Unit 5

UNIT V FRICTION IN MACHINE ELEMENTS
Surface contacts – Sliding and Rolling friction – Friction drives – Friction in screw threads –Bearings
and lubrication – Friction clutches – Belt and rope drives – Friction in brakes- Band and Block brakes.
2-MARKS
FRICTION:
1. State the law of friction (A/M-03)

 The frictional force is directly proportional to the normal reaction between the surfaces.
 The friction force defending upon the nature of the surface contact.
 It is independent of the velocity of sliding of one body to other body.
2. Define friction.
 Friction is a force which is developed at the contact surfaces between the two bodies in order to resist the movement of
one body over the other body
3. What are the types of friction?
i) Static friction
ii) Dynamic friction
(a) Sliding friction
(b) Rolling friction
(c) Pivot friction
4. What is angle of repose?
 It is the angle of inclined plane from the horizontal at which the body tends to slide down is called as angle of repose.
5. What is limiting friction?
It is the maximum value of the friction at which the body just starts to move.
6. Laws of dry or solid friction: [Nov/Dec 14]
 The force of friction directly proportional to the normal load between the surfaces.
 The force of friction is independent of the area of the contact surface for a given normal load.
 The force of friction depends upon material which the contact surfaces or made.
 The force of friction is independent of the velocity of sliding of one body relative to other body.
6. Define Angle of friction:
 It may be defined as the angle which the resultant reaction R makes with normal reactions tan ϕ= F/ RN
7. Why friction is called as ‘necessary evil’?
 Friction is the important factor in engineering and physical applications such as belt and ropes, jibs, clutches and brakes,
nut and bolts, so it is the necessary one. If the friction exceeds certain value it will cause heat, damage and wear when
applied. So it is called ‘necessary evil’
8. Why lubrication reduces friction?
 In practical all the manting surfaces are having roughness with it. It causes friction. If the surfaces are smooth then
friction is very less. Lubrication smoothens the matting surface by introducing oil film between it. The fluids are having
high smoothness then solids and thus lubrication reduces friction.
9. Distinguish between sliding and rolling friction.
 Sliding Friction – When two dry surfaces have a sliding motion relative to each other, then it is called as sliding friction
e.g friction between nut and bolt.
 Rolling friction – When two dry surfaces have a rolling motion relative to each other, then it is called as rolling friction
E.g – friction in ball and roller bearings.
10. What kind friction acts between the tyre and rosd in an automobile? (N/D-17)
 Rolling Friction
 Sliding Friction
11. What is meant by frictional force?
 Force of friction is always acting in the direction opposite to the direction of motion.
12. What is static friction?
 It is the friction experienced by a body, when at rest.
13. What is dynamic friction?
 It is the friction experienced by the body, when in motion. The dynamic friction is also called as kinematic friction.
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14. What is dry friction?
 The friction that exists between two un lubricated surfaces is known as dry friction.
15. What is greasy friction?

 When the two surfaces in contact have a minute thin layer of lubricant between them, then it is called as greasy friction.
16. What is fluid friction?
 When the two surfaces in contact are completely separated by a lubricant, then it is called as fluid friction.
17. State the laws of dry friction.
1. The frictional force is directly proportional to the normal reaction between the surfaces.
2. The frictional force opposes the motion.
3. The frictional force is independent of the area and the shape of the contacting surfaces.
18. State the laws of fluid friction.
1. The frictional force is almost independent of load.
2. The frictional force is independent of the substances of the bearing surfaces and opposing tendency is less.
3. The frictional force reduces with increase in temperature of the lubricant.
19. What is angle of repose?
 The angle of repose is defined as the maximum inclination of a plane at which a body remains in equilibrium over the
inclined plane by the assistance of friction only.
20. What is limiting angle of friction?
 The limiting angle of friction is defined as the angle at which the resultant reaction R makes with the normal reaction.
21. Define Co-efficient of friction.
 It is defined as the ratio of the limiting friction to the normal reaction between two bodies.
μ = F / Rn
22. What is the efficiency of the inclined plane?
 The efficiency of inclined plane is defined as the ratio between effort without friction and the effort with friction.
ROPE:
23. What are the advantage of wire ropes over fabric rope (M/J-07)
 High strength to weight ratio.
 Silent operation even at high working speed.
 More reliable in operation.
24. What is the use of rope drive?
 The rope drives are widely used when large power is to be transmitted continuously from one pulley to another over a
considerable distance. One advantage of rope drives is that a number of separate driver may be from the driving
pulley.
25. What are the types of ropes?
The types of ropes are: *Fiber ropes. *Wire ropes.
26. What is the use of circular belts or ropes?
 Ropes are circular in cross section.
 It is used to transmit more power.
 Distance between two pulleys is more than 8metres.
BRAKE:
27. List out any four desirable characteristics of brake lining material.(N/D-07)
 It should have high coefficient of friction with mini fading.
 It should how wear rate.
 It have high heat resistance
 It have high heat dissipated capacity
28. List out the commonly used breaks.
1. Hydraulic brakes: e.g., Pumps or hydrodynamic brake and fluid agitator.
2. Electric brakes: e.g., Eddy current brakes.
3. Mechanical brakes: e.g., Radial brakes and axial brakes
29. What do you mean by a brake?
 Brake is a device by means of which motion of a body is retarded for slowing down (or) to bring it to rest which works
on the principle of frictional force, it acts against the driving force.
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30. When the intensity of pressure acting brake shoe is is assumed to uniform?
 The intensity of pressure is assumed to be constant when the break shoe has small angle of contact. For large angle of
contact, it is assumed that the rate of wear of the shoe remains constant.
31. List out any four desirable characteristics of brake lining material.
a)It should have low wear rate
b) High heat resistant
c) It should have high coefficient of friction with minimum fading
d) It should have adequate mechanical strength and high heat dissipation capacity
e) E.g materials – bronze, steel, wood on cast iron and fiber, asbestos, leather, cork on metal,
32. Define brake and name its various types
 The frictional force is used to absorb the energy possessed by a moving member.
Various types of brake
1. Block or shoe brake 2. Band brake 3. Band and block brake 4. Internal expanding shoe brake
33. Explain Self- energizing and self locking brake. [MAY 16 & Nov 16]
 When moments of efforts applied on the break drum and frictional force are in the same direction, the breaking torque
becomes maximum (frictional force aids the braking action). In such a case the brake is said to be partially self-
actuating or self energizing.
 When the frictional force is great enough to apply the brake with no external force, then the brake is said to be self-
locking brake.
BEARING:
34. What is bearing?

 A bearing is a machine element which supports another moving machine element known as journal. It permits a
relative motion between the contact surfaces of the member while carrying the load.
35. Name the various types of pivot bearing?
Based on the shape of the end of shaft and the shape of bearing surface,
1. Flat pivot bearing
2. Flat collar bearing
3. Conical pivot bearing
4. Truncated conical or trapezoidal bearing
SCREW JACK:
36. Prove (or) disprove that the efficiency of a screw jack is independent of the load raised (N/D-03,06)
η screw jack = (Ideal Effect/Actual Effect)
η screw jack =(W tan/W tan (α+ϕ))
37. What is the condition for self locking in screw (A/M-05,N/D-02,05)
 The torque required to lower the load will be positive ,indicating that an effort is applied to the lower the load .such a
screw is known as SELF LOCKING SCREW((ϕ >α)
 A screw will be self locking if the friction angle is greater than helix angle (or) co-efficient of friction is greater than
tangent of helix angle.
38. In a screw jack the co efficient of friction between screw and nut is 0.1 and the helical angle of the screw thread is 3.5.find
the efficiency of the screw jack(M/J-06)
Given data:
µ=0.1; α =3.5
To find:
Efficiency of the screw jack
Solution:
η= tan ϕ=0.1
ϕ =tan-1(0.1) =5.71
η=(tan α/tan(α+ϕ))=37.72%
39. What is mean by friction angle(M/J-07)
 The friction angle (ϕ) is the angle at which the resultant reaction(R) makes with the normal reaction (R N).
40. What is the condition of maximum efficiency of a screw jack (M/J-07, 14)
η= (1-sin ϕ)/1+sin ϕ
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41. Define the mechanical advantage?
 The mechanical advantage= (load lifted/Effort applied)
42. Which type of screw thread is preferable in power transmission (A/M-08)
 The V-threads are stronger and offer friction resistant to motion the square threads.
 A give load may be lifted by applying lesser force by square threads compared to V-threads
43. What are the effects of limiting angle of friction?

 If lining angle of friction (ϕ) is equal to tan-1.than the body will more over the plane irrespective of magnitude force
(F).
 If (ϕ) <tan-1 then no motion of body on place is possible irrespective of how large the magnitude of (F) may be.
44. Define Screw jack:
 The screw jack is a device lifting loads. For lifting heavy loads by applying a comparatively
 Smaller effort at its handle. The principle on which a screw jack works in a smaller to that of an inclined plane.
45. What is meant by slope of a thread?
 It is the inclination of the thread with horizontal.
 Slope of thread = tan-1 [Lead screw/Circumference of screw]
46. Differentiate coefficient of friction in square thread and V-thread.
(a) In square thread, μ = F/RN
(b) In V thread, μ1 = μ/cos β
Where F = Limiting force of friction,
RN = Normal reaction, and
2β = Angle of ‘V’ in a ‘V’ thread.
47. What is the efficiency of inclined plane?
 The efficiency of an inclined plane is defined as the ratio between effort without friction (P 0) and the effort with
friction (P).
48. Why self- locking screws have lesser efficiency? [MAY -16]
 Self locking needs some friction on the thread surface of the screw and nut hence it needs higher effort to lift a body
and hence automatically the efficiency decreases.
49. What is meant by self locking and over hauling screw?
 If Φ < α, then the torque required to lower the load will be negative i.e load will start moving downward without
applying any torque. Is known as overhauling of screws. If Φ > α, the torque required to lower the load will be
positive i.e some of torque is required to lower the load such a screw is known as self locking screw
50. Compare Square threads vs V-thread.
 V-thread is stronger and often moves frictional to the motion than square threads.
 A given load may be lifted by applying lesser force by square thread as compared to V-threads.
 V-threads are capable of taking more loads as compared to square threads.
51. What is the effort required to lift a 50 tonne lorry using screw jack?
(μ=0.3, α=20º)
Q = tanˉ (μ)
= tanˉ (0.3)
= 16.64
W = 50 tonne
= 50*10*9.81
= 490.5KN
Effort required to lift the lorry P = W tan (α+Q)
= 490.5 tan (16.69+20) = 365.59KN
CLUTCH:
52. What are the significance of friction with regard to power transmission device like clutches and bearings (M/J-07)
 1. The power transmission device like clutches and bearings work on the principle of friction.
 2. When the two friction surface are brought in contact with each other and pressed they are united due to the friction
between them.
53. State the function difference between clutch and brake(M/J-07)
Brake: A brake is a device by means of which artificial friction resistance is applied to a moving machine member.
Clutches: friction clutch has its principle application in the transmission of power of shaft and machines which must
be started and stopped frequently
54. Define clutch.
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 Clutch is a transmission device of an automobile which is used to engage and disengage the power from the engine to
the rest of the system
55. State the functional difference between a clutch and a brake. (N/D-17)
Sl Clutches Brakes
No
It supplies power to the transmission system. The main function of the brake system is to decelerate or
It stops the vehicle by disconnecting the engine decrease the speed of a vehicle.
1 from transmission system. By stepping on the brake pedal, the brake pads compress against
It is used to change the gear and idling the engine. the rotor attached to the wheel, which then forces the vehicle to
It gives gradual increment of speed to the wheels slow down due to friction
56. What is the difference between cone clutch and centrifugal clutch?
 Cone clutch works on the principle of friction alone. But centrifugal clutch uses principle of centrifugal force in
addition with it.
57. What are the factors to be considered when designing a disc or plate clutch?
 When there is a uniform pressure
 When there is a uniform axial wear.
58. What is clutch?

