International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials

Volume 21, Number 1, January 2014, Page 36

DOI: 10.1007/s12613-014-0862-4

Dynamic recrystallization and precipitation in high manganese austenitic

stainless steel during hot compression

Amir Momeni1), Shahab Kazemi2), Golam Ebrahimi3), and Alireza Maldar 3)

1) Materials Science and Engineering Department, Hamedan University of Technology, Hamedan 3733-1-65169, Iran
2) Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamedan 4161-65174, Iran
3) Department of Materials and Polymer Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar 9617976487, Iran
(Received: 18 July 2013; revised: 3 September 2013; accepted: 9 September 2013)

Abstract: Dynamic recrystallization and precipitation in a high manganese austenitic stainless steel were investigated by hot compression
tests over temperatures of 950-1150°C at strain rates of 0.001 s−1-1 s−1. All the flow curves within the studied deformation regimes were typ-
ical of dynamic recrystallization. A window was constructed to determine the value of apparent activation energy as a function of strain rate
and deformation temperature. The kinetics of dynamic recrystallization was analyzed using the Avrami kinetics equation. A range of
apparent activation energy for hot deformation from 303 kJ/mol to 477 kJ/mol is obtained at different deformation regimes. Microscopic
characterization confirms that under a certain deformation condition (medium Zener-Hollomon parameter (Z) values), dynamic recrystalliza-
tion appears at first, but large particles can not inhibit the recrystallization. At low or high Z values, dynamic recrystallization may occur be-
fore dynamic precipitation and proceeds faster. In both cases, secondary phase precipitation is observed along prior austenite grain bounda-
ries. Stress relaxation tests at the same deformation temperatures also confirm the possibility of dynamic precipitation. Unexpectedly, the
Avrami's exponent value increases with the increase of Z value. It is associated with the priority of dynamic recrystallization to dynamic pre-
cipitation at higher Z values.

Keywords: austenitic stainless steel; hot deformation; dynamic recrystallization; precipitation; activation energy

variables, material characteristics and processing parameters.

1. Introduction
The microstructure evolution of metallic materials during
hot deformation has the practical importance due to its rela-
tionship with mechanical properties of final products. Sev-
eral softening processes, such as dynamic recovery (DRV),
dynamic recrystallization (DRX), static recrystallization
(SRX), and metadynamic recrystallization (MDRX), can in-
fluence the microstructures of deformed materials [1-5]. In
some industrial hot working processes, such as rapid rod
rolling or hot forging, the strain value is large enough to
trigger DRX in austenitic materials due to low stacking fault
energy (SFE) [6]. The influences of DRX on microstructure,
flow behavior, and instability have been the subject of many
investigations in recent years [7-9].
The kinetics and extent of DRX strongly depend on two
In some materials, secondary phase precipitation may be
stimulated by the deformation and interaction with DRX.
Because both precipitation and recrystallization consume the
stored energy of deformation, the occurrence of dynamic
precipitation or phase transformation preceding DRX may
use up the deformation energy, retarding or inhibiting the
occurrence of recrystallization. The interactions between
strain-induced precipitation (SIP) and SRX as well as dy-
namic precipitation (DP) and DRX in microalloyed steels
have been studied extensively [10-14].
The resistance of DP on DRX is not only from the con-
sumption of deformation energy stored in materials but also
from the pinning effect of high-angle boundaries (HAGBs)
by fine secondary phase particles. The pinning effect of pre-
cipitation on HAGBs was investigated and modeled in re-
cent years by Xu et al. [11]. Jonas [15] also indicated that

