 3681 3879
6000
4000
1195 1527 1395 1361 1431 1511 1448
2000
0
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Fatal Non-Fatal Total Accidents
Figure 4-38 Accidents in Coimbatore
Source: Coimbatore traffic police

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Bus Terminal
Map 4-16 Desire lines of Bus stands
There are 8 bus depots and 13 bus terminals within the
Coimbatore.
It is observed that Ukkadam Bus stand and Town bus
terminal are having highest bus passenger inflow and
outflow. Both the terminals play a crucial role in
providing connectivity to the city. City public transport
system run from same terminals and because of this they
have high inflow and outflow of passengers for Ukkadam
Bus terminal the inflow and outflow are beyond 1,00,000
passengers per day.

Valparai Bus Stand

Pollachi Bus Stand
Karamadai Bus Stand
Annur Bus Stand
Town Bus Terminal
Ukkadam Bus Terminal
Mettupalayam Road- Bus terminal
0 50000 100000

Passengers Outflow (Daily) Passengers Inflow (Daily)

Figure 4-39 Entry-Exit at bus terminals

Source: CMP 2015
Footpath Coverage
The share of commuters that prefer walking as their mode of access and dispersal trips is 43%. (Figure
1) A comprehensive network needs to be developed for to encourage the pedestrian environment. All
categories of roads require a footpath along with other 1%
1%
pedestrian facilities and infrastructure. Another 6%
important point to be considered is that awareness should
be stirred among owners of private land to cooperate in
maintaining the continuity of pedestrian walkways. 20% 27%

For the purpose of security and safety of the pedestrians,

such planning and designing of pedestrian infrastructure
2%
should be encouraged that would regulate traffic and
speed reduction. This can be done by reserving some 43%
routes for more NMT mode of transport, reducing
2 WHEELER CAR BUS
volume of vehicles on road to find space for safe walking CYCLE WALK AUTO RIKSHAW
reduced risk of accidents through collisions. TAXI
Figure 4-40 Footpath coverage
Source: CMP 2015

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Footpath
The figures below give an idea of the share of pedestrian movement in city and accordingly footpath
tracks need to be laid at such locations.
5% 2% 1% 1%

17%
20%
6%
48%
34%
10% 18%

12%
26%
1 Walk 2 Cycle
Walk Cycle
3 Cycle Rickshaw 4 Auto Rickshaw
Auto Rickshaw Bus
5 Bus 6 Car
Figure 4-42 Distribution of Passenger Trips by Mode of Travel Figure 4-41 Distribution of Passenger Trips by Mode of
to & from the Railway Stations Travel to % from the Bus Terminals

Source: CMP 2015

Minimum usable width of pedestrian tracks should be 1.8m and 2.5 meters respectively for residential
and commercial areas.

• Footpaths are required along major mobility corridors like Pollachi main road, Chetti Street,
Arasampalayam road of Coimbatore.

• Footpaths are also required along major bus routes and in railway station area.

• Footpath design needs to be universal with level footpaths, kerb ramps, Pedestrian Refuges on
Medians, tactile paving etc.
Grade Separation
Grade separated pedestrian crossing are needed to be provided at where there is high possibility of
pedestrian-vehicle conflict. Grade separation could be in the form of Zebra crossing, subways, Pelican
crossing, Pedestrian refuges and special signalling system for pedestrian movement.
Grade separated pedestrian crossing have been proposed at the following locations-
In Coimbatore- CMC Hospital on Trichy Road
Coimbatore Railway Station
Near Krishnamal College at Avinashi Road
Near Hopes College at Avinashi Road
Peelamedu Railway Crossing
Ukkadam City Bus Stand
Mettupalayam Road – Kavundampalayam Junction
Mettupalayam Road – Home Science College
Mettupalayam Road Bus Stand
In Mettupalayam- Mettupalayam Bus Stand

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Cycle Track Coverage
For sustainable development, cycle tracks have been proposed along many roads to encourage NMT.
Facilities for NMV include cycle tracks of 2.0 – 2.5 m need to be provided. To improve NMV facilities,
cycle tracks have been proposed at the following locations:
Table 4-16 Proposed Links for Cycle Tracks Phase 1

Sl.
Road Name Length (km)
No.
Coimbatore
1 Ukkadam Sungam Bypass Road 1.610
2 Kannampalayam Road 0.713
3 Poosaripalayam Link Road 0.569
4 Ramamurthy to Perur Road 1.411
5 Perur Bypass 1.793
6 Link Road (between Avinashi and Sowripalayam Road along Odai
2.088
Channel)
7 Codissia Road 1.320
8 Gandhima Nagar 2.011
9 FCI Road 1.289
10 Rabindranath Tagore Road 2.560
11 Sangaralinganar Road 0.963
12 Palakkad to Pollachi 1.551
13 Pollachi Road (Up to Eastern Bypass) 6.600
14 Podanur Road 0.555
15 Palakkad (Western Ring Road to Eastern Ring Road) 5.100
Mettupalayam
16 Mettupalayam – Sirumugai road till Sathymangalam, Mettupalayam 28.000
17 Mettupalayam – Thekkampatti road leading to Badarakaliamman Koil,
9.500
Mettupalayam
Pollachi
18 Meenkarai Road from junction to 3.6 Kms length, Pollachi 3.600
19 Palakkad Road from junction to 3.4 Km, Pollachi 3.400
20 Udumalpet Road from State Bank to Raja Mill Road, Pollachi 1.000
Source: Coimbatore Comprehensive Mobility Plan

Map 4-17 Proposed Cycle Tracks along the Water Bodies and Foot over
Bridges Types of Parking
(On-street/Off-street)
The population growth of Coimbatore
region is rapid which includes both
natural and migration based. But the
increment in the road and parking
infrastructure is not in the same
proportion and this leads to on-street
parking and congestion on roads. Work
and business centres, shopping
complexes and tourist attractions are
Source: Coimbatore Comprehensive Mobility Plan major generators of parking demand.
Parking demand should be established by
a manual count of each vehicle type
where there is significant on-street
Source: Coimbatore Comprehensive Mobility Plan parking occurs. According to surveys

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conducted for a period of 12 hours continuously in such areas. The result of the survey showed that
parking up to lengths of 0.75 m on road is seen in areas at Oppankara Street that has a total share of 5%
on road.
Table 4-17 Parking Characteristics Coimbatore

Parking Parking
Maximum PEAK Parking >1 >2
SL. Length
Road Stretch Accumulation HOUR <= Hour & Hour &
NO. (km)
(PCU) SHARE 1Hour <=2 <=3
Hours Hours
1 Townhall 1 24 5% 28% 44% 28%
2 Oppanakara Street 0.75 39 5% 34% 33% 33%
3 D.B. Road 0.5 78 6% 34% 33% 33%
4 Cross Cut Road 1 54 6% 34% 33% 33%
PSG Technology
5 0.4 122 5% 37% 25% 38%
(Avinashi Road)
6 Raja Street 0.9 143 4% 33% 33% 34%
7 Nanjappa Road 0.8 161 4% 29% 43% 29%
Hopes College
8 0.6 108 5% 33% 33% 34%
Junction
Near Railway
9 0.2 66 4% 33% 33% 34%
Station
Mettupalayam Road
10 0.15 50 5% 33% 33% 34%
(Ganga Hospital)
Source: Coimbatore Comprehensive Mobility Plan

Rail
Table 4-18 Railway Parking Charges

S.No. Time Slab Tariff (Rs.)

1 Upton 1 hour 50
2 Above 1 hours up to 2 hours 100
3 Above 2 hours up to 4 hours 200
4 Above 4 hours up to 8 hours 300
5 Above 8 hours up to 12 hours 400
6 Above 12 hours Not permitted
Free for 10 minutes
Source: Railway parking office

Table 4-19 Railway Leased Parking Charges

Capacity of
S.No. Vehicle Type Charges per 6 months (Rs.)
parking
1 Auto stand 180 3200 per 6 months of whole auto union
2 Ola cabs 25 up to 50 lakhs
3 Red taxi parking 10 up to 50 lakhs
Leased parking for rented 20 3776 for six month per taxi
4
taxi
Submitted in southern railway finance department
Source: Railway parking office

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Air
The parking is available at the airport for 2-wheelers, three wheelers, four wheelers and mini four
wheelers at hourly basis as shown in below table.
Table 4-20 Airport Parking Charges

Mode Hours Fees (Rs.)

Two-Wheeler 2 15
24 125
Three-Wheeler 2 55
24 165
Mini Four-Wheeler 2 55
24 165
Four-Wheeler 2 60
24 180
Free Parking for 7min
Source: Coimbatore Airport

Parking Management
Components of Parking Management System

• Parking Management Software –The software ties in all the components of the Parking
management system.
• Automated Access control system – The parking management system well tied up with the
Access control system like Automatic gates, barrier controls, ticketing systems etc.
• Enabling Fool Proof Security –The security features include tying in with RFID based entry
exit, Under Vehicle Scan system & DELOPT’s proprietary License Plate recognition systems.
• Automated Fee systems – Easy configuration of parking management software to configure
Fee payments depending on the duration or exclude payment of fee based on management
issued passes. Assign customers as prepaid, post-paid.
• Statistical reporting software – Generate hourly, weekly, monthly & yearly reports. It up to 12
reports with

o Revenue based
o License Plate recognition-based reports
o Access card based (Pre-paid, Post Paid)

• Real-time Vehicle counting –The vehicle counting system constitutes of a non-intrusive vision-
based vehicle counting system. This will be installed in every level such that the management
gets real time knowledge of the number of cars present in every level.
• Real time parking guidance display –Display boards displays the number of empty slots at every
level.
• Video Surveillance (optional) –An optional multi camera video surveillance system can be
integrated into solution.
• DVR (optional) – The video surveillance data, License plate videos, Under Vehicle
Surveillance videos can be archived on a DVR.

Issues
The urban centers of Coimbatore experiences high degree of dependence on neighbouring areas (both
inter and intra district) pertaining to its large number of primary, secondary and tertiary industries for

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raw material, labour and exports, creating an immense pressure on the existing transit system and
creating a demand for more efficient and rapid mobility.
Efficiency
Time consumed for communing in the region (inter and intra) is high which somehow deters the growth
and development of the region as it causes delay in import of raw material and export of final goods by
roadways refer Speed Delay Analysis. The reason for this being traffic congestion and large number of
people still preferring and promoting private vehicles (refer fig.4-32 for modal split) according to
Census 2011. The ‘Cash-rich, time-poor’ society of Coimbatore faces a lack of Public Transport system,
NMT, intermodal connectivity.
Ribbon development along the transportation corridors is likely to create problems in future. This
problem is observed all the major radials moving towards the city Centre. These include Mettupalayam
Road, Sathymangalam Road (NH-209), Vilankurichi Road, Avinashi Road (NH-47), Sulur Road (NH-
67), Pollachi Road/ Kurichi Road, Perur Road/ Siruvani Road, Thondamuthur Road, Maruthamalai
Road, Thadagam Road. Inappropriate Land Regulation has resulted in rampant encroachment as
observed in CBD areas and along the outskirts of the city. Further, illegal on-street parking is observed
on some stretches which reduces the actual carrying capacity of the carriageway. The existing traffic
and travel pattern on major urban roads through TVC count at cordons can be seen in map 4-14. Which
tells us about the increasing traffic pressure on major corridors and intersections.
Sustainability
On-Road Transportation Sector is the contributing maximum of 43% to the total GHG emissions,
followed by Manufacturing Industry and Construction Sector, which also contributes to 32% in
Coimbatore (Refer Figure-1). On a Business-as-Usual scenario without focused interventions to
improve quality and capacity of Public Transport, the share of Public Transport could fall sharply
adding to congestion, deterioration in road-use experience and delays in travel times demanding more
sustainable, reliable cost-efficient mobility options.

5% 8% 1%
21%
43% 17% 42%
7%
3% 32%
10% 11%

Industries Dust Waste On-Road Transport Manufacturing Industry

DGST Brick Kiln Transport Residential Commercial and Institutional
Waste
Figure 4-43 Total PM2.5 Emissions
Figure 4-44 Sector-wise Share of GHG emission in
Coimbatore (2015)

Source: Urban Emissions Source: Capacities India

Figure below shows spatial data on areas to be addressed with high PM2.5 amount. This shows the
potential threat to the environment and health of the residents in future.

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 Map 4-18 Gridded (1Km x 1Km) PM2.5 Emissions (2015)

Source: UrbanEmissions.org

Public Transport Facilities

Bus Terminal or stops located in city centres (Gandhipuram and Ukkadam) are not adequately
connected to ensure interchange trips, leading to congestion in the Central Business District area.
The Vision for Coimbatore in this sector is to enable safe, efficient and sustainable mobility of citizens
and goods throughout Coimbatore district, addressing both inter and intra-city transportation needs,
while optimizing travel times and costs, through provision of a seamless, modern and efficient high
capacity Public Transit System, while addressing the needs of pedestrian and non-motorized transport
needs comprehensively.
The existing transport infrastructure is slowly reaching its capacity and for the city to sustain the rapid
development, there is a strong need to improve the infrastructure. Majority of Short-Term Improvement
Plans have been curated in order to maximize the utilization of existing transport infrastructure, giving
just interim relief to maintain acceptable level of service to traffic.
O-D surveys indicate that nearly 23% of traffic on Avinashi Road corridor is on account of External-
External Traffic looking for ring roads to surpass urban spaces. Non-availability of Integrated Freight
Complexes for this industrial city causes avoidable congestion.
Goods/cargo movement
The goods movement through roads is effectively carried by different goods carrier companies which
function independently. It was observed that many such companies were located in core residential
areas, due to which they themselves face problems regarding three-wheeler movement in the area.

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Rail Transport and Connectivity
a. Railway Passenger Movement Map 4-19 Railway Passenger Movement

Coimbatore is one of the major railway junctions

followed by Coimbatore north railway station,
Mettupalayam railway station and Pollachi railway
station. Most of the passenger movement from rail to
other cities in India from Coimbatore is majorly noted as
Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Guwahti, Haryana, Punjab,
Indore, Kochi, Pallakad and Kolkata as most of the
passengers usually commute or travelled from
Coimbatore.
It is also observed that a heavy passenger flow to 59000
daily with in flow is 30000 and outflow 29000.

Source: Coimbatore Railways

b. Passenger Flow in the Terminals
On an average, 50,000 passenger movement per day will be noted as per the data of Railway division
of Coimbatore for the passenger movement from terminals or stops. At Coimbatore railway station with
two directional terminals which are Coimbatore North Railway station and Mettupalayam railway
station sharing about 9000 and 6000 passenger flow daily.

Entry-Exit counts at railway Stations

Mettupalayam Railway station

Coimbatore North railway station

Coimbatore Railway station

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000

Passengers Outflow (Daily) Passengers Inflow (Daily)

Figure 4-45 Railway Passenger Movement

Source: CMP 2015

c. Trip Purpose
In Railways on analysing the trip purpose it is analysed that major share is for work, followed by
shopping and business 60% of passengers are daily commuters while 40 % are Inter district movement.

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 5%3%
10%
38% 40%
11%
60%
15%
18%
Work Shopping
Bussiness Social Intra District Inter District

Figure 4-46 Trip purpose

Source: Coimbatore Railways

d. Import and export

Coimbatore owing to availability of various large- and small-scale industries has a lot of freight
movement through railways. The inward movement of goods in Coimbatore through railways is from
Delhi, UP, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, MP, Assam, Nagaland, West Bengal, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Daman
Diu, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Whereas the
outward movement of freight from Coimbatore railway station is towards the following listed stations:
Delhi, UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, MP, Assam, Nagaland, West Bengal, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Daman and Diu,
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Puducherry and Kerala. The tables and maps
below show the inward and outward goods being transported to the various stations across India.
Table 4-21 Matrix showing types of goods being imported from various places

Cities Type of Goods

Delhi

UP

Bihar

Jharkhand

MP

Assam

Nagaland

West Bengal

Gujarat

Rajasthan

Daman Diu

Maharashtra

Karnataka

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Telangana

Andhra
Pradesh

Puducherry

Kerala

Ready
Plastic Milk Thread, Electric
Vessels Machinery Eggs Vegetables made Chips
goods products Rubber goods
goods
Source: Railway parcel office, Coimbatore

Map 4-20 Outward movement of commodities Map 4-21 Inward movement of commodities

Source: Railway parcel office, Coimbatore Source: Railway parcel office, Coimbatore

Table 4-22 Matrix showing types of goods being imported from various places

Cities Type of Goods

Delhi

UP

Chhattisgarh

Jharkhand

MP

Assam

Nagaland

West Bengal

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Gujarat

Rajasthan

Daman Diu

Maharashtra

Karnataka

Telangana

Andhra
Pradesh

Tamil Nadu

Kerala

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 Current year 2017 Corresponding year 2016
Mo
nth No. of Weight in Amo No. of Weight in Amo
Commodity
parcels quintal unt Parcels quintal unt
Handloom 1458 10700
712 393 3794 2863
clothes 30 60
Cotton and
hosiery goods
3777
Milk products 616 280 222 140 18239
8
Grinder and 2208 10583
2010 720 1337 523
motors 14 8
Furniture
Registered
1003 86 6539 467 163 15207
newspaper
2475
Vessels 139 117 416 388 86754
5
1192 14214
Vegetables 5747 2259 6181 2336
014 20
5863 17868
Eggs 6264 926 7207 1261
49 11
2593 28999
Aug Two wheelers 339 1017 458 1346
48 9
Other/Miscellane 3031 34758
14338 8129 22809 8704
ous 940 16
5505 82701
Total 3168 13927 42891 17724
367 44
Luggage local 7236
483 268 461 218 65333
and Foreign 6
HCD Local and
50 29 6483 53 14 5891
\foreign
2752 59904
Others/Misc.
00 9
1220 11695
AGC/SLR Lease 8440 9210
232 10
2752 66194
VPH/VPU Lease 460 920
00 4
7579 10771
Grand Total 3701 23124 43405 28086
912 871

Handloom 3205 12401

1188 792 4009 4329
clothes 75 78
Cotton and
hosiery goods
3033
Milk products 566 257 299 222 29750
0
Grinder and 4544
2406 938 914 343 81948
motors 49
Sept Furniture
Registered
835 65 5990 421 104 4944
newspaper
1044 98640
Vessels 226 1550 20750 5363
805 74
2074
Vegetables 5856 166 342 510 69277
7
1081 18179
Eggs 19244 2886 10657 1600
732 3

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 2921 39353
Two wheelers 206 618 384 1182
06 2
Other/Miscellane 2739 23536
10666 5333 9000 4641
ous 808 88
5998 92191
Total 41193 12555 46776 12894
542 84
Luggage local 5893
554 410 498 235 80884
and Foreign 8
HCD Local and
30 12 6841 41 1182 3630
\foreign
5114 66714
Others/Misc.
31 1
1273 99720
AGC/SLR Lease 10140 8430
870 4
6880 62101
VPH/VPU Lease 1150 920
00 6
8537 11649
Grand Total 41777 24267 47315 27891
622 060

Handloom 4138 12920

1653 910 5458 420
clothes 10 79
Cotton and
hosiery goods
4015
Milk products 446 245 332 217 39536
1
Grinder and 3070 12500
1965 776 1095 502
motors 62 5
Furniture
Registered
791 58 5692 393 17 4230
newspaper
2569
Vessels 198 162 349 336 62477
0
6337 18270
Vegetables 3808 1100 8226 3504
67 04
1162 96915
Oct Eggs 9792 1560 10785 1599
895 4
3151 35667
Two wheelers 354 1062 378 1134
06 8
Other/Miscellane 2293 30252
11375 6234 19758 8303
ous 959 14
5198 77013
Total 30382 12107 46774 16032
132 77
Luggage local 6627
437 282 571 237 70592
and Foreign 2
HCD Local and
53 18 6743 51 14 7125
\foreign
5693 68482
Others/Misc.
65 0
1099 10594
AGC/SLR Lease 9470 7990
027 69
5504 77627
VPH/VPU Lease 1150 1150
00 0

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 7489 10298
Grand Total 30872 23027 47396 25423
939 935

Handloom 2224 34248

753 425 921 735
clothes 32 1
Cotton and
hosiery goods
4436
Milk products 568 279 426 312 41995
3
Grinder and 3931 16673
2187 806 731 300
motors 59 5
Furniture
Registered
988 81 8497 537 183 4542
newspaper
6907
Vessels 405 290 273 187 38071
2
2618 29754
Vegetables 12864 4884 15508 5553
486 15
9932 12676
Eggs 9321 1419 11609 1807
03 76
2970 21298
Dec Two wheelers 256 768 275 825
09 7
Other/Miscellane 4156 27847
15178 3619 16218 2204
ous 45 6
5061 53283
Total 42520 12571 46498 12106
866 78
Luggage local 3708
175 146 609 267 59320
and Foreign 8
HCD Local and
51 17 5524 62 16 7904
\foreign
6684 42024
Others/Misc.
27 6
5288 95784
AGC/SLR Lease 4840 8320
52 1
6680 77627
VPH/VPU Lease 1150 1150
00 0
6989 75499
Grand Total 42746 18724 47169 23009
757 59

Handloom
clothes 2101 16831
920 500 518 436
Cotton and 95 7
hosiery goods
4415 10315
Milk products 600 275 808 271
8 7
Jan- Grinder and 2459 57222
18 1976 706 3688 1272
motors 64 3
Furniture
Registered 1169
1042 87 438 133 34078
newspaper 1
5492 20379
Vessels 406 298 1560 840
2 4

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 1105 29882
Vegetables 13584 1872 35225 5333
402 90
8866 12690
Eggs 8352 1252 11162 2294
50 32
2851 68562
Two wheelers 306 918 493 1479
04 5
Other/Miscellane 2183 44998
14551 4653 13292 1832
ous 955 6
5028 64745
Total 41737 10561 67184 13890
041 02
Luggage local 5298
253 97 586 171 76882
and Foreign 9
HCD Local and
14 4 8577 67 17 7605
\foreign
4700 37708
Others/Misc.
54 1
6982 11165
AGC/SLR Lease 5440 8070
50 60
4128 62101
VPH/VPU Lease 690 920
00 6
6670 86736
Grand Total 42004 16792 67837 23068
711 46

Handloom 3956 42010

1226 649 1194 738
clothes 42 5
Cotton and
hosiery goods
5242
Milk products 476 247 501 242 41580
3
Grinder and 2037 82143
1272 495 5012 1914
motors 90 5
Furniture
Registered
653 47 9155 781 69 6091
newspaper
3775
Vessels 269 236 451 455 73940
4
Feb- 1934 16993
Vegetables 22736 3380 14001 2382
18 938 00
7501 95881
Eggs 7117 1062 8146 1205
48 9
3239 32896
Two wheelers 301 900 351 1053
04 0
Other/Miscellane 3358 17956
21373 8115 10481 5567
ous 462 76
2066 61459
Total 55428 15131 40918 136215
217 06
Luggage local 4653
285 116 564 161 82044
and Foreign 5
HCD Local and
43 7 5900 38 9 5506
\foreign
5716 55955
Others/Misc.
21 1

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 6269 92276
AGC/SLR Lease 4720 6940
85 8
5504 62101
VPH/VPU Lease 920 920
00 6
8867 83367
Grand Total 55751 20894 41520 21655
658 91

Handloom
clothes 5152 48756
1411 855 1433 804
Cotton and 95 4
hosiery goods
3358
Milk products 494 230 492 299 52853
5
Grinder and 2472 14312
2238 857 5648 2140
motors 89 91
Furniture
Registered
862 93 9099 863 53 5693
newspaper
5064 10755
Vessels 339 286 795 649
0 1
2207 15636
Vegetables 22460 3723 14383 2085
995 35
6748 10519
Eggs 7048 1081 8472 1394
16 89
Mar 2820 45900
Two wheelers 327 981 423 1261
-18 68 5
Other/Miscellane 3223 16354
15548 5769 11725 6344
ous 078 80
7243 67950
Total 50727 13875 44234 15029
865 61
Luggage local 6221 13599
323 133 467 224
and Foreign 8 0
HCD Local and
62 12 8241 50 12 6690
\foreign
5226 70019
Others/Misc.
60 5
6958 10007
AGC/SLR Lease 5160 7740
55 18
5504 62101
VPH/VPU Lease 920 920
00 6
9083 92596
Grand Total 51112 20100 44751 23925
239 70

Handloom 9101 86573

1922 1046 2320 1538
clothes 32 2
Cotton and
hosiery goods
Apr- 4527
18 Milk products 652 313 642 301 44498
3
Grinder and 1446 54253
1234 469 3792 1743
motors 57 0
Furniture

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 Registered
822 85 6080 744 61 5822
newspaper
9655
Vessels 543 347 474 527 68330
9
2003 14969
Vegetables 26079 2415 23643 1956
503 70
3602 10021
Eggs 4199 635 9038 1167
54 19
4886 48588
Two wheelers 678 1225 530 1589
86 8
Other/Miscellane 1890 18883
10648 4652 10469 7011
ous 945 16
5946 64002
Total 46847 11187 51652 15893
089 05
Luggage local 6213
249 135 1835 3221 94197
and Foreign 5
HCD Local and
58 12 9150 72 1796 8673
\foreign
3757 61255
Others/Misc.
84 07
6602 98144
AGC/SLR Lease 4880 7120
51 4
6880 93152
VPH/VPU Lease 1150 1610
00 4
7741 90285
Grand Total 47154 17364 53559 29640
409 50

Handloom 3874 64130

2049 1152 1780 1418
clothes 63 5
Cotton and
hosiery goods
2786
Milk products 438 207 431 217 31827
7
Grinder and 2422 65707
1838 658 4785 1874
motors 84 0
Furniture
Registered
762 56 4421 823 36 6345
newspaper
May 5477
Vessels 496 389 354 357 44291
-18 4
6928 79955
Vegetables 6940 1032 7452 1298
33 0
5860 91112
Eggs 5698 928 7428 1107
10 0
3371 39910
Two wheelers 468 1404 514 1584
09 5
Other/Miscellane 2412 14635
14426 5174 9625 7591
ous 533 79
4745 49541
Total 33115 11000 33192 13761
294 92
Luggage local 4627
258 124 1686 464 99078
and Foreign 8

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 HCD Local and
66 12 7690 62 21 10676
\foreign
4922 66820
Others/Misc.
08 8
5079 11558
AGC/SLR Lease 3440 8600
28 24
5504 93152
VPH/VPU Lease 920 1380
00 4
6349 78195
Grand Total 33439 15496 34940 24226
798 02

Handloom 2166 32416

1114 450 1223 732
clothes 50 9
Cotton and
hosiery goods
2212
Milk products 330 130 565 267 41053
7
Grinder and 1551 47620
1588 526 3141 1178
motors 87 3
Furniture
Registered
571 40 4404 785 65 5252
newspaper
6378
Vessels 381 200 499 335 40452
5
5601 66879
Vegetables 2707 704 3039 916
90 0
7524 70681
Eggs 7777 800 5895 986
00 5
Jun- 3109 34148
Two wheelers 348 696 439 1377
18 30 4
Other/Miscellane 2154 24888
10870 4915 15011 7228
ous 158 51
4239 50930
Total 25686 8461 30597 13084
831 69
Luggage local 5897
294 101 1152 3525 98848
and Foreign 8
HCD Local and
60 10 7905 64 20 9707
\foreign
4722 60790
Others/Misc.
56 5
7857 82367
AGC/SLR Lease 4600 6760
23 7
6880
VPH/VPU Lease 1150
00
6252 66332
Grand Total 26040 14322 31813 23389
693 06

Handloom 3105 32416

1510 674 1223 732
clothes 58 9
Jul- Cotton and
18 hosiery goods
2245
Milk products 358 167 565 267 41053
5

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 Grinder and 4467 47620
4111 1355 3141 1178
motors 89 3
Furniture
Registered
794 69 4631 785 65 5252
newspaper
5001
Vessels 292 268 499 335 40452
9
2363 66879
Vegetables 9160 3543 3039 916
610 0
6146 70681
Eggs 6676 990 5895 986
38 5
2449 34148
Two wheelers 291 873 439 1377
92 4
Other/Miscellane 3266 24888
18810 5828 15011 7228
ous 631 51
7324 50930
Total 42002 13767 30597 13084
323 69
Luggage local 5477
473 113 1152 3525 98848
and Foreign 0
HCD Local and
40 8 3780 64 20 9707
\foreign
7399 60790
Others/Misc.
73 5
7338 82367
AGC/SLR Lease 4760 6760
62 7
5504
VPH/VPU Lease 920
00
9407 66332
Grand Total 42515 19568 31813 23389
108 06

Handloom 2839 14583

1340 718 712 393
clothes 01 0
Cotton and
hosiery goods
3152
Milk products 441 223 616 280 37778
9
Grinder and 1987 22081
1867 516 2010 720
motors 58 4
Furniture
Aug- Registered 717 49 4570 1003 86 6539
18 newspaper
3542
Vessels 320 278 139 117 24755
3
2353 11920
Vegetables 8777 3269 5747 2259
099 14
6504 58634
Eggs 6890 1032 6264 926
45 9
2480 25934
Two wheelers 296 552 339 1017
19 8
Other/Miscellane 2646 30319
12501 6181 14338 8129
ous 774 40

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 6452 55053
Total 33129 12818 3168 13927
518 67
Luggage local 3121
223 87 483 268 72366
and Foreign 5
HCD Local and
54 4 6020 50 29 6483
\foreign
7629 50026
Others/Misc.
67 4
6560 12202
AGC/SLR Lease 4400 8440
15 32
4128 27520
VPH/VPU Lease 690 460
00 0
8321 75799
Grand Total 33406 17999 3701 23124
535 12
Table 4-23 Freight details for past three years
Source: Railway parcel office, Coimbatore

Items and Weight

The main items imported include electrical goods, machinery/machinery parts, packing material, fish
and fruits (lemon, guava and other seasonal fruits). The main outward commodities are vegetables,
eggs, machinery parts, vessels, milk products, electrical goods, HLC & ready-made goods, plastic
goods, thread rubber, chips, motor cycle, paper parcel and fish.
According to the commodity wise statement of parcel office, the number of parcels, weight of parcels
and the amount generated from them are as follows:

Permissible weight
Rate structure for the luggage and parcel booking was rationalized in 2006. Earlier it was a commodity-
based structure but now the parcels are divided in 3 scales namely P, R and S. All these three types of
parcels have different prices based on distance and weight of parcels i.e. they are for different types of
parcel services.
The charge of parcels will be either done by actual weight or by weight derived on volumetric basis,
whatever is higher. Each 28-cu decimetre of volume or its fraction will be taken as equivalent to 4 kg.
In case the weight of any package exceeds 100 kgs or the outside measurements exceed 1x1x1.7m it
will come under the category of bulky article and charged at double the actual rate. However, if the
weight of parcel in volumetric basis doesn’t exceed 100 kgs, a tolerance of 10% in any one dimension
is permissible.

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The type of service and scale applicable for booking of Parcel traffic under the different categories of
service shall be as under: -
Table 4-24 Permissible weights of goods

Maximum weight (kg) Maximum dimension (m)

Broad gauge 150 2 x 1.5 x 1.25
Meter gauge 150 2 x 1.5 x 1.25
Narrow gauge 125 1.5 x 1.07 x 1
Source: Indian railways

The table below shows maximum limit free allowance; marginal allowance is admissible for carriage
of luggage in the compartment:
Table 4-25 Allowances of goods

Class Free allowance Marginal allowance Maximum quantity

(kg) (kg) permitted in kg (including
free allowance)
AC First Class 70 15 150
AC 2-Tier sleeper/First 50 10 100
class
AC 3-tier sleeper/AC 40 10 40
chair car
Sleeper class 40 10 80
Second class 35 10 70
Source: Indian railways

Revenue generated
The revenue generated according to the Railway Parcel office, Coimbatore during 2016, 2017 and 2018
was as shown in the graphs below:
25000000
20000000
15000000
10000000
5000000
0
2016-17 2017-18 2018-19

Figure 4-47 Revenue generated from export of goods

Source: Railway parcel office, Coimbatore 30000

20000

10000

0
2016-17 2017-18 2018-19

Figure 4-48 Revenue generated from import of goods

Source: Railway parcel office, Coimbatore

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Rate
As mentioned earlier, rate for freight transport is divided into three scales and have different charges
depending upon the distance to be covered and the weight of parcel. Except for less patronized trains,
Scale-L is uniformly applicable under all types of services/trains. Scale-P will be applied for parcels in
special trains. All animals in parcel vans and break vans will be charged according to Scale-L with an
addition of 25% irrespective of train category.
The luggage rules specify an allowance of 1.5 times the luggage rate if the luggage exceeds the free
allowance limit. Registered magazines and newspapers are booked at a concession of 45% at Scale-S
in all trains.
Minimum distance for charge for registered magazines and newspapers is 250 km at a minimum charge
of Rs. 2 and for all other parcels it is Rs. 30.
For Scale-R the rates have been mentioned up to 3500 km. For distances beyond this, the rate will be
calculated by adding the rate for 3500 km to the amount of variation between rates for distances between
3041-3450 km and 3451-3500 km, for every 50 km beyond 3500 km.
In case of other scales, for distances beyond 5000 km, rates will be calculated by adding Kilometers the
amount of variation between the rates in the distance slabs of 4901-4950 Kms and 4951- 5000 km, for
every 50Kilometer slab beyond 5000 km to the rate for 5000 km.
Scale L (Luggage) consists of rates for luggage from 1 kg- 100 kgs spanning from 1 km- 5000 kms with
an interval of 50 km. The minimum and maximum charges are Rs. 7.38 and Rs. 1574.66.
Scale P i.e. Premier scale rates have the same values. Minimum and maximum charges for this scale
are Rs. 4.1 and Rs. 874.81.
Scale R consists of rates for parcels from 1kg- 100 kgs with a distance slot from 1km- 3500 kms. The
minimum and maximum charges being Rs. 6.15 and Rs. 1018.37 respectively.
While calculating rates for Rajdhani/Shatabdi/Duronto trains, Parcel rates shall be charged 25% over t
he Scale‐R rates.
Standard parcel rates i.e. Scale-S consists of distance slab from 1km- 5000km for parcels of weight
ranging from 1kg- 100kg, charging from Rs 2.05 to Rs 437.41.