 A clutch is a machine member used to connect a driving shaft to a driven shaft so that the driven shaft may be stared
or stopped at with or without stopping the driving shaft. It is used in automobile.
59. Define centrifugal clutch
 It works on the principle of centrifugal force i.e the centrifugal force is increases with the increase in speed. It is used
when it is required to engage the driven member automatically after the driving member has attained certain speed.
60. What are the types of friction clutches?
Types of friction clutches are:
 Disc or plate clutches.
 Cone clutches.
 Centrifugal clutches
BELT:
61. What is the effective of centrifugal tension in belt drive (O/N-03)

1. Centrifugal tension will increase the tension on both tight and slack side.
2. Centrifugal tension has no effect on the power transmitted by the belt drive.
62. Write the conditions for the maximum power transmission by a belt from one pulley to another.(N/D-17)
Power (P)=(T1-T2) x V
63. Find the power transmitted by a flat belt over a pulley of 600mm is dia at 200 rpm. The maxi. And mini. Tension in the
belt is 2500N and 124N.
Given data:
D=600mm; N=200rpm; T1=2500N; T2=124N
To find:
Power transmitted (P)
Solution:
Power (P)=(T1-T2) x V
=(2500-125)x6.28
=14.92KW
64. What are the timing belts? (N/D-06)
 Timing belt providing a precision speed radio they have teeth that mesh with grooves in the sheave in such a way that
no slippage occurs.
65. What is creep in the case of belt (A/M-08)
 The phenomenon of sudden contraction and expansion of belt when it passes from slack side to tight side is called
creep.
 The effect of creep is to reduce the speed of the driven pulley.
66. What is mean by angle of contact?
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 It is the angle made by a common normal drawn to the tangent line at the point of engagement and at the point of
disengagement of the belt on pulley at its centre.
67. What are the belt materials?
 Leather
 Rubber
 Cotton(or)fabric
 Balata and Nylon
68. Define belt.
1.The belt or ropes are used to transmit power from one shaft to another shaft by means of pulleys which rotate at the
same speed or at different speed. Types of belt drives.
2.Light drives: belt speed up to 10m/s 2. Medium drives: speed 10m/s to 22 m/s 3. Heavy drives : Speed over 22m/s
69. Type of flat belt drives.
 Open belt drive Cross belt drive Quarter turn belt drive Belt drive with idler pulley
70. Define velocity ratio [May/June-14]
 It is the ratio between the velocities of the driver and the follower or driven.
71. State the law of belting?

 Law of belting states that the centre line of the belt as it approaches the pulley must lie in a plane perpendicular to
the axis of the pulley or must lie in the plane of the pulley, otherwise the belt will runoff the pulley.
72. What you meant by ‘Crowning in pulley”? Also write its purpose.[Nov/Dec 14]
 The process of increasing the frictional resistance on the pulley surface is known as crowning. It is done in order to
avoid slipping of the belt.
73. What is meant by initial tension in belts?
 In order to increase the frictional grip between the belt and pulleys, the belts is tightened up. Due to this the belt gets
subjected to some tension even when the pulleys are stationary. This tension in the belts is called initial tension (T 0).
74. What is the centrifugal effect on belts?
 During operation, as the belt passes over a pulley the centrifugal effect due to its weight tends to lift the belt from
the pulley surface. This reduces the normal reaction and hence the frictional resistance. The centrifugal force
produces additional tension in the belt.
75. Write down the disadvantage of V-belt drive over flat belt? [Nov 16]
 V belt cannot be used in large distance.
 It is not as durable as flat belt.
 Since the V belt subjected to certain amount of creep therefore it is not suitable for constant speed applications such
as synchronous machines, and timing devices.
 It is a costlier system.
76. When is the cross belt used instead of open belt?
1. Cross belt is used where the direction of rotation of driven pulley is opposite to driving pulley.
2. Where we need more power transmission there we can use cross belt drive.
77. State the condition for transmission of maximum power in belt drives.
 The velocity of the belt v = √ (Tmax / 3m)
78. Where is a V belt used?
 The V belt is mostly used in the factories and workshops where a great amount of power is to be transmitted from
one pulley to another when the two pulleys are very near to each other.
79. What are the factors that have to be considered for the selection of a belt drive?
 Speed of the driving and driven shafts.
 Speed reduction ratio
 Power to be transmitted
 Shaft lay out
 Space available
80. Discuss the advantages of V belts
 It provides longer life 3 to 5 years
 It can be easily installed and removed
 High velocity ratio
 Drive is positive.
81. What is the centrifugal effect on belts?
 During operation, as the belt passes over a pulley the centrifugal effect due to its self weight tends to lift the belt
from the pulley surface. This reduces the normal reaction and hence the frictional resistance.
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82. When is the cross belt used instead of open belt?
83. What is wipping? How it can be avoided in belt drives?

 If the centre distance between two pulleys are t9° long then the belt begins to vibrate in a direction perpendicular to
the direction of motion of belt. This phenomenon is called as wipping. Wipping can be avoided by using idler
pulleys.
84. What are the types of flat drives?
The types of flat drives are:
 Compound belt drive.
 Stepped or cone pulley drive.
 Fast and loose pulley
85. Define slip.
 Slip is defined as the relative motion between the belt and pulley.
86. What is the use of belt drive?
 Belt drive is commonly used for transmission of power when exact velocity ratio is not required. Generally, belt
drives are used to transmit power from one pulley to another, when the two pulleys are not more than 10 meters
apart.
87. What is the use of quarter turn left drive?

 The quarter turn left drive is used with shafts arranged at right angles and rotating in one definite direction
88. What are the advantages of V-belt?
 Power transmitted is more due to wedging action in the grooved pulleys.
 V-belt is more compact, quite and shock absorbing.
 The V-belt drive is positive because of negligible slip between the belt and the groove.
 High velocity ratio may be obtained
89. What are the disadvantages of V-belt?
 It cannot be used with large center distances.
 It is not as durable as flat belt.
 It is a costlier system.
90. What is creep?
 The phenomenon of sudden contraction and expansions of belt when it passes from slack side to tight side is called
as creep.
91. What is centrifugal effect on belts?

 During operation, as the belt passes over a pulley the centrifugal effect due to its self weight to lift the belt from the
pulley surface. This reduces the normal reaction and hence the frictional resistance.
92. What is meant by crossed belt drive? (N/D-17)

93. What is wipping?

 If the centre distance between two pulleys are too long then the belt begins to vibrate in a direction perpendicular to
the direction of motion of belt. This phenomenon is called wipping. It can be avoided by idler pulleys.
94. Define anti friction bearing.[Nov/Dec-13]

 A shaft revolves in a bearing, it has a sliding motion. But if Balls or rollers are used between the shaft and
the journal. Then rolling occurs between the journal and the rollers as well as between the rollers and the
shaft.
95. Differentiate multiple clutches and cone clutch? [Nov/Dec-13]

 In a multiple clutch the number of frictional linings and the metal plates is increased which increases the
capacity of the clutch to transmit torque.
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 In cone clutch the contact surfaces are in the form of cones. In the engaged position, the friction surfaces
of the two cones are in complete contact due to spring pressure that keeps one cone pressed against the
other all the time.
16 MARK QUESTION:
Journal Bearing:
1.A vertical shaft 150 mm in diameter rotating at 100 r.p.m. rests on a flat end footstep bearing.
The shaft carries a vertical load of 20 kN. Assuming uniform pressure distribution and coefficient
of friction equal to 0.05, estimate power lost in friction.[Nov/Dec-13]
Conical Pivot Bearing:

2.A conical pivot supports a load of 20 kN, the cone angle is 120º and the intensity of normal
pressure is not to exceed 0.3 N/mm2. The external diameter is twice the internal diameter. Find the
outer and inner radii of the bearing surface. If the shaft rotates at 200 r.p.m. and the coefficient of
friction is 0.1, find the power absorbed in friction. Assume uniform pressure
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3.A conical pivot bearing supports a vertical shaft of 200 mm diameter. It is subjected to a load of
30 kN. The angle of the cone is 120º and the coefficient of friction is 0.025. Find the power lost in
friction when the speed is 140 r.p.m., assuming 1. uniform pressure ; and 2. uniform wear.
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Flat Collar Bearing:
4.A thrust shaft of a ship has 6 collars of 600 mm external diameter and 300 mm internal
diameter. The total thrust from the propeller is 100 kN. If the coefficient of friction is 0.12 and
speed of the engine 90 r.p.m., find the power absorbed in friction at the thrust block, assuming l.
uniform pressure ; and 2. Uniform wear.
5.A shaft has a number of a collars integral with it. The external diameter of the collars is 400 mm
and the shaft diemater is 250 mm. If the intensity of pressure is 0.35 N/mm 2 (uniform) and the
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coefficient of friction is 0.05, estimate : 1. power absorbed when the shaft runs at 105 r.p.m.
carrying a load of 150 kN ; and 2. number of collars required.
6.The thrust of a propeller shaft in a marine engine is taken up by a number of collars integral
with the shaft which is 300 mm in diameter. The thrust on the shaft is 200 kN and the speed is 75
r.p.m. Taking μ constant and equal to 0.05 and assuming intensity of pressure as uniform and
equal to 0.3 N/mm2, find the external diameter of the collars and the number of collars required, if
the power lost in friction is not to exceed 16 kW.
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SINGLE DISC OR PLATE CLUTCH:
7.Determine the maximum, minimum and average pressure in plate clutch when the axial force is
4 kN. The inside radius of the contact surface is 50 mm and the outside radius is 100 mm. Assume
uniform wear.
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8.A single plate clutch, with both sides effective, has outer and inner diameters 300 mm and 200
mm respectively. The maximum intensity of pressure at any point in the contact surface is not to
exceed 0.1 N/mm2. If the coefficient of friction is 0.3, determine the power transmitted by a clutch
at a speed 2500 r.p.m.
9.A single plate clutch, effective on both sides, is required to transmit 25 kW at 3000 r.p.m.
Determine the outer and inner radii of frictional surface if the coefficient of friction is 0.255, the
ratio of radii is 1.25 and the maximum pressure is not to exceed 0.1 N/mm 2. Also determine the
axial thrust to be provided by springs. Assume the theory of uniform wear.
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10. A single dry plate clutch transmits 7.5 kW at 900 r.p.m. The axial pressure is limited to 0.07
N/mm2. If the coefficient of friction is 0.25, find 1. Mean radius and face width of the friction
lining assuming the ratio of the mean radius to the face width as 4, and 2. Outer and inner radii of
the clutch plate.
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11. A dry single plate clutch is to be designed for an automotive vehicle whose engine is rated to
give 100 kW at 2400 r.p.m. and maximum torque 500 N-m. The outer radius of friction plate is
25% more than the inner radius. The intensity of pressure between the plate is not to exceed 0.07
N/mm2. The coefficient of friction may be assumed equal to 0.3. The helical springs required by
this clutch to provide axial force necessary to engage the clutch are eight. If each spring has
stiffness equal to 40 N /mm, determine the initial compression in the springs and dimensions of the
friction plate.
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12. A single plate clutch transmits 20 kW at 900 rpm. The maximum pressure intensity between
plates is 85 kN/m2. The outer diameter of the plate is 360 mm. Both the sides of the plate are
effective and the coefficient of friction is 0.25. Determine the inner radius of the plate and axial
force to engage the clutch. [Nov/Dec 14](M/J-17)
13. A multi-disc clutch has three discs on the driving shaft and two on the driven shaft. The
outside diameter of the contact surfaces is 240 mm and inside diameter 120 mm. Assuming
uniform wear and coefficient of friction as 0.3, find the maximum axial intensity of pressure
between the discs for transmitting 25 kW at 1575 r.p.m.
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14. A plate clutch has three discs on the driving shaft and two discs on the driven shaft, providing
four pairs of contact surfaces. The outside diameter of the contact surfaces is 240 mm and inside
diameter 120 mm. Assuming uniform pressure and μ = 0.3; find the total spring load pressing the
plates together to transmit 25 kW at 1575 r.p.m. If there are 6 springs each of stiffness 13 kN/m
and each of the contact surfaces has worn away by 1.25 mm, find the maximum power that can be
transmitted, assuming uniform wear.
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CONE CLUTCH:
15. A conical friction clutch is used to transmit 90 kW at 1500 r.p.m. The semi cone angle is 20º
and the coefficient of friction is 0.2. If the mean diameter of the bearing surface is 375 mm and the
intensity of normal pressure is not to exceed 0.25 N/mm 2, find the dimensions of the conical
bearing surface and the axial load required.
16. An engine developing 45 kW at 1000 r.p.m. is fitted with a cone clutch built inside the flywheel.
The cone has a face angle of 12.5º and a maximum mean diameter of 500 mm. The coefficient of
friction is 0.2. The normal pressure on the clutch face is not to exceed 0.1 N/mm 2. Determine: 1.
the axial spring force necessary to engage to clutch, and 2. the face width required.
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17. A leather faced conical clutch has a cone angle of 30º. If the intensity of pressure between the
contact surfaces is limited to 0.35 N/mm 2 and the breadth of the conical surface is not to exceed
one-third of the mean radius, find the dimensions of the contact surfaces to transmit 22.5 kW at
2000 r.p.m. Assume uniform rate of wear and take coefficient of friction as 0.15. [Nov – 16]
18. The contact surfaces in a cone clutch have an effective diameter of 75 mm. The semi-angle of
the cone is 15º. The coefficient of friction is 0.3. Find the torque required to produce slipping of
the clutch if an axial force applied is 180 N. This clutch is employed to connect an electric motor
running uniformly at 1000 r.p.m. with a flywheel which is initially stationary. The flywheel has a
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mass of 13.5 kg and its radius of gyration is 150 mm. Calculate the time required for the flywheel
to attain full speed and also the energy lost in the slipping of the clutch
SCREW JACK:
19. An electric motor driven power screw moves a nut in a horizontal plane against a force of 75
kN at a speed of 300 mm/min. The screw has a single square thread of 6 mm pitch on a major
diameter of 40 mm. The coefficient of friction at the screw threads is 0.1. Estimate power of the
motor. (Nov/Dec-17)
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20. A turnbuckle, with right and left hand single start threads, is used to couple two wagons. Its
thread pitch is 12 mm and mean diameter 40 mm. The coefficient of friction between the nut and
screw is 0.16. 1. Determine the work done in drawing the wagons together a distance of 240 mm,
against a steady load of 2500 N. 2. If the load increases from 2500 N to 6000 N over the distance of
240mm, what is the work to be done?
21
21. A 150 mm diameter valve, against which a steam pressure of 2 MN/m 2 is acting, is closed by
means of a square threaded screw 50 mm in external diameter with 6 mm pitch. If the coefficient
of friction is 0.12 ; find the torque required to turn the handle.[May/June-14]
22. A square threaded bolt of root diameter 22.5 mm and pitch 5 mm is tightened by screwing a nut
whose mean diameter of bearing surface is 50 mm. If coefficient of friction for nut and bolt is 0.1
and for nut and bearing surface 0.16, find the force required at the end of a spanner 500 mm long
when the load on the bolt is 10 kN.
22
23.A vertical screw with single start square threads 50 mm mean diameter and 12.5 mm pitch is
raised against a load of 10 kN by means of a hand wheel, the boss of which is threaded to act as a
nut. The axial load is taken up by a thrust collar which supports the wheel boss and has a mean
diameter of 60 mm. If the coefficient of friction is 0.15 for the screw and 0.18 for the collar and the
tangential force applied by each hand to the wheel is 100 N ; find suitable diameter of the hand
wheel.
24. The cutter of a broaching machine is pulled by square threaded screw of 55 mm external
diameter and 10 mm pitch. The operating nut takes the axial load of 400 N on a flat surface of 60
mm internal diameter and 90 mm external diameter. If the coefficient of friction is 0.15 for all
contact surfaces on the nut, determine the power required to rotate the operating nut, when the
cutting speed is 6 m/min. [ MAY- 16 ]
23
25. The mean diameter of a square threaded screw jack is 50 mm. The pitch of the thread is 10
mm. The coefficient of friction is 0.15. What force must be applied at the end of a 0.7 m long lever,
which is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the screw to raise a load of 20 kN and to lower
it?
24
26. The pitch of 50 mm mean diameter threaded screw of a screw jack is 12.5 mm. The coefficient
of friction between the screw and the nut is 0.13. Determine the torque required on the screw to
raise a load of 25 kN, assuming the load to rotate with the screw. Determine the ratio of the torque
required to raise the load to the torque required to lower the load and also the efficiency of the
machine. (May/Jun-17)
27. The mean diameter of the screw jack having pitch of 10 mm is 50 mm. A load of 20 kN is lifted
through a distance of 170 mm. Find the work done in lifting the load and efficiency of the screw jack
when 1. The load rotates with the screw, and 2. The load rests on the loose head which does not rotate
with the screw. The external and internal diameter of the bearing surface of the loose head are 60 mm
and 10 mm respectively. The coefficient of friction for the screw as well as the bearing surface may be
taken as 0.08. [Nov – 16]
25
26
28. A load of 10 kN is raised by means of a screw jack, having a square threaded screw of 12 mm
pitch and of mean diameter 50 mm. If a force of 100 N is applied at the end of a lever to raise the
load, what should be the length of the lever used? Take coefficient of friction = 0.15.What is the
mechanical advantage obtained? State whether the screw is self locking.
29. In a screw jack, the diameter of the threaded screw is 40 mm and the pitch is 8 mm. The load
is 20 kN and it does not rotate with the screw but is carried on a swivel head having a bearing
diameter of 70 mm. The coefficient of friction between the swivel head and the spindle is 0.08 and
between the screw and nut is 0.1. Determine the total torque required to raise the load and
efficiency.[Nov/Dec 14] (May/Jun-17)
27
FRICTION OF A V-THREAD:
30. Two co-axial rods are connected by a turn buckle which consists of a box nut, the one screw
being right handed and the other left handed on a pitch diameter of 22 mm, the pitch of thread
being 3 mm. The included angle of the thread is 60º. Assuming that the rods do not turn, calculate
the torque required on the nut to produce a pull of 40 kN, given that the coefficient of friction is
0.15.
31. The mean diameter of a Whitworth bolt having V-threads is 25 mm. The pitch of the thread is
5 mm and the angle of V is 55º. The bolt is tightened by screwing a nut whose mean radius of the
bearing surface is 25 mm. If the coefficient of friction for nut and bolt is 0.1 and for nut and
bearing surfaces 0.16 ; find the force required at the end of a spanner 0.5 m long when the load on
the bolt is 10 kN.
28
BELT AND ROPE DRIVES:
32. Find the power transmitted by a belt running over a pulley of 600 mm diameter at 200 r.p.m.
The coefficient of friction between the belt and the pulley is 0.25, angle of lap 160° and maximum
tension in the belt is 2500 N.
29
33. A casting weighing 9 kN hangs freely from a rope which makes 2.5 turns round a drum of 300
mm diameter revolving at 20 r.p.m. The other end of the rope is pulled by a man. The coefficient
of friction is 0.25. Determine 1. The force required by the man, and 2.The power to raise the
casting.
34. Two pulleys, one 450 mm diameter and the other 200 mm diameter are on parallel shafts 1.95
m apart and are connected by a crossed belt. Find the length of the belt required and the angle of
contact between the belt and each pulley. What power can be transmitted by the belt when the
larger pulley rotates at 200 rev/min, if the maximum permissible tension in the belt is 1 kN, and
the coefficient of friction between the belt and pulley is 0.25 ?[May/June-14][Nov/Dec-14,17]
30
35. Following data is given for a rope pulley transmitting 24 kW : Diameter of pulley = 400 mm ;
Speed = 110 r.p.m.; angle of groove = 45° ; Angle of lap on smaller pulley = 160° ; Coefficient of
friction = 0.28 ; Number of ropes = 10 ; Mass in kg/m length of ropes = 53 C 2 ; and working
tension is limited to 122 C2 kN, where C is girth of rope in metres. Find initial tension and
diameter of each rope. [May 16]
31
CENTRIFUGAL TENSION:
36. Shaft rotating at 200 r.p.m. drives another shaft at 300 r.p.m. and transmits 6 kW through a
belt. The belt is 100 mm wide and 10 mm thick. The distance between the shafts is 4m. The
smaller pulley is 0.5 m in diameter. Calculate the stress in the belt, if it is 1. an open belt drive, and
2. Across belt drive. Take μ = 0.3.
32
37. A leather belt is required to transmit 7.5 kW from a pulley 1.2 m in diameter, running at 250
r.p.m. The angle embraced is 165° and the coefficient of friction between the belt and the pulley is
0.3. If the safe working stress for the leather belt is 1.5 MPa, density of leather 1 Mg/m 3 and
thickness of belt 10 mm, determine the width of the belt taking centrifugal tension into account.
33
38. Determine the width of a 9.75 mm thick leather belt required to transmit 15 kW from a motor
running at 900 r.p.m. The diameter of the driving pulley of the motor is 300 mm. The driven
pulley runs at 300 r.p.m. and the distance between the centre of two pulleys is 3 metres. The
density of the leather is 1000 kg/m3. The maximum allowable stress in the leather is 2.5 MPa. The
coefficient of friction between the leather and pulley is 0.3. Assume open belt drive and neglect the
sag and slip of the belt.
34
39. A pulley is driven by a flat belt, the angle of lap being 120°. The belt is 100 mm wide by 6 mm
thick and density1000 kg/m3. If the coefficient of friction is 0.3 and the maximum stress in the belt
is not to exceed 2 MPa, find the greatest power which the belt can transmit and the corresponding
speed of the belt.
35
40. An open belt drive connects two pulleys 1.2 m and 0.5 m diameter, on parallel shafts 4 metres
apart. The mass of the belt is 0.9 kg per metre length and the maximum tension is not to exceed
2000 N. The coefficient of friction is 0.3. The 1.2 m pulley, which is the driver, runs at 200 r.p.m.
Due to belt slip on one of the pulleys, the velocity of the driven shaft is only 450 r.p.m. Calculate
the torque on each of the two shafts, the power transmitted, and power lost in friction. What is the
efficiency of the drive?
36
INITIAL TENSION IN THE BELT:
41. In a flat belt drive the initial tension is 2000 N. The coefficient of friction between the belt and
the pulley is 0.3 and the angle of lap on the smaller pulley is 150°. The smaller pulley has a radius
of 200 mm and rotates at 500 r.p.m. Find the power in kW transmitted by the belt.
42. Two parallel shafts whose centre lines are 4.8 m apart are connected by open belt drive. The
diameter of the larger pulley is 1.5 m and that of smaller pulley 1 m. The initial tension in the belt
when stationary is 3 kN. The mass of the belt is 1.5 kg / m length. The coefficient of friction
between the belt and the pulley is 0.3. Taking centrifugal tension into account, calculate the power
transmitted, when the smaller pulley rotates at 400 r.p.m.
37
43. An open flat belt drive connects two parallel shafts 1.2 metres apart. The driving and the
driven shafts rotate at 350 r.p.m. and 140 r.p.m. respectively and the driven pulley is 400 mm in
diameter. The belt is 5 mm thick and 80 mm wide. The coefficient of friction between the belt and
pulley is 0.3 and the maximum permissible tension in the belting is 1.4 MN/m 2. Determine: 1.
diameter of the driving pulley, 2. maximum power that may be transmitted by the belting, and 3.
required initial belt tension.
38
39
44. An open belt running over two pulleys 240 mm and 600 mm diameter connects two parallel
shafts 3 metres apart and transmits 4 kW from the smaller pulley that rotates at 300 r.p.m.
Coefficient of friction between the belt and the pulley is 0.3 and the safe working tension is 10N
per mm width. Determine: 1. minimum width of the belt, 2. initial belt tension, and 3. length of the
belt required
40
V-BELT DRIVE:
45. A belt drive consists of two V-belts in parallel, on grooved pulleys of the same size. The angle
of the groove is 30°. The cross-sectional area of each belt is 750 mm 2 and μ. = 0.12. The density of
the belt material is 1.2 Mg/m3 and the maximum safe stress in the material is 7 MPa. Calculate the
power that can be transmitted between pulleys 300 mm diameter rotating at 1500 r.p.m. Find also
the shaft speed in r.p.m. at which the power transmitted would be maximum.
41
46. Power is transmitted using a V-belt drive. The included angle of V-groove is 30°. The belt is 20
mm deep and maximum width is 20 mm. If the mass of the belt is 0.35 kg per metre length and
maximum allowable stress is 1.4 MPa, determine the maximum power transmitted when the angle
of lap is 140°. μ = 0.15.
47. A compressor, requiring 90kW is to run at about 250 rpm. The drive is by V-belt from an
electric motor running at 750 rpm. The diameter of the pulley on the compressor shafts must not
be greater than 1 metre while the centre distance between the pulleys is limited to 1.75 metre. The
belt speed should not exceed 1600 m/min. Determine the number of V belts required to transmit
the power if each belt has a cross - sectional area of 375 mm², density 1000kg/ m³ and an
allowable tensile stress of 2.5 Mpa. The groove angle of the pulley is 35 0. The coefficient of friction
between the belt and the pulley is 0.25. Calculate also the length required of each belt. [Nov-16]
42
43
ROPE DRIVE:
48. A rope drive transmits 600 kW from a pulley of effective diameter 4 m, which runs at a speed
of 90 r.p.m. The angle of lap is 160°; the angle of groove 45° ; the coefficient of friction 0.28 ; the
mass of rope 1.5 kg / m and the allowable tension in each rope 2400 N. Find the number of ropes
required.
49. A pulley used to transmit power by means of ropes has a diameter of 3.6 metres and has 15
grooves of 45° angle. The angle of contact is 170° and the coefficient of friction between the ropes
and the groove sides is 0.28. The maximum possible tension in the ropes is 960 N and the mass of
the rope is 1.5 kg per metre length. What is the speed of pulley in r.p.m. and the power
transmitted if the condition of maximum power prevail?
44
50. Following data is given for a rope pulley transmitting 24 kW: Diameter of pulley = 400 mm;
Speed = 110 r.p.m.; angle of groove = 45° ; Angle of lap on smaller pulley = 160° ; Coefficient of
friction = 0.28 ; Number of ropes = 10 ; Mass in kg/m length of ropes = 53 C 2 ; and working
tension is limited to 122 C2 kN, where C is girth of rope in metres. Find initial tension and
diameter of each rope. [MAY - 16 ]
45
FRICTION IN BRAKES- BAND AND BLOCK BRAKES:
Pivoted Block or Shoe Brake:

51. A single block brake is shown in Fig. The diameter of the drum is 250 mm and the angle of
contact is 90°. If the operating force of 700 N is applied at the end of a lever and the coefficient of
friction between the drum and the lining is 0.35, determine the torque that may be transmitted by
the block brake.
46
SIMPLE BAND BRAKE:
52. A band brake acts on the 3/4th of circumference of a drum of 450 mm diameter which is keyed
to the shaft. The band brake provides a braking torque of 225 N-m. One end of the band is
attached to a fulcrum pin of the lever and the other end to a pin 100 mm from the fulcrum. If the
operating force is applied at 500 mm from the fulcrum and the coefficient of friction is 0.25, find
the operating force when the drum rotates in the (a) anticlockwise direction, and (b) clockwise
direction.
47
53. The simple band brake, as shown in Fig. is applied to a shaft carrying a flywheel of mass 400
kg. The radius of gyration of the flywheel is 450 mm and runs at 300 r.p.m. If the coefficient of
friction is 0.2 and the brake drum diameter is 240 mm, find:
1. the torque applied due to a hand load of 100 N,
2. the number of turns of the wheel before it is brought to rest, and
3. the time required to bring it to rest, from the moment of the application of the brake.
48
54. A bicycle and rider of mass 100 kg are travelling at the rate of 16 km/h on a level road. A
brake is applied to the rear wheel which is 0.9 m in diameter and this is the only resistance acting.
How far will the bicycle travel and how many turns will it make before it comes to rest? The
pressure applied on the brake is 100 N and μ = 0.05.
Distance travelled by the bicycle before it comes to rest:

Let x = Distance travelled (in metres) by the bicycle before it comes to rest.
We know that tangential braking force acting at the point of contact of the brake and wheel
We know that kinetic energy of the bicycle
In order to bring the bicycle to rest, the work done against friction must be equal to kinetic energy of the bicycle.
5x = 986 or x = 986/5 = 197.2 m Ans
Number of revolutions made by the bicycle before it comes to rest:
Let N = Required number of revolutions.
We know that distance travelled by the bicycle (x),
197.2 πDN π0.9N 2.83N
∴N = 197.2 / 2.83 = 70 Ans
55. Derive the force analysis of a body resting on an inclined plane with force inclined to the
plane[Nov/Dec-13]
Friction of a Body Lying on a Rough Inclined Plane:
Consider that a body of weight (W) is lying on a plane inclined at an angle with the horizontal, as shown in Fig.
(a) and (b).
49
 A little consideration will show that if the inclination of the plane, with the horizontal, is less than the
angle of friction, the body will be in equilibrium as shown in Fig. (a). If, in this condition, the body is
required to be moved upwards and downwards, a corresponding force is required for the same. But, if the
inclination of the plane is more than the angle of friction, the body will move down and an upward force
(P) will be required to resist the body from moving down the plane as shown in Fig. (b). When the
friction is neglected, the body is in equilibrium under the action of the three forces, i.e. P0, W and RN, as
shown in Fig. (a). The triangle of forces is shown in Fig (b). Now applying sine rule for these three
concurrent forces,
Motion of the body up

the plane, neglecting friction
 When friction is taken into account, a frictional force F = µRN acts in the direction opposite to the motion
of the body, as shown in Fig. (a). The resultant reaction R between the plane and the body is inclined at
an angle with the normal reaction RN. The triangle of forces is shown in Fig. (b). Now applying sine
rule,
Motion of the body up the plane, considering friction

1. The effort P0 or (or P) may also be obtained by applying Lami’s theorem to the three forces, as shown in
Fig. (c) and (c). From Fig. 10.7 (c),
2. The effort P0 (or P) may also be obtained by resolving the forces along the plane and perpendicular to the
plane and then applying H = 0 and V = 0.
50
56. List the various types of friction? [Nov/Dec-13]
1. Static friction. It is the friction, experienced by a body, when at rest.
2. Dynamic friction. It is the friction, experienced by a body, when in motion. The dynamic friction is also called
kinetic friction and is less than the static friction. It is of the following three types :
(a) Sliding friction. It is the friction, experienced by a body, when it slides over another body.
(b) Rolling friction. It is the friction, experienced between the surfaces which has balls or rollers interposed
between them.
(c) Pivot friction. It is the friction, experienced by a body, due to the motion of rotation as in case of foot step
bearings.
57. Drive the length of the cross belt drive?
51
52
58. Drive the Torque Required to Lift the Load by a Screw Jack? [May/June-14]
59. Drive the Torque Required to Lower the Load by a Screw Jack?
53
60. Drive the Length of Open Belt Drive?
54
`
61. A multi plate disc clutch transmits 55 KW of power at 1800 rpm. Coefficient of friction for the friction
surface is 0.1 axial intensity of pressure is not to exceed 160 KN/m 2 .The internal radius is 80mm and 0.7
times the external radius. Find the number of plates needed to transmit the required torque. .[Nov/Dec-
13]
55
BEARINGS AND LUBRICATION:
62. Define Bearings.

 Bearings are machine elements which are used to support a rotating member viz., a shaft. They transmit the load
from a rotating member to a stationary member known as frame or housing.
 They permit relative motion of two members in one or two directions with minimum friction, and also prevent the
motion in the direction of the applied load.
 The bearings are classified broadly into two categories based on the type of contact they have between the rotating
and the stationary member
a. Sliding contact
b. Rolling contact
63. What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Sliding Contact Bearings?
These bearings have certain advantages over the rolling contact bearings. They are:
1. The design of the bearing and housing is simple.
2. They occupy less radial space and are more compact.
3. They cost less.
4. The design of shaft is simple.
5. They operate more silently.
6. They have good shock load capacity.
7. They are ideally suited for medium and high speed operation.
The disadvantages are:
1. The frictional power loss is more.
2. They required good attention to lubrication.
3. They are normally designed to carry radial load or axial load only.
64. What are the Classification Sliding Contact Bearings ?

Sliding contact bearings are classified in three ways.
1. Based on type of load carried
2. Based on type of lubrication
3. Based on lubrication mechanism
Bearing classification based on type of load carried :
a. Radial bearings
b. Thrust bearings or axial bearings
c. Radial – thrust bearings
Radial bearings :
These bearings carry only radial loads
Thrust or axial bearings :

These bearings carry only axial loads
Single collar thrust bearing multiple collar thrust bearing
56
Radial thrust bearings:
These bearings carry both radial and thrust loads
Bearing classification based on type of lubrication:

The type of lubrication means the extent to which the contacting surfaces are separated in a shaft bearing combination. This
classification includes
(a) Thick film lubrication
(b) Thin film lubrication
(c) Boundary lubrication
(a) Thick film lubrication (b) Thin film lubrication (c) Boundary lubrication
Thick film lubrication: – As in Fig. (a) the surfaces are separated by thick film of lubricant and there will not be any metal-
to-metal contact. The film thickness is anywhere from 8 to 20 μm. Typical values of coefficient of friction are 0.002 to 0.010.
Hydrodynamic lubrication is coming under this category. Wear is the minimum in this case.
Thin film lubrication: – Here even though the surfaces are separated by thin film of lubricant, at some high spots Metal-to-
metal contact does exist , Fig. (b).Because of this intermittent contacts, it also known as mixed film lubrication. Surface wear
is mild. The coefficient of friction commonly ranges from 0.004 to 0.10.
Boundary lubrication: – Here the surface contact is continuous and extensive as Shown in Fig. (c). The lubricant is
continuously smeared over the surfaces and provides a continuously renewed adsorbed surface film which reduces the
friction and wear. The typical coefficient of friction is 0.05 to 0.20.
Bearing classification based on lubrication mechanism:

a. Hydrodynamic lubricated bearings
b. Hydrostatic lubricated bearings
c. Elastohydrodynamic lubricated bearings
d. Boundary lubricated bearings
e. Solid film lubricated bearings
The operating regimes of different lubrication mechanisms are depicted by Stribeck in Fig. by plotting coefficient of
friction verses the non-dimensional factor known as bearing modulus.
Hydrodynamic lubricated bearings:

In these bearings the load-carrying surfaces are separated by a stable thick film of lubricant that prevents the metal-to-metal
contact. The film pressure generated by the moving surfaces that force the lubricant through a wedge shaped zone. At
sufficiently high speed the pressure developed around the journal sustains the load. This is illustrated in Fig
Hydrostatic lubricated bearings:

In these bearings, externally pressurized lubricant is fed into the bearings to separate the surfaces with thick film of lubricant.
These types of bearings do not require the motion of the surfaces to generate the lubricant film. Hence they can operate from
very low speed to high speed
57
Elasto hydrodynamic lubricated bearings:
Rolling contact bearings come under this category. The oil film thickness is very small. The contact pressures are going to be
very high. Hence to prevent the metal-to-metal contact, surface finishes are to be of high quality. Such a type of lubrication
can be seen in gears, rolling contact bearings, cams etc.
Boundary lubricated bearings:

When the speed of the bearing is inadequate, less quantity of lubricant is delivered to the bearing, an increase in the bearing
load, or an increase in the lubricant temperature resulting in drop in viscosity – any one of these may prevent the formation of
thick film lubrication and establish continuous metal-to-metal contact extensively. Often bearings operating in such situations
are called boundary lubricated bearings.
Solid film lubricated bearings:
For extreme temperature operations ordinary mineral oils are not satisfactory. Solid film lubricants such as graphite,
molybdenum disulfide or their combinations which withstand high operating temperature are used. These types of bearings
are common in furnace applications, or trunnion bearings of liquid metal handling systems, hot drawing mills etc.
Journal / sleeve bearings:

Among the sliding contact bearings radial bearings find wide applications in industries and hence these bearings are dealt in
more detail here.
The radial bearings are also called journal or sleeve bearings. The portion of the shaft inside the bearing is called the journal
and this portion needs better finish and specific property. Depending on the extent to which the bearing envelops the journal,
these bearings are classified as full, partial and fitted bearings. As shown in Fig.
Hydrodynamic lubrication:
 In 1883 Beauchamp Tower discovered that when a bearing is supplied with adequate oil, a pressure is developed in
the clearance space when the journal rotates about an axis that is eccentric with the bearing axis. He exhibited that
the load can be sustained by this fluid pressure without any contact between the two members.
 The load carrying ability of a hydrodynamic bearing arises simply because a viscous fluid resists being pushed
around. Under proper conditions, this resistance to motion will develop a pressure distribution in the film that can
support useful load. Two mechanisms responsible for this are wedge film and squeeze film action.
 The load supporting pressure in hydrodynamic bearings arises from either (1) the flow of a viscous fluid in a
converging channel, the wedge film, or (2) the resistance of a viscous fluid to being squeezed out from the between
approaching surface, the squeeze film.
65. Explain the Rolling-Contact Bearings?
Most rolling contact bearings consist of the following components;

1. An inner ring (inner race)
2. An outer ring (outer race)
3. A set of rolling elements (e.g. balls, rollers)
58
4. A “cage” (separator)
The function of the cage is to keep the rolling elements separated evenly around the inner race
Some types of ball bearings:
Deep groove bearing: takes radial and some thrust load.
Filling notch bearing: has more balls i.e. takes more radial load, but less thrust.
Angular contact bearing: more thrust.
Shielded & sealed bearings: protection against dirt.
Self-aligning bearings: withstands more misalignment.
Double row bearing: takes twice the load of single row, but less parts and space than two bearings.
Thrust bearings: thrust load only
Some types of roller bearings:
Straight roller bearing: takes higher radial load than ball bearing (more contact area), but needs perfect geometry & does not
take thrust load.
Spherical-roller thrust bearing: useful for heavy loads & misalignment (contact area increases with load).
Thrust: thrust load only.
Needle bearing: useful when radial space is limited.
Tapered-roller bearings: take both radial & thrust loads (higher loads than ball bearings).
Ball vs. Roller Bearings:
• Roller bearings are stiffer and have a higher load capacity than comparably sized ball bearings
– This is due to the type of contact, line contact for rollers vs. point contact for balls
• Ball bearings have a lower friction
– This also is a function of contact type.\
• Ball bearings can often be operated at higher speeds
• Most ball bearings can take modest axial loads for “free”
– Only tapered rollers can take axial loads
• Ball bearings are less expensive than roller bearings
Ball Bearings:
Roller Bearings:
59
UNIT-1-BASICS OF MECHANISMS
1. Four Bar Chain or Quadric Cycle Chain: Inversions of Four Bar Chain:
1. Beam engine (crank and lever mechanism).
2. Coupling rod of a locomotive (Double crank mechanism).
3. Watt’s indicator mechanism (Double lever