Corresponding author: Amir Momeni E-mail: ammomeni@aut.ac.ir

© University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014
A. Momeni et al., Dynamic recrystallization and precipitation in high manganese austenitic stainless steel during hot …
when the particles gradually coarsened during deformation
and lost their pinning force, DRX might resume and proceed
at a lower speed. Results obtained from the released litera-
ture confirm that an in-depth knowledge about the interac-
tion between DRX and DP is crucial to the proper design of
hot working processes for different alloys.
The existence of Cr (as a strong carbide former element)
and Mn, which often cooperate in the formation of carbides,
makes AISI 200 series of stainless steels prone to DP poten-
tially. This category of austenitic stainless steels is an alter-
native to AISI 300 series, due to the lower cost, higher
strength, and moderate corrosion resistance [16]. Although
dynamic precipitation in high Cr stainless steels has been
observed in stainless steels [17], their capability to interact
with DRX, when other elements, such as Nb, are absent, is
still in doubt [18]. On the other hand, the formation of Cr
carbides increases the tendency of pitting and general corro-
sion because of Cr depletion that often occurs around grain
boundaries [19]. Therefore, the research on the formation of
Cr-carbides during hot working helps us to avoid pitting and
general corrosion or design an appropriate post-deformation
heat treatment to provide a single phase austenitic structure
for a better corrosion resistance. Hence, the aim of the pre-
sent work was to analyze the deformation, recrystallization,
and precipitation behaviors of AISI 202 stainless steel to
determine the best processing condition and find a better
working response of final products.
2. Experimental procedures
The material used in this investigation was AISI 202
high-manganese austenitic stainless steel with the composi-
tion of 0.12% C, 18.1% Cr, 0.7% Si, 8.5% Mn, 0.03% P,
0.01% S, 5.1% Ni, and the balance of Fe by mass. Cylindri-
cal compression samples of 10 mm in diameter and 15 mm
in height were prepared from the as-received bar whose ini-
tial microstructure is shown in Fig. 1. Concentric grooves of
0.5 mm in depth were machined on the surfaces of com-
pression samples to keep the lubricant (boron nitride) in the
contacting surfaces. A 1-mm chamfer was machined at an
angle of 45° on the specimen edges to avoid the fold-over of
the specimen at the early stages of hot compression testing.
A Zwick-Roell 250 testing machine, equipped with a fully
computerized furnace, was used to perform hot compression
tests. Before testing, all the specimens were reheated to
1200°C, held for 15 min, and then cooled down to the test-
ing temperature. Continuous hot compression tests were
carried out at temperatures of 950°C to 1100°C with the in-
tervals of 50°C and at strain rates from 0.001 s−1 to 1 s−1.
37
After a total true strain of 0.7, the deformed samples were
immediately quenched in water, cut along the longitudinal
axis, and then prepared with the standard metallographic
techniques. The electrolytic etching of 60vol% HNO3 solu-
tion was used to reveal the outline of microstructure.
Fig. 1. Starting microstructure of AISI 202 stainless steel used
in this investigation.
Stress relaxation tests were conducted after the same re-
heating regime mentioned above. The technique was proved
to be reliable in revealing the start and finish time of pre-
cipitation, the strain-induced precipitation, and the interac-
tions between recrystallization and precipitation [20]. The
constant pre-strain for stress relaxation was adopted as 0.05
to avoid the static recrystallization when stress would be
monitored. Therefore, the variation of stress with time re-
flected the dynamic recovery and likely the precipitation ef-
fect which was very analogous to the onset of hot compres-
sion tests.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Flow curves and constitutive analysis
True stress-strain curves obtained from the load-stroke
data are shown in Fig. 2. The curves mostly exhibit a single
peak that is often attributed to the occurrence of DRX dur-
ing hot deformation. From the start of testing up to the peak,
DRV and work hardening occur concomitantly. When the
dislocation density reaches a critical value, new grains nu-
cleate and lead to flow softening. The steady-state condition
is attained when the material is fully recrystallized and a
balance is established between DRX and work hardening.
Flow curves in Fig. 2 clearly indicate that the peak point and
the steady-state condition are shifted to higher strains when
the temperature declines or the strain rate rises. These ef-
fects clearly show that the kinetics of DRX directly depends
on the deformation condition. Thus, the general stress-strain
38 Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., Vol. 21, No. 1, Jan. 2014