Capacity
To cater to the demand of capacity required for perishable freight movement, Indian railways has
developed high capacity Parcel Vans of capacity 23 tonnes, attached to the passenger trains depending
on the availability and operational feasibility. Indian railways also run special parcel trains of high
capacity specifically for fruits in demand to be transported between specific origin destination stations.

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 i. Air Transport and Connectivity

a. Passenger Movement: Coimbatore airport is the Map 4-22 Airport Passenger Movement
18th busiest airport in India and 2nd largest airport in
state in terms of passenger movement. It provides
direct connectivity across different part of India and
abroad.
It serves 15 Domestic and 3 international
destinations. he airport consists of separate
International terminal and the Domestic terminal and
handles domestic as well as international flights. The
city is connected to major hubs in South Asia, South
East Asia and Middle East through over eight
international carriers. The Airport lies around 18 km
from the city centre and is accessible by road and rail
transport services.

Coimbatore airport is 13 km away from City Centre.

It is direct connected by SITRA bus stand which is
900m away from the terminal and Gandhipuram
central bus station which is 10 km from the Airport.
Source: Coimbatore airport

Footfall
On an average, 550 passenger movement per day.

2500000
Number of Passengers

2000000

1500000

1000000

500000

0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Figure 4-49 Passenger Movement- Domestic

Source: Coimbatore Airport

Gradual increase in Passenger movement towards Airport have been observed from 2012 to 2017 for
domestic air movement. And even for international travelling,

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 200000
Number of Passengers

150000

100000

50000

0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Figure 4-50 Passenger Movement International
Source: Coimbatore Airport

b. Goods/cargo movement
Connectivity
Coimbatore, being the third largest city in Tamil Nadu, occupies more than 25,000 small, medium and
large-scale industries and textile mills. The city is famous for manufacturing and exporting goods both
at national and international levels majorly motor pump sets and various engineering goods, and thus
due to the same the city has earned the title of “Detroit of the South”. In 1930, hydroelectric plants
developed in Pykara Falls led to boom in Cotton industries and resulted to a strong economy with great
cities’ reputation as one of the industrial cities in South India.
At international level, goods are exported and imported to/from Singapore, Sharjah and Jeddah while
at domestic level, goods are majorly transported to Tier1 and Tier2 cities including big metropolitan
areas which are Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata, Indore, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune, and other
major cities having direct connectivity from Coimbatore Airport.
Items
Goods which are exported from Coimbatore includes engineering goods like machinery spare parts,
perishable items like flowers, fruits, vegetables, textile accessories, garments, dairy products, turmeric
concentrate and jewellery while items which are imported to Coimbatore majorly includes machinery
spare parts, gold bars and silver items and express carbo respectively. Error! Reference source not f
ound. shows the list of items imported and exported from Coimbatore airport.

Table 4-26 Import-Export Items

Export Import
Type of Goods

Machinery Spares
Flowers
(International)

Fruits
Vegetables
Food Items
Fabrics
Textile Accessories

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 Garments
Dairy Products
Tools and Engineering
Goods
Gold
Ayurvedic Products
Turmeric Concentrate
Jewellery
Baggage
Source: Coimbatore Airport Cargo Terminal

The type of goods majorly outbound from Coimbatore via air includes engineering goods like
machinery spares parts, perishable items like vegetables, flowers, fruits, medical equipment,
laboratory equipment, serum samples, radiology pods, electronic goods and printed matters. while,
items which are inbound to Coimbatore includes machinery spare parts, jewellery items as gold bars
and silver, and express carbo.
Table 4-27 Inbound-Outbound Items

Outbound Inbound
Machinery Spares
Flowers
Fruits
Vegetables
Food Items
Type of Goods (Domestic)

Gold Bars
Silver
Laboratory Equipment
Medical Equipment
Serum Samples
Radiology Pods
Electronic Goods
Express Carbo
Printed Matters
Source: Coimbatore Airport Cargo Terminal

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Maps below shows the movement of goods at international and domestic level respectively.
Map 4-23 Import-Export Cargo Map 4-24 Inbound-Outbound Cargo

Source: Coimbatore Airport Cargo Terminal

Quantity
Coimbatore Airport comes under 15th position in terms of cargo handling capacity. On an average, the
total cargo transported internationally is around 400 metric tons per month which includes 52% of the
perishable items. While, around an average of 850 tons of cargo gets transported per month nationally.
From
below, it can be seen that the domestic cargo movement is having an incremental growth in the year
2016-2017 and 2017-2018. It is also estimated that the total cargo is growing at a rate of 10% annually.

2011-2012
2012-2013
2013-2014 International
2014-2015 Domestic
Year

2015-2016
2016-2017
2017-2018

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

Cargo Quantity (tonnes/year)
Figure 4-51 Quantity of Cargo Per Annum

Source: Coimbatore Airport Cargo Terminal

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From above figure, it is estimated that out of total cargo transported from 2012 to 2017 at domestic
level, the maximum cargo inclination has turned in the month of October followed by March, May,
June, July, August and September. It may be due to the high demand of perishable items in these months
of festivals.

10000
9000
Cargo Quantity (tonnes)

8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Year
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Figure 4-52 Quantity of Domestic Cargo Per Month

Source: Coimbatore Airport Cargo Terminal

Discussing on International cargo movement it can be seen that the total cargo exported and imported
has been declined from past years but has an inclination in the year of 2017 with major focus in the
month of July and December. The decrease in cargo movement may be due to the improper international
connectivity from Coimbatore airport.

Rate
The charges for various categories of goods has been decided by the cargo terminal of Coimbatore. It
can be seen that the general and perishable items are exported at lower prices as compared to the special
items while in case of import, the charges for perishable and special items are higher. It can also be seen
that demurrage charges for perishable items which are imported to Coimbatore are highest than other
items.

Table 4-28 Rate of Movement per kg

Terminal, Storage & Processing Charge Demurrage Charge

General 0.86 5.73 0.88 3.33

Special 1.70 1.74 6.64

11.45
Perishable/Valuable 0.86 0.88 13.27

Export Import Export Import

Source: Coimbatore Airport Cargo Terminal
The terminal has fixed up the minimum consignment rates for different items. The rates for special
items exporting from terminal is highest while the items that are importing in Coimbatore, consignment

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rates are set high for both special as well as perishable items. Minimum consignment rates for
demurrage charges are set high in perishable items which are importing to the Coimbatore terminal.

Table 4-29 Minimum Rate per Consignment

Terminal, Storage & Processing Charge Demurrage Charge

General 145 156 145 376

Special 284 284 741

307
Perishable/Valuable 145 145 1482

Export Import Export Import

Source: Coimbatore Airport Cargo Terminal

Capacity
The existing capacity of the airport terminal is getting short because of high movement of passenger
and cargo movement; hence expansion of runway is required.

4.4.2.1.3 Water and Sewerage System

Water Supply
The water supply system in Coimbatore is for an existing population of 34.58 lakh which is projected
to rise to 45.41 lakh till 2041. The area of Coimbatore district is 4723 sq. km. In the existing scenario,
Coimbatore is largely dependent on rivers like Siruvani, Pillur and Bhavani for the water supply. Other
surface sources are both unsuitable and inefficient for the drinking water supply as well as irrigation.
The total capacities of different sources of water in various talukas of the district are tabulated below:
Table 4-30 Total capacity of different water sources

S.no. Name of taluk Total capacity of different water sources

1 Coimbatore(N) 292.55

2 Annur 144.74

3 Coimbatore (S) 274.86

4 Mettupalyam 85.52

5 Pollachi 309.28

6 Kinathukadavu. 11.07

7 Sulur 300.93

8 Valparai -

9 Madukkarai 655.23
Source: (CMC, 2016-2017)

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Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board (TWAD) Map 4-25 Location of various dams in
Coimbatore
supplies the drinking water up to the municipal boundary
and further distribution is done by the municipal bodies.
The various dams which are source of drinking water supply in
this region are: Siruvani Dam (Kerala), Pillur Dam, Alliyar
Dam, Sholayar Dam and Nirar Dam and these have been
marked on the map.
From the service level benchmark for Coimbatore, it is evident
that the water supply coverage is about 85% but the quality of
water supplied in the city is 85% as compared to 100% quality
checked water being supplied to towns like Mettupalayam and
Pollachi. Probable reasons behind this may be greater
population and inadequate or inefficient water treatment
facility.
Many fishes died due to sewage leakage in Valanakulam Lake
near Ukkadam sewage treatment plant.
Source: Coimbatore District Handbook

Sanitation
The overall scenario of Sanitation for the region may be described as poor to moderate (In terms of
Service level benchmarking). In Coimbatore, the sewage network coverage is about 60% while in
second category of towns like Pollachi, Mettupalayam, Valparai and Sulur, a centralized sewage system
is absent. These discharge their waste into lakes or rivers without treatment. This not only causes
unhygienic living conditions but are also responsible for polluting surface and underground water
sources. The marine ecosystem is adversely affected. The polluted water percolates in the earth and
pollutes the underground water as well. Unplanned and uncontrolled urbanization and poor assessment
of infrastructure needs has affected the environment. While addressing the issues of infrastructure,
economy shall also be taken into consideration. Use of smart technology is also essential.

4.4.2.1.4 Solid Waste Management

The solid waste is heterogeneous and commingled. The trends seen are the proportion of putrescible
organic matter is greater in low income countries than those of high income. The proportion of paper
and plastic waste is more with increasing national income & population, which shows that waste density
is a function of national income. Moisture content is also higher in low income countries. The
composition of waste in a given urban centre varies significantly with socioeconomic status (household
income).

The factors influencing the waste quantities are income, population, social behaviour, climate, industrial
production, consumer behaviour and high standard of living.
a. Sources of solid waste
Solid waste means solid or semi solid domestic waste, sanitary waste, commercial waste, institutional
waste, catering and market waste and other non-residential wastes, street sweepings, silt removed or
collected from surface drains, horticulture waste, agriculture and dairy waste, treated bio-medical waste
excluding industrial waste, bio-medical waste and e-waste, battery waste, radio-active waste generated
in the area under the local authorities. Industrial waste is collected by CPCB authorised agencies in
Coimbatore.

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 Table 4-31 Sources of Waste Generation in Coimbatore, Mettupalayam & Pollachi

Coimbatore (TPD) Mettupalayam (TPD) Pollachi (TPD)

Total population 3458045 69213 90124

Total Generated waste 900 32 43

No. of household 495685 17076 22063

Total collected waste 720 24 43

Generation per capita (gm) 505 347 409

No. of wards 72 33 36

Domestic waste 720 17 30

Commercial waste NA 4 6

Industrial waste 234 2 5

Silt waste 135 1 2

Wet waste NA 10 26

Dry waste NA 14 17

Plastic waste (TPW) 400 NA 8.16

Biomedical waste 4 NA 0.58

Slaughter House Waste 51 NA NA

Source: Coimbatore City Municipal Corporation, Mettupalayam & Pollachi Municipal Corporation

b. Collection System
The residential and commercial areas are major sources of generation of solid waste.

Collection System Door to Door Collection: Transportation of waste from secondary collection points
at regular intervals is one of the essential jobs in MSW Management. Presently segregation and Door
to Door garbage collection is being carried out in some selected wards only.

Table 4-32 Transportation of solid waste

Vehicles for door to Frequency of Total no.

Region Type of vehicles
door collection collection Of vehicles

Tipper auto, push cart,

Coimbatore Pushcart, tipper auto Daily 300
compactor lorries

Pushcart, mini lorries,

Mettupalayam Push cart, mini lorries Daily 69
tractor
Push cart, tipper lorries,
Pollachi Push cart, mini lorries Daily 72
mini lorries
Source: Coimbatore City Municipal Corporation, Mettupalayam & Pollachi Municipal Corporation

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c. Transfer and Transport Map 4-26 Transfer and Transport of waste

Transfer station for Coimbatore is at Ukkadam, Peelamedu & Sathy

road.

• The organic waste is collected through Push Carts from

residential households which will be transferred to the Micro
Compost Centre for Processing.
• The segregated organic waste collected through tipper lorries
from the doorsteps of the commercial establishments is
transported to Micro Compost Centre for Processing
• The Recyclable waste and other waste from public places are
transported to the sorting shed at RRC.
d. Processing Facilities
Micro composting centres

Coimbatore - Vellalore

Mettupalayam - Siraj nagar, Muttamil nagar

Pollachi - Vadugapalayam, Maiyanam, Jothi nagar star

park, Gandhi weekly market near Sudharsan nagar.

Table 4-33 Micro compost plant, Bio-Methanization plant & vermicomposting plant capacity

Proposed Bio Vermi Dumping Landfill

Recycling
Region MCC Methanization Compositing on site site
(TPD)
(TPD) plant (TPD) (TPD) (TPD) area
Coimbatore 102 10 100 108 400 25 acres
Mettupalayam 40 3 Na Na 5 10 acres
Pollachi 20 2 0.5 4 16.5 Na
Source: Coimbatore City Municipal Corporation, Mettupalayam & Pollachi Municipal Corporation
d. Disposal
Table 4-34 Dumping site locations, area & capacity

Area of dumping site

Region Dumping site Capacity (tpd)
(acres)
Coimbatore Vellalore 654 600
Mettupalayam Siraj nagar 10 40
Pollachi Nallur 20 60
Source: Coimbatore City Municipal Corporation, Mettupalayam & Pollachi Municipal Corporation
There is a proposal of another plant of capacity 1000 TPD adjacent to existing one. Vellalore contains
India’s largest vermicomposting plant.

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e. Inferences

Region Inferences
• Lack of proper segregation at source
• Dump yard capacity is less in comparison to the waste generated. Some of
Coimbatore
the waste is dumped in open areas
• Less incinerators are there to treat biomedical waste
• Lack of proper segregation at source
Mettupalayam
• Location of micro compost plants.
• No waste is collected from areas which doesn’t fall in the municipal boundary
Pollachi
• Locals are dumping waste in open areas like parks & adjacent area of roads

f. Service Level Benchmarks

Figure 4-53 Service Level Benchmarks

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 ii. Hazardous Waste Map 4-27 Location of hazardous industries
Hazardous wastes are by-products of human
activities that could cause substantial harm to
human health or the environment if not
managed properly.
The concentration of foundries within the
Coimbatore and the lack of state-of-the-art
facilities tends to take its toll on the city's
environment and thereby make Coimbatore a
severely polluted place.
a. List of Hazardous Waste
The wastes exhibit one or more of the
following characteristic properties:
ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity or toxicity.
The type of hazardous waste (CPCB, 2008)
are as follows:
Toxic Metals, Used Solvents, Sludge,
Contaminated Soils, Plating Solutions,
Cleaning Solutions, Lab Pack Material,
Chemical Waste, aerosol cans, construction &
demolition waste, e-waste laboratory waste,
untreated biomedical waste, pharmaceutical
waste, chemical solvents, automotive waste
such as batteries & oil filters, sludge,
pesticides, stereo foam, mercury containing
products, industrial waste etc.
b. Source of hazardous waste
The small and medium sized foundries are located every 2 Kilometres in the industrial radius of
Coimbatore. There are about 42336 industries in Coimbatore. A description of 3422 industries
according to pollution generated by them is shown in the map. Industrial areas of Coimbatore are
Avarampalayam, Velandipalayam, Ganapathy, Kurichi industrial estate (SIDCO) and Peelamedu.
c. Generation
• E-waste: Coimbatore generates nearly 2500 tonnes of e-waste per year (TNPCB). However
most of it goes unsegregated. The waste batteries, cartridges, displays & printers are all
collected from institutions, houses and industries and then dismantled. The waste is segregated
into hazardous & non-hazardous. Non-hazardous waste is recycled. Currently no agency is
there to do this process. Government is in talks for hiring the agency.
• Bio Medical Waste: Bio medical wastes are blood stained cotton, needle & sanitary mixed
with solid waste. The total number of hospitals in Coimbatore are 160. Bio medical waste
generated annually by Government & Private hospitals is 36 & 1300 tonnes respectively.
Teknotham Company is the agency for biomedical waste management. Awareness programs
are running to collect sanitary napkins & expired medicines. Sanitary napkin incinerator in corporation
hospitals are 32 while Sanitary napkins incinerator at the corporation schools are 83 (CMC). Bio-
Medical waste treatment facility is under operation at Orattukuppai, Coimbatore District. Regions

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Covered - Coimbatore, Nilgiris & its Capacity 1450 kg/day. Diseases spread due to biomedical waste
are blood borne infection, hepatitis B & C, HIV etc.
Table 4-35 Details of Health Care Facilities and Waste Generation

Name of Government Private Hospitals BMW No. HCF issued

District Hospitals generation with
Total BMW Tota BMW from Non- authorization
No. Generatio l No. Generatio bedded
n (Kg/Day) n (Kg/Day) hospitals
(Kg/Day)
Coimbatore
4 14.675 103 2486.53 1 108
(N)
Coimbatore
10 82.2 134 1073 0 148
(S)
Source: TNPCB, CMC

• Industrial Waste: Ganapathy & Kurichi industrial areas are most polluted in Coimbatore
(TNPCB). Kurichi industrial area consists of Ship casting, small & medium scale industries
while Ganapathi Industrial area consists of Foundries, motors & submersible pump
manufacturing industries.
Table 4-36 Status of Hazardous Waste Generating Units (2017)

Name of No. of Total Quantity Mode of Disposable (TPA)

District Units (Tonnes/Annum) Land fillable Recyclable Incinerable
Coimbatore 124 76691.8 4615 72000.8 76
(N)
Coimbatore 102 8550.5 2413.1 56606 531.4
(S)
Table 4-37 Classification of industries on the basis of pollution index

Regio Large Medium Small Total

n
Red Orange Green White Red Orange Green White Red Orange Green White

North 63 142 31 3 5 43 21 4 175 732 261 43 1523

South 58 145 59 14 5 46 31 4 267 789 368 113 1899
Source: TNPCB

• Industrial sectors having pollution index score of 60 & above comes in Red category, from 41-
59 comes in orange category, 21-40 comes in green category, from 0 to 20 falls in white
category.
d. Inferences & observations

• There are no Common Effluent Treatment plants& hazardous waste treatment plant in the
Coimbatore Districts. So, the waste from Small scale industries is directly disposed into
drainages, surface water bodies& is also reaching ground water sources & polluting them.
Hazardous waste is sent to Chennai for treatment.
• Only one STP is working in the whole district out of 3 STPs, thus the domestic waste water is
also disposed into nearby water bodies.
• It was found that chemical waste, e-waste, and medical waste are transported from the state of
Kerala and illegally dumped around Coimbatore border.
• Some industries let out their waste in rivers like dying factories. The waste water also reaches
Ukkadam STP which is damaging the sludge utilized for vermicomposting.

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 4.4.2.1.5 Energy: Sources and its utilization
a. Introduction
Energy is an important component of physical infrastructure for the overall economic development,
productivity and improving the quality of life. TNEB (Tamil Nadu Electricity board) with two
subsidiary companies TANTRANSCO (Tamil Nadu Transmission Corporation Limited) and
TANGEDCO (Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Corporation) was created to undertake
transmission, the generation and distribution of electricity in Coimbatore sub region. The department
of electricity in Coimbatore is divided into three major circles, - North circle, South circle, Metro circle
and Udumalpet. Coimbatore sub-region being an economically advanced region has a high-power
demand and consumption. The key features of these network stated below.
8% 4%
b. Existing Sources of Energy
In Tamil Nadu the generation of electricity is
mainly from conventional sources (18732.78
20% 49%
MW) - Hydro, thermal and nuclear and Non-
Conventional sources of energy (10,479.61
MW) – Wind, Solar and Biogas. The
electricity is generated both within and 19%
outside the grid and fed into the grid. This is
distributed to the consumer through a
Figure 4-54 Existing sources of Energy
transmission line and distribution network Thermal Hydro Wind Solar Gas
comprising of station and Substation. In
Coimbatore sources of energy generation is hydro, wind and solar. The electricity network covers all
villages and towns throughout the Coimbatore region. The sustained demand of the Coimbatore city is
615 MW per day of which only 10 MW is contributed by solar energy. The contribution of solar energy
is about 8% of the total demand. It has the largest wind and solar power generation capacity across the
country.
Table 4-38 Electricity Generation sources in Coimbatore

Net
Installed
Name of the Power Generation Consumption Unit
S.NO. Capacity
Stations (M.U.) (M.U.) sent out
(M.W.)
(M.U.)
1 Sarkarpathy PH 30 63.28 0.08 63.20
Aliyar Power
2 60 61.72 0.90 61.22
House
3 Sholayar P.H-I & II 95 226.09 0.47 226.80
4 Kadamparai P.H 400 289.11 2.81 286.30
5 Punachi Mini P.H. 2 1.73 0.0. 1.70
6 Aliyar Mini P.H. 2.5 0 0.04 0.04
7 Kadamparai PH - 406.07 -
Source: District census handbook 2017-2018

There are 58 sub-stations in the city which is sufficient at present but there will be demand for more
substations. Table 1 and 2 shows the generation and distribution of electricity in Coimbatore. Energy is
distributed to the consumer through a transmission line and distribution network comprising of station
and sub-station of 765KV, 400KV, 220KV, 132KV and 33KV Capacities.

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Table 4-39 Distribution substation in Coimbatore

Total Capacity
S. No TNEB Circle No. of Substations
MVA
1 Coimbatore Metro 13 528.00
2 Coimbatore South 25 824.75
3 Coimbatore North 20 796.00
Source: District census handbook 2017-2018

c. Power availability
Availability of power from different generating units in Tamil Nadu is 56242 MU. Coimbatore is one
of the early achievers of 100% village electrification. The table 3 shows the block level electrification
coverage.
Table 4-40 Power coverage Block wise (Coimbatore)

Total population of Population having Power

S. No. Name of CD Block
inhabited villages supply

1 2 3 4
1 0361-Karamadai 137448 137206 (99.82%)
2 0362-Madukkarai 33826 33826 (100%)
0363-
3 46994 46994 (100%)
Periyanaickenpalayam
4 0364-Sarkarsamakulam 29818 29818 (100%)
5 0365-Thondamuthur 48271 48271 (100%)
6 0366-Anaimalai 71786 71786 (100%)
7 0367-Kinathukadavu 90550 90550 (100%)
8 0368-Pollachi North 93435 93435 (100%)
9 0369-Pollachi South 65706 65706 (100%)
10 0370-Annur 92453 92453 (100%)
11 0371-Sulur 51108 51108 (100%)
12 0372-Sulthanpet 77364 77364 (100%)
Total 839105 838517 (99.93%)
Source: District census handbook

d. Consumption of electricity
Electricity is the main source of energy consumption in domestic, commercial, industrial, agriculture
and municipal sectors. Coimbatore is known for its economy, so electricity is the main source of energy

5.30%
3.63% 10%
45.74%

34.86%

Industries Domestic
Public lighting Commercial

Figure 4-56 Sector wise Consumption of Electricity

Figure 4-55Year wise Consumption of Electricity

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for running those industrial units. The consumption of energy from various purposes shown in figure 2
and 3.

e. Power Tariff
Table 4-41 Average Billing Rate of electricity

The Coimbatore has the lowest unit cost of power Tariff type ABR per unit rupees
supply. It also has better tariffs than all the southern Domestic (Up to 100-unit NIL)
states except for Kerala. Cost of power is high in
Industrial 6.33
Kerala; however, the tariffs are lower since it is
provided at a loss to the domestic, agricultural and Cottage industries 4.19
industrial sectors. This may not be a feasible option commercial 6.84
over an extended period of time since the Power loom
5.27
government is in effect absorbing the losses in
power supply. Tamil Nadu can offer the power at a Public light 5.5
lower cost and still make a reasonable profit. This
Source: TANGEDCO
could be an action plan required, if it desires to
attract more investment in the state. The below Table 5 Shows the rate of unit generation of electricity,
thus cost of wind energy generation is very less, and Coimbatore has huge potential for generation of
Wind energy.
Table 4-42 per unit Generation cost of Electricity from various sources

Name of the Power Stations Cost per Unit (in paise)

Sarkarpathy PH 47.31
Aliyar PH 97.08
Sholayar PH-I 26.33
Hydro
Sholayar PH-II 45.60
Kadamparai PH 124.71
Punachi Mini PH 104.18
Aliyar mini -
Wind Coimbatore EDC/South) 3.39
Source: District census handbook

f. Energy demand forecast for Coimbatore

The total demand forecast for Coimbatore sub region is 13770MW. As per District census handbook
The electrical load growth trajectory is showing a yearly average growth rate of 7% and then 11% from
2021, this will give expected load for 2038 is 13770MW. Besides, this due to greater economic activity
and urbanization power requirement will increase. Power sources such as wind power or solar energy
15000

10000

5000

0
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
Electricity
Figure 4-57 Project Electricity Demand

may have to be tapped. More captive power plants will have to be developed in order to meet this
growing demand. Figure 4-57 has been projected on basis of Population Projection

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 4.4.2.1.6 Alternative Energy Potential

In Coimbatore District due to concentration of Economic and Industrial activities and increase in
population Non-conventional source of Energy generation is required to supplement the future power
demand. Installing the Non-Conventional Energy sources will help decreasing the pollution and make
the Coimbatore district greener and cleaner Environment. It will help in us to achieve our Aim of “To
formulate the strategies for the preparation of spatial plan of the region”. This will lead in generating
Employment Opportunity which will help in achieving the Vision “To enhance the capacity of
Coimbatore as global Employment generating hub.”

Coimbatore is blessed with conducive natural and topographical settings for solar and wind energy
generation.

120%

100%
48%
80%
74%
60%
28%
40%
63%
26%
20% 19%
20%
2% 8% 3%
14% 10%
0% 2% 7% 3%
Solar Bio-Power Wind
Hydro Thermal Nuclear Renewable Energy

India Tamil Nadu Coimbatore

Figure 4-58 Energy Generation Comparison

a. Solar Energy

Coimbatore (76° E and 11° N) receives good amount of solar radiation with an annual average of 4.98
kWh/ m2 /day. Following in the table number 6 is the typical solar insolation data for Coimbatore for
an entire year.

Table 4-43 Monthly Averaged Insulation (kWh/m^2/day) incident on a horizontal surface in Coimbatore

J
Fe Ma Ap Ma Ju Ju Au Sep Oc No De Annua
Source a
b r r y n l g t t v c l
n
Nasa SSE 4. 5.5 6.22 6.8 6.59 5.0 3.9 3.7 4.4 5.1 4.8 4.5 5.09
Satellite 6
Data 2
MNRE 4. 5.3 6.09 6.7 6.55 5.2 4.1 4.1 4.87 5.2 4.5 4.3 5.09
Solar 4
Radiation 9
Source: Solar master city plan – Coimbatore (2012)

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The municipal and government building sector of Coimbatore Map 4-28 Solar Radiation Map of Coimbatore
city consumes about 6.00% of total electrical energy in the city.
The primary consumers in this sector are streetlights, outdoor
lights in parks and monuments, markets, office buildings of the
Municipal Corporation, water supply, sewerage treatment plant
etc. Renewable energy devices are suggested to all categories of
consumers depending upon the energy demand. The sector has
ample opportunity to save energy through introducing
renewable energy and energy conservation measures and could
show case these initiatives to encourage people to adopt further.
Average sunny days in Coimbatore is 6 hours/day and average
sunny hours 305 /year.

Figure 4-59 Monthly Sunny Hours

Source: Average Monthly Hours Sunshine, Coimbatore, India Source: Solar atlas of India

b. Wind Energy

The state of Tamil Nadu has one of the best wind potentials in the Map 4-29 Wind Density Map of Coimbatore
country. Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu has very good wind
energy potential. There These are 12 wind monitoring mast
installed all over the district to monitor wind power potential and
all of them shows more that 200W/m mean annual wind power
density which is considered as good wind power potential. MAP
shows mean annual wind power density measured in the different
wind mast across the district. Based on the Indian wind atlas of
Centre for Wind Energy Technology (CWET), installable wind
power potential has been estimated as 49 GW at 50 m above
ground level.

Figure 4-60 Average wind Density

Source: Average Weather in Coimbatore India Year-Round Source: Wind atlas of India (MNRE, n.d.)

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 Table 4-44 Block wise wind density of Coimbatore

Latitude Longitude Mean annual WPD WDP

Elevation wind Speed at at 50m
Site Name
Deg. Min. Deg. Min. in meters at 20/25 m in 20m- in
m/s 25m W/sqm
Andhiyur 10 36 77 11 380 5.2 177 271
Arasampalayam 10 51 77 3 370 5.5 195 291
Edayarpalayam 10 55 77 7 445 6.1 273 398
Kethanur 10 54 77 17 403 5.7 259 376
Mettukadai 10 52 77 23 350 4.9 184 281
Myvadi 10 36 77 19 341 5.3 251 376
Pongalur 10 58 77 21 388 5.2 213 309
Poolavadi 10 44 77 17 321 5.7 283 445
Poosaripatti 10 40 77 7 380 5.2 168 254
Pushpathur 10 33 77 25 340 4.3 128 254
Sultanpet 10 52 77 11 380 5.1 203 206
Thannirpandal 10 57 77 19 400 4.9 216 >330

4.4.2.2 Social Infrastructure

4.4.2.2.1 Health Infrastructure

a. Introduction
• The city has numerous hospitals. Apart from the Government hospital, several multi-facility
hospitals function in the city.

• The district’s health department is amongst the best in terms of implementing government-
initiated health schemes.

• Also, several rare surgical procedures have taken place here.

• The polio eradication programme is heavily assisted by the city’s Rotary Clubs, who also
regularly donate ambulances for smaller hospitals.

• The city also has numerous homoeopathic clinics run by NGOs.

• Fast pace of industrialisation, spiralling population and the increase in the health awareness
have led to the growth of the healthcare industry in Coimbatore.

b. Abstract
• Coimbatore stands second to Chennai in Tamil Nadu for highly affordable and quality
healthcare deliveries of international standards.

• Coimbatore is also the preferred healthcare destination to the floating population from nearby
towns and districts and also nearby districts of Kerala.

• The growth of the hospitals in the city can be attributed to the vision of the industrialists here
to bridge the gap between growing health needs and the existing services.

• Many of the private hospitals in the city are promoted by industrialists as an extension of their
business portfolios and their services to the society.

c.