mechanism).
Single Slider Crank Chain: 1. Pendulum pump or Bull engine.
2. Oscillating cylinder engine. 3. Rotary internal combustion engine
60
4. Crank and slotted lever quick return motion mechanism. 5. Whitworth quick return motion mechanism.
Double Slider Crank Chain:
1. Elliptical trammels. 2. Scotch yoke mechanism.
3. Oldham’s coupling.
Kutzbach Criterion to Plane Mechanisms:
m = 3 (l – 1) – 2 j – h
Where,
l = Number of links, j = Number of lower pair & h = Number of higher pair
61
UNIT-3 KINEMATICS OF CAM MECHANISMS
1. Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration Diagrams 2. Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration Diagrams
when the Follower Moves with Uniform Velocity when the Follower Moves with Simple Harmonic
Motion
3. Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration Diagrams when the 4. Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration Diagrams
Follower Moves with Uniform Acceleration and Retardation when the Follower Moves with Cycloidal Motion
62
UNIT- 4 - GEARS AND GEAR TRAINS
FORMULAE FOR SIMPLE INVOLUTE GEARS:
1. Pitch Circle (or) Circular Pitch:
Pc   m Where, m = Module
2. Velocity Ratio:
2 t
 Where, t = No- of Teeth in Pinion and T = No- of Teeth in gear
1 T
3. Pitch circle radius of pinion:

mt
r  Where, t = No- of Teeth in Pinion and m = Module
2
4. Radius of addendum circle of Pinion: rA = r + Addendum
5. Pitch circle radius of Gear:
mT T = No- of Teeth in gear

R
2
6. Radius of addendum circle of Gear: RA = R + Addendum
7. Length of the path of Approach:
KP  ( RA ) 2  R 2 cos 2   R sin 
8. Length of the path of Recess:
PL  (rA ) 2  r 2 cos 2   r sin 

9. Length of path of Contact: KL = KP + PL
10. Length of arc of Contact:
11. Contact ratio:
12. Maximum velocity of sliding:
Where, KP = Length of the path of Approach
13. Pitch line speed (or) Rolling velocity:
Where, r= Pitch circle radius of pinion, R = Pitch circle radius of Gear & ω 1 = Angular Velocity
of pinion
63
14. Velocity of sliding at the point of Engagement (or) at the Beginning of Contact:
Where, KP = Length of the path of Approach
15. Velocity of sliding at the pitch point: Always Zero
16. Velocity of sliding at the point of Disengagement (or) at the End of Contact:
Where, PL = Length of the path of Recess
17. Angle turned through by the Pinion:
Where, Circumference of pinion = 2 π r Here, r = Pitch circle radius of

pinion
18. Angle turned through by the Gear wheel:
Where, Circumference of gear = 2 π R Here, R = Pitch circle radius of

Gear
19. Ratio of sliding to rolling motion (or) Velocity:
(i) When the engagement commences:
VS  1  2  KP

VR 1r VS = Sliding Velocity, VR = Rolling Velocity & KP = Length of the path of
Approach
(ii) At the pitch point: Always zero
(iii) When engagement terminates (or) At the End of Contact:
VS  1  2  PL

VR 1r VS = Sliding Velocity, VR = Rolling Velocity & PL = Length of the path of Recess
FORMULAE FOR INTERFERENCE IN INVOLUTE GEARS:
1. Maximum length of path of Approach: MP = r sin φ where, r = Pitch circle radius of pinion
2. Maximum length of path of recess: PN = R sin φ where, R = Pitch circle radius of Gear
3. Maximum length of path of contact: MN = MP + PN
64
Minimum Number of Teeth on the Pinion in Order to Avoid Interference:
1. Addendum of the Pinion:
2. Minimum Number of Teeth on the Pinion in Order to Avoid Interference:
Where, t = Number of teeth on the pinion, T = Number of teeth on the wheel, m = Module of the teeth,
r = Pitch circle radius of pinion = m.t / 2, G = Gear ratio = T / t = R / r & φ = Pressure angle or angle of obliquity.
Minimum Number of Teeth on the Wheel in Order to Avoid Interference:
1. Addendum of the larger gear (or) Gear (or) Wheel:
2. Minimum Number of Teeth on the Wheel in Order to Avoid Interference:
Where, t = Number of teeth on the pinion, T = Number of teeth on the wheel, m = Module of the teeth,
r = Pitch circle radius of pinion = m t / 2, G = Gear ratio = T / t = R / r & φ = Pressure angle or angle of obliquity
65
UNIT – 5 - FRICTION IN MACHINE ELEMENTS
BELT FRICTION
1. Velocity Ratio:
Where, d1 = Diameter of the driver, d2 = Diameter of the follower,N1 = Speed of the driver in r.p.m
and N2 = Speed of the follower in r.p.m.
2. Length of Open Belt Drive:
r r 
2
L   r1  r2   2x  2 1
x
r1  r2
sin  
2
  180  2 Where, r1 and r2 = Radii of the larger and smaller pulleys, x = Distance
between the centre’s of two pulleys and L = Total length of the belt.
3. Length of a Cross Belt Drive:
r r 
2
L   r1  r2   2x  2 1
x
r1  r2
sin  
2
  180  2 Where, r1 and r2 = Radii of the larger and smaller pulleys, x = Distance between
the centre’s of two pulleys and L = Total length of the belt.
4. Power Transmitted by a Belt:
 dN  d1 N1  d 2 N 2
V  
& 60 60 60
Where, T1 and T2 = Tensions in the tight and slack side of the belt respectively in newtons & v = Velocity of the
belt in m/s
5. Ratio of Driving Tensions for Flat Belt Drive:
Where, T1 and T2 = Tensions in the tight and slack side of the belt respectively in
newtons &
θ is Angle of contact in radian.
66
6. Centrifugal Tension:
TC = m × v 2 Where, m = Mass of the belt per unit length in kg, v = Linear velocity of the belt in m/s,
r = Radius of the pulley over which the belt runs in metres, and T C = Centrifugal tension
7. Maximum Tension in the Belt:
T = Maximum stress × cross-sectional area of belt = σ. b. t
Where, σ = Maximum safe stress in N/mm 2, b = Width of the belt in mm, and t = Thickness of the belt in mm.
8. Maximum Tension in the Belt:
When centrifugal tension is considered, then
T = T1 + TC
9. Condition for the Transmission of Maximum Power:
Where, T1 = Tension in the tight side of the belt in newtons, T2 = Tension in the slack side of the belt in newtons,
and
v = Velocity of the belt in m/s. m = Mass of Belt in Kg (b × t × l × ρ) ρ = Density of the Belt.
10. Initial Tension in the Belt:
Where, T0 = Initial tension in the belt, T1 = Tension in the tight side of the belt, T2 = Tension in the slack side of
the belt, and TC = Centrifugal Tension.
11. Torque on the shaft of larger pulley:
Where, T1 = Tension in the tight side of the belt, T2 = Tension in the slack side of the belt.
67
12. Torque on the shaft of smaller pulley:
Where, T1 = Tension in the tight side of the belt, T2 = Tension in the slack side of the belt.
V-BELT DRIVE & Rope Drive:
Ratio of Driving Tensions for V-belt
Where, 2 β = Angle of the groove. μ = Coefficient of friction between the belt and
sides of the groove, T1 = Tension in the tight side of the belt, & T2 = Tension in the slack side of the belt.
SCREWJACK (SCREW FRICTION)
1. Mean Diameter :
p
d  dc  ( IfRootdiagiven )
2
p
d  d0  ( If Outerdiagiven)
2
Where, p = Pitch of the screw, d = Mean diameter of the screw,
d0 = Outer diameter of the screw, dC = Root diameter of the screw
2. Helix angle:
tan α = p/π d Where, p = Pitch of the screw, d = Mean diameter of the screw.
3. Force required at the circumference of the screw (Force required to raise the load)
Where, α = Helix angle, W = Load to be lifted, φ = Angle of friction (μ = tan φ = μ 1)

4. Force required to lower the load:
Where, α = Helix angle, W = Load to be lifted, φ = Angle of friction (μ = tan φ = μ 1)

5. Torque required to overcome friction:
(i) T = P × d/2
(ii) (If mean Radius of Flat Surface is Given )
Where, R1 and R2 = Outside and inside radii of the collar, R = Mean radius of the collar, and
μ1= Coefficient of friction for the collar.
68
6. Force required at the end of the lever:
Where, P1 = Effort applied at the end of lever, P = Force required at the

circumference of the screw, L = Length of the Lever.
7. Power of the motor (screw):
2 N

P  T  Where, T = Torque required to overcome friction, 60
8. Efficiency of a Screw Jack:
Where, α = Helix angle, φ = Angle of friction.

Note: If Efficiency is Less than 50%, the screw is Self Locking & More than 50% is not Self Locking.
FRICTION IN BEARINGS
FLAT PIVOT BEARING:
1. Considering uniform pressure:
2
T WR
3
Where, W =Load transmitted over the bearing surface,
R =Radius of bearing surface,
p =Intensity of pressure per unit area of bearing
Surface between rubbing surfaces, and
μ =Coefficient of friction.
2. Considering uniform wear:
1
T  WR
2
3. Power lost in friction:
P = T. ω
2 N

Where, T= Torque transmitted, 60 & N = Speed of shaft in r.p.m.
CONICAL PIVOT BEARING
(If Mean Radius is Given)

69
Where, Pn = Intensity of pressure normal to the cone, α = Semi angle of the cone, μ = Coefficient of
friction between the shaft and the bearing, and R = Radius of the shaft.

