Unit 2G: Irregularities in the ‫علﱠ َم‬
َ  family and an introduction to the ‫جاھَ َد‬ family. 
ْ
We spent a lot of time studying multiple kinds of irregularities in the ‫أَﺳ َﻠﻢ‬ family. In the current family of ‫ﻋ ّﻠَﻢ‬ , we 
َ َ َ
need only to worry about two irregularities.   
 
THE FIRST IRREGULARITY IN THE ‫ﻋ ّﻠَﻢ‬ FAMILY: 
َ َ
In short, this is a problem of having a vowel at the end.  We already studied this problem in the ‫ أَﺳ َﻠﻢ‬ family in 2E. 
ْ
َ
ْ
The standard in the ‫أَﺳ َﻠﻢ‬ family for such irregularities was 
َ
ٌ‫ﻣ ْﻠﻘﺎ ً إﻟْﻘﺂء‬ ْ
‫ﻣﻠ ٍﻖ‬
ْ
‫ﻻﺗُﻠ ِﻖ‬
ْ
‫أَﻟ ِﻖ‬
ْ
‫ﻳﻠﻘﺎ‬
ْ
‫ﻳﻠ ِﻘ ْﻲ‬
ْ
‫أ ُﻟ ِﻘﻲ‬
ْ
‫أَﻟﻘﻰ‬
ُ ُ ُ ُ َ
I mentioned this example over again because the irregularity in the ‫ﻋ ّﻠَﻢ‬ family will be dealt with in much the same 
َ َ
way.   
ْ ْ
A case of past tense ‫أَﺳ َﻠﻢ‬ when ending with a vowel gets stretched as in ‫أَﻟﻘﻰ‬.
َ
A case of past tense ‫ﻋ ّﻠَﻢ‬ when ending with a vowel gets stretched as in ‫ ّ َﻰ‬.
َ َ َ
ْ ْ
The irregular passive equivalent for the  ‫أُﺳ ِﻠﻢ‬ family would be ‫أُﻟ ِﻘﻲ‬ . 
َ َ
The irregular passive equivalent for the  ‫ﻋ ِّﻠﻢ‬ family would be ‫ ُ ّ ِﻲ‬ . 
َ ُ َ
ْ
The present tense equivalent for ‫أ َﺳ َﻠﻢ‬ gets a ‫ي‬ with sukoon like ‫ﻲ‬ ْ ‫ﻳ ْﻠ ِﻘ‬ 
َ ُ
The present tense equivalent for ‫ﻳﻌ ِّﻠﻢ‬ gets a ‫ي‬ with sukoon like ‫ ُﺴ ِّﻤﻲ‬  ْ
ُ َُ َ
ْ ْ
The present passive equivalent for ‫ ُﺴ َﻠﻢ‬ gets ‫ا‬ at the end like ‫ﻳﻠﻘﺎ‬ 
ُ ُ
The present passive equivalent for ‫ﻳﻌ ّﻠَﻢ‬ gets ‫ا‬ at the end like ‫ ُﺴ ّﻤﺎ‬ 
ُ َُ َ
ْ ْ ْ
The command equivalent for ‫أَﺳ ِﻠﻢ‬ in this irregular case would be ‫ﻖ‬ ِ ‫أَﻟ‬ 
The command equivalent for ‫ﻋ ِّﻠ ْﻢ‬ in this irregular case would be ‫ﺳ ِﻢ‬ 
َ ّ َ
ْ ‫ﻻ‬ in this irregular case would be ‫ﻻﺗﻠﻖ‬  ْ
The forbidding equivalent for ‫ﺴ ِﻠ ْﻢ‬ُ ِ ُ
The forbidding equivalent for ‫ﻻ ﺗُﻌ ِّﻠ ْﻢ‬ in this irregular case would be ‫ﻻ ُﺴ ِﻢ‬ 
َ ّ َ
ْ ْ ْ ً ْ
The ism fa’il and ism maf’ool equivalents for ‫ﻣﺴ ِﻠ ٌﻢ‬ and ‫ﻣﺴ َﻠ ٌﻢ‬ would be  ‫ﻖ‬
ٍ ‫ﻣﻠ‬ (non flex.) and ‫ﻣﻠﻘﺎ‬ (non flex.) . 
ُ ُ ُ ُ
 ً
The ism fa’il and ism maf’ool equivalents for ‫ﻣﻌ ِّﻠ ٌﻢ‬ and ‫ﻣﻌ ّﻠ َ ٌﻢ‬ would be  ‫ﻣﺴ ٍﻢ‬ (non flex.) and ‫ﻣﺴ ّﻤﺎ‬ (non flex.) . 
َُ َُ ّ َ ُ َ ُ
ْ
ٌ ‫إ ْﺳ‬ is this irregular case is ٌ‫إﻟﻘﺂء‬  ( a hamza comes about) 
The masdar equivalent of ‫ﻼم‬ ِ ِ
ْ ْ ٌ ْ  .  ( a taa marbootah comes about) 
The masdar equivalent for  ‫ﺗﻌ ِﻠ‬ in this irregular case is ‫ﺴ ِﻤﻴﺔ‬ َ
َ َ
 