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 d. Existing Scenario

Table 4-45 List of Hospitals with high patient float across Coimbatore District

Coimbatore City Municipal Name of the Hospital

No. Of Area
Corporation Beds (Acres)
Govt. General & Multi-
Dept. Of Public Health 1650 4
Speciality Hospital
Commissioner G. Kuppuswamy Naidu
City Health Officer Memorial Hospital, 850 9
32 UPHC Perianaickanpalayam
(Urban Primary Health Centres) Sri Ramakrishna Hospital,
Each UPHC 1230 18
Sidhapudur
1 - Medical Officer PSG Hospitals, Peelamedu 1400 94
1 - Pharmacist Ganga Hospital,
1 - Lab Technician 450 4.5
Coimbatore
4/5 - Urban Health Nurse ESI Hospital,
1 - NCD (Non-Communicable Disease) 740 6.5
Varadharajapuram
3 - RCH Staff (Rich Child Health) KG Hospital 500 8.8

Table 4-46 Public Health Institutions and Number of Speciality Clinic

PUBLIC HEALTH Speciality Numbers

Description Numbers
Hospitals 1161 Asthma Specialists 26
Dispensaries 253 General Medicine 24
Sanitary Centres 24
Nursing Home 414 Eye Clinics 29
Maternity & Child Welfare Dental Clinics 63
210
Clinic
Allopathy 1460 Homeopathy 15
Ayurvedic 62
Paediatrics 21
Unani 18
Homeopathy 85 Dermatology (Skin) 25
Total 3687

Population Outline for Hospitals Primary Health Centres

Healthcare Govt. Hospitals – 15 No’s UPHC’s (City) – 32 No’s
Urban – 39 Lacks
Pvt. Hospitals – 1453 No’s PHC’s (Rural) – 51 No’s
Rural – 20 Lacks
Dispensaries -- 16 No’s HCS’s - 5 No

Source: Joint /Deputy Director, Public Health, Dean C.M.C. Hospital, Corporation Health Officer, Regional Officer (ESI Scheme),
Superintendent, ESI Hospital, D.D. of Medical & RHS Family Welfare. Coimbatore

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e. Existing Healthcare Infrastructure Distribution
Map 4-30 Coimbatore District Health Care Infrastructure Map 4-31 Mettupalayam Health Care Infrastructure

Map 4-32 Coimbatore District Health Care Infrastructure Map 4-33 Pollachi Health Care Infrastructure

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f. Existing Statistics of Public Health & Medical Services
Table 4-47 Public Health & Medical Services rendered by organizations & individual – Coimbatore District (2013-14)

Ayurvedic
Ayurv Gran
Classificatio Modern Siddh Siddha Tota Homoeop
edic Unani d
n Medicine a Unani l athy
(1) Total
Combined
Hospitals 12 1 1 - 2 14 1 15
Dispensaries 56 3 7 - 10 66 1 66
Primary
Health 58 - - - 10 66 - 58
Centres
Urban
Primary
20 - - - - 58 - 20
Health
Centres
Health Sub
328 - - - - 20 - 328
Centres
Other
Medical - - - - - 328 - -
Institutions
Bed Strength 1905 - - - - 1905 - 1905
Number of
334 6 2 - 8 342 1 343
Doctors
Number of
552 - - - - 552 - 552
Nurses

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 Table 4-48 Veterinary, Public Health Institutions & Animals Treated Block Wise

Castration performed
Veterinary Other Public
Institutions Units health

Animals treated

Health Centres
No. of Primary
Name of the

Insemination
Dispensaries

Mobile units
Sub-centres
Block

Subcentre
Clini-cian
Polyclinic

Hospitals

Centres

Centres

No. of
P.N. Palayam - 1 6 - 2 - - 79428 2328 7 30
S.S. Kulam - 2 6 - 2 - - 68016 720 2 13
Thondamuthur - - 5 - 3 - - 90264 2352 4 20
Madukkarai - 2 6 - 1 - - 98808 3336 5 21
Karamadai - 1 7 - 2 - - 154176 5700 4 19
Pollachi (N) - - 11 - - - - 88258 1719 7 36
Pollachi (S) - 1 6 1 1 - - 148968 449 3 21
Anaimalai - 1 7 - 4 - 1 61310 1123 4 18
Kinathukadavu - - 8 - 2 - - 90882 2060 7 32
Annur - 1 5 - 1 - - 79556 3765 3 38
Sultanpet - 1 6 - 1 - - 96450 1360 3 19
Sulur - 1 7 - - - - 119000 1897 2 15
Cbe-Corpn. 1 1 4 - 1 - 1 78896 1008 4 26
Valparai - - 1 - 3 - - 30434 1 3 20
Total 1 12 85 1 22 - 2 12824562 27829 58 328

Source: Joint Director/Deputy Director, Public Health, Dean Coimbatore Medical College Hospitals Corporation Health Officer, Regional
Officer (ESI Scheme), Superintendent, ESI Hospital. Coimbatore

Table 4-49 Block Wise Healthcare Infrastructure

Healthcare Infrastructure

Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total

Name of the Block Clinical Clinical Clinical Hospita Hospita Hospita
Services Services Services ls ls ls

Anaimalai 47 255 302 10 19 29

Annur 60 33 93 8 5 13

Karamadai 95 150 245 23 15 38

Kinathukadavu 64 41 105 6 8 14

Madukkarai 30 965 995 4 49 53

Periyanaickenpalayam 32 413 445 6 36 42

Pollachi North 86 21 107 3 3

Pollachi South 61 189 250 13 13 26

Sarkarsamakulam 19 252 271 4 24 28

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 Sulthanpet 45 0 45 11 0 11

Sulur 27 243 270 4 21 25

Thondamuthur 35 274 309 6 31 37

Total 601 2836 3437 95 224 319

Source: Census 2011

g. Existing Healthcare Activities & Services

Activities of Public Health & Medical Services:

• Every Thursday & Friday, medical camp in every block called General Camp.

• 30 Ambulances are in service with response time below 15 mins, whereas 1 Ambulance will
cover 10 KM’s Dia.

• Total 400 hospitals, in which 30-35 in each taluk.

• Major disease is Cancer, most common diseases are fever & cold for children &
Communicable Diseases for adult.

• Upcoming schemes concentrated on Old-Age home patients.

• Allocating PHC’s in such a way to service more areas.

• Coimbatore has one doctor for every 921 people as of December 2017 which is way ahead
of doctor population ratio of 1,000 prescribed by World Health Organization
• (1-Incharge & 1-Partially Worked)

Activities of Health Sub Centres:

• Peripheral most unit available at the Village level to take care of the Health needs of the
community.

• A Health Sub centre covers a population of 5000 in plain areas and 3000 in Hilly and difficult
terrains. All Primary Health Care Services are being provided at the door steps of the
community.

• Each Health sub centre is manned by a pair of Health Workers.

• The Female Worker (VHN) takes care of MCH activities, including Immunization.

• The male worker (HI) @ one per 3 HSCs is responsible to control of Communicable Diseases,
Checking of Births and Deaths Registration, Health Education, Surveillance, etc.

• All pregnant women are registered by the Village Health Nurses at the earliest stage of
pregnancy and given Antenatal care.

• Antenatal care includes two doses of Tetanus Toxoid Injections and distribution of 100 tablets
of Ferrous Sulphate Tablets (FST).

• The Health Sub centre area is divided into 4 units and on every Wednesday, Immunization
sessions are organised in one unit, thereby covering the entire area in a month.

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h. Background Issues - Diseases Scenario

Dengue Fever cases in August 2017 after a great drought

Dengue Cases – 2531 in 2016 & 5968 in 2017 with 1 death.

• Sporadic cases of other fevers such as Leprospirosis, Typhoid & Malaria in TN-2017.

• Swine flu, Japanese Encephalitis (JE) & Dengue are main diseases in the northern states of
Tamilnadu.

• Southwest monsoon rains from kerala brought the first spells of rain, spilling over into
Tamilnadu.

• Large number of migrants use plastic containers to store water.

• They seldom clean those containers which become breeding grounds for mosquitoes.

Acute Diarrhoeal & Cholera Diseases in

Coimbatore
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016

Jul-18
May-18
Jan-18
Year

Mar-18

Figure 4-61 Diseases Scenario

Source: Joint Director/Deputy Director, Public Health

ISCHEMIC heart disease is the biggest causing occasional disease in Tamil Nadu

• 50% of men & women who suffer from heart ailments are also diabetic.

• 2.86 Lack people – Diabetes

• 3.27 Lack people – Pre-Diabetes

Congenital heart diseases

• 1.86 Lack Child born every year with this following disease.

• 60,000 to 80,000 people suffer from critical illness.

i. Schemes:
Amma Kapiti Thittam

The activities undertaken by the department of public Health and Preventive Medicine are provisions
of primary health care, which includes
• Control of communicable diseases,

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 • Control of malaria, filaria, Japanese encephalitis, elimination of leprosy,
• Iodine deficiency disorder control programme,
• Prevention of food adulteration,
• Prevention and control of waterborne diseases like Acute Diarrheal Diseases, Typhoid,
Dysentery prevention and control of sexually transmitted diseases including HIV / AIDS.
Chief Minister’s Comprehensive Health Insurance Scheme

• Cardiac & Cardiothoracic surgery

• ENT Surgeries /Therapies

• Funding support of Rs.7000 Crores from All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
(AIADMK).

• 600+ Hospitals under this scheme.

Palli Elam Sirar Irudhaya Padhu Kappu Thittam
• Comprehensive Emergency Obstetric & Newborn Care (CEmONC) centres across state.
• Maternity and Child Health Services, Immunisation of children against vaccine preventable
diseases,
• Health check-up of school children,
• Health education of the community and collection of vital statistics under birth and death
registration system and environmental sanitation.
• 169 Hospitals under this scheme.

4.4.2.2.2 Educational Infrastructure

• Education raises people’s productivity and creativity, promotes entrepreneurship, technological
advances and generates individual income per capita. Education in every sense is one of the
fundamental factors of development.

• Coimbatore is one of the very important educational cities in South India.

• The structure of education in Coimbatore is based on the National level pattern with 12 years
of schooling (10+2+3) consisting of eight years of elementary education that is years of primary
and 3 years of middle school education followed by secondary and higher secondary education.

• The literacy rate of Coimbatore in 2001 was 78.5% which was higher than the average rate of
whole of Tamil Nadu, 73.5%.

• The 2011 literacy rate of Coimbatore has increased to 84% to that of the Tamil Nadu, 80.1%.

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 Table 4-50 Educational Infrastructure Figure 4-62 Coimbatore District Literacy

Type of Institute No’s 84.04

80.16
78.58
Primary Schools 1844 73.53

Senior Secondary Schools 1203

Special School for disabled 15

TN Coimbatore
Degree Colleges 107 2001 2011

Professional Colleges 277

Source: Primary Census Abstract 2011
Technical Institutes 955

Source: TN Skill Gap Report

Figure 4-63 Block wise Literacy Rates of Coimbatore District

150862
Kinathukadavu 69401
88463
Pollachi(N) 149351
51363
Sulur 182064
185053
Annur 71832
134510
Madukarai 275272
140401
Perianaickanpala… 271237
Literates

Table 4-51 Gap Analysis for Educational Infrastructure - 2011

Gap Analysis for Educational Infrastructure - 2011

Exist.
Exist.
Exist. Primary Exist. Senior
Special Exist. Degree
Technica
School Secondary
School for Colleges
As per Census 2011 l centres
disabled
5000 7500 45000 125000 1000000
(As per URDPFI guideline: Population per Institute)

Name of the
Working Population 2011

Block
Total Population 2011

Total Literates 2011

Total Availability
Total Availability

Total Availability

Total Availability

Total Availability
Requirement

Requirement

Requirement

Requirement

Requirement
Gap

Gap

Gap

Gap

Gap

Perianaickanpalayam 370926 164217 271237 74 131 57 49 180 131 8 4 -4 3 9 6 0 145 145

Sarcarsamakulam 174988 71452 140401 35 83 48 23 94 71 4 0 -4 1 17 16 0 74 74
132966 -
Madukarai 542103 275272 266 207 -59 177 260 83 30 0 11 52 41 1 329 328
4 30
Thondamuthur 255922 114151 134510 51 128 77 34 94 60 6 2 -4 2 10 8 0 94 94
Annur 112532 58894 71832 23 183 160 15 44 29 3 1 -2 1 0 -1 0 23 23
Karamadai 260050 120867 185053 52 210 158 35 105 70 6 2 -4 2 4 2 0 47 47
Sulur 226259 105541 182064 45 120 75 30 93 63 5 2 -3 2 5 3 0 94 94
Sulthanpet 77364 42852 51363 15 118 103 10 45 35 2 0 -2 1 1 0 0 5 5
Pollachi(N) 103284 59073 149351 21 155 134 14 45 31 2 0 -2 1 2 1 0 7 7
Pollachi(S) 242865 103374 88463 49 161 112 32 111 79 5 1 -4 2 4 2 0 63 63
Kinathukadavu 106301 60417 69401 21 149 128 14 53 39 2 0 -2 1 0 -1 0 13 13
Anamalai 146383 115430 150862 29 199 170 20 79 59 3 3 0 1 3 2 0 61 61
340653 155837 176980 184 116 120 -
Total 681 454 749 76 15 27 107 80 3 955 952
8 1 9 4 3 3 61

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a. Skill Development Infrastructure
Student mobilization continues to be a challenge for private as well as government skill training
providers. The sections of the youth population that displayed the highest level of interest in skill
development are the Tamil Nadu Skill Gap Assessment 110 vocationally educated, the unemployed and
those employed at low skill jobs. In order to position skill development as a means for upward mobility
in jobs, these groups must be targeted by effectively tapping existing information networks. Word of
mouth is the most popular channel for information about education opportunities, followed by
newspapers and other media. Information about jobs is usually sought through campus placements and
the media. The internet is slowly gaining popularity as a mode of information, particularly in urban
areas. In rural areas, however, the lack of access to the internet restricts the possibility of large-scale
information dissemination through an online platform.

Table 4-52 Incremental Human Resource Requirement by Skill level and District - 2017 & 2022 (in 000s)

Source: National Skill Development Corporation, Coimbatore

Table 4-53 Incremental Human Resource Availability by Skill level and District - 2017 & 2022 (in 000s)

Source: National Skill Development Corporation, Coimbatore

At the state level, the skill gap is expected to rise significantly between 2017 and 2022. Stable birth
rates, outward migration of skilled human resources and inward migration of unskilled human resources
is likely to cause a mismatch in the human resource requirements and the human resource availability,
particularly at the semi-skilled level. This projection also matches primary research findings which
suggest a low inclination on the part of the youth to enrol in vocational education when compared to
formal education.

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b. Existing Educational Infrastructure Distribution
Map 4-35 Block wise Education Infrastructure Distribution Map 4-34 Urban and Rural Education Infrastructure 2011
2011

c. Educational Infrastructure
Map 4-36 Educational Infrastructure – Coimbatore City

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 Map 4-37 Educational Infrastructure – Pollachi (Left) and Educational Infrastructure – Mettupalayam (Right)

Schemes/ Welfare Measures

Mid-Day Meal

Free Textbooks
Distribution of free text books, one set for one year to all school children

Incentive to Girl Students

Providing scholarship to encourage education among Girls. For SC/ST/MBC girls’ students in
Standard III to VIII

Supply of Free Bicycles

Distribution of free bicycles to Higher Secondary Boys and Girls of all Communities

National Talent Exam

Educational Development Benefit provided Rs.500/- per month from 9th Std. onwards up to higher
studies.

Special Literacy Programme for Women

Age group: 15-35. To provide literacy to non-literate women in all backward districts in Tamil Nadu.

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d. Educational Scholarships
• Educational Scholarship given every year to Children of Servicemen / Ex-servicemen. Sri
Lankan and Refugees Studying in Schools under School Education Department

• Educational Scholarship to Children of Scavengers / sweepers Studying in Schools under

school Education Department Benefit

• Educational Scholarship to School Students of Adi Dravida, Tribal, Denotified Communities

backward and Most Backward Communities.

• Educational Scholarship for children of teachers pursuing Technical Education

• Provision of education Scholarship to the children of agricultural labourers who have passed
10th and 12th standards

• Scholarship schemes for students of the backward classes and denotified communities. Pre-
matric scholarship and post matric scholarship

• Free education scholarship for three-year U. G degree Courses (B. A, B.Sc. and B. Com):

• Free education scholarship for Professional Courses (Engineering, Medical, Agriculture,

Veterinary and Law): For backward classes, most backward classes and denotified
communities’ students studying in Government and government aided Professional colleges
and in self Financing Professional Colleges under Government quota.

e. Observations
• No drop out since 2013 for Mettupalayam, Pollachi

• Quality mid-day meal.

• Enrolment of students decreasing in Govt. schools due to economic growth of people.

• Yearly cultural programs celebrated.

• Quality teaching in schools.

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4.4.2.2.3 Socio Cultural Infrastructure
Map 4-38 Culture and tradition of Coimbatore

The culture of Coimbatore is

known to be very diverse, with a
RECREATIONAL
host of people from different parts SPACES
of the country settled in the city.
the city is now more popularly
referred to as a cosmopolitan hub.
Coimbatore is home to
COMMUNITY
“swamikannu Vincent” who CENTRES
introduced the concept of “tent
cinema” where films are screened
on a vast expanse of open land
inside a tent. Coimbatore also WORKING WOMEN
hosts art, music and dance HOSTEL AND OLD
concerts in the months of AGE HOME
September and December. there
are various museums and art
galleries showcasing the heritage
of the city, acquired from its LIBRARY AND
RELIGIOUS SPACES
colorful history. the
“mariamman” festivals at the
city’s numerous temples, devoted to the goddesses of the Hinduism, are among the major festivals
celebrated by the people. rice is the staple diet of the residents and most of the restaurants serve the
meals on a giant banana leaf, which is considered as a healthy way to have food. It is also believed that
the banana leaf renders its own unique flavour and enhances the taste of the dishes.

a. Impacts of socio-cultural planning on a city

Across the world, there has been a renewed interest in

the concept of public spaces, not only as a vector for
expressing political dissent, but also in themselves, in
the way they allow the citizens to come together.
Traditionally, planners conceived of public places
primarily as parks, he adds. These were more of micro-
public places.

The report will show the existing scenario of

Coimbatore which states insufficiency of community
spaces as well the crime record of Coimbatore. In order
to solve social issues relating to spaces, public or land
the provision of good socio-cultural infrastructure
would help. Figure 4-64 Flowchart of importance of community
spaces

As mentioned in the book public spaces, social planning and crime prevention rob white, if crime
prevention is to be effective, then it is necessary to develop a certain cultural climate and material
infrastructure. The factors helping in built spaces of community living are social mapping and strategic

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planning. Social mapping includes: local conditions, local factors, local community, and identifications
of users and purpose of land use. Strategic planning includes variety of different problems of
intervention publicly owned common spaces multifunctional spaces cultural events multi-agency.

b. Crime rate of Coimbatore

Coimbatore district in Tamilnadu stands 10th in all crime records in 2013. 71st in no of
murders, 116th in no of rapes, 20th in no of robberies, 79th in no of thefts, 41st in no
of dacoities, 187th in no of kidnappings, 154th in no of riots. With 233 cases of
crime registered against elderly persons, Coimbatore has ranked fourth in terms of
crimes against senior citizens as per the NCRB data for the year 2016. Coimbatore
had a share of 6.5 % of the total number of 3,562 such cases reported across the
country in 2016The three maps shows the data of crime in Coimbatore also the
comparison of crim of Coimbatore from Chennai.
Following shows the number of communities’ centres and the library’s list as per the
comparison with the URDPFI guidelines to understand the need or surplus of
requirement of the amenities.

Figure 4-65 Rate of violent crimes

Source: NCRB

Coimbatore community hall available and required

Community hall (govt and private)
Town/ taluka/revenue Required 2011
Area
villages / town 2011 (1 for 15000
Available Surplus/ requirement
panchayats/panchayat populatio population) as
2011 deficit (area per hall =
s n per URDPFI
2000 sqm)
guideline
Coimbatore (m
1 1050721 67 70 -3 140096
corp.)
2 Mettupalayam 69213 27 5 22 9228
3 Pollachi 90180 0 6 -6 12024

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 Figure 4-66 Rate of Violent Crimes in Coimbatore

Source: NCRB

Table 4-54

Coimbatore community hall and library available and required

Library (govt and private)

Required 2011 Area
Town/ taluka/revenue
(1 for 15000 requirement
villages / town Available
2011 population) as Surplus/deficit (area per
panchayats/panchayats 2011
per UDPFI hall = 2000
guideline sqm)
Coimbatore (m
6 1050721 25 70 -45 140096
corp.)
32 Pollachi (m) 90180 1 6 -5 12024
23 Mettupalyam (m) 69213 1 5 -4 9228

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Map 4-39 Map showing proximities of community centres, open spaces and religious places

The graph shows the deficit of community spaces in Coimbatore and Pollachi. Also, the proximity map
depicts that there are regions left out devoid of such kind of spaces completely, which needs
development.
Figure 4-68 Coimbatore Community Hall Figure 4-67 Mettupalayam Community Hall

30 80
25
20 60
15 40
10
5 20
0 0
Available 2011 Reqired 2011 (1 surplus/defcit Available 2011 Reqired 2011 (1 surplus/defcit
For 15000 -20
For 15000
population) as population) as
8
per udpfi per udpfi
6 guidline guidline
4
2
0
Available 2011 Reqired 2011 (1 For 15000 surplus/defcit
-2
population) as per udpfi guidline
-4
-6
-8

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 Map 4-40 Pollachi community center

f. Map 4-1 Map showing spaces devoid of community and open area

The socio-cultural aspects of Coimbatore being very prominent based on the religious aspect as well
as traditional aspects, has to be enhanced based on its potential. The existing scenario of Coimbatore
thus showcases the number of religious places along with the opportunities for the development of
community spaces which would lead to decrease in crime rates also.

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4.4.2.2.4 Other Infrastructure

The culture of Coimbatore is known to be very diverse,

with a host of people from different parts of the country
settled in the city. the city is now more popularly
referred to as a cosmopolitan hub. Coimbatore is home
to “swamikannu Vincent” who introduced the concept
of “tent cinema” where films are screened on a vast
expanse of open land inside a tent. Coimbatore also
hosts art, music and dance concerts in the months of
September and December. there are various museums
and art galleries showcasing the heritage of the city,
acquired from its colorful history. the “mariamman”
festivals at the city’s numerous temples, devoted to the
goddesses of the Hinduism, are among the major
festivals celebrated by the people. rice is the staple diet
of the residents and most of the restaurants serve the
meals on a giant banana leaf, which is considered as a
healthy way to have food. it is also believed that the
banana leaf renders its own unique flavour and
enhances the taste of the dishes.
Figure 4-69 Culture and tradition of Coimbatore
g. Impacts of socio-cultural planning on a city

Across the world, there has been a renewed interest in the concept of public RECREATIONAL
SPACES
spaces, not only as a vector for expressing political dissent, but also in
themselves, in the way they allow the citizens to come together.
Traditionally, planners conceived of public places primarily as parks, he
adds. these were more of micro-public places.
COMMUNITY
CENTRES
The report will show the existing scenario of Coimbatore which states
insufficiency of community spaces as well the crime record of Coimbatore.
in order to solve social issues relating to spaces, public or land the provision
of good socio-cultural infrastructure would help. WORKING WOMEN
HOSTEL AND OLD
AGE HOME
As mentioned in the book public spaces, social planning and crime
prevention rob white, if crime prevention is to be effective, then it is
necessary to develop a certain cultural climate and material infrastructure.
the factors helping in built spaces of community living are social mapping LIBRARY AND
RELIGIOUS SPACES
and strategic planning. social mapping includes: local conditions, local
factors, local community, identifications of users and purpose of land use.
strategic planning includes variety of different problems of Figure 4-70 Flowchart of
importance of community spaces
intervention publicly owned common spaces multifunctional spaces
cultural events multi-agency.

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h. Crime rate of Coimbatore

Coimbatore district in Tamilnadu stands 10th in all crime records in 2013. 71st in no
of murders, 116th in no of rapes, 20th in no of robberies, 79th in no of thefts, 41st in
no of dacoities, 187th in no of kidnappings, 154th in no of riots. with 233 cases of
crime registered against elderly persons, Coimbatore has ranked fourth in terms of
crimes against senior citizens as per the NCRB data for the year 2016. Coimbatore
had a share of 6.5 % of the total number of 3,562 such cases reported across the
country in 2016The three maps shows the data of crime in Coimbatore also the
comparison of crim of Coimbatore from Chennai.

Following shows the number of communities’ centres and the library’s list as per the
comparison with the URDPFI guidelines to understand the need or surplus of
requirement of the amenities.

Figure 4-71 Rate of Violent Crimes in Coimbatore

Source: NCRB

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 Table 4-55 Coimbatore community hall and library available and required

Library (govt and private)

Coimbatore community hall available and required Required 2011 Area
Town/ taluka/revenue
(1 private)
Community hall (govt and for 15000 requirement
villages / town Available
Town/ taluka/revenue 2011 population)
Required 2011 as Surplus/deficit (area per
panchayats/panchayats 2011 Area
villages / town 2011 per
(1 for UDPFI15000 hall = 2000
Available Surplus/ requirement
panchayats/panchayat populatio guideline
population) as sqm)
2011 deficit (area per hall =
s Coimbatore (m n per URDPFI
6 1050721 25 70 -45
2000 sqm)140096
corp.) guideline
32 Coimbatore
Pollachi (m)
(m 90180 1 6 -5 12024
1 1050721 67 70 -3 140096
23 corp.)
Mettupalyam (m) 69213 1 5 -4 9228
2 Mettupalayam 69213 27 5 22 9228
3 Pollachi 90180 0 6 -6 12024
Map 4-41 Map showing proximities of community centres, open spaces and religious places

The graph shows the deficit of community spaces in Coimbatore and Pollachi. Also, the proximity map
depicts that there are regions left out devoid of such kind of spaces completely, which needs
development.

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 30 80
25
20 60
15 40
10
5 20
0 0
Available 2011 Reqired 2011 (1 surplus/defcit Available 2011 Reqired 2011 (1 surplus/defcit
-20
For 15000 For 15000
population) as population) as
per udpfi per udpfi
guidline guidline
Figure 4-73 Mettupalayam Community Hall Figure 4-72 Coimbatore Community Hall

8
6
4
2
0
Available 2011 Reqired 2011 (1 For 15000 surplus/defcit
-2
population) as per udpfi guidline
-4
-6
-8

Figure 4-74 Pollachi community centre

Map 4-42 Map showing spaces devoid of community and open area

The socio-cultural aspects of Coimbatore being very prominent based on the religious aspect as well
as traditional aspects, has to be enhanced based on its potential. The existing scenario of Coimbatore
thus showcases the number of religious places along with the opportunities for the development of
community spaces which would lead to decrease in crime rates also.

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 4.4.2.2.5 Economic Infrastructure

4.4.2.2.5.1 Location of Banks and its Utilization

Banks: Total number of banks in Coimbatore are 817 in which 377 rural banks and 440 urban banks
The below table and bar chart show how much loans are sanctioned for different sectors

Table 4-56 Loans sanctioned for different sectors

Agri & Allied MSME Trade & service Total

Year
(crores) (crores) (crores) (crores)
2013-14 3667 3469 1548 8684
2014-15 4422 4334 1810 10566
2015-16 5382 5281 2195 12858
2013-17 5915 6607 2439 14961
2017-18 6687 7427 3085 17199

Figure 4-75 Variation of loans from 2013-14 to 2017-18

Source: Canara lead bank, Coimbatore

From the above it is clear that the loans for MSME sector is less than Agri & allied sector in 2013-14 financial
year while in 2017-2018 the loans sanctioned for MSME sector is greater than Agri& allied sector. This implies
development of MSME sector and change in the trend towards MSME development.

Table 4-57 32 Block Wise Existing Banks

Urban Rural Total

Total
Name of Households (As Urban Households Rural Households
banks
Block per census Banks (As per 2011 Banks (As per 2011
(existing)
2011) census) census)
Anamalai 19017 20 21047 30 40064 50
Karamadai 33509 18 39644 56 73153 74
P.N Palayam 88577 44 13359 20 101936 64
Annur 5610 8 25952 39 31562 47
S.S Kullam 40346 38 8568 11 48914 49
Sultanpet 0 0 22922 49 22922 49
Sulur 50453 27 13479 34 63932 61
Madukkarai 349031 204 9529 18 358560 222
Thodanmuthur 56430 30 13342 38 69772 68
Kinathukadavu 4570 11 26584 27 31154 38
Pollachi North 2746 1 27034 25 29780 26
Pollachi South 43840 39 19290 30 63130 69
Total 694129 440 240750 377 934879 817
Source: Census 2011, statistical hand book 2014, Canara lead bank

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 4.4.2.2.5.2 Markets
Regulated markets: Total of 11 Map 4-43 Existing economic infrastructure of Coimbatore
regulated markets are existing in blockwise
Coimbatore district the below table shows
markets availability block wise.

Weekly markets: There are 37 weekly

markets in different blocks in the district
where vegetables and groceries were bought
by people around the markets.

Fish and flower markets: The more

flower and fish production is there in south
and north parts of Coimbatore and sales are
more in Coimbatore corporation area. hence
providing markets in Coimbatore
corporation area and southern parts of
Coimbatore will be benefited along with
concentration in other parts of districts.

Automobile markets: As more

automobile industries are concentrated in
Coimbatore and sulur areas. Requirement of
markets is there in those areas. Sales are high
in Coimbatore corporation in the city.

Ware houses: As the more export and import operations in the district were done in Coimbatore, Mettupalayam
and Pollachi. The present use of ware houses in Coimbatore is 82%, in Mettupalayam 76 % and in Pollachi 53
%.so there is possibility to use the remaining percentage of warehouses.

The Table shows the existing Markets (Regulated, weekly, fish, flower, automobile) and Ware houses in Block
wise:

Table 4-58 Block Wise Existing Markets

Existin
Automo
g Weekly Ware Fish Flower
bile
Name of Population project Regulat Markets house Markets markets
market
Block ed ( 2041) ed requirem availabil availabil Availabi
Availabi
Market ent ity ity lity
lity
s
Anamalai 272685 1 2 N Y Y Y
Karamadai 337870 1 3 Y Y Y Y
P.N
140698 1 2 N Y Y Y
Palayam
Annur 223020 2 N N Y Y
1
S.S Kullam 470535 3 N Y Y Y
Sultanpet 1733265 1 14 Y Y Y Y
Sulur 98907 1 1 N Y Y Y

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 Madukkara
298188 1 2 N N Y Y
i
Thodanmut
323908 1 2 N Y Y Y
hur
Kinathukad
163794 1 1 N N N Y
avu
Pollachi
162369 1 2 N N N Y
North
Pollachi
288904 1 3 Y Y Y Y
South
TOTAL 4514143 11 37
Source: Tamilnadu warehouse corporation, statistical handbooks 2011 to2014, primary survey, census 2011

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CHAPTER 5. ENVIRONMENT

5.1 DISASTER: LANDSLIDES AND FOREST FIRES

5.1.1 Tamil Nadu
Natural disasters are outcome of natural hazard such as droughts, cyclones earthquakes, floods, tsunami
or landslides which have extreme effects on human lives, activities and property to a great extent. The
vulnerability to disasters is increased by poverty elevation and the potential of risk for disasters.
The state of Tamil Nadu is vulnerable to natural disasters like droughts, floods, cyclones floods and
earthquake including tsunami, due to its geographical setting. Cyclones affect the state every year,
which include five to six cyclones a year mainly between April-May and October-November, which
makes it nearly 8 %. The state also witnesses annual flooding, which includes flash floods, cloudbursts,
monsoon floods of single and multiple events, cyclonic floods, and also those due to dam bursts and
failures. The state of Tamil Nadu has faced and suffered a severe drought in the year 2002-2003, the
state could be water self-sufficient if its resources are taken proper care of and managed well. The
people feel more vulnerable to earthquakes after the adverse effects of tsunami in 2004 Indian Ocean
tsunami. These disasters have hit the human lives disrupting the normal lives and damaged the
environment, property, humans and especially women and children resulting in emotional and mental
trauma.

5.1.2 Coimbatore
Coimbatore district comes under a rain shadow area. Coimbatore gets more rainfall only during heavy
cyclone warning period. Vulnerability depends upon these factors as per the natural disaster
management report by Revenue and Disaster Management department, Coimbatore:
● Natural hazard- Drought, Cyclone/Storm, Earthquake
● Man-made Hazard- Human elephant conflict, Urban and Rural Fires, Electrical Disasters, Road
Accident
Among these, drought is one such disaster which is considered more vulnerable to Coimbatore district
as per different spatial analysis made for meteorological drought.

5.1.3 Drought
In 2002 to 2003, Coimbatore received 65% less rainfall than in previous years. The levels dropped by
30-40 per cent as groundwater couldn’t replenish itself due to climate change and excessive usage.
Coimbatore witnessed drought like situation in the following years. The district witnessed the same
scenario due to the failure of the north-east monsoon in December 2012. Such situations call for demand
that government declares the state as drought-hit. The average annual rainfall of Coimbatore from 1991
to 2017 is shown in figure below.