P = T. ω
2 N
 
Where, T= Torque transmitted, 60 & N = Speed of shaft in r.p.m.
TRAPEZOIDAL OR TRUNCATED CONICAL PIVOT BEARING
1. Intensity of uniform pressure:
Where, A = Area of bearing surface, W = Load to Supported,
Pn =Intensity of pressure per unit area of bearing
(If R is given)
Where, W =Load transmitted over the bearing surface, R =Radius of bearing surface, p =Intensity of pressure per
unit area of bearing, Surface between rubbing surfaces, and μ =Coefficient of friction, α = Semi angle of the
cone.
Where,
70
cone.
4. Constant:
Where, W =Load transmitted over the bearing surface, r 1 =Outer Radius of bearing surface, r2 = Inner Radius of
Bearing Surface.
P = T. ω
2 N
 
Where, T= Torque transmitted, 60 & N = Speed of shaft in r.p.m
FLAT COLLAR BEARING
cone.
Bearing Surface.
71
4. Constant:
Bearing Surface
5. Number of Collars:
Bearing Surface, n = Number of Collars.
P = T. ω
2 N
 
SINGLE DISC OR PLATE CLUTCH
Where, T = Torque transmitted by the clutch, p = Intensity of axial pressure with which the contact surfaces are
held Together, r1 and r2 = External and internal radii of friction faces, and μ = Coefficient of friction.
72
Where, T = Torque transmitted by the clutch, p = Intensity of axial pressure with which the contact surfaces are
held
Together, r1 and r2 = External and internal radii of friction faces, and μ = Coefficient of friction
4. Intensity of pressure is minimum:
Where, C = Constant, r1 = Internal radius.
5. Intensity of pressure is maximum:
Where, C = Constant, r2 = External radius
6. The average pressure (pav) on the friction:
Where, W = Load to Supported, r1 and r2 = External and internal radii of friction faces.
7. Constant:
Bearing Surface
8. Power Lost:
P = T. ω
73
2 N
 
MULTIPLE DISC CLUTCH
n1 = Number of discs on the driving shaft, and
n2 = Number of discs on the driven shaft.
Number of pairs of contact surfaces, n = n1 + n2 – 1
Remaining Formulas Same as Single Disc or Plate Clutch.
CONE CLUTCH
74
Where, Where, A = Area of bearing surface, W = Load to Supported,
Pn =Intensity of pressure per unit area of bearing.
4. Normal load Acting (Wn):
5. Axial force required for engaging the clutch (We):
6. Axial force required for disengaging the clutch (Wd):
Remaining Formulas Same as Single Disc or Plate Clutch.
75
B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, NOVEMBERIDECEMBER 2016.
Fourth Semester
Mechanical Engineering
ME 6401 - KINEMATICS OF MACHINERY
Time: Three hours Maximum: 100 marks
(Common to Third Semester Mechanical Engineering (Sandwich), Mechatronics Engineering)
(Regulations 2013)
Answer ALL questions.
PART -A - (10 x 2 = 20 marks)
1. Differentiate rigid and flexible links.
2. Define Transmission angle of a four-bar mechanism. What are the maximum and minimum
values of transmission angle? Sketch them.
4. State and prove Kennedy's three centre theorem.
3. What will be the rubbing velocity at pin joint when two links move in the same and opposite
directions?
5. What is maximum velocity and acceleration of the follower on both the strokes of uniform
acceleration and retardation?
7. Define the terms: Module and Pitch Circle diameter of a spur gear.
6. Classify cams based on their physical shape.
8. What is meant by interference and undercutting of gears?
9. Differentiate' Self-energizing and self locking brakes.
10. What are the disadvantages of V-belt drive over flat belt?
PART B - (5 x 13 = 65 marks)
11. (a) Briefly explain the following inversions:
(i) Beam engine
(ii) Scotch yoke mechanism
76
(iii) Crank and slotted lever quick return mechanism. (13)
Or
(b) (i) Explain different types of constrained motion with suitable examples. (6)
(ii) Describe the working of Peaucellier mechanism and -Offset slider mechanism. (7)
12. (a) A mechanism, as shown in Fig. 12(a), has the following dimensions :
OA = 200 mm; AB = 1.5 m; BC = 600 mm; CD = 500 mm and BE = 400 mm. Locate all the
instantaneous centres. If crank OA rotates uniformly at 120 r.p.m clockwise, find
(i) The velocity of D and
(ii) The angular velocity of the links AB and CD. (13)
Or
(b) In a mechanism as shown in Fig. 12(b), the various dimensions are: OC = 125 mm; CP = 500
mm; PA = 125 mm; AQ = 250 mm and QE = 125 mm. The slider P translates along an axis which
is 25 mm vertically below point O. The crank OC rotates uniformly at 120 r.p.m. in the anti-
clockwise direction. The bell crank lever AQE rocks about fixed centre Q. Draw the velocity diagram
and calculate the absolute velocity of point E of the lever. (13)
13. (a) Draw a cam profile to drive an oscillating roller follower to the specifications given below:
(i) Follower to move outwards through an angular displacement of 200 during the first 1200
rotation of the cam;
(ii) Follower to return to its initial position during next 1200 rotation of the cam;
(iii) Follower to dwell during the next 1200 of each rotation. The distance between pivot centre and
roller centre = 120 mm; distance between pivot centre: and cam axis = 130 mm; minimum radius
of cam = 40 mm; radius of roller = 10 mm; inward and outward strokes take place with simple
harmonic motion. (13)
Or
77
(b) The following particulars relate to a symmetrical circular cam operating a flat faced follower;
least radius = 25 mm, nose radius = 8 mm, lift of the valve' = 10 mm, Angle of action of cam =
1200, cam shaft speed = 1000 rpm. Determine the flank radius and maximum velocity,
acceleration and retardation of the follower. Draw profile of the cam. (13)
14. (a) (i) Prove that the max. Length of arc of contact between- a pair of gear tooth to avoid
interference is (r + R)tan φ. (5)
(ii) Two mating gears have 20 and 40 involute teeth of module 10 mm and 200 pressure angle.
The addendum on each wheel is to be made of such a length that the line of contact on each side
of the pitch point has half the' maximum possible length. Determine the addendum height for each
gear wheel, length of the path of contact. (8)
Or
(b) A compound epicyclic gear is shown in Fig. 14(b). The gears A, D and E are free to rotate on
axis P. The compound gear B & C rotate together on the axis Q at the end of arm F. All gears have
equal pitch. The number of external teeth on gears A, Band Care 18,45 and 21 respectively. The
gears D & E are annular gears. The gear A rotates at 100 rpm in anticlockwise direction and gear D
rotates at 450 rpm clockwise. Find the' speed and direction of the arm and the gear E. (13)
15. (a) The mean diameter of the screw jack having pitch of 10 mm is 50 mm. A load of 20 kN is
lifted through a distance of 170 mm. Find the work done in lifting the load and efficiency of the
screw jack when (i), The load rotates with the screw and (ii) The load rests on the loose head
which does not rotate with the screw. The external and internal diameters of the bearing surface of
the loose head are 60mm and 10mm respectively. The coefficient of friction for the screw as well
as the bearing surface may be taken as 0.08. (13)
Or
(b) A leather faced conical clutch has a cone angle of 30°. If the intensity of pressure between the
contact surfaces is limited to 0.35 N/mm2 and the breadth of the conical surface is not to exceed of
one-third of the mean radius. Determine the dimensions of the contact surfaces to transmit22.5
kW at 2000 rpm. Assume uniform wear rate and take coefficient of friction as 0.15. (13)
PART C - (1 x 15 = 15 marks)
16. (a) A compressor, requiring 90KW to operate at 250 rpm, The drive is by V-belts from an
electric motor running at 750 rpm. The diameter of the pulley on the compressor shaft must not be
greater than 1 meter while the center distance between the pulleys is limited to 1.75 m. The belt
speed should not exceed 1600 m/min. Determine the number of V belts required to transmit the
power if each belt has a cross sectional area of 375 mm-, density 1000 kg/m" and an allowable
tensile stress of 2.5 Mpa. The groove angle of the pulley is 35°. The coefficient of friction between
the belt and the pulley is 0.25. Also calculate the length of each belt. (15)
Or
78
b. (i) Drive an expression for minimum number of teeth on the wheel in order to avoid
interference. (7)
(ii) In a crank and slotted lever quick return motion mechanism; the distance between the fixed
centers is 240mm and the length of the driving crank is 120 mm. Determine the inclination of the
slotted bar with the vertical in the extreme position and the time ratio. If the length of the slotted
bar is 450mm, find the length of the stroke if the line of stroke passes through the extreme
positions of the free end of the lever. (8)
B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, APRILIMAY2017.