To look at the above comparison in summary: 
 
ٌ‫إﻟْﻘﺂء‬ ً ْ
‫ﻣﻠﻘﺎ‬
ْ
‫ﻣﻠ ٍﻖ‬
ْ
‫ﻻﺗُﻠ ِﻖ‬
ْ
‫أَﻟ ِﻖ‬
ْ
‫ﻳﻠﻘﺎ‬
ْ
‫ﻳﻠ ِﻘ ْﻲ‬
ْ
‫أ ُﻟ ِﻘﻲ‬
ْ
‫أَﻟﻘﻰ‬
ُ ُ ُ ُ َ
ٌ
  ‫َ ْﺴ ِﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴ ّﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ ُﺴ ِﻢ ﻣﺴ ٍﻢ‬ ‫ﺳ ِﻢ‬ ‫ُﺴ ِّﻤ ْﻲ ُﺴ ّﻤﺎ‬ ‫ُ ّ ِﻲ‬ ‫َ ّﻰ‬
َ َ ُ ّ َ ُ ّ َ ّ َ َ َ َ
  PRACTICE WORDS:
 
To rescue

To pay in full

To turn away completely

To name someone or
something

To pray

To determine a will, to
decree, to issue orders, to
urge strongly
To continue something, to
maintain something

To administer, to organize,
to make something right, to
do something precisely

 
 
COMPLETE CONJUGATIONS: 
 