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 Figure 5-1 The average annual rainfall of Coimbatore from 1991 to 2017

Source: Indian Meteorological Department

5.1.4 Drought Analysis and mitigation

From the average annual rainfall of Coimbatore graph in figure 1, we observed that the mean value of
annual rainfall was 708.08 mm. Any year receiving less or equal to 546.06 mm will be the drought year.
Any year receiving rainfall equal to or more than 870.11 mm will be wet year and between 546.06 mm
and 870.11 mm will be normal year. Meteorological drought occurs when there is 25 per cent decrease
in rainfall compared to the normal rainfall over an area. The worst droughts were experienced in 1995
and then in 2002 with annual rainfall below 67 per cent of its mean value. The wettest year was observed
during 2014 which was 40 per cent more than mean annual rainfall. In 2016, even with less rainfall
received with annual rainfall of 505.5 mm, the ground water replenished itself and coped up with the
following drought. There is no systematic interval between two successive droughts but, on an average,
a variation of 1 to 6 years has been the time interval between the drought years. The yearly intensity of
drought is determined using the approach recommended by Indian Meteorological Department (IMD)
and it reveals that the total number of years having no drought, mild drought and moderate drought
were found to be 12, 11 and 4 years respectively.
Based on the spatial analysis of rainfall variation for Coimbatore by Department of Geography, School
of Geosciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, considering the 33 rain gauge stations of
Coimbatore district, it is inferred that the maximum rainfall recorded at southern part of region, Upper
Niradam which is 4655.1mm and minimum 414.4mm at Krishnapuram. The other parts of southern
region experience highest rainfall that Solaiyar Nagar (3703mm), Anaimalai (3523.3mm), Valparai
(2882.7mm), these places influenced by the Western Ghats windward and located at Anaimalai reserve
forest part of Western Ghats and gradually decreases toward north, east, north east upland region. These
upland regions are rain shadow regions which experience lowest of rainfall in the district- Krishnapuram
(414.4mm), Annur (559mm), Coimbatore town (559.3mm), Sultanpet (577.3mm), Sulur (577.5mm).
Use of the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) for drought analysis
Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) expresses the actual rainfall as a standardized departure with
respect to rainfall probability distribution function and hence the index has gained importance in recent
years as a potential drought indicator permitting comparisons across space and time. A drought event
occurs at the time when the value of SPI is continuously negative, and the event ends when the SPI
becomes positive. The SPI may be calculated at multiple timescales (1-, 3-, 6-, 9-, 12-, 24-, 48-months).
The rain gauge stations in Pollachi are considered for the rainfall data and drought analysis by using
SPI index with 3-, 6- and 12- month time scale. (Source- Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Drought

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Characteristics by Dept. of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore). Table 1
provides drought characterization based on SPI and figure 2 shows the temporal variation of
Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) values at 3-, 6- and 12-month time scale for Pollachi rain gauge
station.

Table 5-5-1 SPI Classification of drought characterization

SPI Classification of drought characterization

SPI value Category

2 or more Extremely wet

1.5 to 1.99 Severely wet

1 to 1.49 Moderately wet

0 to 0.99 Mildly wet

0 to -0.99 Mildly dry

-1 to -1.49 Moderately dry

-1.5 to -1.99 Severely dry

-2 or less Extremely dry
Source- Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Drought Characteristics by Dept. of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore

Figure 5-2 Temporal variation of Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) values at 3-, 6- and 12-month time scale for
Pollachi rain gauge station

Source- Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Drought Characteristics by Dept. of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore
The analysis revealed that the northern part suffered significantly severe drought and the Pollachi rain
gauge station was affected by extreme drought events with fluctuated rainfall pattern. The analysis
projects the drought pattern which greatly helps in forewarning the drought occurrence in the region to
take precautionary measures and other sustainable water management practices to reduce the
environmental damage.

5.1.5 Schemes adopted during drought

Government schemes are focused on targeting different vulnerable groups which are used in Pre-
disaster phase as technique for minimizing their vulnerability and empowering them to respond to any
disaster. These schemes include:

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• Micro irrigation schemes: Under this scheme subsidy of 50% is given to farmers who install
drip or sprinkler systems in their fields. During 2008-09, the scheme will be implemented in an area of
38000 ha.
• District Water Shed Development Program: This Scheme includes restore the ecological
balance by conserving, harnessing and developing degraded natural resources such as soil, vegetative
cover and water. During last five years from 2014, this scheme is being implemented in 24 districts
covering 2,413 watersheds. The scheme expenditure is shared by the Central and State Governments in
the ratio of 90:10.
Other Schemes which helps in taking measures for drought prone areas of Coimbatore are:
• Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana
• Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchaye Yojna
• Pradhan Mantri Bima Yojna
• Water Management Plan

5.2 ENCROACHMENT ON LAKES/ DRAINAGE BASIN

5.2.1 Degradation of Wetlands in Noyyal river basin
Coimbatore district
has been ranked
lowest in terms of
number of wetlands
in Tamil Nadu. Most
of the wetlands in
Coimbatore are
facing crisis due to
anthropogenic
activities.
High amounts of
domestic and
industrial waste
generated in the city
ends up in lakes.
During summers
more of this garbage
and hazardous waste Figure 5-3 Encroachment levels in the urban wetlands
is dumped in the dried
lakes. Source: EIA Resource and Response Centre, Kotagiri, Nilgiri, India

The original area of all the lakes has shrunk over the years because of construction activities around the
lake in the form of encroachments and buildings. Heavy encroachments and discharge of industrial and
domestic effluents are the major factors behind the receding water levels of these lakes. Industrial areas
have even increased in the master plan land use 2021 and most of the allotted agricultural land lies in
the vicinity of Noyyal Basin.

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 Table 5-2 Concentrations of heavy metals in the Urban Wetlands

Lake Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb

Narasampathy Lake 0.3 33 1 7 0.9

Krishnampathy Lake 0.3 22 2.5 8 1.8

Selvampathy Lake 0.3 40 2 10 1.7

Kumaraswamy Lake 0.5 42 2.3 9 1.6

Selvachinthamani Lake 0.3 356 98 18 1.8

Ukkadam Big Lake 0.3 518 13 33 1.2

Valankulam 0.3 96 19 11 1.3

Singanallur Lake 0.3 46 15 9 1.6

Source: Centre for Climate Change and Adaptation Research, Anna University, Chennai
All the samples exceed the maximum permissible limits prescribed for drinking water by WHO (World
health organization). The heavy concentration of the metals makes it non-potable as well as harmful for
the survival of the aquatic ecosystem.

5.3 BIOSPHERE: NATIONAL PARKS & WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES

5.3.1 Forest Cover and Types
Based on density, forests can be divided into the following types-
● Very Dense Forests - Lands with forest cover having a canopy density of 70 percent and above.
● Moderately Dense Forest - All lands with forest cover having a canopy density between 40 to 70
percent.
● Open Forest- Lands with forest cover having a canopy density between 10 to 40 percent.
Coimbatore has a large portion of land under forests and theses forests are immensely rich in flora and
fauna. Also, the forests are abundant in natural resources and are a major source of major and minor
forest produce for the whole country. These forests are home to many rare species such as jackal, civet
cat, panther, wild bear, etc. Categories of the Coimbatore Forest Division based on geographical
variance are the Nilgiris Slopes Reserved Forests, Plain Forests around Mettupalayam, Velliangadu
Valley, Naickenpalayam Valley, Thadagam Valley, Bolampatty Valley and Walayar Valley.
Table 1 shows the year wise forest cover of Coimbatore between 2003 and 2015. In 1997, the Forest
Area decreased as a significant amount of area was found to be under tea gardens and henceforth, this
area was excluded from the forest cover. The main reason for increase in Forest cover in 2015 is
agroforestry.

Table 5-3 Forest Cover of Coimbatore

Very Dense Mod Dense % of Geog.

Year Open Forest Total
Forest Forest Area

2003 405 833 566 1804 24.15

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 2005 424 825 567 1806 24.18

2009 379 951 540 1870 25.04

2011 381 922 527 1830 24.50

2013 381 932 547 1860 24.90

2015 377 943 1307 2627 35.17

5.3.2 Annamalai Forest Reserve- Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

Source: Annamalai Tiger Reserve, Pollachi website

• Geography

Figure 5-4 Annamalai forest hills

Conservation Authority, the Reserve presently includes a core area of 958.59 sq.km and
buffer/peripheral area of 521.28 sq.km forming a total area of 1479.87 sq.km. Elevation ranges between
340–2,513 metres above MSL. The sanctuary has six administrative ranges.

• Significance and scope

a. One of 25 global Biodiversity hotspots
b. Falls in Western Ghats No 5 biogeographical classification of country
c. Distinctive with over 2000 species of plants and over 600 species of vertebrates
d. Parambikulam-Aliyar project and Amaravathy dam account for regional economy by providing
water and power- as a water security supporter
e. Agricultural prosperity in the adjoining areas depends very much on this sanctuary
f. Major carbon sink and important life support system
g. Ideal eco-tourism and environmental education study area
h. Economic, biological, conceptual, physica, scientific, educational, cultural, religious and
historic value holder

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 • Water sanctuaries

Figure 5-5 Aliyar Dam

Figure 5-6 Annamalai Topography

Source: Secondary survey

The dam is located at the foot of Valparai, in the Anamalai Range of the Western Ghats and has parks,
gardens, aquaria and a mini theme-park, which make it a must visit attraction as well as a popular picnic
spot.

Figure 5-7 Parambikulam

Source: Secondary survey

Figure 5-8 Annamalai Landuse

As per secondary data, this Aliyar Lake receives water from Upper Aliyar Reservoir through the
hydroelectric power station in Navamali and the Parambikulam reservoir through a contour canal.

• Flora and Fauna

The diverse topography and rainfall gradient allow a wide variety of vegetation comprising a mix of
natural and man-made habitats.

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Diverse habitat types include wet evergreen forests, semi evergreen forests, and moist deciduous, dry
deciduous, dry thorn and shola forests. Tropical wet evergreen forest is found at an altitude of 600m to
1,600m. Much of the original evergreen forest now contains introduced teak plantations. The area is
home to Podocarpus wallichianus, a rare South Indian species of conifer. Man-made include teak,
eucalyptus, wattle, pines, deep fresh water ecosystem created by PAP dams.
Figure 5-9 Flora of Annamalai Reserve Forest

Gymnopserms and insectivorous are good in population. Sanctuary supports> 2500 species of
angiosperms. Plants with rich diversity balsams, crotalarias, orchids and Kurinchi, mango, kack,
banana, ginger, turmeric, pepper, etc. Endemism (unique to a location) of vegetation is very rich here.
Endangered and threatened species of plants protected are > 39. Rich diversity of medicinal plant wealth
and kariyan shola is protected as one of the MPCA in the country. Its termed as “anthropological
reserve” supporting 6 indigenous people who protect traditional varieties of crops.
The endangered Bengal tiger, Indian elephant, dhole (Asiatic wild dog), Nilgiri tahr and lion-tailed
macaque noted. Over 260 species of birds, 315 species of butterflies and animals of least concern have
been identified in the park. Supports endangered wild animals >640. The state animal of Tamil Nadu,
the wild goat is only found here.

Figure 5-10 Fauna of Annamalai Reserve Forest

(Source: Annamalai Tiger Reserve, Pollachi website)

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• Annamalai Tiger Reserve
This tiger reserve, together with the several other contiguous protected forest and grassland habitats, is
the core of the Parambikulum-Indira Gandhi tiger habitat landscape complex, with tiger occupancy area
of about 3,253 km2 (1,256 sq mi) and an estimated metapopulation of 34 (32 to 36) tigers.

• Kozhikamudhi Elephant Camp

Elephants were earlier trained and used at Anamalai for timber operations till felling of trees was
stopped in 1972 but joyrides till today. The elephant camp has become a popular public attraction since
1976. There are 20 kumki elephants at the Kozhikamudhi Elephant Camp.
Camp elephants now used for:

• Perambulation and anti-poaching activities

• Monsoon patrolling
• Eco-tourism
• As genetic resources and study centre
• Operations like uprooting lantana, removing trees fallen along roads

• Tourism
The IGWLS (Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary) is managed by the Wildlife Warden and falls within
the administrative control of the Coimbatore Forest Circle headed by the Conservator of Forests,
Coimbatore. The main tourist facilities are located in the northeast corner of the park at "Topslip", so
named because of the local 19th century practice of sliding timber logs down the hills from here that
houses many cottages, rooms, and dormitories for visitors. Visitors can get around the park by trekking
and a safari van. Interesting scenic spots like Grass hills, Monkey falls, koochimalai, Perumkundru
peaks etc. Temples of local and historical importance are found inside the sanctuary.

Figure 5-12 Elephant Ride Figure 5-13 Forest Figure 5-11 Figure 5-14 Trekking
Photography

Figure 5-15 Bird Figure 5-17 Eco-Shop Figure 5-16 Video Figure 5-18 Elephant
Watching Camp

Source: Annamalai Tiger Reserve, Pollachi website

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Top Slip
4600 Adivasi people from six tribes of indigenous people living in 34 settlements.
The main tourist facilities are located in the northeast corner of the park at "Topslip", so named because
of the local 19th century practice of sliding timber logs down the hills from here, houses many cottages,
rooms, and dormitories for visitors are found here.

TRIBAL RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL AT TOPSLIP

• Completed 60 years of functioning

• Children provided with free boarding, free supply of books and dress.
• Handicraft training like basket making was provided
• School upgraded into middle school with tutorials facility
• E-learning introduced, a digital class room facility along with video conferencing.

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 S.No Value category Illustrative constituents
1. Biological • West coast tropical evergreen forests
• Significant population of tigers, elephants, LTM and
Nilgiri tahr
• First time discovery of distinct plant species
• Core of ecological continuum

2. conceptual • Floral density- more than 1200 flowering plants, 120

species of orchids, 30 balsams, wild genetic resources
of agricultural, horticultural and medicinal
importance
• Faunal diversity- vertebrates and invertebrates
• Endemic/endangered/plant/animal species
• Occurrence of rare and threatened wild animal
species like tigers , horn bills, Cochin forest turtles,
king cobra
3. Ecological process & • Catchment for various rivers, sustains PAP and other
function projects crucial for agricultural prosperity
• Carbon silk values and other ecological services is
very high
4. scientific • Excellent scope for scientific research on unexplored
rain forests, anthropological research on tribals in
social, economic and human genetics angles
5. Educational • Rich variety of flora, fauna, tribals, offers scope for
nature interpretation, conservation, education and
environment awareness
6. Recreation • Wildlife viewing, trekking.
• Every year 1 lakh people visit the sanctuary
7. Economic • Timber and non-timber produce value is immense
• Teak plantation 3175 ha value 400 crores
• Supports tribal population of 5400 over 35
settlements- direct life support system
8. Historic • Megalithic sites-2500-3000 years old ruins and
statues are found
9. Religious & Cultural • About 15 old temples
• Spiritual literature worth exploration
Source: Primary survey report

Issues and Concerns

Man-animal conflict
In a bid to avert man-elephant conflicts that have, of late, become more frequent in Coimbatore district,
the forest department has proposed to dig elephant proof trenches along another 135km stretch adjoining
the Western Ghats. Forest officials say that encroachment on elephant corridors and forest fringes and
indiscriminate farming operations are the main reasons for the conflict.

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“Ban on tourism in tiger reserves’ core areas goes”
Guidelines by the Supreme Court of India, 2017
“The States should enact law to regulate tiger tourism — tourist facilities; tour operators should not
cause disturbance to animals; tourism infrastructure must be environment-friendly like usage of solar
energy, waste recycling and rainwater harvesting etc; permanent tourist facilities located inside the core
areas should be phased out in a time frame and 10 per cent of the revenue generated from pilgrim centres
located in tiger reserves must be used for development of local communities.”
22 snakes rescued in city by activists, released into forest, 2016
A reserve site has been transformed into a mini forest in New Damu Nagar.
It’s 3.30 p.m. and the Sun shines bright. But not so in New Damu Nagar. The canopy created by the
avenue of trees here has kept the heat at bay, almost. Many species are spotted. A huge banyan tree
supports life of variety of fauna.

• Elephant Corridors
The Coimbatore Forest Division forms part of the core zone of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR).
It passes significant numbers of elephant population and is among the eleven Elephant Reserves in India
and one among four in Tamil Nadu
One of the highest human-elephant conflict areas in India due to constant human interference by various
LULC (Land Use Land Cover) changes in elephant migratory routes. Fragmentation or destruction of
contiguous forest into three separate landscapes as Anaimalai, Periyar, and Agasthyamalai. More than
70 human deaths have occurred due to elephants in the last decade.

• High Conflict Zones

Fringe areas of Boluvampatti Block-II, Kallar,
Kovaiputhur, Madukkarai, Sirimugai, Sadivayal and
Thadagam villages. The region is prone to frequent crop
raids by the elephants. Records showed that the forest
department had paid more than INR 1.5 million
(US$35,000) as compensation, for 300 crop raids during
2009–10. Discussions with local farmers suggested that
peak elephant raids occur immediately after the northeast
monsoon and lasts until early March, which coincides
with the migratory season of elephants. The main conflict
zones are:
Jaccanari - Vedar Colony Corridor
Kallar - Jaccanari Corridor
Kallar- Nellithurai Corridor
Anakatti - Veerapandi Corridor
Maruthamalai -Thanikandi Corridor
Kalkothi - Walyar Corridor

• Causes of Human-elephant conflict

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The main causes of human-elephant conflict are agriculture expansion in the corridors, existing and
proposed highways crossing the corridors, vehicular traffic along the Ooty-Coimbatore road.
Development of private lands next to the corridors, development of forest land for plantations and
hydroelectric project, increasing number of brick kilns, due to huge demand of construction materials,
in the outskirts of the city in the Thadagam Valley.

5.4 WATER AND ENVIRONMENT

5.4.1 Soil Type
Coimbatore being under a tropical wet and dry climate has several soil types which are found in all
types of climates.
Sandy Loam, Clay Loam and Sandy Clay Loam are the types of soils found in Coimbatore region. The
soil in Coimbatore is enriched with organic matter from the hill ranges. There are rich tracts of red loam
in Pollachi. The soils in Pollachi are mostly of sandy loam often mixed with gravel. Loamy soils are
combination of sand, silt and clay. Sandy Loam has good drainage capacity. It cannot hold water
resulting in requirement of frequent irrigation. It is deficient in specific micronutrients and requires
additional fertilizers. Clay Loam which has major percentage of clay, swells to retain water, when wet.
When dry cracks in soil surface are seen. Hence, it is difficult to work with. Whereas, Sandy Clay Loam
is a mixture of both and shows mixed characteristics.
Table 5-4 Percentage Distribution of Major Soil types of Coimbatore

Red Red Non- Alluvial and

Brown
Location Calcareous Black Soil Calcareou Colluvial Forest Soil
Soil
Soil s Soil Soil

Coimbatore (N) 60.39 12.54 11.89 9.57 5.64 -

Coimbatore (S) 67.26 5.73 14.62 8.25 4.14 -

Mettupalayam 39.57 - 15.66 - - 44.77

Pollachi 54.42 8.23 37.35 - - -

Source: District Survey Report, Coimbatore District

Table 5-5 Micronutrient Status of Soils in Coimbatore

Percent Deficiency
Taluk
Zinc Copper Manganese Iron

Coimbatore (N and S) 93 66 10 17

Mettupalayam 90 74 8 30

Pollachi 93 72 14 11
Source: District Survey Report, Coimbatore District

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5.4.2 Ground Water Scenario
According to Central Ground Water Board report, the district uses 88% of water for irrigation while
remaining is used for domestic and industrial purposes. The net ground water availability of the district
is 438.81MCM while the existing Ground water draft is 506.15. The district monitors ground water by
constructing dug wells and bore wells with the help of piezometers. 87% of total irrigated area have
major source of water as Dug wells while 5% accounts for Tube wells in the district. The behaviour of
water levels is analysed with reference to the rainfall pattern. The Ground water level of the district
varies from 7m to 25mbgl and is affected by the change in rainfall. In 2003-2004, due to less rainfall,
the ground water level reached 32.2mbgl and was declared drought.

Figure 5-19 Coimbatore District Ground water levels (1991-2016)

The aquifers of the region vary from semi-confined to unconfined aquifers. Major water bearing
formations are Weathered & Fractured Granite, Gneiss, Granites and Charnockites, Colluvium &
Recent alluvium along the river courses (Refer Atlas No-). Ground water in phreatic aquifers in
Coimbatore district in general is colourless, odourless and slightly alkaline in nature.1

Coimbatore has reached 115% of stage of groundwater development and it is categorized under over-
exploited district. The exploited area accounts for about 66% i.e.2520 sq.km. The major contributor to
this depleting ground water scenario is unsustainable irrigation practices. This has led to the rate of
abstraction of the ground water to go beyond the ground water availability in the district; consequently,
over utilization of ground water depleted the ground water table. Agricultural activities like use of

1
Central Ground water Board Report 2014-15

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fertilizers, pesticides and high yielding variety seeds led to the contamination of ground water. The
lower cost of the agricultural pump sets and use of tube wells for irrigational purposes have led to the
rapid exploitation of groundwater resources.2 For example, in the Bhavani river basin, water extraction
from 30-40 feet in the 1950s had gone deeper by 700-1000ft in the 1990s. The type of groundwater in
the district is CaCl, NaCl, Ca-HCO3. The water quality of the district is deteriorating and is found to be
hard water because of the presence of chemical constituents viz. CaCO3, NO3, F and SO4 exceeding the
permissible limit. As per Central Ground water Board report the district is vulnerable to Industrial
Clusters causing Ground water pollution, Electrical Conductivity (EC> 3000 μ siemens/cm at 25◦C),
NO3 (> 45 mg/l) and F (>1.5 mg/l). Factors affecting ground water are Population Growth, Industrial
growth in combination with a semi-arid climate, Rapid urbanization and improper disposal of waste
and Irrigation practices.3

Figure 5-20 Water Contamination level in districts of Tamil

Nadu

Figure 5-21 Fertilizer Consumption across Districts in Tamil Nadu (2012-13)

2
Saravanan, Velayutham. “Technological Transformation and Water Conflicts in The Bhavani River Basin of Tamil Nadu,
1930-1970.” Environment and History, Vol. 7, No. 3, 2001, Pp. 289–334. Jstor, Jstor, Www.Jstor. Org/Stable/20723187.
3
Rajashekariah, Kiran. (2011). Impact of Urbanisation on Biodiversity: Case Studies from India. 10.13140/2.1.4952.8324.

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5.4.3 Pollution Levels in Coimbatore
(According to Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board and Central Pollution Control Board)
Due to presence of numerous industries in Coimbatore, and no proper effluent treatment methods being
used, the pollution levels are very high in the area. About 42336 industries are present in the district. A
description of about 3422 industries is shown in diagrams below.

5.4.4 CEPI (Comprehensive Environment Pollution Index)

The Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Index (CEPI)
is an index to assess the pollution levels that is developed by
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). The CEPI scores
consider the air quality, water pollution and land pollution
along with several factors such as extent of pollution, its
extent and affects.
Coimbatore ranks 38th among the industrial area surveyed
among 43 other industrial clusters with CEPI score above 70
on a scale of 1 to 100. Thus, Coimbatore can be counted
among some of the majorly polluted areas in the country and
there is a requirement to focus among those aspects.
Figure 5-22 Classification of industries on
Combined CEPI Score of Coimbatore is 72.38. Areas with the basis of pollution index (Source:
CEPI Score above 70 are considered to be polluted. Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board,
Central Pollution Control Board)

• Air Quality
The entire state of Tamil Nadu has
been declared as an air pollution
control area as per the provision of Air
(Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Act, 1981. This is the result of
increased industrialization and
urbanization in the state. In
Coimbatore, three ambient air quality
stations have already been functioning
under NAMP from the year 1991.
According to CEPI, the pollution Figure
Nadu5-23 CEPI scores
Pollution of Coimbatore
Control in 2009
Board, Central (Source:
Pollution TamilBoard)
Control Nadu)
(presence of toxins in air) is high in the
district (A factor = 95.8%) and thus it shows the presence of inefficient effluent gas treatment methods
by industries. This may also indicate high number of polluting vehicles running in the area.
According to a report by TNPCB, prepared in 2017 for ‘Environmental Quality Monitoring in 4-
Critically Polluted Area viz., Manali, Coimbatore-Kurichi, Cuddalore-SIPCOT & Ranipet’, the ambient
air quality is bad.
• Surface and Ground Water Quality
Due to the Pathway (B) factor being high in CEPI (68.75%), it can be concluded that the pollution
concentration in water as well as its impact on the ecosystem is very high.
Also, according to a report by TNPCB, prepared in 2017 for ‘Environmental Quality Monitoring in 4-
Critically Polluted Area viz., Manali, Coimbatore-Kurichi, Cuddalore-SIPCOT & Ranipet’, the water
of Coimbatore is found to be polluted.
• Land (Soil) Quality

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According to CEPI, the land is not pollution (or pollution levels are under limit).
Development-Pressure-State-Response Model analysis
Table 5-6 DPSR Model for Coimbatore

Development-Pressure-State-Response Model

Development Urbanization Industrialization

More
Pressure Increase in Increase in
Increase in Ground Forest cover
number of number of
built up area Water degradation
vehicles industries
discharge

More air,
State Low water Decrease in Loss in
More air water and
infiltration ground biodiversity and
pollution land
rate water table forest cover
pollution

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CHAPTER 6. LAND UTILIZATION

6.1 DOMINANT USE

The Coimbatore district is a sub-region of the Coimbatore region comprising four districts Nilgiris,
Erode, Coimbatore and Tirupur. The Coimbatore being the second biggest district in terms of area with
4,726 sq. km is the biggest district in terms of population. Coimbatore Municipal Corporation is the
district headquarters of the district. Apart from the Municipal Corporation of Coimbatore, there are six
other municipalities in the district. There are 6 taluks and 10 blocks in the district, which comprises 274
villages.
The land use survey is conducted all over the district on the ground with the help of google earth imagery
and local authorities. After conducting, the land use survey the land use map is digitised in GIS with
the help of TCPO maps and topographic maps are digitized for natural features like, forest boundaries,
water bodies and hills. Please refer Map 6 for existing land use map below.
The maximum land use share in the Coimbatore is shared by agriculture. The reserved forest area is
690 sq.km. Religious places and burial grounds share the least share. Residential land use is shared by
415 sq. km. The road share is 77 sq. km.
Map 6-1 Existing Land use Map- Coimbatore District

Area
S. No Land use
(sq.km)
1 Agriculture Dry 2672.01
2 Air force station 3.90
3 Airport 2.15
4 Burial Ground 0.85
5 Commercial 19.31
6 Educational 4.82
7 Health 0.43
8 Industrial 72.63
9 Landfill 0.27
10 Mining 24.28
11 Mixed Use 8.77
12 Public/Semi-Public 35.64
13 Quarry 2.17
14 Railway 4.16
Recreational/Open
15 7.25
Space
16 Religious 1.08
17 Residential 418.09
18 Vacant Land 1.05
19 Water Bodies 118.49
20 Defence Land 0.52
21 Transport 77.64
22 Agriculture wet 71.36
23 Reserved Forest 690.45
Total 4732.56

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 Figure 6-1 Land use share (in %)

The percentage of Habitat area is very less in the year 2006 when compared to the year 2018. After the
year 2011 the development around Coimbatore Municipal Corporation started drastically towards
Pollachi and Mettupalayam. Deforestation has also happened in the recent years near the foothills of
Nilgiris due to the expansion of roads towards Udhagamandalam.
The eastern part of the district has also developed the area into huge habitat area by the year 2018 and
still expanding its base and the process of habituating will continue for an another decade as per by the
trends of demographic study.
After the formation of Tiruppur District the concentration on Coimbatore Municipal Corporation has
increased drastically and that lead to the huge development activities in and around Coimbatore.
There are different types of Waste land in Coimbatore district which is scattered in chunks such as
Agricultural Waste lands, Industrial waste lands, mining and several other waste lands.

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6.2 HABITAT AREA: BUILT UP CONCENTRATION AND EXPANSION

Figure 6-2 Coimbatore LULC

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6.3 LAND SUITABILITY ANALYSIS FOR DEVELOPMENT
Based on the observations following cases are identified where lower order cities like Kuniyamuthur,
Kurichi and Goundampalayam have more population than second order cities like Mettupalayam and
Pollachi. Since population of Valparai is steadily decreasing and being the eco-sensitive zone control
development approach shall be applied here separately. For the other settlements the comparative
analysis is done based upon criteria viz.; connected settlements, order and level, zonal character. In
order to upgrade the lower order cities to higher order cities, by growth pole theory socio-economic
infrastructure is required. Based on the zonal characters, following tables show infrastructure required.
Urban Population Urban Growth Population Urban Growth Point Population
Growth Pole Center
Coimbatore 1050721 Mettupalayam (M) 69213 Kuniyamuthur (M) 95924
M. Corp Pollachi (M) 90180 Kurichi (M) 123667
Valparai (M) 70859 Goundampalayam (M) 83908
Zonal Agro based Industrial Tourism
Character

Order Name Level Character Connected Infrastructure for Order

Centers Upgrade
2nd Mettupalayam Center Agro Growth Center- 0 Machinery, Financial,
Based Growth Point- 1 Technology, Banking Facilities,
Service Center-3 Medical facilities, University,
Central Village-0 Industrial Hub
2nd Pollachi Center Agro Growth Center- 1 Agro-based Industries,
Based Growth Point- 2 Specialized medical facilities
Service Center-1
Central Village-2
2nd Valparai Center Tourism Growth Center- 1 Controlled Development Zone to
Growth Point- 1 sustain balance between natural
Service Center-0 and built environments
Central Village-0
3rd Kuniyamuthur Point Industrial Growth Center- 0 Offering marketing, recreational
Growth Point- 2 and social services, specialized
Service Center-0 medical facilities etc.
Central Village-0
3rd Kurichi Point Industrial Growth Center- 0 Agro industries, dairy processing
Growth Point- 3 units, junior college, primary
Service Center-2 level specialized medical
Central Village-0 facilities etc.
3rd Goundampalayam Point Industrial Growth Center- 1 Industrial products, machines,
Growth Point- 0 banking facilities, degree college,
Service Center-2 university, Industrial hub
Central Village-0

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DEVELOPABLE LAND

Sr. SCALE
No TYPE INFLUENCE CATEGORY VALUE
1 OPEN SPACE 25 VACANT 1
AGRICULTURE 2
2 SLOPE 25 0-3% 1
3-5% 2
5-8% 3
8-15% 4
>15% RESTRICTED
3 NATURAL 5 0-30m RESTRICTED
>30m 1
4 RAILWAY 5 0-20m RESTRICTED
>20m 1
5 FOREST 10 RESERVED RESTRICTED
NON-
RESERVED 1
6 DEVELOPED 5 BUILTUP RESTRICTED
NON BUILTUP 1
7 WATERWAY 10 0-20m RESTRICTED
>20m 1

8 ROAD 15 0-200m 1
200-500m 2
500-1000m 3
1000-2000m 4
>2000m 5
SUM OF INFLUENCE = 100
EVALUEATION SCALE
1 TO 5 BY 1

• PINK MARKED AREA ARE RESTICTED PART

• GREEN IS MOST SUITABLE
• YELLOW IS MODERATE SUITABLE
• ORANGE IS LEAST SUITABLE

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The suitability for developable land is created by Map 6-2 Developable Suitability Map
considering following criteria;
1. Slope percentage is considered as 0-3% is
more suitable, 3-8% is moderate and 8-15%
is less suitable and more than 15% is
restricted as it is not possible for construct
on that land.
2. Buffer of major road is considered as buffer
of 0-200m if more suitable, 200-500m is
moderate, 500-1000m is less suitable and
more that 1km is least suitable for
developable land.
3. All the existing built-up is considered as
restricted as develop on the existing built-
up is not suitable.
4. Natural feature like water body and water
ways are considered as restricted area.
5. A buffer of 20m from railway property is
considered as development on that land is
restricted by rail authority.
6. Reserved forest land is considered as
restricted for environment protection.
The weightage is given as maximum weightage is
given to slope and road, and equal area is given to all the restricted features. According to which the
total suitability is calculated, and the total land is under all the category is given below:

Category Ares (sq.km)

Restricted 2356.05
High Suitable 806.78
Moderate Suitable 1516.42
Least Suitable 33.43

Land utilization involves the management and modification of natural

environment or wilderness into built environment such as settlements and semi-natural habitats such
as arable fields, pastures, and managed woods. It also has been defined as "the total of arrangements,
activities, and inputs that people undertake in a certain land cover type.
Following are the definition used for land utilization:
Forest Area:
This includes all land classified either as forest under any legal enactment, or administered as forest,
whether State-owned or private, and whether wooded or maintained as potential forest land. The area

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of crops raised in the forest and grazing lands or Map 6-3 Landcover
areas open for grazing within the forests remain
included under the “forest area”.
Area under Non-agricultural Uses:
This includes all land occupied by buildings, roads
and railways or under water, e.g. rivers and canals,
and other land put to uses other than agriculture.
Barren and Un-Culturable Land:
This includes all land covered by mountains, deserts,
etc. Land which cannot be brought under cultivation
except at an exorbitant cost is classified as
unculturable whether such land is in isolated blocks
or within cultivated holdings.
Permanent Pasture and other Grazing Land:
This includes all grazing land whether it is
permanent pasture/meadows or not. Village common
grazing land is included under this category.

