Zayed University

College of Technological Innovation

Fall 2018
Assignment

Course Title: Computer Network Foundations

Course Number: NET-256

Instructions:
I. Due Thursday, November 25, 2018.

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II. References

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1. Slides and handouts posted on the course Web site

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2. Selected readings of the textbook

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Problem 1 – Packet vs. Circuit-Switched Communications:
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a (a) Which type of communication is preferable in wireless network

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operation and describe its service guarantee expectation? Explain

your answer in detail.
b Answer:
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d Packet switching communication would be better since packets

can be directed around organized blockage. While the circuit
switching Dedicated channels may delay and the channele is not accessibale
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until one side seperates.

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f (b) Give two examples of applications for which circuit switching
and packet switching would be more suitable respectively.
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h An example of circuit switching is a telephone network.
i An example for packet switching is frame relay and IP.

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 Problem 2- IP Fragmentation

Consider sending 3000-byte datagram into a link that has an MTU of

500 bytes.

a) How many fragments are generated?

The original datagram was 3000 bytes, subtracting 20 for header, it

leaves 2980 bytes of data.

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Assume the ID of the original packet is “x”. with an MTU of 500

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bytes, 500-2 = 480 bytes of data transmitted in each packet.

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Therefore, ceiling(2980/480)= 7 packets are needed.

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b) What are their characteristics (i.e. what are the flags and offset
values for each (Assume that the DF flag was not set : )
Solution: Assume that no optional fields of the IP header are in use
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(i.e. IP header is 20 bytes)

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Packet 1: ID = x, Total_len = 500, MF = 1, Frag_offset = 0

Packet 2: ID = x, Total_len = 500, MF = 1, Frag_offset = 60
Packet 3: ID = x, Total_len = 500, MF = 1, Frag_offset = 120
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Packet 4: ID = x, Total_len = 500, MF = 1, Frag_offset = 180

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Packet 5: ID = x, Total_len = 500, MF = 1, Frag_offset = 240

Packet 6: ID = x, Total_len = 500, MF = 1, Frag_offset = 300
Packet 7: ID = x, Total_len = 120, MF = 0, Frag_offset = 360
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 c) Explain how traceroute works. Include a traceroute to a host at
least 20 hops away.

A TTL is set when a TCP packet is sent, which is the number of

hops it can pass through before that packet is discarded. When TTL
reaches 0 the packet is destroyed and an ICMP message is
returned. (I have tried several hosts in my house PC and none pf
them reached 20 hops)

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 Problem3: CIDR -A router has the following (CIDR) entries in its
routing table:

Destination Gateway Next hop

135.46.56.0/22 Interface 0
135.46.60.0/22 Interface 1
192.53.40.0/23 Router 1
default Router 2

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1. For each of the following IP address, what does the router do if

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packets with the following addresses arrive?

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(a) 135.46.63.10
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The router will look for the first 22 bits, we have 135.45.60.0 routing
entry. It matches the network address of 135.45.60.0/22 routing entry,
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therefore the packet will be routed out over interface 1

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(b) 135.46.57.14
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The router will look for the first 22 bits, we have 135.45.56.0 . It
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matches the network address of 135.45.56.0/22 routing entry, therefore

the packet will be routed out over interface 0
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(c) 135.46.52.2
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The address is lower than 22 bits, the default route will be used and it
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will be routed out over router 2

(d) 192.53.40.7

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 The router will look for the first 23 bits, we have 192.53.40.0 . It
matches the network address of 135.43.40.0/23 routing entry, therefore
the packet will be routed out over router 1.

(e) 192.53.56.7
The router will look for the first 23 bits, we have 192.53.56.0 . the
default route will be used and it will be routed out over router 2

2. What is the relationship between the “gateway” and “interface”

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fields?

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Problem 4- NAT

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What problem is tackled by Network Address Translation (NAT)? Please
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briefly describe what NAT does.
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NAT stands for Network Address Translation, it is the prossess of a

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network device, usually a firewall, and it assigns a public ip address to a

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device (computer/s) in a private network. NAT is mainly used to limit

the number of public ip addresses that companys and organizations are
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recommended to use it for security purposes.

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Problem5- IP addresses
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How does a host get an IP address? How does a network get the subnet
part of an IP address?
How does a provider get a block of IP addresses? What is the principle
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behind these procedures?

Ithey can either be assigned statically (the network manager assigns them) or can
be assigned dynamically via Dynamic Host Control Protocol (DHCP). Subnetting

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 is the way toward assigning some high-arrange bits from the host part as a major
aspect of the system prefix. ISPs (Internet Service Providers) or associations can
get in touch with them to enroll an IP address or a piece of IP tends to which is the
place you come in. to provide security to the host.

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