Past Tense ‫ ّ ﻰ‬ 
َ
‫ّ َ ْﻮا‬ َ ‫َ ّ َﻴﺎ‬ ‫َ ّﻰ‬
ْ ْ
َ ‫ّ َﲔ‬ َ ‫َ ّ َﺘﺎ‬ ‫َ ّ َﺖ‬
ْ ‫ْﻴ‬ ‫َ ّ َ ْﻴﺘُﻤﺎ‬ ‫َ ّ َ ْﻴﺖ‬
ُ َّ َ َ
‫ﻦ‬ ْ ‫َ ّ َ ْﻴﺘُﻤﺎ‬ ْ
َ ّ ُ ‫ّ َﻴﺘ‬ َ ‫ﺖ‬ِ ‫َ ّ َﻴ‬
‫ّ َ ْﻴﻨﺎ‬ َ ‫ﺖ‬
ُ ‫َ ّ َﻴ‬
ْ
‫ُ ّ ِﻲ‪Passive Past Tense ‬‬
‫َ‬
‫ُ ّ ُ ْﻮا‬ ‫ُ ّ ِﻴﺎ‬ ‫ّ ِﻲ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫َ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﲔ‬
‫ُ ِّ َ‬ ‫ُ ّ ِﻴﺘﺎ‬ ‫ّ ِﻴﺖ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ْﻴ ْ‬ ‫ُ ّ ِ ْﻴﺘُﻤﺎ‬ ‫ّ ِ ْﻴﺖ‬
‫ُ ِّ ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ﻦ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫ُ ّ ِ ْﻴﺘُﻤﺎ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ُ ّ ِﻴﺘ ُ ّ َ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ّ ِﻴ ِ‬ ‫ُ‬
‫ُ ّ ِ ْﻴﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺖ‬
‫ّ ِﻴ ُ‬
‫ْ‬
‫ُ‬
‫ﺴ ِﻤ ْ‬
‫ﻲ‪Active Present Tense ‬‬ ‫ُ ّ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ُﺴ ّ ُﻤ ْﻮن‬ ‫ﻴﺎن‬
‫ُ َﺴ ِّﻤ ِ‬ ‫ُﺴ ِّﻤ ْﻲ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ُﺴ ِﻤﻲْ‬
‫ُ َﺴ ِّﻤﲔَ‬ ‫ﻴﺎن‬
‫ُ َﺴ ِّﻤ ِ‬ ‫َ ّ‬
‫ُﺴ ّ ُﻤ ْﻮن‬ ‫ﻴﺎن‬
‫ُ َﺴ ِّﻤ ِ‬ ‫ُﺴ ِّﻤ ْﻲ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ﲔ‬
‫ُ َﺴ ِّﻤ َ‬ ‫ﻴﺎن‬
‫ُ َﺴ ِّﻤ ِ‬ ‫ﲔ‬
‫ُ َﺴ ِّﻤ َ‬
‫ُﺴ ِّﻤ ْﻲ‬ ‫أ ُ َ ّ ِ ْﻲ‬
‫َ‬
‫ُﺴ ّﻤﺎ‪Passive Present tense ‬‬
‫َ‬
‫ُﺴ ّ َﻤ ْﻮن‬ ‫ﻴﺎن‬
‫ُ َﺴ ّ َﻤ ِ‬ ‫ُﺴ ّﻤﺎ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ْ‬
‫ُ َﺴ ّ َﻤﲔَ‬ ‫ﻴﺎن‬
‫ُ َﺴ ّ َﻤ ِ‬ ‫ُﺴ ّﻤﺎ‬
‫َ‬
‫ُﺴ ّ َﻤ ْﻮن‬ ‫ﻴﺎن‬
‫ُ َﺴ ّ َﻤ ِ‬ ‫ُﺴ ّﻤﺎ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫ْ‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ُ َﺴ ّ َﻤﲔَ‬ ‫ﻴﺎن‬
‫ُ َﺴ ّ َﻤ ِ‬ ‫ﲔ‬
‫ُ َﺴ ِّﻤ َ‬
‫ُﺴ ِّﻤ ْﻲ‬ ‫أ ُ َ ّ ِ ْﻲ‬
‫َ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺳ ِﻢ‪The Commanding  ‬‬
‫َ ّ‬
‫َ ّ ُ ْﻮا‬ ‫َ ّ ِﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺳ ِﻢ‬
‫َ ّ‬
‫ْ‬
‫ﲔ‬
‫َ ِّ َ‬ ‫َ ّ ِﻴﺎ‬ ‫َ ّ ِ ْﻲ‬

‫ﻻ ُﺴ ِﻢ‪The Forbidding ‬‬
‫َ ّ‬
‫ﻻ ُﺴ ّ ُﻤ ْﻮا‬ ‫ﻻ ُﺴ ِّﻤﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ ُﺴ ِﻢ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫َ ّ‬
‫ْ‬
‫ﲔ‬
‫ﻻ ُ َﺴ ِّﻤ َ‬ ‫ﻻ ُﺴ ِّﻤﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ ُﺴ ِّﻤ ْﻲ‬
‫َ‬ ‫َ‬
  
 
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE ‫ﺪ‬
َ ‫ﺟﺎﻫ‬ FAMILY:  َ
ً
‫ﺠﺎﻫ َﺪ ًة‬
َ ُ‫ﺟﻬﺎدا وﻣ‬
ِ ‫ﺪ‬
ُ ‫ﺠﺎﻫ‬
ِ ُ ‫ﺟﺎﻫ َﺪ ﻳ‬
َ  
This family is unique because it creates two masdars. The special spelling feature of this family is that there is an 
alif right after the first letter in the past tense.  This document will only address regular examples of the family.  
Let’s first take the words above and make six more words out of them. 
 