Land under Miscellaneous Tree Crops, etc.: Landcover (Sq km)

Grassland 147.20
This includes all cultivable land which is not included Barren Land 1895.67
in ‘Net area sown’ but is put to some agricultural use. Water Body 172.08
Land under casuri trees, thatching grasses, bamboo Rocky Land 104.45
bushes and other groves for fuel, etc. which are not Forest 1160.26
included under ‘Orchards’ are classified under this Fallow Land 119.19
category. Built-up 467.55
Agriculture 912.31
Culturable Waste Land: Total 4978.71

This includes land available for cultivation, whether taken up or not taken up for cultivation once, but
not cultivated during the last five years or more in succession including the current year for some reason
or the other. Such land may be either fallow or covered with shrubs and jungles which are not put to
any use. They may be accessible or inaccessible and may lie in isolated blocks or within cultivated
holdings.
Residential land suitability
As to fulfil the demand of housing in Coimbatore district we have find out the best potential area by
residential land suitability analysis. Residential development depends upon various factors, like
available developable land, extent of area, accessibility etc and some natural factors like slope, soil etc.
Land suitability assessment is a multiple criteria evaluation process, various layers overlay and giving
weightage according to our need. Overall, the following parameter have been considered for the
suitability analysis:
• Developable land
• Community centre
• School
• Colleges

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 • Healthcare Map 6-4 Residential Land Suitability
• Parks
• Garden
• Roads
• Railway
• Water bodies
• Built Up
• Forest
• Air quality index
• Slope

Table 6-1 Residential land suitability Areas

Categories Restricted Most suitable Moderately suitable

Area % Area % Area %
(hectares) (hectares) (hectare)
Mettupalayam 45471.71 73.67 2866.64 4.64 13385.35 21.69
Coimbatore North 37812.92 47.14 7489.99 9.34 34902.75 43.52
Coimbatore South 49237.26 59.72 8313.67 10.08 24890.72 30.19
Pollachi 18664.26 16.25 5695.53 4.96 90531.05 78.80
Sulur 16107.25 27.45 6564.13 11.18 36016.53 61.37
Valparai 69825.89 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.42 0.00

6.4 ECO-SENSITIVE AREAS

Coimbatore district proudly houses parts of Western Ghats which borders the district’s North and West
along with the Nilgiri Biosphere, Anamalai and Munar ranges. It treasures a rich flora and fauna and is
the home to Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park (IGWSNP) which is today known as
Anamalai Tiger Reserve. The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) set new guidelines to create
eco-sensitive zones (ESZs) around Protected Areas to prevent ecological damage caused due to
developmental activities around National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries. The new ESZ guidelines
would also ensure that these areas act as ‘shock absorbers’ to the protected areas by regulating and
managing the activities around such areas.

A. Two eco-sensitive areas

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Two eco-sensitive areas by as per the guidelines are the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve in the Western Ghats
and the Anamalai Tiger Reserve along with the Valparai Taluk.
Western Ghats
Western Ghats, one of the Key map
eight “biodiversity hot-
spots” of the world is also a
UNESCO world heritage
site. It is the Ghats that
contribute to the ecological
richness and diversity of not
only Coimbatore district but
the while of Tami Nadu. The
forests of the Western Ghats
are rich with a wide range of
plants, animals, insects,
birds, endemic species,
endangered species etc. It
has a number of protected
areas including 14 National
parks, 2 biosphere reserves,
wildlife sanctuaries and
many more areas declared as
forest reserves. It is also the Figure 6-3 Reserve forest and elephant corridors of Western Ghats
source of the major rivers of
Coimbatore that provides for drinking and irrigation.
Elephant corridors of Coimbatore Forest Division - There are many elephant corridors in the Nilgiri
Biosphere Reserve of the Western Ghats. Some of them are Jaccanari- Vedar colony corridor, Kallar-
Jaccarani corridor, Anakatli- Veerapandi Corridor etc.
Valparai- Anamalai Range
The TN Environment and Forest
Department declared an extent of 958.39
sq.km that circumscribed the IGWLSNP
as Anamalai Tiger Reserve under the
Wildlife Protection Act, 1992 on 27th
June, 2008. The Reserve presently
constitutes a core area of 958.59 sq.km
and a buffer area of 521.28sq.km, adding
up to a total area of 1479.28sq.km.
The Tiger reserve along with the other
forest reserves has a wide variety flora
and fauna like the wet evergreen forest
and semi-evergreen forest, montane
shola grassland, moist deciduous, dry
deciduous, thorn forest and marshes. It is
Figure 6-4 Valparai showing the Anamali Tiger Reserve core and
also home to 20 different species of
buffer
animals including endangered Bengal
Tigers.

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The reserve forest along with the buffer area of the Anamalai Tiger Reserve surrounds the town of
Valparai. Valparai is a hill station and has a diminishing human population due to the lack of
employment opportunities and other physical restraints. The town and its surrounding areas have a
potential for eco-tourism and agricultural production of tea and coffee, which is the basic source of
income for most of the population of the town. However, due to its close proximity to the tiger reserve,
many tourist spots and agricultural lands have been affected which is a reason for the negative growth
of the region.

B. Impact of Anthropogenic Activities

Large amount of deforestation (legally and illegally) has led to the modification of the landscape and
fragmentation of the contiguous forest into 3 different parts as Anamalai, Periyar and Agasthymalai.
This has affected elephants the most as they are often found stranded. This has led to a major issue of
human-elephant conflict. In Coimbatore, elephants often raid farmlands and destroy crops. There have
been cases of trains running over elephants on the elephant corridor.
Deforestation of the Western Ghats and human interference with the ecosystem has led to many
calamities of in and around the ghats. The Kerala floods of 2018 were bound to happen with a greater
impact because of the destruction of the Western Ghats. The temperature is rising, climate is changing,
and ground water table is going down. Human “development” have penetrated the eco-sensitive zones
and if strict regulations are not made, it would not take time for further human activities to concretize
on the eco-sensitive zones.
The Western Ghats along with harbouring a rich biodiversity, it also houses and supports a high
population density. Valparai has a negative growth in terms of development and population growth.
These are sensitive zones because retention and preservation of human population is as important as the
protection of the biodiversity and ecosystem for a sustainable and inclusive development of the region.

C. Issues and mitigation measures

Western Ghats
Mitigations
The Western Ghats of the Coimbatore region lies in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. All anthropogenic
activities should be blocked there. It is a reserved forest and no agricultural practices or any other
activity should be allowed.
At the foothills of the Ghats, alluvial soil is rich but no agricultural practices should be allowed for
500m.
No obnoxious industries to be allowed in the vicinity of the ghats and the density of the human
settlement should be kept low to moderate with
adequate infrastructure.
Valparai
Issues
Apart from the forest related issues, the other major
issue of Valparai is the fast drop in population
growth. It is as important to sustain the population
of a region as to sustain the environment for an
ecological balance. There are not much employment
opportunities in Valparai and the maximum
population is engaged with agricultural practices of
tea and coffee production. There is no good

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hospitals and the citizens have to travel to Pollachi for treatment. There is n boundary between the
settlement and the buffer zone of the Tiger Reserve which causes human-animal conflict.
Mitigation
Eco-tourism has a lot of potential in Valparai because of its scenic beauty, the forests and the mountains.
Eco-tourism has to be promoted and the revenue generated should go to the locals directly.
For this, the concept of home stays has to be brought to the field so that the money from the tourist goes
directly to the people, they can act as a guide and their local culture can be promoted.
Home based industries of art and craft should be encouraged.
Tourist spots in the reserve forest should be taken out of the Tiger Reserve buffer area.
A well-defined boundary should be made between
Map 6-5 Map showing the 8 urban wetlands present
the settlement area and the Tiger Reserve so avoid in the vicinity of Noyyal Basin
the human-animal conflict.

• Coimbatore River basins

Coimbatore lies in the area of the two river
basins Parambikulam Aliyar river basin and
Kaveri river basin. The Noyyal River rises from
the Vellangiri Hills in the Western Ghats in
Tamil Nadu and drains into the Kaveri River.
The river's basin is 180 km long and 25 km
wide. It covers a total area of 3,500 sq km.
The Central Groundwater Board had declared
the 100-odd km stretch of Noyyal between
Kachimanathi and Tirupur as over-exploited, in
2004 and 2009, a term used for an area
extracting more water than its annual recharge.
Noyyal River Basin
The river Noyyal joins river Kaveri at the
Noyyal village, in Erode district of Tamil Nadu.
The rain fed Noyyal River, flowing from west
to east, travels through the five districts of
Coimbatore, Tirupur, Erode, Karur, and Trichy,
covering an area of 0.35 M ha.
The nature of the river getting flooded
downstream, especially near the Noyyal village
during the rains in otherwise scanty rainfall area
typical of this region caused the Chola kings to
create an ingenious system of lakes and anicuts
festooning the course of the river to not only
contain and channelize the monsoon waters but
also to aid recharge of the groundwater.

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The Noyyal river overflowed during heavy
rains and disrupted livelihood and economic
activities in the region. In the 8th and 9th
century, during the Kongu-Chola regime, 30
wetlands were constructed along the Noyyal
river on both the sides. Realising the potential
of wetlands it was later used for irrigation
activities. Over the years various human
activities have affected the health of these
wetlands.

Importance of wetland
Wetlands are very important for the urban sustenance. It helps in
mitigating flood by diverting the excess to the wetlands. They help
by retaining water for longer duration and thus recharging the
groundwater by percolation. In this process of water percolation,
the water gets filtered and the passage through soil ensures nutrient
retention. These create aquatic ecosystem and support biodiversity
by provided them the necessary habitat conditions. These are also
the part of cultural ecosystem services and enhance the aesthetic
and recreation value of the region. The wetland products also
generate employment in the form of provisioning ecosystem
services by nurturing food products like, fish, rice etc.
Figure 6-5: Importance of Wetlands

Threats to wetland
Various anthropogenic activities affect the wetlands which are reasons for the degradation of natural
fertility of the soil, biodiversity and flooding. Illegal imbalance and may lead to flooding of the places
during heavy monsoons. The discharge of effluents by the
industries as well as untreated wastes into them causes pollution.
The overexploitation of water leads to the depletion in ground
water table. The decline in agricultural lands is due to the selling
off of these lands to real estate developers for instant monetary
gains. These in turn pollute the natural balance and may lead to
pollution if not maintained properly. The fertile alluvial soils are
used up for construction activities. The agricultural practices
which utilise fertilizers are washed off during monsoons and the
runoff enters these wetlands which lead to algal formation. The
sunlight does not reach the lower portions of the wetalnds
affecting the aquatic ecosystems. Various anthropogenic activities
also destruct the avian habitats which are dependent on these
Figure 6-6 Threats to Wetlands
wetlands for water sources.

• Degradation of Noyyal river basin – Factors affecting health of wetlands

Impact of Industries
For effective monitoring, industries are categorized as Red, Orange, Green and White according
to their pollution potential.
According to state Pollution Control Board rules, 'red' and 'orange' category units (highest polluting
industries, which include dyeing and bleaching) should be situated 1km from a river/ stream or any
other water source.

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The Noyyal basin is highly affected by such
similar anthropogenic activities. Industries
in Tirrupur district have highest
contribution in polluting the river basin. The
effluents are characterised by high
concentration of bleaching liquids, soda
ash, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, azo
dyes, sodium peroxide, hypochlorite, and
heavy metals such as Cadmium, Iron, Zinc,
and Lead. Many of these chemicals are
characterized as carcinogenic. This has
resulted into degradation of quality of
surface as well as ground water. Studies
carried out by State Public Works
Department, Tamil Nadu State Pollution
Control Board (TNPCB) and various
academic institutions have concluded that
Figure 6-8 Map of Noyyal Basin showing zones created along the
the water in the basin has been highly river due to pollution
contaminated. A study on the water quality of
Noyyal by the Central Water Commission Source: Water Management in the Noyyal River Basin: A Situation Analysis
(CWC, 2001) found that most of the water
quality indicating parameters had crossed the
maximum permissible limits set by the Central
Pollution Control Board (CPCB). The heavy
concentration of the metals makes it non-
potable as well as harmful for the survival of
the aquatic ecosystem.

Figure 6-7 8 Location of Red, Orange, Green and White

Source: TNPCB

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Change in landuse (Agricultural lands getting converted)
Due to the increasing EC concentrations in the
groundwater, farmers are shifting from from less
salt-tolerant crops (such as banana, coconut, etc.)
to more salt-tolerant crops (curry leaf, tobacco,
etc.). Traditional crops such as paddy and cereals
are virtually absent (Mukherjee and Nelliyat,
2007).
Due to the increasing water pollution levels, the
agricultural practices which were dependant on
this for source of water were severely impacted.
The agricultural yield for few traditional crops
like turmeric, coconut and bananas has reduced
in recent times. Because of this many farmers are
selling their lands and shifting to other
occupations. Majorly, farmers in the surrounding
areas of lakes in Singanallur, Kurichi,
Narasimapathy, and Vedapatty are moving out
of agricultural practices by converting into real
estate plots which hampers the protection of
wetlands and rather further degrades them.
According to the study Appasamy et. al. (2000),
it was found that the total irrigated area in the
basin has declined from 16,262ha to 14,262ha.
This means that the Provisioning ecosystem
services are getting degraded and the change in
landuse may suggest that if the local agricultural
practices are demoted, it may result into induced
pressures on import of agricultural products i.e.
increase in input flow in the region.
The change in landuse is also a resultant of heavy
urbanization and increasing financial pressures
on potential lands. As a result agricultural lands
are being utilized for urbanization and industrial
activities which reflect the changing occupation
nature. The figures show temporal changes in
percentages of built up land, land under
cultivation, fallow land, forest land and water
bodies.
Improper sewage management
Noyyal has a naturally seasonal flow which flows during the North-east monsoon months; however,
urban and domestic sewage flows and the return flows from the Lower Bhavani project, the river
experiences perennial flow in some stretches. The orographic effects of the Western ghats impart highly
variable rainfall patterns. Occasional flooding occurs during heavy rains. Industries discharge their
untreated effluents and the domestic sewage is also disposed off in various regions resulting in pollution
of river.

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 • Impact on Wetlands
Impact on biodiversity
The wetlands support a diversity of flora and fauna. But this natural ecosystem is slowly degrading in
several ways. (Guptha et al. 2011, Reginald et al. 2007). Because of the high nutrient loading, several
tanks are undergoing eutrophication which support growth of unwanted vegetation affecting the aquatic
life. This is also responsible for degradation of cultural ecosystem services because the lakes have
recreational potential which have been practiced in the Singanallur and Sulur tanks. The decomposition
of aquatic vegetation and other organic matter in the streams and tanks result in the depletion of
biologically dissolved oxygen levels thus reducing the population of fish. This is highly affecting the
fishing occupation which is responsible for generating economy. The industrial pollution is also
responsible for affecting fish health (Govindaraju et al. 2010).
There are various exotic species of migrant birds, the population of which are steadily decreasing and
are moving away from the Coimbatore wetlands. The impact can also be evidently seen on the depleting
health of important indigenous medicinal plants.

Impact on groundwater potential Water resources

are limited and conservation of its sources is need
of the hour. Activities that generate economy like
agriculture and industries highly depend on water
as a resource. Ground water resources have been
developed in the last three decades to fulfill the
rising demands. Various reports on groundwater
and our analysis gives us a declining trend in
groundwater. Coimbatore and northern part of
Pollachi. Over exploitation that leads to damage
to the aquifers has resulted in decline of
Figure 6-9 Graph showing increase in water levels due to rain
groundwater recharge potentials. water harvesting in Coimbatore (Static water level in feet)
Groundwater decline reminds us of the interlinked Source: Siruthuli
wetlands that exist along the Noyyal Basin and were constructed to store water and for percolation,
are now the victims of urbanization.
In 2003, Coimbatore received 65% less rainfall than the previous years and its ground water table had
dropped to 150 ft. This was the moment of realisation for people that water needed to be saved. The
corporates and residents took matters into their hands and formed Siruthuli. Siruthuli, which means a
drop of water in Tamil. The financially strong ones involved in the organisation pooled Rs 25 lakh each
and asked people to chip in more. Wetlands that once channelized the monsoon water and aided ground
water recharge had turned into dumpyards. Desilting of the major 8 water tanks was done and 6,485
million litres of water was stored. This meant adding 17 million litres per day (mld) to the city’s supply,
which was 25 mld against the requirement of 120 mld. The silt collected was used to strengthen the
bunds of the tanks and to expand roads. Roadside water harvesting was introduced. Borewells with
recharge pits and filter chambers were constructed by Siruthuli for rain water harvesting. These attempts
helped recharge groundwater.

Shrinkage in the sizes of wetlands – Vulnerability to flooding

The original area of all the lakes has shrunk over the years because of formal and informal construction
activities around the lake in the form of encroachments and buildings. The eight wetlands that used to
hold around a combined 380 mcft storage capacity with lake bed areas worth 1,200 acres account for
only around 180 mcft storage with lake bed areas around 800 acres. This is a resultant of various

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anthropogenic activities as discussed above which have serious implications on the healthy life of the
wetlands.

Figure 6-11 Shrinkage in the area of Wetlands

Source: EIA Resource and Response Centre, Kotagiri, Nilgiri, India

Total Bed Area in Acres Encroached Area in Acres

7 15 10 10 21
14 15 38

124 176 265 320 285

70 94 160
Narasampathy Lake

Krishnampathy Lake

Singanallur Lake
Selvampathy Lake

Valankulam Lake
Senkulam Lake

Periyakulam (Ukkadam Lake)

Kumaraswamy Lake

Figure 6-10 Encroachment levels in the urban wetlands

Source: EIA Resource and Response Centre, Kotagiri, Nilgiri, India

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 • Mitigation measures/ Proposal

After studying the existing conditions, the impact urbanization has caused and the growth
patterns five zones have been demarcated in the Noyyal Basin Area. Mitigation measures for
the same have been defined below:

Proposal Zone- 1
- No Industries near forest area
- Limited tourism activities

Proposal Zone- 2
- Ban heavy polluting industries
- Regular cleaning of lakes
- Lake demarcation- green bunds

Proposal Zone- 3
- Sewage and industrial effluents treatment
- Rehabilitate people living on encroached lands

Proposal Zone- 4
- Maintain buffer zone- to control pollution levels
- Water quality monitoring

Proposal Zone- 5
-Controlled use of heavy fertilizers
- Check urban sprawl

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CHAPTER 7. – INSTITUTIONS AND GOVERNANCE

7.1 EXISTING GOVERNANCE INSTITUTIONS & THEIR LINKS

(HORIZONTAL & VERTICAL)
a) Water Supply & Sewerage

The Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board (TWAD) under The Tamil Nadu Water Supply and
Drainage Board Act, 1970,is responsible for water and sewerage infrastructure facility in the Tamilnadu
State. However, in case of Coimbatore, Coimbatore Corporation is responsible for Services.

b) Master Plan/Comprehensive Development Plan

The Town and Country Planning Department (TCPD) responsible for the Master Plan for the town
under Under Sec.47 (A) of the Town and Country Planning Act 1971, and the endorsement of
implementing the Master Plan lies with the Urban Local Body .Local Planning Authority is responsible
at local level for land use related activities.

c) Roads and Highways

National and State Highways that go through the town/city keep up under Tamilnadu Highway act 2001.
Metropolitan streets are anyway made and kept up by the ULB.

d) Environmental Protection

The Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB) is in charge of environmental protection and, passed
by authorities under Environmental Protection Act 1986.

e) Slum Up gradation

The Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board (TNSCB) work on improvement of schemes for
notified/regularized slum settlements in the Town. Infrastructure is financed partly through loans from
the Housing and Development Corporation and through grants from Govt. of Tamil nadu (Tamil Nadu
Slum Areas (Improvement and Clearance) Act, 1971). The Coimbatore Corporation is mainly
responsible of the infrastructure facility in the slums existing in its boundary.

Figure 7-1 Department Overlapping

f) Coimbatore Municipal Corporation, Mettupalaym Municipal Council, Pollachi Municipal

Council (The Tamil Nadu District Municipalities Act-1920) services :-

• Infrastructure,
• Services projects,

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 • Infrastructure Administration Elected Representatives;
• Statutory and Financial Information (accounts, budgets, RTI compliance);
• Reports and Documents (city-level plans, master plans, and others).

7.2 PLANNING INSTITUTIONS AND THEIR LINK TO REGIONAL &

STATE LEVEL
• Organization Structure of Urban Local Body
The structure of the Corporation comprises of two Wings i.e., the Deliberative Wing and the Executive
Wing.

a) Executive Wing Figure 7-2 Administrative Boundary Map

An elected council consist of a directly elected Mayor
and Ward councilors represents the Elected Wing.
According to 74th Constitutional Amendment Act (CAA), the city is bifurcated into four ward
committees and seven standing advisory groups to help
the committee in its tasks. A Deputy Mayor helps the
Mayor and is chosen from among the councilors. The
term of both, the Mayor and his Deputy, is for a time of
5 years.

The ward board working at the zonal level comprises of

elected councilors of the individual wards and is going by
a Chairperson. These boards are in charge of helping the
committee in the arranging and execution of
improvement works at the zonal level. In addition, the
council comprises of seven standing panels headed by a
Chairperson.

b) Administrative Wing

The Commissioner, who is additionally the excutive

leader of the Corporation, heads the authoritative wing.
Four zonal Assistant Commissioners and eight Heads of
Department help him. The Head of Departments include:

• Assistant Commissioner (Personnel) ƒ

• Assistant Commissioner (Revenue) ƒ
• Assistant Commissioner (Accounts) ƒ
• Accounts Officer (Water supply) ƒ
• City Engineer ƒ
• City Health Officer Executive Engineer (Planning) ƒ
• Chief Educational Officer.

I. The functions of the Administrative wing are as follows

• All Executive Functions with the Administrative Head (Commissioner),

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 • payments, etc
• Establishment matters such as appointment, transfers,
• pay and allowances, etc.,
• public relations, redressal of public grievances,
• correspondence with Government and other departments, ƒ
• Legal matters etc. ƒ
• Sanctioning of estimates and approval of contracts,
• Others related to office administration.

• The Corporation Departments.

a. Engineering Department: The Eng. Dpt. is primarily in charge for the planning activities ,
preparation and implementation of all developmental works of the Corporation This office is
going by the City Engineer to help the Commissioner. There are two Executive Engineers, E.E
(west) for west and south zones and E.E (east) for east and north zones. There is one Assistant
Executive Engineer for every one of the four zones and a Assistant Engineer for each divisions.

b. The division in a joint effort with Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage (TWAD) Board
embraces usage of water supply and sewerage works inside the wards of the Corporation.The
department is also responsible for ensuring the quality of the works and their execution in a
period bound way.

c. Functions- Engineering Department

Undertaking development works, Maintenance of road, water supply, , sewerage systems,
drainage street lights and buildings of the Corporation, Maintenance of roads and .Preparation
of estimates and quality control.

d. Public Health Department: The Public Health Department mainl responsible for solid waste
management and public health related aspects e.g, malaria control program, immunization
activities, etc.

e. Town Planning Department: The major responsibility of his Department is issuing of building
licenses and implementation of various Development Plans(Master Plan, Regional Plan,Local
Plan) . The dept. is headed by an Executive Engineering (Planning) and is assisted by J.E and
other staff.

f. Town Planning Department: Issue of building licenses preparation and implementation of

different Development Plans, Master Plan etc. are the major function of this department. This
department is headed by an Executive Engineering (Planning) and is assisted by Junior
Engineers and other staff.

g. After the amalgamation of town planning functions with the engineering section, the Junior
Engineers have been given the responsibility to look after the town planning activities.
However, there is lack of coordination with the Local Planning Authority and Town and
Country Planning Department as the allocation of responsibilities is improper. A major problem

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 arising in this department is the limited power in the issue of building licenses and also in the
preparation of Master Plan.

h. Functions- Town Planning Department

➢ Issue of building license,
➢ Detection and taking action of unauthorized construction
➢ Approval of installation of machinery
➢ Execution of District Development Plan and Master Plan Proposals
➢ Removal of encroachments.

i. Accounts Department: The City Corporation maintains two separate funds, one is General Fund
and the other is the Water Supply and Drainage Fund.

j. General Fund Accounts: This department deals with finance, budget and accounts of the
Corporation relating to all the areas except water supply and drainage, and is headed by the
Assistant Commissioner (Accounts). This department also monitor income and expenditure as
per budgetary provisions. Other responsibilities are as follows:

a. Scrutinizing of pay bills and disbursing salaries to employees,

b. Payment for all works and supply bills, and
c. Payment of all pensions benefits to teaching and non-teaching staff of Corporation
schools and retired Corporation employees.

k. Water Supply and Drainage Accounts: This section monitors and supervises the work relating
to finance, budget and accounts of the water supply and drainage works of the Corporation. The
section is headed by the Accounts Officer (water supply) who also prepares and submits the
Budget and Accounts of water supply and drainage.

l. Revenue Department: This department is headed by an Assistant Commissioner (Revenue) and

assisted by four Assistant Revenue Officers and Bill Collectors. Preparation of demand,
collection and balance (DCB) statement for different tax items is one of the main activities of
this department.

m. Education: The education department look after the schools and noon meal centers within the
Corporation limits. The main duties include maintenance, administration and inspection of
schools and related activities. The officers of the department have to work in coordination with
the officers of various other departments of the Corporation like the Engineering, Public Health,
Accounts, etc.

n. Public Relations Department: As a part of re-organization, the Corporation has established a

public relations department with Public Relations Officer as its head. The department handles
the public relations work of Corporation and all public complaints, grievances and attends to
public petitions.

o. Establishment & Personnel Department: The Personnel Department deals with the
establishment requirements and handles all matters related to recruitment and personnel
relations. This department is headed by an Assistant Commissioner (Personnel).

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 p. Council Wing Department: Officials of the Council Wing Department handle matters of the
Council. Records are maintained on council and standing committee resolutions. A Council
Secretary, appointed by the Council who heads the Department.

q. Litigation Department: The Litigation Department handles all Court and legal hearings related
to the Corporation. This department is headed by a Law Officer.

• Directorate of Town and Country Planning Department

Govt of Tamilnadu has enacted T&CP Act, 1971 by repealing Town Planning Act 1920. The Directorate
of Town & Country Planning (DTCP) headed by the Director and is functioning under the Tamil Nadu
T&CP Act, 1971.The department has its jurisdiction over the entire Tamil Nadu except Chennai
Metropolitan Development Area (CMDA).

a. Organisation Setup
The Commissioner of Town and Country Planning is the Head of the department. The department is
having its head office at Chennai and the sub-ordinate offices viz., 8 Regional offices, 27 Composite
Local Planning Authorities and 8 New Town Development Authorities are functioning and 2 more
NTDAs have been notified.

• Local Planning Authority

Nodal agency responsible for Coimbatore Region. to improve the existing situation in planned
mannerCoimbatore LPA has been designed, urban land is utilized in the best way and obtain the land
for urban development residential and commercial projects.
The planning permission and building licence can be issued simultaneously when the Local bodies are
delegated with powers to issue planning permission. In case of issue of planning permission is keep
possession of with Local Planning Authority, building licenceor any other licence should be provide by
local body only after planning permission is issued by LPA.
The Local Planning Authority after authorizing planning permission send the plan to the local body for
issue of licence made under Local bodies Act.
Planning permissions
a) Layouts, including modifications of existing Layouts
b) Sub-division of house-sites

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c) Building of any nature, including modifications
d) Variations to existing land use

7.3 LOCATION OF PANCHAYAT/ BLOCK/ TALUKA/ MUNICIPAL

OFFICES
• Coimbatore Municipal Corporation
• Municipalities
Mettupalayam, Pollachi, Valparai, Goundampalayam, Kuniyamuthur, kurichi
• Town Panchayat
a. Madukkarai - 16/218 Palaghat Main Road, Madukkarai Post, Coimbatore-641105.
b. Anaimalai- Kottur Main Road, Rangaram Park Compound. anaimalai
c. Annur- 57/126, Kadai Veethi, Annur, Coimbatore - 641653
d. Irugur- Irugur Town Panchayat, Market Road, Irugur, Coimbatore-103
e. Karumathampatti- Karmathampatti Town panchayat,28,A.k main road,somanur
f. Karamadai- 60, Anna Bus Stand, Railway Station Road, Karamadai, Coimbatore-641104
g. Gudalur- Nehru nagar, Samichettipalayam, Coimbatore-47
h. Kottur- 2/216, Bagavathi Nagar, Thirumalaiyama Post, Madukkarai via cbe.641105
i. Sirumugai- Sathy mettupalayam road, Sirumugai
j. Sulur- 6/60, Panchayat Office Street, Sulur, Coimbatore - 641402
k. Periyanaickenpalayam- Kuppichipalayam Road, Periyanaickenpalayam Town Panchayat
Coimbatore -20
l. Vellalore- 43/18, Nethaji StreetÏ Edaiyarpalayam, Vellalore, Coimbatore - 641 111
m. Vettaiakaranpudur- 3,Mudhaliyar street,Vettaikaranpudur, pollachi tk, 642129
n. Zamin Uthukuli- 1.Bungalow Street, Zamin Uthukuli, Pollachi - 642004
o. Othakkalmandapam- 57,Velanthavalam Road,Othakkalmandapam, Coimbatore641032
p. Odayakulam- 181, Old Maduraiveeran Kovil Street, Odayakulam
q. Kannampalayam- 13/33, Chinnarame Gounder Street Kannampalayam Coimbatore- 641402
r. Kinathukadavu- Vivekananda street, Kinathukadavu, Coimbatore 642109
s. Samathur- 1, Ponnapuram road, Samathur, Pollachi. 642123
t. Sarkarsamakulam- 43B Thudiyalur Road Sarkarsamakulam(po) Coimbatore-641107
u. Suleeswaranpatti- Suleeswaranpatti Town Panchayat Office. No.1. Alagappa Nagar,
Suleeswaranpatti - 642006
v. Dhaliyur- 1/35, TTS Thippaiah Street, Dhaliyur, CBE 109
w. N.S.N.Palayam- Seenivasa Nagar, Narasimmanaickenpalayam Town Panchayat Office,
Coimbatore 641031
x. Pallapalayam- Panchayat Office Street, Irugur Via, Coimbatore -641103
y. Pooluvapatti- Chinnathambi gounder street, Pooluvapatti
z. Periyanegamam- 81/10 Dhali Road Periyanegamam -642120
aa. Perur- 16, Venkatesapuram, Siruvani main road, Perur Coimbatore - 641 010
bb. Vedapatti- 46, Rangamooppan Street, Vedapatti, Coimbatore -641007
cc. No.4.Veerapandi- 86. Kamarajar Road, No.04.Veerapandi, Coimbatore-641019
dd. Alandurai- 77/29, Siruvani Main Road, Alandurai, Coimbatore- 641101
ee. Digarai- Thudiyalur Main Road, Idigarai, Coimbatore - 641022
ff. Ettimadai- Thiru.vee.ka Street, K.K.Chavadi Coimbatore - 641 105.