behavior suggests that DRX occurs in a wide temperature bolic sine constitutive equation was given as below.
range from 950°C to 1100°C and at strain rate ranging from ⎛ Q ⎞ n
Z = ε&exp ⎜ ⎟ = A ⎡⎣sinh(ασ p ) ⎤⎦ (1)
0.001 s−1 to 1 s−1. It is observed that the effects of tempera- ⎝ RT ⎠
ture and strain rate on flow stress are significant for all test- where Z is Zener-Hollomon parameter, ε& the strain rate, Q
ing conditions. The typical influences of temperature and the apparent activation energy for hot deformation, R the gas
strain rate on flow stress are observed clearly. To correlate constant that is equal to 8.314 J/(mol·K), T the temperature,
the peak flow stress to the deformation condition, a hyper- σp the peak stress, and A, n, and α the material constants.

Fig. 2. Flow curves obtained under dif-

ferent deformation conditions: (a) 950°C;
(b) 1000°C; (c) 1050°C; (d) 1100°C; (e)
1150°C.

Eq. (2) is obtained by taking logarithm for both sides of By substituting the experimental values of strain rate and
Eq. (1). flow stress (at the peak points) into Eq. (2), the dependence
Q of ln[sinh(ασp)] on ln ε& and 1/T is plotted as shown in Fig. 3.
lnε& + = ln A + n ln ⎡⎣sinh(ασ p ) ⎤⎦ (2)
RT α, the stress multiplier, is an adjustable constant, which is
A. Momeni et al., Dynamic recrystallization and precipitation in high manganese austenitic stainless steel during hot …
determined by try and error to adjust the curves in the most
linear and parallel condition, and defined as 0.014 here. The
strain rate sensitivity parameter (m) is often defined as
∂lnσ/∂ln ε& [21], but according to Eq. (2), as (1/n) is equal
to ∂ln[sinh(ασp)]/∂ln ε& , it can be taken as an index of the
sensitivity of flow stress to strain rate. It is approved that
there is a direct relationship between the strain rate sensitiv-
ity parameter (1/n) and the hot workability of materials.
Hence, according to the variation of strain rate sensitivity
Fig. 3. Variation of peak flow stress with strain rate (a) and reciprocal of temperature (b) in the frame of the hyperbolic sine con-
stitutive equation (S stands for the slope of curve, and Savg the average of slope).
Fig. 4. Strain rate sensitivity (1/n) as a function of deforma-
tion temperature.
Q = nR
{
∂ ln ⎡⎣sinh(ασ p ) ⎤⎦ } (3)
∂ (1/T )
The apparent activation energy at the peak point reflects the
required energy to trigger DRX and flow softening. There-
fore, it particularly depends on the chemical composition,
deformation condition, and microstructure during hot work-
ing. The average value of Q for the studied material can be
determined as 388 kJ/mol by multiplying the average slope
(Savg=1.11) in Fig. 3(b) by the average value of n (=1/Savg=
4.2) in Fig. 3(a) and R. According to Eq. (3), the value of Q
39
parameter with deformation temperature in Fig. 4, it is de-
duced that the hot workability degrades at ~1050°C. A bet-
ter workability at 950°C and 1000°C is observed, which is
contrary to the general expectation as getting a better
workability at higher temperatures [22-23]. This hot worka-
bility wave trough needs to be further addressed and ana-
lyzed by upcoming flow analysis and microstructural char-
acterization. Eq. (2) is also used to determine the apparent
activation energy as the following equation.
determines how easy DRX starts at a given deformation
condition (temperature and strain rate). Therefore, the win-
dow of Q values as a function of strain rate and temperature
that is prepared by the same method described by Eqs. (1) to
(3) can be used to evaluate the feasibility of DRX in the
studied alloy. Fig. 5 provides the window to determine the
value of Q at any strain rate and deformation temperature.
This window indicates that at the temperature range of
1000-1100°C and low strain rates of 0.001 s−1 and 0.01 s−1,
Fig. 5. Window of Q values (the required energy to reach the
peak point of the flow curve) at the different strain rates and
deformation temperatures.
40
the value of Q is unexpectedly high and decreases as the
strain rate rises. At temperatures beyond this critical range,
e.g., 1150°C, and low strain rates, the tendency for DRX in-