‫ﺟﺎﻫ َﺪ‬ ْ  
َ  yields the passive version ‫ﺟﻮ ِﻫ َﺪ‬
ُ
‫ﺪ‬
ُ ‫ﺠﺎﻫ‬ ِ ُ ‫ﻳ‬ yields the passive version ‫ﺪ‬ ُ ‫ﺠﺎﻫ‬
َ ُ ‫ﻳ‬ 
ْ
‫ﺟﺎﻫ َﺪ‬َ  yields the command ‫ﺟﺎﻫﺪ‬ ِ  
ْ
‫ﺪ‬ُ ‫ﺠﺎﻫ‬ ِ ُ ‫ﻳ‬ yields the forbidding ‫ﺠﺎﻫﺪ‬ ِ ُ ‫ﻻﺗ‬
ٌ
‫ﺪ‬ ُ ‫ﺠﺎﻫ‬ ِ ُ ‫ﻳ‬ yields the ism faa’il ‫ﺠﺎﻫﺪ‬ ِ ُ‫ ﻣ‬ 
ٌ
‫ﺪ‬ ُ ‫ﺠﺎﻫ‬
َ ُ ‫ﻳ‬ yields the ism maf’oo l ‫ﺠﺎﻫﺪ‬ َ ُ‫ﻣ‬ 
ٌ ٌ
And the masdars are  ‫ﺟﻬﺎد‬ ِ  and ‫ﺠﺎﻫ َﺪة‬ َ ُ‫ﻣ‬ 
The 10 words (not nine because we have two masdars instead of one)  in sequence would be: 
ٌ ٌ ٌ ٌ ْ ْ ْ
‫ﺠﺎﻫ َﺪة‬
َ ُ‫ﺟﻬﺎد ﻣ‬
ِ ‫ﺠﺎﻫﺪ‬
َ ُ‫ﺠﺎﻫﺪ ﻣ‬
ِ ُ‫ﺠﺎﻫﺪ ﻣ‬
ِ ُ ‫ﺟﺎﻫﺪ ﻻﺗ‬
ِ ‫ﺪ‬
ُ ‫ﺪ ﻳُﺠﺎ َ َﻫ‬
ُ ‫ﺠﺎﻫ‬
ِ ُ ‫ﺟﻮ ِﻫ َﺪ ﻳ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻫ َﺪ‬
َ
ُ
 Another example would be: 
ٌ ٌ ‫بﺣ‬ ٌ ‫ب ﻣﺤﺎر‬ ْ
ٌ ‫ب ﻣﺤﺎر‬ ْ
‫ﺮاب ﻣﺤﺎرﺑﺔ‬ ِ ِ ُ ‫ﺤﺎر‬ِ ُ ‫ﺣﺎرب ﻻﺗ‬
ِ ‫ﺤﺎرب ﻳﺤﺎرب‬ ‫ﺣﺎرب ﺣ ْﻮرب ﻳ‬
َ َ ُ َ ُ ُ َ ُ ُ ِ ُ َ ِ ُ َ َ
PRACTICE WORDS: 
Try to accent the following not by copying the first line, but from memory.  Try to translate each cell as you go 
along. 
To struggle
against sb or st
To make a
mutually
binding
agreement
To compete in
perseverance
To remain
consistent
To engage in
war against sb
To debate, try to
refute
To audit
To defend

To multiply

to support

To punish, to
hunt down
To befriend, to
accompany

Associate with,
start a family
with
To separate, to
distance
To try to
overpower
To imitate

To leave out

To swear to
someone
To have intimacy

To engage in
hypocrisy
To migrate

To call someone
to a meeting
To agree

To be close to

To go ahead of

End of Document