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 gg. Chettipalayam- Pothanur Road,Chettipalayam,Coimbatore641201
hh. Thirumalayampalayam- 108, Thirumalayampalayam Road, Thirumalayampalayam,
Coimbatore - 641105
ii. Thenkarai- Mathipalayam (post), Alandurai (via), Coimbatore - 641101
jj. Thondamuthur- 58,Narasipuram Road Thondamuthur coimbatore
Moppiripalayam- Gandhi kadai street, vagarayampalayam - 641659

7.4 E-GOVERNANCE PROCESS

Moving ahead with the moto of “Anything Anywhere” the CCMC is focusing on e-governance for
maximum transparency faster services and public convenience. E-governance has some major benefits
not only to the citizens but to the governing body as well. Its biggest asset is transparency and right to
information for all.
Collection of dues- E-governance made collection of dues easier and eradicated all the shortcomings
of the manual system. 18 banks are associated with the corporation tax collection.
Civic Services to Citizens- The citizens receive a Unique Identification Number for any application
submitted to the corporation. Later they can track their application status from home using their UI no.
making it time saving and convenient for the public.
Development Work- E-governance provides maximum “right to information” and full transparency.
The citizens have the facility to know about the progress of the various stages of the work on the
corporation website. Tender notice, tender schedule, application forms etc., can be downloaded from
the website without going to the corporation office.
Grievance redressal- The citizens post their grievance to the website which as and when received are
allotted to the concerned official through the workflow system. The citizens are always informed about
the status of their grievance whether any actions has been taken or if the work is completed or not.
Some reforms brought by e-governance are transparency in administration, Increase in revenue,
increased efficiency and productivity.
General features and services provided by online by the corporation are

• Static web pages on council, administration, citizens charter, engineering, public health,
revenue, town planning, education, accounts, general information, map, achievements, electric
cremation, contacts, rain water harvesting, procedures, guidelines, FAQ and Downloadable
application forms, links to TN Govt, Railways, Telephone, Weather, World time.
• Dynamic Web Pages on online auditorium booking; online grievance registration; grievance
handling and grievance status view; calculators and self-assessment for property tax and water
charges; event calendar; news publishing; talk to mayor, commissioner, councilors;
feedback/suggestions.
• Property tax
• Birth/Death certificate
• Water charges
• Non tax
• Development works
• Payment centres
• Collections

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7.5 CENTRAL, STATE & DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES
The Twelfth Five Year Plan of the State seeks to make Tamil Nadu the Numero Uno State in all
indicators of human development. The core focus of the Twelfth Plan is accelerated, sustainable and
inclusive growth.
The outcome of the entire planning process will be the eradication of poverty, creation of more and
better job opportunities and overall improvement in the quality of life of the people of the State.
Based on the recommendations of the Sub-Group of Chief Ministers, the Government of India has
rationalized the existing 66 Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSSs) into 28 umbrella schemes.
A. Core of the Core Schemes
1. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme
2. Umbrella Scheme for Development of Scheduled Castes
3. Umbrella Scheme for Development of Scheduled Tribes
4. Umbrella Programme for Development of Minorities
5. Umbrella Scheme for Development of BackwardClasses, Differently Abled and other
Vulnerable Groups

B. Core Schemes (60:40)

6. Green Revolution (KrishiUnnati Schemes and RashtriyaKrishiVikasYojana)
7. White Revolution (Animal Husbandry and Dairiying)
8. Blue Revolution (Integrated Development of Fisheries)
9. Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana.
a. Har Khet ko Pani
b. Per Drop More Crop
c. Integrated Watershed DevelopmentProgramme
d. Accelerated Irrigation Benefit and FloodManagementProgramme

10. Pradhan Mantri Gram SadakYojana(PMGSY)

11. Pradhan MantriAwasYojana (PMAY)
a. PMAY-Rural
b. PMAY-Urban

12. National Rural Drinking Water Mission

13. Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)
a. SBM-Rural
b. SBM-Urban

14. National Health Mission (NHM)

a. National Rural Health Mission
b. National Urban Health Mission
c. Tertiary Care Programmes
d. Human Resources in Health and Medical Education
e. National Mission on AYUSH

15. RashtriyaSwasthyaSurkashaYojana(erstwhile RSBY)

16. National Education Mission (NEM)

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 a. SarvaShikshaAbhiyan
b. RashtriyaMadhyamikShikshaAbhiyan
c. Teachers Training and Adult Education
d. RashtriyaUchchShikshaAbhiyan

17. Mid Day Meal Programme

18. Integrated Child Development Services
a. Anganwadi Services
b. National Nutriion Mission
c. Maternity Benefits Programme
d. Scheme for Adolescent Girls
e. Integrated Child Protection Scheme
f. National Creche Scheme

19. Mission for Protection and Empowerment for Women (betibachao-betipadao, one-stop centre,
women helpline, hostels, swardhargreh, gender budgeting etc.)
20. National Livelihood Mission (NLM)
a. National Rural Livelihood Mission
b. National Urban Livelihood Mission

21. Jobs and Skill Development

a. Employment Generation Programmes
b. Pradhan MantriKaushalVikasYojana

22. Environment, Forestry and Wildlife (EFWL)

a. National Mission for a Green India
b. Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats
c. Conservation of Natural Resources and Ecosystems
d. National River Conservation Programme

23. Urban Rejuvenation Mission (AMRUT and Smart Cities Mission)

24. Modernization of Police Forces (including Security Related Expenditure)
25. Infrastructure Facilities for Judiciary (including Gram Nyayalayas& e courts)

C. Optional Schemes (50:50)

1. Border Area Development Programme
2. Shyama Prasad Mukjerjee Rurban Mission

7.6 EXISTING PLANNING PROCESS AND ITS EFFECTIVENESS

a) The Curtailment of Indiscriminate Conversion of Wet Land into Other Uses

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The TCPD functioning under the Town and Country Planning Act, 1971 which mainly involves in
preparing Master Plans for urban areas like cities, towns, municipalities etc., to regulate the urban
development in an orderly manner. So far this department has prepared 123 Master Plans for various
2nd tire cities and other municipal towns in Tamil Nadu. These areas are called as planned areas. The
preparation of Master Plan is mainly of land use planning in consideration with the projected population
for a plan period of 20 years. The guideline for preparation of such Master Plan was issued in G.O.1730,
RD&LA department, dated 24.7.1974 which is enclosed in Annexure I. While preparing the Master
Plans, most of the agriculture wet lands are earmarked under agricultural use zone and any conversion
to other uses will be entertained only after
obtaining of a G.O. from the Government after
following due procedures with full justification
as per the Act provisions. Section 28 and 32 (4)
of Town and Country Planning Act, 1971 are
enclosed as Annexure II. In non-plan areas not
covered under any Master Plan and rural areas
the indiscriminate conversion is curtained
through an Act amendment passed during
2010under the Town and Country Planning Act,
1971 in section 47A in which any conversion
from Agricultural to other uses are entertained
only after obtaining the NoC from the concerned
District Collectors only. The amendment under
47-A is enclosed as Annexure III. In the above
manner this department is enforcing the
restriction of conversion of wet lands into other
uses. The preparation of Regional plans is also
one of the tool for conversation of natural
resources like forest, water bodies, agricultural
lands etc. under Section 15 of Town and
Country Planning Act, 1971. The preparation of
such regional plans are not yet taken up and
prepared. Section 15 of the said Act is also
enclosed as Annexure IV. The above are the
only Act provisions available in this department
relating to control the conversion of agricultural
land into other uses.
b) Change Of Land Use In The Existing
Master Plan And Detailed Development
Plan Into Other Uses
• Submit application to the Secretary,
Housing and Urban Development,
Chennai, through Local Body/Local
Planning Authority, Commissioner of
Town and Country Planning, Chennai.
• For variation of D.D.Plan, he should submit application to the Commissioner of Town and
Country Planning.
• A Payment of chalan for Rs.2500/- as publication charges should accompany along with the
application.
• Procedure To Obtain Technical Sanction To The Layouts

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 c) Reclassification Of Land In The Approved Detailed Development Plan

d) Acts, Rules and Legislations of public interest

• Tamil Nadu Town and Country Planning Act, 1971

a. Preparation and sanction of Detailed Development Plan Rules
b. Master Plan (Preparation, Publication and Sanction) Rules
c. Tamil Nadu Town and Country Planning and Development Fund Rules, 1976.

• Tamil Nadu District Municipalities Act, 1920

a. Tamil Nadu District Municipalities Building Rules, 1972

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 b. Multi-Storeyed and Public Building Rules, 1973
c. Tamil Nadu District Municipalities (Hill Stations) Building Rules, 1993.
d. Tamil Nadu Cyclone Prone Area Special Building Rules, 1982
e. Tamil Nadu Nuclear Installations (Regulation of Buildings and Use of Land) Rules, 1990.
Industries (Development and Regulation) Act-1951, Industrial Policy -1991, Enterprises
(MSMED) Act-2006, National Manufacturing Policy- 2011, Special Economic Zone (SEZ) Act-
2005, Environment Protection Act- 1986, Forest Conservation Act-1980, National Renewable
Energy Act 2015, Employment act 1955.

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CHAPTER 8. – PROPOSED STRATEGY FOR SUB-
REGION

8.1 POPULATION PROJECTION

The population projections would play an important role in the assessment of future needs for the
district. The projected population would assist in estimating the demand for physical infrastructure and
social infrastructure facilities like schools, hospitals and parks in the coming years. Moreover, the
population projection has been carried out for the Coimbatore district for the next 30 years using natural
and induced methods.
The population projection of Coimbatore district is based on the paper “MEDIUM-TERM
POPULATION PROJECTIONS FOR INDIA, STATES AND UNION TERRITORIES, 2001-2051”
by J. Retnakumar. The idea is based on the fact that most of the population projection is based on Census
year 1991 base population data but the country is undergoing major demographic changes recently. So,
to incorporate that, various methods of population projection have been considered.

8.1.1 Natural
1. Proportion or Ratio method: This method is based on the assumption that changes in any
geographical area are a function of those experienced in (successively) wider areas. Thus, the population
of a city or district is held to be a function of that of the region, which itself is a function of that of the
nation, and so on. The requirements for this projection are time-series of populations for the areas to be
used in the analysis and a forecast or set of forecasts for the largest area. In ratio methods the population
of the second is plotted against that of the parent area.
In our case, we are comparing the population of Coimbatore district with the state of Tamil Nadu (parent
area). We see that the proportion of Coimbatore District from Tamil Nadu is decreasing from 1991 to
2001 and slightly increasing from 2001 to 2011. So, assuming that we are steadily increasing the
Proportion rate for the consequent decades and projecting the population according to that. After 2031,
there is a possibility of Great divide which can decrease the proportion.
Table 8-1 Population projection using Proportion method

PROPORTION (in
YEAR TAMIL NADU COIMBATORE
%)
1991 36781354 2233179 6.07
2001 62405679 2905776 4.66
2011 72147030 3458045 4.79
2021 69460000 3417432 4.92
2031 70040000 3537020 5.05
2041 68720000 3436000 5.00
So, the population of Coimbatore district in 2041 is 34.36 lakhs according to the proportion method.

8.1.2 Moving Average

Moving averages are methods for estimating incidence density when the time period spans several
years. So, in case of Coimbatore district, the average growth rate from moving average is coming
23.83%.

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Table 8-2 Population Projection using Moving averages

YEAR POPULATION GROWTH RATE

1991 2233179
2001 2905776 23.83%
2011 3458045
2021 4282097 23.83%
2031 5302521 23.83%
2041 6460061 21.83%
(The Great Divide may affect population after 2030)
So, the population of Coimbatore district in 2041 is 64.6 lakhs according to moving average method.

8.1.3 Declining Fertility Rate

In Tamil Nadu, the birth and death rates are falling and it has seen in the case of Coimbatore Region,
that the reproduction rate is lower than other states. According to National Family and Health Survey,
there is a steady decline in fertility rate in Coimbatore which will in turn affect the growth rate. We
have seen, the fertility rate has declined in Coimbatore district from 1.8 to 1.7 from 2005 to 2015.
Table 8-3 Population Projection considering Declining Fertility Rate

FERTILITY
YEAR COIMBATORE Population Extra
RATE
1991 2233179

2001 2905776

2011 3458045 1.85 63974

2021 3522019 1.8 63396

2031 3585415 1.7 60952

2041 3646367 1.5 54696

So, the population of Coimbatore district is 36.46 lakh according to declining fertility rate. Now, the
population of Coimbatore district taking the average of three methods is:
Table 8-4 Population Projection of Coimbatore District

DECLINING
PROPORTION MOVING
YEAR FERTILITY AVERAGE
METHOD AVERAGE
RATE
2011 3458045 3458045 3458045 3458045

2021 3417432 4282097 3522019 3740516

2031 3537020 5302521 3585415 4141652

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 2041 3436000 6460061 3646367 4514143
Hence, the population of Coimbatore district in 2041 is 45.14 lakhs by natural method.

8.1.4 Induced
This method of population projection involves projecting population on the basis of employment
generated because of the inducements or investments envisaged for a region and the addition of
population with it. With the various industrial corridors and defence corridor proposed in Coimbatore
region, the proposed investment generates a certain number of employments. The employment
generated when multiplied by the average family size gives the total additional population. Adding this
to the population projected from the natural growth method we arrive at future population.
As per the various proposed industrial corridors for the Coimbatore sub region (Vision Tamil Nadu
2023), the employment generated is calculated for the year 2023 (Table 1). Total employments
generated are computed as per the Tamil Nadu Industrial Policy 2014, which enlists the employment
generated against the investments made in various manufacturing projects.
Table 8-5 Employments generated from various proposed industrial corridors for the year 2023

Employmen
Project Investment
t Generated
Coimbatore- Salem Industrial
7200 Cr.
1 Corridor- Manufacturing and Business 3000
Total Industrial Investment= 30875 Cr.
Investment Region- I & II
Coimbatore- Salem Industrial
4800 Cr.
2 Corridor- Agri Business Investment 1000
Total Industrial Investment= 9263 Cr.
Region (ABIR)
Coimbatore- Madurai Industrial
3 10000 Cr. 1000
Corridor
Defence Corridor
4 20000
(http://defenseindustry.in/)
Total 25000

A growth factor of 2% has been assumed for the growth in employment generation in each subsequent
decade. The total induced population for the year 2041 can be approximated to be 48.7 lakhs (Table 2).
Table 8-6 Total Induced Population for the year 2041.

Population Growth Factor Increas

Employment Average Induced
Projection by for e
Year generated with Household Population
Natural Employment (a)*(b)/
Inducement (a) Size (a*3.5)
Growth Generated(b) 100
2011 3458045 25000 2% 500 3.5 87500
2021 3740516 25500 2% 510 3.5 89250
2031 4141652 26010 2% 520 3.5 91035
2041 4514143 26530 2% 531 3.5 92856
Total 103040 360640
Total Induced Population 2041=Natural Growth Population 2041 + Induced Population
Population by Total Total
Average
Year Natural Employment Induced Population Induced
Household Size
Growth Generated Population
2041 4514143 103040 3.5 360640 4874783

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The induced population is therefore 48.74 lakhs.

8.2 PRIORITY SECTORS WITHIN THE SUB-REGION

Decisions were made on the collected information at both primary and secondary level, which were
assessed through various tools such as GIS mapping, quantitative analysis and change in pattern of
growth. Coimbatore when viewed under the lens of urbanization parameters revealed the need to focus
on 4 priority sectors namely 1) Demography 2) Transport 3) Housing 4) Infrastructure. For the first
priority sector Demography trend analysis and projection was done to read the growth pattern of the
sub-region and how would the region expand due to growth in population and the linked demands which
it would generate. Analysis generated parameters which indicate the need to regulate future growth of
settlements preventing haphazard growth.

The above mentioned 3 priority sectors under thrust area category Urbanization would encompass the
demand generated due to the growing population hence to address peak hour traffic issues on Avinashi,
Palladam and Pollachi road. The need for traffic de-congestion and management was addressed as part
of the proposals hence was achieved under Transport sector. Similarly in order to address current
housing shortage of 1.01 lac as per census 2011 and to meet future housing demand the sector is
explored through proposals of rental housing schemes and compact development parameters.
Environment assessment had highlighted the defunct and inadequate STP in urban agglomerations of
Coimbatore and absence of independent STP for Mettupalayam and Pollachi which established the need
of developing high-end infrastructure and provision for upgradation at identified locations.

The linkages are a web of control parameters within sectors and their contributors which generate
positive outcomes in an effort to view the region as a global city in making with its contributory
parameters. The illustration with various web linkages highlight the factors under consideration.

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Figure 8-1 Figure Methodology with Urbanization as Thrust area.

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Figure 8-2 3Methodology with Environmental Sustainability as Thrust area

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 8.3 LOCATION OF FUTURE ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
8.3.1 Manufacturing Industries
The share of manufacturing industries in the GDP of Coimbatore is second highest i.e. 29% after service
industries. Coimbatore houses more than 25,000 small and medium scale industries. The manufacturing
industries which hold the greatest share in growth of economy are Automobile, Foundry, Wet grinders,
Pump and Textile. With respect to the share in investment, turnover and employment, the above listed
five industries are shortlisted for proposals in clusters in the most suitable industrial zones.

8.3.1.1 Land Suitability Analysis

The location feasibility of industries has been analysed through the land suitability model. It identified
potential area available for the manufacturing. The following criteria are selected for the land suitability:
• Raw material channel
• Existing location of industries
• Accessibility
• Economic infrastructures
• Labour
• Residential locations
• Physical infrastructures
• Wastelands
Based on above criteria, Land suitability is done by assigning weightages by Influencer Modelling and
Multiple Information Criteria Modelling Methods. The resultants achieved are the deciding factors for
the formulation of proposals in each block of the District.
High

low

Figure 8-4 Multi influence method Figure 8-3 Multiple information Criteria Modelling

To tap maximum potential of each block, industries are proposed based on the existing available
infrastructure and the connectivity.

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35000 90,00,00,00,000.00
80,00,00,00,000.00
30000
70,00,00,00,000.00
25000
60,00,00,00,000.00
20000 50,00,00,00,000.00

15000 40,00,00,00,000.00
30,00,00,00,000.00
10000
20,00,00,00,000.00
5000 10,00,00,00,000.00
0 0.00
EMPLOYMENT TURNOVER
Figure 8-5 Employment vs Turnover

From Source : District Industrial Centre, Coimbatore.

Analysis it was observed that the largest contributor Map 8-1 Land suitability of manufacturing industry
to employment is Sulur followed by Annur blocks
which accounts to 21473 and 6534 respectively.
The gross employment in the manufacturing
sector accounts to 54768 people as of 2016-2018.
Also, the highest revenue is generated from the
Annur block followed by Sulur and Karamadai
blocks contributed majorly by the Textile and
Wet Grinder industry.

8.3.1.2 Proposals
The formulated Proposals can be listed as follows:
Proposal 1:
Establishment of foundry clusters in P.N Palayam, S S Kulam, Madhukkurai, Thondamuthur, Sulur and
Annur majorly along the NH- 47 (Industrial Corridor), to aid allied industries like Automobiles, Pumps
and Wet grinders. The raw materials obtained from Maharashtra and the Salem Steel Plant aid in these
foundry industries for fabrication of various machineries and tools for the allied industries.
Proposal 2:

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Establishment of newer textile clusters in Karamadai, Map 8-2 Proposed Manufacturing Industries
Pollachi North and Annamalai Block along with the
Agro industries as the nature of machineries, raw
materials and infrastructure required are alike.
Proposal 3:
Heavy concentration of industrial clusters in the P.N
Palayam, S S Kulam and Sulur Block which will be
aided by the Bypass connecting Neelambar to Gandhi
Nagar 2.
Proposal 4:
More employment in the Textile and the Automobile
industry as the requirement of semi-skilled labor is
maximum in these two for the operation of
machineries used in these industries.
Proposal 5:
More industries establishment in the industrially
backward blocks in Coimbatore like Sulthanpet and
Kinathukadavu Blocks to avail 25% capital subsidy in
plants, machineries, VAT and Power as per the recent
MSME Policies.
Proposal 6:
Exhibition Centers in the Industrial clusters to create a
global platform for attracting investors and traders.

8.3.2 Service Industries

The workforce participation in tertiary sector accounts Map 8-3 Land Suitability for Service Sector
for 90% share as of 2011 among the three sectors. The identity of Coimbatore lies in entrepreneurhip .
Thus the existing service sector MSMEs have been considered for the analysis and proposals.
Based on the existing concentrations, employment and turnover of various categories within the service
sector, industries which hold the maximum share in growth
of economy are Information technology, Consultancies,
Repair & Maintenance and Hospitality.
As the towns and cities become more urbanised, the share
of service sector in work force partcipation increases to
support the various sectors. In the present context,
Information Technology is a growing sector in Coimbatore
which acts as a facilitator to the manufacturing industries
along with Repair and Maintenance and various
Consultancies. With the growth in the service and
manufacturing sector, and owing to varrious trade fairs and
exhibitions held by CODISSIA and SIEMA, bussiness
tourism is an emerging sector supplemented by the
hospitality sector.

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 8.3.2.1 Land Suitability Analysis
To analyse the locational feasibility of the service sector, land suitability has been done and block-wise
potentials have been explored and service sector industries proposed. The various factors considered
for analysing the land suitability are listed as follows:
• Existing road heirarchy
• Interchanges
• Educational infrastructure
• Existing land use land cover
• Settlement Heirarchy

Figure 8-7 Factors considered for Land Suitability Figure 8-6 Employment vs Turnover

Source : District Industrial Centre, Coimbatore.

Commercial areas are more preferred along the major roads accessible to majority of the people, with
interchanges being the major commercial nodes owing to proximity and walkability.
Educational Infrastructure and major urban settlements facilitate the provision of skilled and semi
skilled human resources for service industries.
Existing land use and landcover gives the growth potential in various existing commercial areas and
vacant lands that may be utilised for commercial growth. The interlinkages have been identified and
mapped as in the figure.

Table 8-7 Influences and Weightages.

Major Minor Total Weightage

LULC 1 0.5+0.5+0.5+0.5 3 25
Transport 1 0.5+0.5 2 17
Interchanges 1 0.5 1.5 13
Settlement 1+1 0.5+0.5+0.5 3.5 29
Education 0 0.5+0.5 1 8
Tourist Spots 0.5+0.5 1 8
Total 5 7 12 100

8.3.2.2 Proposals
Following factors have been considered for the proposals of service industries:-
Land Suitability analysis
Decentralization of the service industries from the major urban centers to the emerging ones.
Existing and proposed of Manufacturing, Agro and Tourism industries.
Clustering of industries for infrastructural facilitation.
Densification of service sector in the urban commercial zones.

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In accordance with the policies stated in Policy note 2017-18 by Tamil Nadu Government for the
promotion of MSMEs.
The Figure Shows block-wise proposal of various service sector industries as per the potentials
identified. Based on the existing ratios of service and manufacturing industries in each block,
consequent proposals for the number of industries have been made as summarized in the Table.
Information Technology with the highest share of exports in the district and second highest in Tamil
Nadu after Chennai, is an emerging sector in the district and is concentrated majorly in and around the
Coimbatore Municipal Corporation and is cashing on the existing infrastructure and connectivity to
airport. The rise of the sector can also be attributed to its proximity to Chennai and Kochi hence, the
potential areas identified for IT Sector growth are Sulur, S S Kullum and Madukarai.
The district being majorly industrial in nature, repair and maintenance services enhance the productivity
and workability of manufacturing industries and thus find a priority in most of the blocks, with highest
share of revenue generation.
Block wise proposals are as follows:

• Karamadai
Repair & Maintenance – Location of agro based industries. Proximity to Annur, emerging urban centre.
Hospitality – Connectivity to Ooty and Coonoor, the area has a great potential for growth of hospitality.
• Annur
Consultancy, Repair & Maintenance, Information technology- Since Annur is emerging as new urban
centre with upcoming projects of various manufacturing industries.
• P N Palayam
Consultancy, Repair & Maintenance, Information technology- Due to existing concentration of
manufacturing and IT industries in the block.
Hospitality- Proximity to various tourist spots in Western Ghats.
• S S Kullam
IT, Consultancy, Repair & Map 8-4 Proposals For Service Industry Blockwise
Maintenance - Due to existing
concentration of manufacturing industries in
the block.
• Sulur
Consultancy, Repair & Maintenance
Information technology – Connectivity to
Chennai and proximity to Avinashi, along
with the upcoming defense corridor.
• Thodanmuthur
Repair & Maintenance - Manufacturing and
agro industries in the block.
Hospitality- Location of the Western Ghats
and various tourist spots.
• Madukkarai
Consultancy, Repair & Maintenance,
Information technology- Existing
manufacturing industries.
Hospitality- Existing urban centre, proximity
to various transport nodes.
• Sultanpet
Repair & Maintenance- Proposal of defense
corridor from Sulur.

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 • Kinathukadavu
Repair & Maintenance- Proposed Agro based industries and proximity to Maddukarai.
Pollachi North
Repair & Maintenance- Existing and proposed agro based industries.
Pollachi South
Repair & Maintenance- Existing and proposed agro based industries.
Hospitality- Proximity to Annamalai and various tourist spots.
• Annamalai
Hospitality- Presence of Annamalai Forest Reserve, tea and coffee estates.

8.3.3 Employment Generation

The Work Force Participation Rate (WFPR) as of 1991 was 45.13% which saw a rise of 1.16% in 2001
and a downfall of 0.95% in 2011. The WFPR tends to decrease owing to the growth of population due
to urbanization, increase in migrant population with lesser opportunities for employment. Thus to
sustain the WFPR, a proportionate number of jobs need to be created. In addition to this, the
employments generated with the assumed inducements are considered (Table 1).
Table 8-8 Employment to be generated considering Work Force Participation Rate over the years

Total Population Total Workers Percentage of Additional

Year Total Employment to
Population be generated
1991 2233179 1007912 45.13
2001 2905776 1345199 46.29
2011 3458045 1567950 45.34
2021 3740516 1695950 45.34 128000
2031 4141652 1877825 45.34 181875
2041 4514143 2046712 45.34 168887
Total 478762
Additional Employment due to Inducements or Investments
Employment to be Employment to be generated from Investments Total
generated for constant Employment to
WFPR be generated
2041 478762 103040 581802
Source: Census.

MSMEs have played a crucial role in the development of Coimbatore over the years. The manufacturing
industries cannot exist stand alone without the support of service sector. As of 2017, the numbers of
manufacturing industries stand at 10,000 and that of service industries at 15,000. With the existing
growth rate of MSMEs in manufacturing sector and keeping in view the target of sustaining the current
WFPR, a total of 20,000 manufacturing industries and 30,000 supporting service sector industries need
to be set up.
Based on existing ratios of manufacturing and service industries, the proposed numbers of each have
been projected block-wise (Table 2). Further, each block has been identified for potentials in various
industries in manufacturing as well as services based on existing concentrations of employed people,
number of MSMEs and turnovers.
The employments generated from MSMEs are 5,24,000. Since, only manufacturing and service sectors
are considered here, additional employment from agriculture, commercial, household industries,
tourism and other sectors need to be generated.
Table 8-9 Block-wise proposed industries and projected employment

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 Empl-
Servic
Existin oyme Service Emplo Prop Mfg Total
e Existin
g nt in Indust - osed Employ- Employme
Emplo g Mfg.
Block Service Servic r-ies yment Mfg. ment nt
yment Indus-
Industr e propos in Indus generate Generated
genera tries
ies Indus ed Mfg. -tries d Block-wise
-ted
-tries
Annamal
25 300 49 583 64 768 124 1493 2076
ai
Karamad
808 7857 1571 15276 472 5192 918 10095 25371
ai
PN
3608 32912 7015 63991 1964 23568 3819 45824 109815
Pallayam
Annur 1156 13136 2248 25541 824 9888 1602 19225 44766
SS
808 12681 1571 24656 898 8980 1746 17460 42116
Kullam
Sulur 292 300 568 583 2933 35196 5703 68432 69015
Madukar
1581 12080 3074 23487 1073 8584 2086 16690 40177
ai
Thondam
1921 15754 3735 30631 972 9720 1890 18900 49531
udur
Kinathhu
3905 44141 7593 85824 174 1914 338 3721 89545
kadavu
Pollachi
479 6139 931 11936 320 5120 622 9955 21891
N
Pollachi
732 7416 1423 14419 503 5533 978 10758 25177
S
Sultanpet 116 1437 223 2794 88 1232 174 2395 5189

Total 15431 154153 30000 299700 10285 115695 20000 224950 524650
Source: District Industrial Centre, Coimbatore.

8.3.3.1 Agro based Industries

The analysis of current scenario shows that Pollachi possesses Map 8-5 Land suitability map- Agro Based
Industries
a huge market potential for coir products export in
Coimbatore. Coconut productivity is high in Pollachi north and
south with alone 65% existing coir-based industries in the area.
Products like coir fiber, coir yarn, coir pith block, curled coir
rope, rubberized coir etc. are produced. 80% of coir products
are exported to china and about 95% coir pith products are
exported to US. The idea is to shift Coimbatore form being a
'merchant exporter' to 'manufacturer exporter'. Hence, Coir
industry has strong export potential and most female employees
are employed in this industry.
Before proposing the agro based industries in Coimbatore, we
went through and analyzed the existing scenario of the
industries and studied about the crop pattern that were existing
and dominant in the different blocks of our study area. As per
the study and analyses the major potential crops are Banana and
Sugarcane, all of which are concentrated in Karamadai, Annur,
Pollachi, Thondamuthur blocks.

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 8.3.3.2 High end value addition of products Map 8-6 Land suitability map- Agro
Based Industries
To give a boost to the existing industrial status for Agro
based industries especially banana, sugarcane and coir in
Coimbatore, introduction of value-added finished products
is vital. There are few ways in achieving it:
Yarn based products- Tufted mats, and Geo-textiles are yarn
based products and have a future prospective in the industry
and their major uses in India and abroad will strengthen the
export market of the district. It will uplift
the yarn spinning industries and generate more employment.
Value added pith products- The by-product generated after
the process of coir fiber extraction will be used to make pith
bags, coco peat, pith briquettes, coco pith discs etc.
Banana product- as banana production is high in many
blocks small chips factories can be opened up.
Sugarcane Based products- a lot of sugarcane products can
be made out of sugarcane such as paper, confectionery
factories etc.

8.3.3.3 Land suitability of agro-base industries

A land suitability analyses was done to acquire suitable land for setting up our agro based industries in
favorable conditions and the blocks with higher crop concentration.
For that a suitability analyses was done considering following factors:
• Land (waste land, LULC)
• Settlement (settlement Hierarchy)
• Connectivity (Railway, Roads)
• Water (Streams, water scarcity)
These were the factors from top to bottom in ascending order as per the priority set. We considered the
most suitable land for proposing industries in the respective blocks. The area that for most suitable land
came out to be 7,057,76,661 sq m.

8.3.3.4 Proposals
The coir industry in Pollachi is export oriented and valuable foreign exchange earner. Small scale and
cottage industries will be established under a common facility centre to enhance the value chain of coir
pith and other products.
Establish new fiber extracting mills will allow spinning and manufacturing in Pollachi, at places where
there is fiber shortage. To revitalize the existing industries, introduction of semi-automatic weaving
looms is necessary in the production front to engross women workers and provide employment to
displaced workers.
There is a need for introduction of new government policies for helping the coir exporters by providing
necessary infrastructure. Provision of much land is not needed as coir industries can be set up as a
household industry producing various level of coir products. But policies need to be introduced for the
transition stage to self-employed people in the industry and follow modern technological trends.
As banana production is high in many blocks, chips can be made out of these home-grown bananas
because banana is being produced in abundance and exported to Kerala and Karnataka where they make
chips out of it and that chips is again imported back to Coimbatore for selling.
Small scale factories can be started which can provide livelihood to the local people including women
folk and empower them.
Sugarcane factories can be set up which will be helpful in increasing the economy and providing job
and employment to the local people and empowering them.

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The locations for setting up of these industries have been marked mostly in Karmadai, Annur, Pollachi,
Thondamuthur blocks.
Issues
•Congestion in core city
areas.
•Average Traffic volume-
count on roads.
•Accidents – fatal and non
fatal.
•Increaseing private
vechicular growth.
•Speed and delay due to
congestion and road
capacities.
Draft Report
Strategies
•Better connectivity for
industrial growth.
•Reduction of congestion
factor in city core areas.
•Comfortable and safe
people friendly transport
system.
•Mobility enhancement
within neighbourhood
zones and satellite town to
address inner and intercity
transport needs.
Proposals
•Coimbatore bypass road
connecting Nellambur to
Gandhi Nagar-2
•Pollachi bypass road.
•Airport expansion
•New bus terminal at
vellalore.
•Upgradation of existing
bus terminals.
•Proposal of new bus stops.
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 • Transport
Passenger Oriented Transport Proposals
The city has been a centre for trade, business, and household industry and lately has emerged as an
internationally renowned education and medical centre. The physical growth of the city has been
influenced by the regional transport corridors, so the city has grown in a radial manner and maximum
concentration is in the centre of the
city resulting in congestion and
unsafe travel conditions.

Coimbatore is on the path of rapid

growth so planning vision of the city
should be a well-connected city with
efficient people friendly system
facilitated with minimum travel time
and maximum safety and comfort.

The proposed bypass connects eastern

ring road to the Mettupalyam road
passing through Nellambur,
Vellnaipatti, Agraharasamakulam
village, Govindanai, therkkupalyam
and Gandhinagar -2. Figure 8-8 Coimbatore Bypass connecting Gandhinagar and
Nellambur
1. Pollachi Bypass
A semicircular Bypass Road is proposed from Udumalpet Road (NH209) at Unjavelampatty to
Pollachi-Valparai Road (SH78) at Ava Chinnampalayam to Avinashi-Tiruppur-Palladam Road (SH19)
at Zamin Uthukuli to Pollachi-Palakkad Road (SH78A) at Zamin Muthur to Chikkarapuram to
Kabilipalayam to Coimbatore Road (NH209) at Achipatti connecting Kurumbapalayam end at
Unjavelampatty.
This will certainly help to decongest the city roads and will facilitate the surrounding growth centers.

2. New proposed Bus Terminal at Vallalore

From desire line diagram (buses) it is observed that in present scenario of Coimbatore city most of the
buses originate and terminate at Gandhipuram Bus Stand which is in city core area, along with Mofussil
Bus Stand and Town Bus Stand. All the buses create a lot of congestion within the city. So there is a
need for a new bus terminal to distribute the passengers and develop more convenient passage for
incoming and outgoing buses. New bus terminal is proposed at Neelambur which will help the
passengers to bypass the city traffic.
3. Improvement of Bus Terminals
3.1 Mettupalayam
Mettupalyam is the main terminal connecting to the major tourist attractions of the region like ooty and
coonor. Every year large no of national and international tourist visit these places so the Bus Terminal
needs to be developed.