creases so that it can be triggered at low activation energies.
The value of Q increases when a competing microstructural
phenomenon, such as DP, consumes the energy that is
pumped into the material by deformation. Dynamic precipi-
tation may be delayed or completely prohibited, depending
on the nature of precipitates. In microalloyed steels, it has
been well-understood that very fine (actually nanosized)
carbides of microalloying elements pin grain boundaries and
effectively inhibit DRX during hot deformation [10-14]. As
a rule of thumb, it is believed that precipitates with the av-
Fig. 6. Variation of peak strain (a) and peak stress (b) with Zener-Hollomon parameter (Z).
3.2. Microstructural characterization
The microstructure of the sample after reheating at
1200°C for 15 min is shown in Fig. 7. This observation con-
firms that at the start of the prescribed thermomechanical
regimes, the sample is a single-phase austenitic alloy with
the average grain size of 60 μm and free of the remarkable
secondary phase particles. The micrographs of hot deformed
samples at the typical strain rate of 0.001 s−1 are observed in
Fig. 8. By comparing Figs. 7 and 8, it can be found out that
the precipitates present at all deformation temperatures in
Fig. 8 should be formed during straining. Due to the coexis-
tence of Cr and C with high content, it is reasonable to as-
sume that the observed particles are chromium carbides that
are stimulated by the influence of deformation energy. The
equilibrium phase diagram of the studied alloy in Fig. 9
confirms that the particles should be the complex carbides
composed of Cr, Mn, Fe, and C atoms. These results imply
that the possible interaction of DP and DRX should be con-
sidered in discussing the hot deformation behavior of the
studied alloy. One range of the crucial temperature in Fig. 8
is 950-1100°C (as shown in Figs. 8(a)-(d)). In this tempera-
Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., Vol. 21, No. 1, Jan. 2014
erage diameter about 1 μm and larger often accelerate the
recrystallization through the particle stimulating recrystalli-
zation (PSN) mechanism, while the finer ones may delay or
inhibit the recrystallization [6].
Fig. 6 reflects the variation of peak stress (σp) and strain
(εp) as functions of Z parameter. The practical importance of
these curves is to predict the starting point of flow softening
at any deformation condition and to generalize the lab re-
sults to the industrial applications. It is manifest that both σp
and εp increase with increasing Z (increasing strain rate
and/or decreasing deformation temperature). Indeed, the re-
sults confirm that DRX commences at a higher stress and
strain when the temperature declines or the strain rate rises.
ture range, grain boundary precipitates start and develop,
and the particles become more or less coarse. Whereas at
1150°C (Fig. 8(e)), coarse precipitates are observed in the
grain interiors as well as grain boundaries. It is also worthy
of attention that the grain size gradually increases from
950°C to 1100°C; but at 1150°C, the grains are remarkably
refined. With regard to the DRX flow curves presented in
Fig. 2, it is deduced that the vast precipitation observed at all
temperatures (as shown in Fig. 8) has not effectively sup-
pressed DRX. This is an important finding that needs to be
carefully probed by studying the microstructural changes
and the evolution of particles size and place. Current obser-
vations indicate that the interaction of DP and DRX strongly
depends on deformation temperature. Figs. 8(a)-(d) suggest
that at the temperatures of 950-1100°C, DP precedes DRX,
and therefore, the particles appear at prior austenite grain
boundaries. As the average size of carbide particles is more
or less over 1 μm, they cannot pin the boundaries, and
therefore, DRX proceeds. The segregation of Cr and C at-
oms to prior austenite grain boundaries before deformation
is a crucial step before DP. The segregation strongly de-
pends on temperature. At very high temperatures, e.g.,
A. Momeni et al., Dynamic recrystallization and precipitation in high manganese austenitic stainless steel during hot … 41