Third/Fourth Semester
ME 6401- KINEMATICS OF MACHINERY
(Common to Mechanical Engineering (Sandwich)/Mechatronics Engineering)
(Regulations 2013)
Time: Three hours Maximum: 100 marks
PART A - (10 x 2 = 20 marks)
1.What type of kinematic pair exists between human shoulder and arm based on nature of contact
and nature of relative motion?
2. Sketch and define Transmission angle a four bar mechanism.
3. Find the resultant acceleration of an 80mm radius crank rotating at a constant
angular velocity of 10 rad/s, at the crank - pin position.
4: Illustrate the instantaneous centres of a typical four bar mechanism.
5. Which type of cam follower motion is preferred for high speed engines? Why?
6. Give any two applications of cam mechanism in IC engines.
7. State law of gearing.
8. What type of gear arrangement is used to traverse the carnage In lathe machine?
9. What kind of friction acts between the tyre and road in an automobile?
10. State the functional difference between a clutch and a brake.
PART B - (5 x 13 = 65 marks)
11. (a) What is a kinematic inversion? Discuss any three application's of inversions of slider crank
mechanism with suitable sketches. (13)
Or
(b). (i) Find the degrees of freedom for the mechanisms shown in Fig 11(b)·(i). (7)
(ii) Explain mechanical advantage and transmission angle related to four bar mechanism. (6)
12. (a) An engine mechanism is shown in Fig. 12 (a). The crank CB = 200 mm and the connecting
rod BA = 600 mm. In the' position shown, the crankshaft has a speed of 50 rad/s and an angular
acceleration of 800 rad/s2. Find (i) angular velocity of AB and (ii) angular acceleration AB. (13)
79
(b) Locate all the instantaneous centres of the slider crank mechanism as shown in Fig. 12 (b). The
lengths of crank OB and connecting rod AB are 100 mm and 400 mm respectively. If the crank
rotates clockwise with an angular velocity of 10 rad/s, find: (i) Velocity of the slider A, and (ii)
Angular velocity of the connecting rod AB. (13)
13.(a) Draw the profile of a cam operating a knife edge follower having a lift of 30 mm. The cam
raises the follower with SHM for 150° of the rotation followed by a period of dwell for 60°. The
follower descends for the next 100° rotation of the cam with uniform velocity, again followed by a
dwell period. The cam rotates at a uniform velocity of 120 rpm and has a least radius of 20 mm.
What will be the maximum velocity and acceleration of the follower during the lift and the return?
(13)
Or
(b) In a symmetrical tangent cam operating a roller follower, the least radius - of the cam is 30
mm and roller radius is 17.5 mm. The angle of ascent is 75° and the total lift is 17.5 mm. The
speed of the cam shaft is 600 r.p.m. Calculate: (i) The principal dimensions of the cam; (ii) the
accelerations of the follower at the beginning of the lift, where straight flank merges into the
circular nose and at the apex of the circular nose; (iii) Draw the profile of the cam. Assume that
there is no dwell between ascent and descent. (13)
14. (a) The following data relate to a pair of 20° involute gears in mesh: Module = 6 mm, Number
of teeth on pinion = 17, Number of teeth on gear = 49; Addenda on pinion and gear wheel = 1
module. Find: (i) The number of pairs of teeth in contact (ii) The angle turned through by the
pinion and the gear wheel when one pair of teeth is in contact, and (iii) The ratio of sliding to
rolling motion when the tip of a tooth on the larger wheel (1) is just making contact, (2) is just
leaving contact with its mating tooth, and (3) is at the pitch point. (13)
Or
(b) An epicyclic gear consists of three gears A, Band C as shown in Fig. 14 (b). The gear A has 72
internal teeth and gear C has 32 external teeth. The gear B meshes with both A and C and is
carried on an arm EF which rotates about the centre of A at 18 r.p.m .. If the gear A is fixed,
determine the speed of gears Band C. (13)
80
15. (a) The following data relate to a screw jack:
Pitch of the threaded screw = 8 mm
Diameter of the threaded screw = 40 mm
Coefficient of friction between screw and nut = 0.1
Load = 20kN
Assuming that the load rotates with the screw, determine the
(i) Ratio of torques required to raise and lower the load .
(ii) Efficiency of the machine. (13)
(b) single plate clutch transmits 25 kw at 900 rpm. The maximum pressure intensity between the
plates is 85kN/m2. The outer diameter of the plate is 360 mm. Both the sides of the plate are
effective and the coefficient of friction is 0.25. Determine the
(i) Inner radius of the plate (ii) Axial force to engage the clutch. (13)
PART C - (1 x 15 = 15 marks)
16. (a) Figure 16 (a) shows a mechanical press used to exert large forces to insert a small part into
a larger one. Draw a ·kinematic diagram, using the end of the handle as a point of interest. Also
compute the degrees of freedom. (15)
(b) A cam is to be used for a platform that will repeatedly lift boxes from a. lower conveyor to an
upper conveyor. This machine is shown in Figure 16(b). Plot a displacement diagram and
determine the required speed of the cam when the follower motion sequence is as follows:
(i) Rise 40mm in 1.2 s. (ii) Dwell for 0.3 s. (iii) Fall 20 mm in 0.9 s. (IV) Dwell 0.6 s. (v) Fall 20
mm in 0.9 s. (15)
81
B.E.IB.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2017
Third/Fourth Semester
ME 6401-KINEMATICS OF MACHINERY
(Regulations 2013)
(Common to : B.E. Mechnical Engineering (Sandwich)lMechatronics Engineering)
Time: Three Hours Maximum: 100 Marks
PART-A (10x2=20 Marks)
1. Define the Grubler's criterion for plane mechanism with mathematical expression.
2. Name any two inversions of single slider crank chain.
3. Define Coriolis component of acceleration .
4. State the Arnold Kennedy theorem.
5.Differentiate between radial cam and cylindrical cam.
6.Name the cam follower extensively used in air-craft engines.
7. What is meant by crossed belt drive?
8. Write the conditions for the maximum power transmission by a belt from one pulley
to another.
9. Give the classification of gears based on position of teeth on the wheel.
10. Draw the compound gear train and write its speed ratio.
PART-B
11. (a)write in detail with neat sketch, any three inversions of double slider crank chain.
(13)
(OR)
(b) Describe with neat sketch, the mechanisms obtained by the inversions of
four-bar chain. (13)
12. (a) In a crank and slotted lever quick return motion mechanism, the distance between the
fixed centres is 240 mm and the length of the driving crank is 120mm. Find the inclination of the
slotted bar with the vertical in the extreme position and the time ratio of cutting stroke to the
return stroke. lfthe length of the slotted bar is 450 mm, find the length of the stroke if the line
of stroke passes through the extreme positions of the free end of the lever. (13)
(OR)
b) Locate all the instantaneous centres ofthe slider crank mechanism. The crank (OA) is 160 mm
and the connecting rod (AB) is 470 mm long. If the crank rotates clockwise with an angular
velocity of 12 rad/s, Determine 1. Linear velocity of slider (B) 2. Angular velocity of the
connecting rod (AB), at a crank angle of 30° from inner dead centre position using
instantaneous centre method. (13)
82
13. A symmetrical cam with convex flanks operates a flat-footed follower. The lift is 10mm, base
circle radius 20 mm. The total angle ofthe cam action is 162°.Find the radius ofconvex flanks
and nose and determine the maximum acceleration and retardation during lift when the cam
shaft rotates at 1200 rpm. Period of acceleration is half the period of retardation during the lift.
(13)
(OR)
(b) Design a cam for operating the exhaust valve of an oil engine. It is required to give equal
uniform acceleration and retardation during opening and closing of the valve each of which
corresponds to 60° of cam rotation. The valve must remain in the fully open position for 20° of
cam rotation. The lift of the valve is 37.5 mm and the least radius of the cam is 40 mm. The
follower is provided with a roller of radius 20 mm and its line of stroke passes through the axis
of thecam. (13)
14. (a) A pinion having 24 teeth drives a gear having 60 teeth. The profile of the gears is
involute with 20° pressure angle, 10mm module and 10mm addendum. Find the length of path
of contact, arc of contact and the contact ratio. (13)
(OR)
(b) An' epicyclic train of gears is arranged as shown in Fig. 14 (b). How many revolutions does
the arm, to which the pinions P are attached, when S makes 300 rpm counter clockwise and A is
stationary. The number of teeth on the gears S and A are 30 and 130 respectively. (13)
15. (a) A cross belt running over two pulleys 600 mm and 300 mm diameter connects
two parallel shafts 4 meters apart and transmits 7.5kW from the larger pulley that rotates at
225 rpm. Coefficient of friction between the belt and the pulley is 0.35 and the safe working
tension is 25 N per mm width. Determine 1.Minimum width of the belt 2. Initial belt tension and
3. Length of the belt required. (13)
(OR)
(b) An electric motor driven power screw moves a nut in a horizontal plane against a force of 75
kN at a speed of 300 mm/min. The screw has a single square thread of 6 mm pitch on a major
diameter of 40 mm. The coefficient of friction at the screw threads is 0.1. Estimate power of the
motor. (13)
PART-C (IXI5=15 Marks)
16.(a) ABCD is a four bar chain with link AD fixed. The length of the links are AB = 190 mm, BC
= 280 mm, CD = 280 mm, and AD = 500 mm. The crank AB has an angular velocity of 10 rad/s
clockwise. Draw the velocity and acceleration diagram when angle BAD = 55° and Band C lie on
same side ofAD. Find the acceleration and angular acceleration of links BC and CD. (15)
83
(OR)
(b) Design a cam for operating exhaust valve of an oil engine. It is required to give simple
harmonic motion during opening of valve with 120° of cam rotation and simple harmonic motion
during closing ofthe valve with 60° of cam rotation. The valve must remain in the fully open
position for 30° of cam rotation. The lift of the valve is 50 mm and the least radius of the cam is
25 mm. The follower is provided with a roller of radius 10 mm and its line of stroke passes
through the axis of the cam. (15)
84

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UNIT V FRICTION IN MACHINE ELEMENTS

1. State the law of friction (A/M-03)

15. What is greasy friction?

34. What is bearing?

43. What are the effects of limiting angle of friction?

58. What is clutch?

61. What is the effective of centrifugal tension in belt drive (O/N-03)

71. State the law of belting?

83. What is wipping? How it can be avoided in belt drives?

87. What is the use of quarter turn left drive?

91. What is centrifugal effect on belts?

92. What is meant by crossed belt drive? (N/D-17)

93. What is wipping?

94. Define anti friction bearing.[Nov/Dec-13]

95. Differentiate multiple clutches and cone clutch? [Nov/Dec-13]

Conical Pivot Bearing:

Pivoted Block or Shoe Brake:

Distance travelled by the bicycle before it comes to rest:

We know that kinetic energy of the bicycle

Motion of the body up

Motion of the body up the plane, considering friction

1. Static friction. It is the friction, experienced by a body, when at rest.

57. Drive the length of the cross belt drive?

62. Define Bearings.

64. What are the Classification Sliding Contact Bearings ?

Thrust or axial bearings :

Single collar thrust bearing multiple collar thrust bearing

Bearing classification based on type of lubrication:

Bearing classification based on lubrication mechanism:

Hydrodynamic lubricated bearings:

Hydrostatic lubricated bearings:

Boundary lubricated bearings:

Journal / sleeve bearings:

65. Explain the Rolling-Contact Bearings?

Most rolling contact bearings consist of the following components;

1. Beam engine (crank and lever mechanism).

2. Coupling rod of a locomotive (Double crank mechanism).

3. Watt’s indicator mechanism (Double lever

Single Slider Crank Chain: 1. Pendulum pump or Bull engine.

2. Oscillating cylinder engine. 3. Rotary internal combustion engine

Double Slider Crank Chain:

1. Elliptical trammels. 2. Scotch yoke mechanism.

Kutzbach Criterion to Plane Mechanisms:

l = Number of links, j = Number of lower pair & h = Number of higher pair

FORMULAE FOR SIMPLE INVOLUTE GEARS:

1. Pitch Circle (or) Circular Pitch:

3. Pitch circle radius of pinion:

5. Pitch circle radius of Gear:

mT T = No- of Teeth in gear

7. Length of the path of Approach:

PL  (rA ) 2  r 2 cos 2   r sin 

10. Length of arc of Contact:

11. Contact ratio:

12. Maximum velocity of sliding:

Where, KP = Length of the path of Approach

13. Pitch line speed (or) Rolling velocity:

Where, KP = Length of the path of Approach