3.2 Ukkadam
The Ukkadam terminal serves the destinations to the south of the city such as Pollachi, Palakkad,
Kodaikanal, Palani, Munnar, Guruvayur and Koduvayur etc. Around 186 mofussil buses operate from
this terminal. The terminal has 53 bays of which 20 bays serve the town bus services and the remaining
33 serve the mofussil buses. Extra bus bays needs to be added along with other passenger facilities.

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 Map 8-7 Proposed bypass and Bus terminals and routes
3.3 Signallur
Signallur terminal serves the destinations of West of the
city including Trichy, Madurai, Karur, Dharmapuram,
Udumpet, Pulavadi, Sultanpeta, Pedddapam Patti,
Kangayam, Kodumudi, Pallapatti, Tanjavur, Tiruppur,
Kambam, Sivakasi and Devakottai. The terminal has 51
bays and about 189 buses operate from this terminal. So
the terminal needs to be developed with added bus bays,
nus shelters, flooring and other passenger facilities like
toilets, Rest areas, eateries etc.

4. Proposed Bus stops

New Bus stops are proposed at upcoming growing centers
and connecting nearby villages for better mobility which
will lead better job opportunities. They will also help to
improve the mobility within neighborhood zones and
satellite towns, and will address inner and intercity
transport needs.
• Neelithurai
• Betadapuram
• Black Thunder

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 5. Airport Expansion
From the study of passenger and cargo movement it is analyzed that the existing airport is unable to
cater increased current and future passenger growth. So the airport needs to be expanded to maintain
the international level of service.
Length of existing Runway: - 9500 ft.
Length required to accommodate wide
body Aircrafts: - 12500 ft.10% Increase
in passenger footfall is observed every year.

6. Proposed Flyovers
Based on the analysis of speed and delay map, regional desire line diagram and accidents map flyovers
are proposed on the following locations.
Mettupalayam Road Ward no 19, Avinashi road, Ward 20, NH209 Avinashi Road near Airport and
Ward no 27, Sulur Road.

8.3.4 Economic Infrastructure

Analysis for Banks : The projection done by comparing existing number of households per bank and
considering URDPFI guidelines that 1 unit of bank can serve up to lakh population
Analysis for Regulated markets: The analysis was done by considering population for which one
regulated market can service and proposal was given for 2041 projected population block wise by
considering URDPFI guidelines. (1 Regulated market for 10 Lakhs as per URDPFI guidelines)
Analysis for weekly markets: Analysis is done by comparing projected population and URDPFI
guidelines. As per URDPFI guidelines for 50 thousand to 1 lakh people should have one weekly market.
Analysis for ware houses: The existing ware houses has capacity around 30 % vacant so considering
that and future development in respective blocks ware houses had proposed.
Fish and flower markets : Considering the existing markets and future development in respective blocks
the fish markets had proposed. As per URDPFI these markets were provided based on potentiality of
area.
Automobile markets : Based on existing manufacturing industries and sales happening in the respecting
block these markets had proposed. In sulur block and coimbatore city area there is more potential for
these markets.
Table 8-10 Banks

Househ Banks
Total
Population olds Banks Required
banks Household Upcomin
Name of Block projection projecti projectio in 2041
(existing s/ Banks g Banks
for 2041 on for n (URDPF
)
2041 I)
Anamalai 50 801 272685 79966 100 50 3
Karamadai 74 989 337870 97650 121 47 4
P_n_palayam 64 1593 470535 134055 84 20 5
Annur 47 672 140698 40314 60 13 2
S_s_kullam 49 998 223020 63000 63 14 3
Sultanpet 49 468 98907 27782 59 10 1
Sulur 61 1048 298188 88483 84 23 3
Madukkarai 222 1615 1733265 500943 310 88 18
Thodanmuthur 68 1026 323908 89477 87 19 4
Kinathukadavu 38 820 163794 48174 58 20 2
Pollachi_north 26 1145 162369 47063 41 15 2

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 Pollachi_south 69 915 288904 84971 93 24 3
130187
Total 817 1007.5 4514143 1160 343 50
8

Source : census 2011,Statistical Hand Book, Canara Lead Bank.

Markets:
Table 8-11 Regulated and weekly markets Block wise

Regulate
Regulated Weekly
Populatio Existing d Weekly
Markets to Markets weekly
Name of n Regulate Markets Markets
be require market
Block projected d Required requiremen
Establishe d in s Gaps
(2041) Markets as per t
d 2041
URDPFI
Anamalai 272685 1 1 0 2 6 4
Karamadai 337870 1 1 0 3 7 4
Annur 140698 1 1 0 2 3 1
S.S.kullam 223020 2 5 3
P.N.palayam 470535 1 1 0 3 10 7
Madukkarai 1733265 1 2 1 14 35 21
Sultanpet 98907 1 1 0 1 2 1
Sulur 298188 1 1 0 2 2 0
Thodanmuthur 323908 1 1 0 2 7 5
Kinathukadavu 163794 1 1 0 1 4 3
Pollachi North 162369 1 1 0 2 4 2
Pollachi South 288904 1 1 0 3 6 3
Total 4514143 11 12 1 37 91 54

Source: URDPFI guidelines, district statistical report2011-14, census 2011

Table 8-12Markets (fish, flower, automobile) and ware house

Population Automobile
Ware house Fish Markets Flower markets
Name of Block projected market
Requirement requirement requirement
( 2041) requirement
Anamalai 272685 N Y Y N
Karamadai 337870 N Y Y N
Annur 140698 N Y N N
S.S.kullam 223020 N N Y N
P.N.palayam 470535 N N N N
Madukkarai 1733265 Y Y Y Y
Sultanpet 98907 Y Y Y N
Sulur 298188 N N Y Y
Thodanmuthur 323908 N Y Y N
Kinathukadavu 163794 N N Y N
Pollachi North 162369 N Y N N
Pollachi South 288904 Y Y Y N
Total 4514143

8.3.5 Education Infrastructure

Education is essential in the financial advancement of any nation, may it be created or creating.
Numerous assets have an influence in the development of a nation's economy one of which is human

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capital that implies the workforce of the nation. A decent and beneficial workforce by influencing
utilization of different assets can lead an economy to a development and thriving nation. The
responsibility of preparing to monetary advancement has also been assessed through the rate of return
approach. In this methodology rate of return is settled from usage made by people on getting ready and
estimation of the surge of a man's future benefit.

• Existing Scenario
The total population according to census 2011 is 84.1
85
34, 58,045 out of which the working population is 80.1
15, 67,950. Total literates in 2011 is 26, 35,907. 80 78.5
The projected working population of 2041 is 20, 73.5
75
99,011. The literacy rate of Coimbatore is higher
than the average rate of whole of Tamil Nadu. 70
In Coimbatore the rate of worker’s participation
65
rate, with a dominant part of the labourers
2001 2011
occupied with tertiary segment exercises,
reflecting high amounts of abilities and Tamil Nadu Coimbatore
profitability. Just 29% of the working population
is occupied with horticultural exercises, while just Table 8-13 Comparison of Coimbatore with literacy rate
with Tamil Nadu
about 4% are occupied with medium scale
producing activities. Source: Census of India 2011

• Methodology

Methodology

Identification of Industries typology

Availability of HR Requirement of HR

Skill distribution of labour Supply (source: SDSH)

Skilled Semi Skilled Unskilled

Existing Scenario (As on 2011)

Concentration of Industries Distribution of Education Infrastructure

Identification the gap for Technical Education to support Employment for Industries (Block Level)

Conclusion

Identifying different typology of industries is the first necessity as it will ensure the demand for work
force required in different industries. The availability and the requirement of human resources (HR) is
equally necessary to check so as to know how much labour supply is to be made. The skill distribution
of labour supply can be divided into three categories, unskilled, semi-skilled and skilled. The existing
scenario of concentration of industries and distribution of educational infrastructure is to be observed
so as to identify the gap for Technical education infrastructure which supports employment for

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 industries. The aim is to provide technical education infrastructure for inclusive growth in skill
development.

Availability and requirement of human resources:

Human resource requirement is different according to different categories of industries. The categories
of skill development required for the industries are unskilled, semi- skilled and skilled.

Table 8-14 Incremental human resource by skill level of Coimbatore for 2012-2017 in 000s
160
139
140
120 109 106
100 87
80 72

60
40
20 13

0
Unskilled Semi-Skilled Skilled
Requirement Availability

Source: District wise Skill Gap Study for the state of Tamil Nadu (2012-17, 2017-22.)

Unskilled:

An unskilled worker is one who is involved in simple tasks who needs a very little experience. The
qualification that is required for unskilled workmen is the basic education i.e. primary to secondary
education.
Semi-skilled:
A semiskilled worker does the daily routine work which does not need much of judgment work. The
qualification that is required for semi- skilled worker are vocational training/ technical education.
Skilled:
A skilled worker has the comprehensive knowledge of a particular trade, or craft. The education
required as a skilled person is technical as well as non- technical education.

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 • Distribution of Education Infrastructure
Map 8-9 Map for urban and rural Map 8-8 Map of block-wise
Map 8-10 Map of block-wise education infrastructure distribution
education infrastructure education infrastructure distribution
for 2011 for 2041
distribution for 2011

The existing educational institutions in the urban and rural areas according to the population density in
2011 as per census of India 2011 shown in figure 3 and block wise population density with density of
educational institutions in figure 2. It can be observed that technical education infrastructure is low in
Sultanpet, Kinathukadavu and Pollachi North. The block wise population density and density of
institutions in 2041 with the settlement hierarchy shown in figure 4 where technical education is highest
in Madukarai. (Refer Atlas for maps)

• Gap Analysis for Educational Infrastructure for 2011 and 2041

The Gap analysis in Table-3 shows the block wise division of total population and working population
for the year 2011. The existing institutions are then further divided as requirement and availability after
which the gap for the particular institution have been calculated.
Table 8-15: Gap Analysis for Education Infrastructure For 2011

Gap Analysis for 2011

Name of the Block Exist. Primary School Exist. Senior
Total Population 2011

Secondary
Working Population

5000 75000
Requirement

Requirement
Availability

Availability
Total

Total
2011

Gap

Gap

Perianaickanpalayam 370926 164217 74 131 57 49 180 131

Sarcarsamakulam 174988 71452 35 83 48 23 94 71
Madukarai 1329664 542103 266 207 -59 177 260 83
Thondamuthur 255922 114151 51 128 77 34 94 60
Annur 112532 58894 23 183 160 15 44 29
Karamadai 260050 120867 52 210 158 35 105 70
Sulur 226259 105541 45 120 75 30 93 63
Sulthanpet 77364 42852 15 118 103 10 45 35
Pollachi(N) 103284 59073 21 155 134 14 45 31

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 Pollachi(S) 242865 103374 49 161 112 32 111 79
Kinathukadavu 106301 60417 21 149 128 14 53 39
Anamalai 146383 115430 29 199 170 20 79 59
Total 3406538 1558371 681 1844 1163 454 1203 749
Source: Census of India 2011.

Gap Analysis for 2011

Name of the Block Exist. Special Exist. Degree Exist. Technical

Working Population 2011

School for Colleges centres
Total Population 2011

disabled
45000 125000 1000000

Requirement

Requirement

Requirement
Availability

Availability

Availability
Total

Total

Total
Gap

Gap

Gap
Perianaickanpalayam 370926 164217 8 4 -4 3 9 6 0 145 145
Sarcarsamakulam 174988 71452 4 0 -4 1 17 16 0 74 74
Madukarai 1329664 542103 30 0 -30 11 52 41 1 329 328
Thondamuthur 255922 114151 6 2 -4 2 10 8 0 94 94
Annur 112532 58894 3 1 -2 1 0 -1 0 23 23
Karamadai 260050 120867 6 2 -4 2 4 2 0 47 47
Sulur 226259 105541 5 2 -3 2 5 3 0 94 94
Sulthanpet 77364 42852 2 0 -2 1 1 0 0 5 5
Pollachi(N) 103284 59073 2 0 -2 1 2 1 0 7 7
Pollachi(S) 242865 103374 5 1 -4 2 4 2 0 63 63
Kinathukadavu 106301 60417 2 0 -2 1 0 -1 0 13 13
Anamalai 146383 115430 3 3 0 1 3 2 0 61 61
Total 3406538 1558371 76 15 -61 27 107 80 3 955 952
Source: Census of India 2011

Whereas in Table-4 the gaps of the number of institutions has been calculated by considering the
availability and required institutions for the year 2041. We can hereby analyse that as per the
requirement the number of primary schools in Madukarai is estimated to be high as the concentration
of population is increasing due to the development of the block which is also the reason behind the gap.
The primary and secondary school education which qualifies for the unskilled labours in different
industry typologies should be provided for the gap to be filled.
Table 8-16: Gap Analysis for Education Infrastructure For 2041

Gap Analysis for 2041

Exist. Primary Exist. Senior
As per Population projection 2041 School Secondary
5000 7500
Requirement

Requirement

Name of the Block

Availability

Availability
Population

Population
Projection
Projected

Working
Total

Total

Total
2041

2041

Gap

Gap

Perianaickanpalayam 470535 208316 94 131 37 63 180 117

Sarcarsamakulam 223020 91065 45 83 38 30 94 64
Madukarai 1733265 706651 347 207 -140 231 260 29

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 Thondamuthur 323908 144476 65 128 63 43 94 51
Annur 140698 73635 28 183 155 19 44 25
Karamadai 337870 157036 68 210 142 45 105 60
Sulur 298188 139093 60 120 60 40 93 53
Sulthanpet 98907 54785 20 118 98 13 45 32
Pollachi(N) 162369 92866 32 155 123 22 45 23
Pollachi(S) 288904 122970 58 161 103 39 111 72
Kinathukadavu 163794 93094 33 149 116 22 53 31
Anamalai 272685 215025 55 199 144 36 79 43
Total 4514143 2099012 903 1844 941 602 1203 601

Gap Analysis for 2041

Exist. Special Exist. Degree Exist. Technical
As per Population
School for disabled Colleges centres
projection 2041
45000 125000 1000000

Requirement

Requirement

Requirement
Name of the Block

Availability

Availability

Availability
Population

Population
Projection
Projected

Working
Total

Total

Total

Total
2041

2041

Gap

Gap

Gap
Perianaickanpalayam 470535 208316 10 4 -6 4 9 5 0 145 145
Sarcarsamakulam 223020 91065 5 0 -5 2 17 15 0 74 74
Madukarai 1733265 706651 39 0 -39 14 52 38 2 329 327
Thondamuthur 323908 144476 7 2 -5 3 10 7 0 94 94
Annur 140698 73635 3 1 -2 1 0 -1 0 23 23
Karamadai 337870 157036 8 2 -6 3 4 1 0 47 47
Sulur 298188 139093 7 2 -5 2 5 3 0 94 94
Sulthanpet 98907 54785 2 0 -2 1 1 0 0 5 5
Pollachi(N) 162369 92866 4 0 -4 1 2 1 0 7 7
Pollachi(S) 288904 122970 6 1 -5 2 4 2 0 63 63
Kinathukadavu 163794 93094 4 0 -4 1 0 -1 0 13 13
Anamalai 272685 215025 6 3 -3 2 3 1 0 61 61
Total 4514143 2099012 100 15 -85 36 107 71 5 955 950

8.3.5.1 Inferences and Proposals

With respect to the above probability analysis and proposals of manufacturing, agro-based and services
industries, the blocks has to be prioritized with technical education infrastructure supporting
employment for industries. As per priority it has a very high requirement in Sulur, Sarkarsamakulam
and Periyanaickenpalayam, moderate in Sulthanpet, Thondamuthur and low requirement in Annur.
Some of the technical education courses and institutes for skill development schemes as per sectors
which are to be promoted are mentioned below:
1. Textile
• Handlooms and Handicrafts, Gems and Jewellery
• Craftsmen Training Scheme (CTS) by Government owned Industrial Training Institutes
(ITIs), Private Industrial Training Institutes (PITIs)
• Weavers’ Service Centres and Cooperative Training
• Training Centres for Handicrafts and handlooms
• Apparel export training for Workers in Garment Industry
2. Auto-mobile
• National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS) by Automotive skills development
council (ASDC)

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 • Crafts Instructor Training Scheme (CITS)
• Advanced Vocational Training Scheme and Hi-tech Training Scheme
• Automotive and Automobile Training Systems
3. Pump
Hydraulics Training Systems for Industrial & Mobile Applications
• Pump Operator cum Mechanic Under Craftsmen Training Scheme (CTS)
• Training on motor and pump testing laboratory by NSIC, Tamilnadu
4. Foundry
• Engineering, Electronics hardware, Construction
• Craftsmen Training Scheme (CTS)
• Degree courses by The National Institute of Foundry and Forge Technology.
5. Agro- based
• Coirs, Food Processing
• Training Courses for Coir and Coir products under Coir Vikas Yojana (CVY)
• Training in use of Agricultural Implements & machinery
• Training courses by Council of Entrepreneurial Development Programme (EDP)
• Person power development in rural areas (FPTC Scheme)
6. Chemicals and drugs
• Medicine and Pharmaceuticals
• Diploma courses on Pharmaceutical technology, Clinical and Industrial Drug
Development, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry

8.3.6 Tourism
Tourism is the act of spending time away from home in
pursuit of recreation, relaxation, and pleasure,
simultaneously making use of provision of commercialised
services. Moreover, tourism is a product of modern social
installations which has antecedents in Classical antiquity.
As per the World Tourism Organisation, tourists are people
travelling to and staying in places outside their usual
environment for not more than one consecutive year for
leisure, business and other purposes.
The location of Coimbatore along the Western Ghats and
the cool winds flowing though the Palghat gap provide a Figure 8-9 Distribution of Tourism in Coimbatore
pleasant climate to the city. Coimbatore is city with
several distinguished tourism genre. Its vegetation,
monuments, temples, biodiversity and rural life make it an attractive tourist spot.

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The methodology is as follows:

Tamil Nadu has the largest tourism industry in India. In 2016, Tamil Nadu was the most visited tourism
destination with over 344 million domestic and 4.6 million foreign visitors. The state’s tourism
department’s aim is to achieve the top position in both domestic and foreign tourist arrivals in the
coming years as well.

Figure 8-12 Domestic Tourists in Figure 8-10 Share of Tamil Nadu Figure 8-11 International Tourists
Tamil Nadu Tourism in Tamil Nadu in Tamil Nadu

It is rightly enunciated in the “Vision Tamil Nadu – 2023”:

• Positioning Tamil Nadu as an “All Seasons All Budget Tourist Destination”.
• Highlighting the Tourist Security and Tourist Friendliness in the State.
• Communicating the Tourist Infrastructure like best road, rail and air connectivity and the facilities
available for tourists.
• Identifying and developing lesser known tourist centres to decongest the popular destinations.
• Creating employment opportunities through tourism growth.
• Connectivity Improvement and Signage.
• Continuous research and planning to evolve new tourism products.

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 8.3.6.1 Existing and Projected Employment
Renowned for its quality of education,
Coimbatore has also been kind to job-seekers, Other
Travel agencies
with the unemployment rate standing 3.7%, Services
3%
much lower than the state average of 4.5%, 5%
according to the latest Census data. Experts
say skill gap among graduates, gap between Handicrafts Lodging
industry growth and growth of graduate 22% 35%
population and rising aspirations for better
jobs are some factors that contribute to
unemployment.
Considering the total tourists projected, 65% General Shops Restaurant/
employment would be increased in various 15% café/bar
components. 20%
Total Projected Employment for 2041 = 93320 Figure 8-13Existing Employment Generation in

Tourism Sector

Table 8-17 Total Employment Existing and Projected

Existing Projected 2041

Sector Nos. of Nos. of
Nos. of units Nos. of employees
employees units
Lodging 639 19700 1054 32505
Restaurant/café/bar 2211 11580 3648 19107
General Shops 4560 8455 7524 13951
Handicrafts 7873 12764 12990 21061
Travel agencies 316 1580 521 2607
Other Services 650 2600 1073 4090
Total 16249 56679 26811 93320

8.4 SETTLEMENT HIERARCHY

Considering the urbanization trends from 1991-2011 and from the population projection of the
consecutive decades, if we assume that settlements having population more than 5000 are to be
considered as urban areas, the settlement hierarchy would be the following.

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 Map 8-11 Settlement Hierarchy 2041

Table 8-18 Settlement Hierarchy considering 5000+ population settlements as urban.

CLASS POPULATION 2011 2021 2031 2041

I 1,00,000+ 2 3 5 5
II 50,000 – 1,00,000 5 4 2 5
III 20,000 - 50,000 18 21 27 27
IV 10,000 – 20,000 27 38 41 45
V 5,000 – 10,000 14 67 69 75
As we mentioned in the above table, Class I settlements in 2011 is 2, i.e. Coimbatore (M. Corp) and
Kurichi (M) in Coimbatore South Taluka. By 2041, we see 3 more Class I settlements coming up, i.e.
Goundampalayam (M) in Coimbatore North taluka, Kuniyamuthur (M) in Coimbatore South taluka and
Pollachi (M) in Pollachi taluka. We also see large number of Class V settlements coming up in 2041,
changing the number from 14 to 75. Even number of Class IV settlements increase significantly
(assuming 5000+ population settlements as urban).

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Therefore, by 2041, 92.26% of the population will be living in urban areas and 7.73% of the population
will be living in rural areas.

8.5 SCALOGRAM ANALYSIS

It is a technique capable of identifying and measuring any underlying simple structure of selected urban
dimensions, for instance residential quality, socio economic status, neighbourliness, congestion etc.
a. Urban Agglomeration

One of the practical rationales for defining an urban agglomeration is to recognize an urban
agglomeration when it is formed, thus allowing for better implementation and integration of policies,
plans and infrastructure construction. Once an urban agglomeration is defined and identified, plans,
policies and infrastructure construction can be coordinated from a macro level to ensure smooth long-
term integration and

A major pull factor of urban sprawl is, no doubt, the lack or insufficiency of strict planning guidelines
and urban development policies, which do not control land consumption in an appropriate way.
Table 8-19 General driving forces of urban migration

Topics Push factors Pull factors

Economic • Resources availability
sphere • Lack of resources (water, food, goods • Economic advantages (better
• Economic disadvantages (salary, lack employment opportunities, salaries
of services, unemployment) • Good accessibility (enabling faster
commuting)
Housing & • Pleasant neighbourhood and
• Dissatisfaction with present living
living surroundings
conditions:
condition • Sufficient housing, building land
• Lack of housing
sphere provision
• Low neighbourhood quality
• Better neighbourhood quality
• Few social, educational, leisure
• Good social, education, leisure
opportunities
facilities
Social • Appropriate social neighbourhood
• End of professional education
sphere Structure
• Change of job, increase of personal
• Former neighbours and friends moved
income
earlier to the target area, which
• Family status change (marriage,
evolves as homogenous ethnic district
children...)
• Building homogenous ethnic districts
“Ghettos”

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 b. Methodology

Enhance the capacity of Coimbatore Region as a global employment generating hub –

AIM URBANISATION approach

Objective- Parameters Centrality Index

Identification of Growth 1 Demographic Calculation of mean and
Pole-Growth Centres- 2 Economic
deviation
Growth Points 3 Infrastructure

Analysis
Theory
Order of the
Growth Pole Theory
cities/villages

Mapping
Spatial Analysis

c. Growth Pole Identification: Parameters and Scalogram Generation

To calculate the centrality index, various parameters were considered based on demography,
economy and infrastructure. Each parameter is assigned a weightage to calculate the centrality
index. A total of 70 parameters are considered for the analysis but only 44 parameters are listed
below to brief the process.
Table 8-20 Parameters for defining growth centre

Sub-Category
Sector Categories

Demographical/Physical Settlement • Population

• Urban/Rural
• Average Household
Social • Female Literacy Rate
• Male Literacy Rate
• Sex Ratio
Economic • Total Workers

Economy Percentage Workers • Total Marginal Workers

• Total Agricultural Workers

Industries • Total Household Industries

• Total Household Industries
• Total Tertiary Industries

Infrastructure Physical • Railway Services

• Drainage System
• Water Tap
• Fire Fighting Service

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 Social - Health • Allopathic Hospital
• Dispensary / Health Center
• Maternity and Child Welfare Centre
• Maternity Home
• T.B. Hospital
• Veterinary Hospital
• Mobile Health Clinic

Education • Primary School

• Middle School
• Secondary School
• Senior Secondary School
• Degree College Art & Science
• Govt. Polytechnic
• School for Disable
• Orphanage Home
• Working Women Hostel
• Old age Home

Amenities • Private Stadium

• Govt Cinema Theater
• Private Cinema Theater
• Govt. Auditorium/ Community Hall
• Public Library
• Co-operative Banks
• Agriculture Credit Soc.

A total of 106 ULB’s are considered for Scalogram Analysis based on the population. Out of 284
villages, towns and cities in the district there are 106 villages and towns above 6000 population and
scoring is done based on the services and amenities available in a particular village, town or city. There
are Census Towns, Town Panchayat and Municipalities among the 106 administrative boundaries.

The highest score is gained by Coimbatore Municipal Corporation with 37.30 and the next highest is
13.31. Since the difference between the 1st ranked city and the 2nd ranked city are almost 3 multiples
2nd set of Scalogram analysis is done for 105 administrative boundaries removing the Coimbatore
Municipal Corporation. Since the Coimbatore is 1st ranked Order Score Considered
and scored the highest it is selected as the 1st order city. 1st order Above 30
According the 2nd Scalogram analysis table the 2nd order, 2nd order 10 - 30
rd
3rd order, 4th order and 5th order cities are selected by 3 order 6 - 10
4th order 4-6
calculating the mean and standard deviation of the scores and th
5 order Below 4
considering the lowest interval cities.

Centrality Index:
Calculation of Standard Deviation

To categorize villages and towns into orders (1st to 5th), the standard deviation from values of centrality
index. The towns above the standard deviation value are assigned 1st, 2nd and 3td order and the
town/villages below this value

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are assigned 4th and 5th order.
Future Growth Centres Map 8-12 Urban Growth Pole and Urban Growth Centres

1st Order-Urban Growth Pole: Will send out

financial technological, research and industrial
impulses to all centers and points within the area
of their command; will perform highly
specialized secondary and tertiary activities

2nd Order-Urban Growth Centre: Secondary

activities for agricultural products; will produce
agricultural inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides,
and machines; will have radio/television station,
banking facilities, degree college, university,
technical institutions; will function as industrial
hubs of the area they serve.

3rd Order-Urban Growth Points: It will have agro

industries, dairy processing units, junior college,
primary level specialized medical facilities etc.

4th Order-Service Centers: Grocery store,

general merchant shops, minor repair facilities,
tailor, larger shops, restaurants, primary and
middle school, sub-post office, co-operative
bank, rice mill, flour mill, cinema theatre etc.

5th Order-Central Village: Offering marketing, recreational and social services; will have primary
school, sub post office, health sub centre, primary co-operative
Table 8-21 Calculation for 5th Order and 4th Order

Village Centrality X-X̅ (X- Village Centrality X-X̅ (X-X̅)2

Index X̅)2 Index
5th Order 4th Order
Tholampalayam 3.05 -1.24 1.53 Vadambacheri 4.85 0.57 0.32
Marudur 3.28 -1.01 1.02 Pannimadai 4.91 0.62 0.39
Ikkaraibooluvampatti 3.40 -0.89 0.79 Varapatti 4.93 0.64 0.41
Madavarayapuram 3.50 -0.79 0.62 Ettimadai (TP) 4.93 0.64 0.41
Velliangadu 3.51 -0.78 0.60 Vettaikaranpudur (TP) 4.94 0.65 0.42
Kondayampalayam 3.68 -0.61 0.37 Belladhi 4.99 0.70 0.49
Madampatti 3.68 -0.61 0.37 Vedapatti (TP) 5.03 0.74 0.55
Periapodu 3.71 -0.58 0.33 Somayampalayam (CT) 5.06 0.77 0.60
Kemmarampalayam 3.81 -0.48 0.23 Neelambur (CT) 5.08 0.79 0.62
Illuppanatham 3.90 -0.39 0.15 Thirumalayampalayam (TP) 5.09 0.80 0.64
Kadampadi 3.91 -0.38 0.14 Bellapalayam 5.12 0.83 0.70
Sellakkarichal 3.93 -0.36 0.13 Chikkarampalayam 5.15 0.86 0.74
Sokkanur 3.97 -0.32 0.10 Arasur (CT) 5.19 0.90 0.81
Poravipalayam 3.97 -0.32 0.10 Pooluvapatti (TP) 5.27 0.98 0.96
Masagoundenchettipalaya 3.99 -0.30 0.09 Ashokapuram (CT) 5.29 1.00 1.00
m
Vellamadai 4.08 -0.21 0.04 Karegoundenpalayam 5.33 1.04 1.08

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 Odaiyakulam (TP) 4.09 -0.20 0.04 Achipatti (CT) 5.33 1.05 1.10
Z. Kottampatti 4.14 -0.14 0.02 Chinnavedampatti (TP) 5.39 1.10 1.21
Theethipalayam 4.17 -0.12 0.01 Pallapalayam (TP) 5.47 1.19 1.41
Veerapandi 4.24 -0.05 0.00 Devarayapuram 5.50 1.21 1.48
Solavampalayam 4.35 0.06 0.00 Perur Chettipalayam (CT) 5.58 1.29 1.68
Kangayampalayam 4.37 0.09 0.01 Pattanam (CT) 5.59 1.31 1.70
Thekkampatti 4.39 0.10 0.01 Muthugoundam Pudur (CT) 5.65 1.36 1.86
Ramapatinam 4.41 0.12 0.01 Sarcarsamakulam (TP) 5.72 1.43 2.06
Bilichi 4.47 0.18 0.03 Idikarai (TP) 5.72 1.44 2.06
Irumborai 4.48 0.20 0.04 Chickadasampalayam 5.73 1.44 2.08
Pichanur 4.52 0.23 0.05 Dhaliyur (TP) 5.78 1.49 2.23
Nanjundapuram 4.55 0.26 0.07 Thenkarai (TP) 5.81 1.52 2.33
Alanthurai (TP) 4.58 0.29 0.08 Sirumugai (TP) 5.82 1.53 2.34
Angalakurichi 4.62 0.33 0.11 Chettipalayam (TP) 5.84 1.56 2.42
Jadayampalayam 4.65 0.36 0.13 Gudalur (TP) 5.88 1.59 2.53
Othakalmandapam (TP) 4.69 0.40 0.16 Malumichampatti (CT) 5.91 1.62 2.62
Odderpalayam 4.71 0.42 0.18 Mopperipalayam (TP) 5.92 1.64 2.68
Marchinaickenpalayam 4.77 0.48 0.23 Narasimhanaicken-palayam 5.95 1.67 2.78
(TP)
Veerapandi (TP) 5.99 1.70 2.88
Veerakeralam (TP) 6.08 1.80 3.23

Table 8-22 Calculation for 3rd Order and 2nd Order

Village Centrality X-X̅ (X-X̅)2 Village Centrality X-X̅ (X-X̅)2

Index Index
3rd Order 2nd Order
Chinniam palayam (CT) 6.15 4.30 18.53 Karamadai (TP) 10.06 8.21 67.45
Zamin Uthukuli (TP) 6.35 4.50 20.27 Sulur (TP) 10.24 8.40 70.54
Makkinampatti (CT) 6.35 4.50 20.29 Kalapatti (TP) 10.32 8.48 71.86
Chinnathadagam (CT) 6.35 4.51 20.34 Mettupalayam (M) 10.94 9.10 82.80
Chinnampalayam (CT) 6.50 4.65 21.66 Thondamuthur (TP) 11.35 9.51 90.40
Anaimalai (TP) 6.55 4.71 22.17 Thudiyalur (TP) 12.06 10.22 104.45
Suleeswaranpatti (TP) 6.62 4.77 22.79 Annur (TP) 12.20 10.35 107.17
Kurudampalayam (CT) 6.64 4.80 23.02 Pollachi (M) 12.54 10.70 114.47
Kaniyur (CT) 6.84 4.99 24.94 Valparai (M) 12.95 11.10 123.30
Perur (TP) 6.84 5.00 24.97 Vellakinar (TP) 14.32 12.47 155.59
Karumathampatti (TP) 7.10 5.26 27.65
Kinathukadavu (TP) 7.17 5.33 28.40
Irugur (TP) 7.36 5.51 30.37
Saravanampatti (TP) 7.39 5.55 30.78
Kannampalayam (TP) 8.34 6.50 42.20
Periya Negamam (TP) 8.55 6.70 44.94
Vilankurichi (CT) 8.55 6.71 45.03
Kuniyamuthur (M) 8.74 6.89 47.50
Kurichi (M) 8.83 6.99 48.86
Vellalur (TP) 8.96 7.11 50.59
Kottur (TP) 9.02 7.17 51.42
Madukkarai (TP) 9.13 7.29 53.15
Periyanaicken-palayam 9.58 7.74 59.85
(TP)
Vadavalli (TP) 9.82 7.97 63.54
Goundampalayam (M) 9.92 8.08 65.25

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 Standard Deviation =√(Ʃ(X-X)²/n
=598.44/105
=5.69
After calculating the scores and selecting the order of
the cities, the graph is plotted with the centrality index
curve.