1150°C, the tendency for DRX increases due to the higher of DRX grains. It is notable that as the average size of the
mobility of grain boundaries. At this temperature, the solute particles is more or less about 1 μm, no PSN is observed in
atoms of Cr and C cannot diffuse as fast as the boundaries, the micrographs.
and therefore, DP lags behind DRX. It has been well de-
scribed previously that the segregation of solute atoms to
grain boundaries and the corresponding solute drag effect
degrade beyond a critical temperature [24]. In such a case,
DRX precedes DP as shown at 1150°C in Fig. 8(e), the pre-
cipitation actually occurs at the boundaries of dynamically
formed grains. In Fig. 8(e), it is also interesting to note that
particles observed inside the grains actually form at prior
austenite grain boundaries and are a bit coarser than the
grain boundary particles. In summary, at 0.001 s−1 and
950-1100°C, DP precedes DRX, and the particles decorate
prior austenite grain boundaries; at 0.001 s−1 and 1150°C, Fig. 7. Microstructure of the studied material after reheating
DRX precedes DP, and the particles decorate the boundaries at 1200°C for 15 min.

Fig. 8. Micrographs of the hot de-

formed samples at the strain rate of
0.001 s−1: (a) 950°C; (b) 1000°C; (c)
1050°C; (d) 1100°C; (e) 1150°C.
42
Fig. 9. Phase equilibrium of the studied alloy, representing
the phases expected to be present within the hot working range.
These results about the interaction of DRX and DP are
also in agreement with the calculated apparent activation
energies in Fig. 5. The higher values of Q at the temperature
range of 950-1100°C (419-447 kJ/mol) with respect to the
average value of 388 kJ/mol can be simply attributed to the
priority of DP to DRX. As mentioned, although such coarse
particles cannot suppress DRX, they can delay it due to
consuming a part of deformation energy. On the contrary, at
1150°C, DRX happens more easily before DP (lower Q
value, actually 361-390 kJ/mol), and then, DP proceeds at a
lower speed. It is therefore concluded that there is a good
correlation between the microstructural observations and the
Fig. 10. Micrographs of the hot deformed samples at the strain rate of 1 s−1: (a) 950°C; (b) 1100°C.
3.3. Stress relaxation tests and kinetics of DRX
The possibility and extent of DP can be analyzed by
stress relaxation tests whose underlying mechanisms have
been described in Ref. [20]. A pre-strain of ~5% was ap-
plied to the samples to induce precipitation. This pre-strain
is taken well below the critical strain for SRX, and therefore,
in the absence of SRX, any change of stress that is moni-
tored can be attributed to the strain induced precipitation
Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., Vol. 21, No. 1, Jan. 2014
constructed Q-window in Fig. 5. Using this correlation, the
provided discussion can be generalized to the other defor-
mation conditions. According to Fig. 5, at 950-1100°C, the
Q value decreases as the strain rate rises. This is due to the
fact that the mobility of grain boundaries and the tendency
for DRX increase with increasing strain rate. Typical mi-
crographs in Fig. 10 confirm this discussion. At a higher
strain rate (1 s−1), DRX is stimulated more than precipitation,
and the highly mobile grain boundaries accommodate less
alloying elements. Hence, after the start of DRX, when
enough solute atoms are populated at prior grain boundary
sites, DP comes into operation. Micrographs in Fig. 10
clearly indicate the population of fine carbide particles along
prior austenite grain boundaries.
In the previous work on superaustenitic stainless steel,
the complex carbides of Cr, Fe, and Ni were found to be re-
sponsible for DP and the interaction with DRX [25]. More
recently, Zeng et al. [18] showed that pure Cr carbide could
not form dynamically in AISI 403Nb martensitic stainless
steel containing about 0.22wt% Nb, and the delay in DRX
was attributed to DP of some complex carbides containing
Nb, Cr, Fe, and C. The review of these previous results re-