Figure 8-14

Table 6 No of cities- Order

Analysis on plotting the graph of centrality indices, the number of towns and villages found out are:
Order wise
Order No. of towns and villages
st
1 order 1
nd
2 order 10
rd
3 order 25
4th order 36
5th order 34

Table 8-23 Urban Growth Pole, Urban Growth Centre, Urban Growth Point

Urban Growth Pole- 1st Urban Growth Canter- 2nd Urban Growth Point- 3rd phase
Phase phase
City/Village Population City/Village Population City/Village Population
Chinnampalayam (CT) 8695
Karamadai (TP) 35166
Anaimalai (TP) 17208
Suleeswaranpatti (TP) 20104
Sulur (TP) 27909
Kurudampalayam (CT) 18749
Kaniyur (CT) 12011
Kalapatti (TP) 39586
Perur (TP) 8004
Coimbatore
1050721 Mettupalayam Karumathampatti (TP) 35062
(M Corp.) 69213
(M) Kinathukadavu (TP) 8653
Thondamuthur Irugur (TP) 25691
11492
(TP) Saravanampatti (TP) 32920
Kannampalayam (TP) 15868
Thudiyalur (TP) 33924
Periya Negamam (TP) 7098
Annur (TP) 20079 Vilankurichi (CT) 24235

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 Kuniyamuthur (M) 95924
Kurichi (M) 123667
Pollachi (M) 90180 Vellalur (TP) 24872
Kottur (TP) 26627
Madukkarai (TP) 30357
Valparai (M) 70859 Periyanaicken-palayam
25930
(TP)
Vadavalli (TP) 39873
Vellakinar (TP) 15998
Goundampalayam (M) 83908

Table 8-24 Urban Service Centre, Central Village

Service Centres- 4th phase Central Village- 5th phase

City/Village Population City/Village Population
Vadambacheri 8252 Tholampalayam 6574
Pannimadai 13785 Marudur 9491
Varapatti 7644 Ikkaraibooluvampatti 6361
Ettimadai (TP) 9352 Madavarayapuram 6365
Vettaikaranpudur (TP) 17392 Velliangadu 7451
Belladhi 7637 Kondayampalayam 6636
Vedapatti (TP) 11658 Madampatti 6771
Somayampalayam (CT) 14787 Periapodu 6945
Neelambur (CT) 8382 Kemmarampalayam 6405
Thirumalayampalayam (TP) 12164 Illuppanatham 9255
Bellapalayam 9131 Kadampadi 8147
Chikkarampalayam 10242 Sellakkarichal 6209
Arasur (CT) 11510 Sokkanur 6020
Pooluvapatti (TP) 12853 Poravipalayam 6568
Ashokapuram (CT) 12993 Masagoundenchettipalayam 9616
Karegoundenpalayam 7531 Vellamadai 6874
Achipatti (CT) 9849 Odaiyakulam (TP) 13370
Chinnavedampatti (TP) 20122 Z. Kottampatti 9606
Pallapalayam (TP) 11910 Theethipalayam 8629
Devarayapuram 6417 Veerapandi 7528
Perur Chettipalayam (CT) 17809 Solavampalayam 6387
Pattanam (CT) 9196 Kangayampalayam 8251
Muthugoundam Pudur (CT) 10259 Thekkampatti 12414
Sarcarsamakulam (TP) 10289 Ramapatinam 7429
Idikarai (TP) 8686 Bilichi 10412
Chickadasampalayam 19049 Irumborai 8001
Dhaliyur (TP) 11500 Pichanur 6261
Thenkarai (TP) 7349 Nanjundapuram 9355
Sirumugai (TP) 18223 Alanthurai (TP) 7221
Chettipalayam (TP) 10366 Angalakurichi 8816
Gudalur (TP) 38859 Jadayampalayam 10049
Malumichampatti (CT) 12936 Othakalmandapam (TP) 12207
Mopperipalayam (TP) 10923 Odderpalayam 7403
Narasimhanaicken-palayam (TP) 17858 Marchinaickenpalayam 19407

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 Veerapandi (TP) 16953
Veerakeralam (TP) 23841

Since the project duration is planned for 20 years the planning of the cities the urban growth poles,
growth centers, growth points are developed phase wise in five phases.
d. Correlation of Identified Zonal Characters with developable land and future growth
POLES: As shown in the map, overlay gives future urban centers, their zonal character or growth
engine and population projection. Based on the observations following cases are identified where
lower order cities like Kuniyamuthur, Kurichi and Goundampalayam have more population than
second order cities like Mettupalayam and Pollachi. Since population of Valparai is steadily
decreasing and being the eco-sensitive zone control development approach shall be applied here
separately. For the other settlements the comparative analysis is done based upon criteria viz.;
connected settlements, order and level, zonal character. In order to upgrade the lower order cities
to higher order cities, by growth pole theory socio-economic infrastructure is required.
Table 8-25 Showing Identified Settlements

Urban Growth Pole Population Urban Growth Population Urban Growth Point Population
Center
Coimbatore M. Corp 1050721 Mettupalayam (M) 69213 Kuniyamuthur (M) 95924
Pollachi (M) 90180 Kurichi (M) 123667
Valparai (M) 70859 Goundampalayam (M) 83908
Zonal Character Agro based Industrial Tourism

Table 8-26 Showing Identified Settlements and Reqisites for Upgrade in Order

Order Name Level Character Connected Infrastructure for Order

Centers Upgrade
2nd Mettupalayam Center Agro Growth Center- 0 Machinery, Financial,
Based Growth Point- 1 Technology, Banking Facilities,
Service Center-3 Medical facilities, University,
Central Village-0 Industrial Hub
2nd Pollachi Center Agro Growth Center- 1 Agro-based Industries,
Based Growth Point- 2 Specialized medical facilities
Service Center-1
Central Village-2
2nd Valparai Center Tourism Growth Center- 1 Controlled Development Zone to
Growth Point- 1 sustain balance between natural
Service Center-0 and built environments
Central Village-0
3rd Kuniyamuthur Point Industrial Growth Center- 0 Offering marketing, recreational
Growth Point- 2 and social services, specialized
Service Center-0 medical facilities etc.
Central Village-0
3rd Kurichi Point Industrial Growth Center- 0 Agro industries, dairy processing
Growth Point- 3 units, junior college, primary
Service Center-2 level specialized medical
Central Village-0 facilities etc.
3rd Goundampalayam Point Industrial Growth Center- 1 Industrial products, machines,
Growth Point- 0 banking facilities, degree
Service Center-2 college, university, Industrial
Central Village-0 hub

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Urbanisation Analysis
a. Developable Land

Sr. No TYPE INFLUENCE CATEGORY SCALE VALUE

1 OPEN SPACE 25 VACANT 1

AGRICULTURE 2

2 SLOPE 25 0-3% 1

3-5% 2

5-8% 3

8-15% 4

>15% RESTRICTED

3 NATURAL 5 0-30m RESTRICTED

>30m 1

4 RAILWAY 5 0-20m RESTRICTED

>20m 1

5 FOREST 10 RESERVED RESTRICTED

NON-RESERVED 1

6 DEVELOPED 5 BUILTUP RESTRICTED

NON BUILTUP 1

7 WATERWAY 10 0-20m RESTRICTED

>20m 1

8 ROAD 15 0-200m 1

200-500m 2

500-1000m 3

1000-2000m 4

>2000m 5

SUM OF INFLUENCE = 100

EVALUEATION SCALE

1 TO 5 BY 1

• PINK MARKED AREA ARE RESTICTED PART

• GREEN IS MOST SUITABLE

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 • YELLOW IS MODERATE SUITABLE
• ORANGE IS LEAST SUITABLE
The suitability for developable land is created by considering following criteria;
Slope percentage is considered as 0-3% is more
suitable, 3-8% is moderate and 8-15% is less suitable
and more than 15% is restricted as it is not possible
for construct on that land.
Buffer of major road is considered as buffer of 0-
200m if more suitable, 200-500m is moderate, 500-
1000m is less suitable and more that 1km is least
suitable for developable land.
All the existing built-up is considered as restricted as
develop on the existing built-up is not suitable.
Natural feature like water body and water ways are
considered as restricted area.
A buffer of 20m from railway property is considered
as development on that land is restricted by rail
authority.
Reserved forest land is considered as restricted for
environment protection.
The weightage is given as maximum weightage is given to slope and road, and equal area is given to
all the restricted features. According to which the total suitability is calculated, and the total land is
under all the category is given below,

Category Ares (sq.km)

Restricted 2356.05
High Suitable 806.78
Moderate Suitable 1516.42
Least Suitable 33.43

b. Land Utilisation
Land utilization involves the management and modification of natural
environment or wilderness into built environment such as settlements and semi-natural habitats such
as arable fields, pastures, and managed woods. It also has been defined as "the total of arrangements,
activities, and inputs that people undertake in a certain land cover type.Following are the definition used
for land utilization.

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 1. Forest Area: This includes all land classified
either as forest under any legal enactment,
or administered as forest, whether State-
owned or private, and whether wooded or
maintained as potential forest land. The area
of crops raised in the forest and grazing
lands or areas open for grazing within the
forests remain included under the “forest
area”.
2. Area under Non-agricultural Uses: This
includes all land occupied by buildings,
roads and railways or under water, e.g.
rivers and canals, and other land put to uses
other than agriculture.
3. Barren and Un-Culturable Land: This
includes all land covered by mountains,
deserts, etc. Land which cannot be brought
under cultivation except at an exorbitant
cost is classified as unculturable whether
such land is in isolated blocks or within cultivated holdings.
4. Permanent Pasture and other Grazing Land: This includes all grazing land whether it is
permanent pasture/meadows or not. Village common grazing land is included under this
category.

5. Land under Miscellaneous Tree Crops, Landcover (Sq km)

etc.: This includes all cultivable land Grassland 147.20
which is not included in ‘Net area sown’ Barren Land 1895.67
but is put to some agricultural use. Land Water Body 172.08
Rocky Land 104.45
under casuri trees, thatching grasses,
Forest 1160.26
bamboo bushes and other groves for fuel, Fallow Land 119.19
etc. which are not included under Built-up 467.55
‘Orchards’ are classified under this Agriculture 912.31
category. Total 4978.71
6. Culturable Waste Land: This includes land available for cultivation, whether taken up or
not taken up for cultivation once, but not cultivated during the last five years or more in
succession including the current year for some reason or the other. Such land may be either
fallow or covered with shrubs and jungles which are not put to any use. They may be
accessible or inaccessible and may lie in isolated blocks or within cultivated holdings.

c. Residential Land Suitability

As to fulfil the demand of housing in Coimbatore district we have find out the best potential area by
residential land suitability analysis. Residential development depends upon various factors, like
available developable land, extent of area, accessibility etc and some natural factors like slope, soil etc.
Land suitability assessment is a multiple criteria evaluation process, various layers overlay and giving
weightage according to our need. Overall, the following parameter have been considered for the
suitability analysis:

• Developable land
• Community centre

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 • School Map 8-13 Residential Land Suitability
• Colleges
• Healthcare
• Parks
• Garden
• Roads
• Railway
• Water bodies
• Built Up
• Forest
• Air quality index
• Slope

Table 8-27 Residential land suitability Areas

Categories Restricted Most suitable Moderately suitable

Area % Area % Area %
(hectares) (hectares) (hectare)
Mettupalayam 45471.71 73.67 2866.64 4.64 13385.35 21.69
Coimbatore North 37812.92 47.14 7489.99 9.34 34902.75 43.52
Coimbatore South 49237.26 59.72 8313.67 10.08 24890.72 30.19
Pollachi 18664.26 16.25 5695.53 4.96 90531.05 78.80
Sulur 16107.25 27.45 6564.13 11.18 36016.53 61.37
Valparai 69825.89 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.42 0.00

d. Comparison of Coimbatore with different Urban Planning theories

The process of planning for a city takes into consideration various factors and parameters. Planning for
a city is a comprehensive and tedious progress. Often, we come across cases when the growth pattern
of a city resembles existing Urban Planning models. The following is a brief study of Coimbatore
District based on Central Place Theory, Linear City and Sector Theory. In order to be able to compare
Coimbatore with Urban Planning Models, we use the existing Land Use map of Coimbatore District.
I. Central Place Theory
The District of Coimbatore has six municipalities. Mettupalayam and Pollachi are the two major sub-
towns in the district. Mettupalayam is situated 35 kilometres away from North Coimbatore in the valley
basin of the Nilgiris while Pollachi lies 41 kilometres to the south of Coimbatore. During the analysis
of these two settlements it was found that they act as a Central Place providing for different services
and commodity needs for nearby villages. These two settlements are also connected directly to the urban
core of Coimbatore and hence act as a thrust base for Employment, Education and Recreational

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purposes. The Central
Place Theory is based on
two concepts; Range and
Threshold.
Mettupalayam and
Pollachi act as the central
Place for smaller
hierarchical settlements
which are quite smaller in
size. These settlements
have surrounded these
higher order towns in a
circular or Hexagonal
form thus holding up the
Central Place Theory.
II. Sector Theory
Model
Figure 8-15 Comparison of Coimbatore with Central Place Theory
Homer Hoyt proposed
Sector theory Model in the year 1939 based on the dominant organic land use that grew in the urban
centers at that time. The urban core of Coimbatore city was thoroughly analysed based on existing land
uses and it was found that it is completely concurrent with the Sector Theory model. The north-west
and south-west parts of Coimbatore city is dominantly residential, and a small percentage of the area is
dedicated to Public and semi-public or institutional use. The majority of Factories/Industries are based
along transit corridors such as NH-67, NH-209 and NH-47. The city is sprawling towards the low-class
residential area in the North-eastern and eastern region of the city. These industries influence the growth
of low-income housing in the areas surrounding them while recent times have seen numerous
redevelopment projects in this vicinity. The Model can be used to assign and regulate Land use for
different uses and Land suitability. The potential of these identified areas can further be exploited to
achieve the set vision of developing and transforming Coimbatore into a global city with immense
employment generation and establishing it as a manufacturing hub.

III. Linear City Model

Linear City model was proposed By
Arturo Soria y Mata as a concept that
was envisioned for the elongated growth
of an urban centre. He proposed this city
model as a solution for the city of
Madrid which needed a plan to control
its haphazard sprawl turning it into a
broader city. The eastern part of
Coimbatore has two national highways
that connect it to the eastern capital city Figure 8-16 Comparison of Coimbatore with Linear City Model
of Chennai. Both cities are also directly
connected through a railway route that runs through this heavily industrialized region of Coimbatore.
The northern frontiers of eastern Coimbatore consist of Light and heavy industries surrounded by low
class residential settlements whereas the southern part consists of middle and high-class residential
areas followed by agricultural land use. Due to these characteristics, this region of Coimbatore perfectly

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fits the Linear City Model. It can be transformed into a Mass rapid Transit corridor for faster passenger
and Cargo movement. Similar initiatives can be taken for the regions consisting of NH-67 and NH-209.
e. Case Study of eight villages in the Coimbatore district: Effect of urbanisation on rural areas of
Coimbatore
After we identified urbanisation as one of our thrust areas for proposing strategies of development in
our sub-regional plan, we wanted to configure a pattern as to how the immense scale at which the district
is urbanising will affect the dominant spatial entity of the district that is villages. Although 75% of the
population resides in the urban centres the major chunk of land is yet in administration of villages at
grass root level.
We wanted to establish this pattern and assess how the urban-rural divide pertains in the district in terms
of their dependency on urban areas. We have considered
Map 8-14 Distance of Villages from Urban
various factors namely Centres
• Distance from the urban core
• Dependency for lower and higher order of
services
• Change in Work force participation in agriculture
• Difference in the character of villages as the
character of their urban cores differ, etc
Before we went for our site study, we identified the
following 8 villages in the district based on these criteria.
1. Mettupalayam
a. Odanthurai
b. Nellithurai
2. North Coimbatore
a. Vadavalli
b. Kallipalayam
3. South Coimbatore
a. Poorandampalayam
b. Peedampalli
4. Pollachi
a. Kullichettipalayam
b. Pethanaickarnur
Key highlight from our study of these villages show that

• Nellithurai is a tribal settlement which has been sceptical towards urbanisation and forbid
intrusion from authorities whereas Pethanaickarnur is a settlement comprising of migrants from
the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh generations ago where there has not been a Sarpanch for
years now.
• Villages selected from the north and south taluks of Coimbatore show agricultural character in
contrast to their urban core Coimbatore city only after travelling at least 20 km from the core.
• Vadavalli exhibits an influence of other urban centres around the village like Karamadai
• People in Kullichettipalayam who go out to complete higher education come back to their
village to continue the family occupation of agriculture.
We held our study in the villages in two parts, firstly a discussion with the stakeholders i.e. the members
of panchayat, representatives from the people and staff of schools in the village, Block development

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office and Village officers. Secondly a household survey and focus group discussion with the people
living in the villages. Hence analysed trends as in the later part of this section. Status of villages as per
projections in 2041
As per our population projections for 2041 it can be seen that Odanthurai is going to touch the
population of around 15000 which implies it is a potential urban centre and Kullichettipalayam shall
correspond to a population lesser than the population as in census 2011.
Map 1 below depicts the villages selected for the study accordingly marked in the colours corresponding
to their distances from their core.

Figure 8-17 Population Projection for year 2041

Other observations:
1. As we move away from the urban core the population density decreases gradually.
2. When it comes to urban core of urban character as that of Coimbatore it takes as much as 20-
25 km to get see a village with Agricultural character.
Whereas when we consider Pollachi and Mettupalayam which have an agricultural character,
it takes only 5-8 km to find that the predominant land character is agriculture.

Figure 8-18 Correlation between distance from urban core and Population Density

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 3. As we move away from the urban core the residents need to travel longer distances in order to
avail higher order services. Whereas Primary services lay evidently close to the village. Here
we have classified the services on the basis of as to how basic the need of that particular service
in day to day life is as follows:

Figure 8-19 Correlation between proximity to Urban core and workforce participation in Agriculture

8.6 LAND USE ZONING

A. Urbanisation Proposal
• Transport
Urbanisation will increase in the whole region at a very fast pace as predicted by the Growth pole theory
analysis and population projection. To cater to such a large population, transportation services in the

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whole area will have to be improved as well. For the same, various existing policies were studied, key
points were pondered upon and certain proposals were finalised, as mentioned below.
Issues identified:

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Lack of Connectivity from BRTS to the thrust
areas (CODISSIA Industrial Parks).
2. Lack of Infrastructure to cater future
demand of freight movement.
3. Lack of Connectivity between the Two
CODISSIA Industrial Parks.

Proposals:
1. Providing Multi-Modal hub to cater to the
future demand, sustainably.
2. Proposing RRTS for Regional
Connectivity.
3. Proposing a Road to connect them to
encourage Industrial activity.

The details of the same are, as under:

1. Multi Modal Transportation Hub at

Irrugur:

Comprehensive Mobility Plan of Coimbatore

already consists proposal of BRTS system
which provide very good connectivity to the
citizens. However, it was observed that
CODISSIA is planning to provide two
Industrial centres near Irrugur. The location of
the industrial centres is of importance as
Coimbatore airport, L&T highway and the
upcoming Defence Industrial corridor are in
close vicinity to the area. Defence corridor will cover a huge area spanning from Chennai, Hosur, Salem
and Coimbatore. The relevance of defence corridor nodes is as follows:

• Chennai - 50+ Vendors of Engine Factory Avadi

200+ vendors of heavy vehicles factory
550+ vendors of Bharat Electronics Limited
• Hosur - Presence of over 700 Industries. Developed Automobile Industry and supporting
ecosystem.
• Salem - Rich in Mineral Deposits
Presence of strong power grid, Salem Steel Plant and JSW Steel
• Coimbatore – Presence of over 45000 units in Tiruppur – Erode Corrdior. 4 SEZs in the City.
• Tiruchirappalli – More than 2500 fabrication/engineering units and presence of BHEL,
Ordinance factory.
Moreover, through growth pole theory it was observed that Irrugur, a fast-growing suburb of
Coimbatore, will come up to be a growth centre in the near future.
Considering the above-mentioned factors and the fact that the area will have to cater to a large number
of workers being attracted due to the opportunities provided by CODISSIA industrial centre and
Defence Industrial corridor, a Multi modal transportation hub at Irrugur is proposed.

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The multi modal transportation hub will act as a bus stop for the
BRTS, have bicycle sharing system, taxi stand, parking area, proper
infrastructure for pedestrians and certain commercial shops. It is
also suggested that the same hub is integrated with the proposed
metro services.
The figure above shows the approximate location of the multi
modal transportation hub with respect to the airport, BRTS route,
CODISSIA industrial parks and the proposed Industrial Defence
corridor.
2. Regional Rapid Transit System
The whole region is bustling with varied types of industries and the
same is expected to grow exponentially soon owing to the
upcoming Industrial Defense corridor and the various initiatives
taken up by the government and organizations like CODISSIA
(Industrial parks in Kallpalayam and Mopperpalayam). With the
increase in the number of industries in the area, the need for an
efficient infrastructure for freight movement will occur as well.
Considering the presence of immense industrial activity in the
adjoining regions of Erode and Tirrupur and the proposal of
Industrial Defense corridor, a Regional Rapid Transit System is
proposed to connect Coimbatore to the other adjoining regions.
This RRTS will not only cater to the
Map 8-15 Defense Industrial Corridor
future freight demand of the area
but will also help us in achieving
our objective to create more jobs
in the area.
We were influenced by the
existing rail based RRTS in NCR
which was created with the same
objective of connecting urban,
industrial, regional and sub-
regional centers to enhance
connectivity.
The map 1 shows the proposed
RRTS connecting Coimbatore to
Chennai via Salem. This will not
only help improve the freight but
passenger movement as well.ss

• Proposals for STP and CETPs

Water pollution in Coimbatore is severe and the main reason is effluent discharge from domestic and
industrial sources. This pollution causes problems to the residents.
For the treatment of domestic waste water, one STP is already working and two are proposed in CMC
area, but according to growth poles and population projection; three more STPs are required in the
district, one in Coimbatore-Sulur city region, of capacity 80 MLD, one in Mettupalayam, of capacity
15 MLD and one in Pollachi of capacity 20 MLD, details of which are given below.

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Combined capacity of one working STP and two which are under proposal are:
Table 8-28 Locations and capacities of existing and proposed STPs in Coimbatore

Capacity
Locations Status
(in MLD)
Ukkadam Working 70
Ondipudur Proposed 60
Nanjundapuram Proposed 40
TOTAL 170
1. The details of required total capacity of different STP is given in the tables below along with
the locations and projected populations.
• The sewage produced is taken as 80% of water supplied, when 135 lpcd of water is
supplied in the area in concern.
• The towns are selected based on growth poles and locations.

Table 8-29 locations considered, projected population and sewage which will be produced in different localities in the
district

Coimbatore and Sulur Taluk Name POP 2011 POP 2041

Coimbatore Chinnavedampatti
Chinnavedampatti (TP) 20122 26267
North (TP)
Coimbatore Coimbatore (M
Coimbatore (M Corp.) 1050721 1371615
South Corp.)
Coimbatore
Thudiyalur (TP) Thudiyalur (TP) 33924 44284
North
Coimbatore
Vadavalli (TP) Vadavalli (TP) 39873 52050
South
Coimbatore
Kalapatti (TP) Kalapatti (TP) 39586 51676
North
Coimbatore
Vilankurichi (CT) Vilankurichi (CT) 24235 31636
North
Coimbatore
Saravanampatti (TP) Saravanampatti (TP) 32920 42974
North
Coimbatore Kurudampalayam
Kurudampalayam (CT) 18749 24475
North (CT)
Coimbatore
Vellakinar (TP) Vellakinar (TP) 15998 20884
North
Irugur (TP) Sulur Irugur (TP) 25691 33537
Kannampalayam
Kannampalayam (TP) Sulur 15868 20714
(TP)
Sulur (TP) Sulur Sulur (TP) 27909 36432
Coimbatore
Kurichi (M) Kurichi (M) 123667 161435
South
Coimbatore
Vellalur (TP) Vellalur (TP) 24872 32468
South
Coimbatore
Madukkarai (TP) Madukkarai (TP) 30357 39628
South
Coimbatore Goundampalayam
Goundampalayam (M) 83908 109534
North (M)
Coimbatore
Perur (TP) Perur (TP) 8004 10448
South
Coimbatore
Kuniyamuthur (M) Kuniyamuthur (M) 95924 125219
South

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 Total Population (2041) (projected) 2235276
Water Supplied (in MLD) 312.93864
Sewage Produced (in MLD) (80% of water supplied) 250.350912

Pollachi Taluk Name POP 2011 POP 2041

Pollachi (M) Pollachi Pollachi (M) 90180 117721
Chinnampalayam
Chinnampalayam (CT) Pollachi 8695 11350
(CT)
Suleeswaranpatti
Suleeswaranpatti (TP) Pollachi 20104 26244
(TP)
Total Population (2041) (projected) 155315
Water Supplied (in MLD) 21.7441
Sewage Produced (in MLD) (80% of water supplied) 17.39528

Mettupalayam Taluk Name POP 2011 POP 2041

Mettupalayam (M) Mettupalayam Mettupalayam (M) 69213 90351
Karamadai (TP) Mettupalayam Karamadai (TP) 35166 45906
Total Population (2041) (projected) 136257
Water Supplied (in MLD) 19.07598
Sewage Produced (in MLD) (80% of water supplied) 15.260784

2. The capacity of different STPs are calculated as described below:

• In Coimbatore and Sulur city region, the sewage produced will be 250 MLD and since
there is already a provision for 170 MLD, thus we need a STP for 80 MLD (as,
250MLD – 170MLD = 80MLD).
• The sewage generated in Pollachi will be 17MLD and hence a STP of capacity 20MLD
is proposed.
• In Mettupalayam, the sewage generated will be 15 MLD and thus a STP of capacity
15MLD is proposed.

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 3. The locations of proposed STPs are based Map 8-16 Locations of existing and proposed STPs in the
district along with the area covered
on slope direction, location of residential
areas and proximity to rivers (refer atlas for
locations on map).

Furthermore, there are no Common Effluent

Treatment Plants (CETPs) in the district and hence all
the industries dispose their waste into the water bodies
nearby. This is the major source of water pollution in
the area. For solving this issue, following proposals
are given:
1. To make it mandatory for industries
(especially large-scale industries) to treat their
effluents.
2. Subsidize and promote CETPs for small and
medium scale industries.
3. To make different boards and councils that
can monitor the effluent quality of the
industries.

8.6.1 Final Proposal based upon Thrust Area

• Western Ghats and Valparai reserved forests
as NO DEVELOPMENT/ RESTRICTED
Zones.
• Settlements Adjacent to restricted zones as
Controlled Development Zones being eco-
sensitive to sustain population and revert
negative growth.
• Promote Eco-tourism to generate
employment near eco-sensitive areas.
• Agro based industries and wind power
generation along with promotion of primary
sector
• Proposed Service and manufacturing
industries to eastern half of district.
• Proposed RRTS corridor to connect
Industrial corridor Coimbatore- Erode-
Salem- Chennai
• Promote wind and solar power generation
alongside service and manufacturing
industries.
Protect river basins, surface water resource and
improve physical infrastructure to counter water
depletion and degradation.

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CHAPTER 9. - FINANCIAL CONVERGENCE
Highway, Bridges and by pass sector

Strategy Scheme/Policy/Programme Investment Implementation Agency

(Rs. in
Crores)
Highway, Six/Eight lane Triangular Rs 5000 Tamil Nadu Road
Bridges Corridor : Thoothukudi- Development Corporation
and by Coimbatore Alignment
pass sector Six/Eight lane Triangular Rs 9000 Tamil Nadu Road
Corridor : Coimbatore- Development Corporation
Chengalpet
Alignment
Railways Madurai Coimbatore high Rs 23,000 Indian Railways
speed rail link
Coimbatore-Chennai high Rs 45,000 Indian Railways
speed rail link
Airport Expansion of Coimbatore Airport Rs 3000 Airport Authority of India
and Transport Department,
Govt. of Tamil Nadu
Industry Coimbatore-Salem Industrial Rs 7,200 State Industries Promotion
Corridor- Manufacturing and Corporation of Tamil Nadu
Business Investment Region : (SIPCOT)
Manufacturing and Business
Investment Region –I & II
Coimbatore-Salem Industrial Rs 4,800 State Industries Promotion
Corridor- Agri Business Corporation of Tamil Nadu
Investment Region (ABIR) (SIPCOT)
Coimbatore- Madurai Industrial Rs 10,000 State Industries Promotion
Corridor Corporation of Tamil Nadu
(SIPCOT)
Industrial Parks for SME’s Rs 62.5 SIDCO, Govt of Tamil Nadu
Mass Public Transit Systems for Rs 50,000 Transport
Madurai and Coimbatore Department/CUMTA/CMRL
Infrastructure Support for Agro Rs 208 TNAU, Agriculture
food processing industry Department- Department of
AM&AB
Infrastructure for Dairy Rs 583 Animal Husbandry, Dairy
Processing and Fisheries Department
Infrastructure for poultry Rs 153 Animal Husbandry, Dairy
processing and Fisheries Department
Centers for Excellence foe Cancer Rs 100 Health and Family welfare
Cure Department, Govt of Tamil
Nadu
Establishment of five Global Rs 50 Private Education
Quality Nursing and Para medical Institutions
Training Institutes
Knowledge hub in Coimbatore Rs 325 Tamil Nadu industrial
Development Corporation
Enhancing Employability skills of Rs 1200 Anna University, Chennai
Engineering students-Coimbatore

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 Entrepreneurship Development
Center for SME-Coimbatore
Center of Excellence for
Agricultural Practices
Draft Report
Rs 15 Cr per Department of Higher
center education, Department of
Industry, Tamil Nadu Skill
Development Mission, Tamil
Nadu Corporation for
Development of Women,
ILO
Rs 500 TNAU under Agricultural
Department
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CHAPTER 10. - BIBLIOGRAPHY
Asia, I. f. (2014). Transport Budget Proposals for Coimbatore, Madurai, Salem, Tiruppur and
Tiruchirappalli. Coimbatore: ITDP and ICLEI.
CapaCities. (2016). Coimbatore GHG Emissions Inventory 2015-2016. Retrieved from CapaCities:
capacitiesindia.org/coimbatore-ghg-emissions/
CMC, T. &amp;. (n.d.). DISTRICT HANDBOOK. COIMBATORE: TNPCB (TAMIL NADU
POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD), CMC (COIMBATORE MUNICIPAL
CORPORATION).
CPCB. (2008). HAZARDOUS WASTE. DELHI: CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD.
Emissions, U. (2016). City - Coimbatore, India. Retrieved from Urban Emissions Info:
www.urbanemissions.info/india-apna/coimbatore-india/
India, A. A. (2018, September). Retrieved from Coimbatore International Airport CJB:
https://www.coimbatoreairport.com/
India, A. A. (2018, September). Coimbatore Air Cargo. Retrieved from Airport Authority of India:
https://www.aai.aero/en/node/69188
Limited, I. M. (2015). Comprehensive Mobility Plan for Coimbatore Local Planning Area.
Coimbatore: TNUIFSL.
Ltd., T. N. (2018, September). Retrieved from Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation Ltd.:
http://www.tnstc.in/
MNRE. (n.d.). Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. Retrieved from Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy: https://mnre.gov.in/
Nadu, G. o. (2018, September). Retrieved from Coimbatore District Traffic Police:
https://coimbatore.nic.in/
Railways, I. (2018, September). Retrieved from Indian Rail Info:
https://indiarailinfo.com/imminent/41
Railways, I. (2018, September). Retrieved from Railway Parcel Services:
http://www.coimbatore.in/RailwayEnquiryServices/RailwayParcelService-457.html
TNPCB. (n.d.). Coimbatore: TNPCB.
District Statistical Handbook
Districts Industries Corporation Centre
National Agriculture development Program 2008 and 2018
Divisional Office of the Fire and Rescue Services

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Joint Director/Deputy Director, Public Health, Dean Coimbatore Medical College Hospitals
Corporation Health
Officer, Regional Officer (ESI Scheme), Superintendent, ESI Hospital. Coimbatore
National Skill Development Cooperation, Coimbatore
The Tamil Nadu Town And Country Planning Act, 1971 –Tamilnadu Govt.
Government of Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu (2006) Business Plan for Coimbatore Corporation,
Coimbatore:
Wilbur Smith Associates Private Limited .
Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited (2007) Conversion of City Corporate
Plan to
Business Plan for Mettupalayam Municipality , Coimbatore: ICRA Management Consulting Services
Limited

Tamil Nadu Government (2017) Housing And Urban Development Department

Coimbatore District Small Industries Association

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