flected that in the present material, high Mn concentration
provided a driving force for the formation of (Cr,Mn) com-
plex carbides. This may be due to the mutual interaction of
Mn and Cr for increasing their activity at prior austenite
grain boundaries and thereby the initiating precipitation.
(SIP). Fig. 11 provides the stress relaxation curves at differ-
ent deformation conditions. When there is no possibility for
the softening or strengthening phenomenon, the stress is
expected to decrease gradually. In Fig. 11, the curves of
950°C and 1000°C indicate a delay in stress release in a pe-
riod of relaxation time; however, at higher temperatures of
1050-1150°C, even secondary hardening is observed. The
delay in stress release or secondary hardening is often due to
the interaction of SIP with moving dislocations. It should be
A. Momeni et al., Dynamic recrystallization and precipitation in high manganese austenitic stainless steel during hot …
noticed here that the kinetics of DP has been known to be an
order of magnitude faster than SIP [26]. Therefore, stress
relaxation tests are only useful to study the possibility of DP
and measure the precipitation starting and finishing times
roughly. The results of stress relaxation tests for the studied
material confirm that DP happens during hot deformation
within the studied deformation regime. It is also inferred that
the potential of DP increases as the deformation temperature
rises. However, as the tendency of recrystallization increases
with increasing temperature, DRX becomes prior to DP at
high temperature. It is worthy of note that the critical tem-
perature beyond which DRX overcomes DP increases with
increasing strain rate. This is clearly observed from low Q
regions in Fig. 5 and micrographs in Figs. 8 and 10. Actu-
ally, the regions with low and high Q values correspond to
the priority of DRX and DP, respectively.
Fig. 11. Stress relaxation curves after 5% pre-strain to un-
derstand the possibility of dynamic precipitation at different
deformation temperatures.
Based on the theory of nucleation and growth, previous
researchers used the Avrami's kinetics equation to describe
the progression of DRX with strain as follows [25]:
Fig. 12. Typical Avrami graphs of DRX kinetics to determine the exponent n as the slopes at different deformation conditions (a)
and the variation of exponent n with the Zener-Hollomon (Z) parameter (b).
43
X = 1 − exp[ − k (ε − ε c ) n ] (4)
where X denotes the fractional softening, k and n the mate-
rial constants, and εc the critical strain for the initiation of
DRX. The DRX volume fraction under the different defor-
mation conditions can be determined by either quantitative
metallographic measurement or flow curve analysis. Com-
pared to quantitative metallographic measurement, flow
curve analysis is a more simple method, as the former needs
a large quantity of samples to be examined, and it can be
difficult to ascertain new grains precisely [27]. Here, to de-
termine the progress of dynamic recrystallization volume
fraction (XDRX), the following expression is employed as
σp −σ
X = (5)
σp −σs
where σp and σs are the peak and steady-state stress, and σ
the flow stress between σp and σs. To determine k and n, Eq.
(4) can be written as the following equation:
⎡ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤
ln ⎢ ln ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ = ln k + nln(ε − ε c ) (6)
⎣ ⎝ 1 − X ⎠⎦
The Avrami's exponent (n) that is determined by Eq. (6)
can be considered as an index to the DRX completion rate.
The exponent n has a direct influence on the rate of DRX
and can be used to determine the rate at which the instant
flow stress descends from σp to σs. Therefore, the value of n
can be used to compare the recrystallization rate at different
deformation conditions and distinguish the regimes con-
trolled by DP or DRX. Fig. 12(a) represents the typical
curves drawn based on Eq. (6) to determine the value of n. It
is clearly observed that in the deformation regimes of 950°C
and 0.001 s−1, 1050°C and 0.001 s−1, and 1100°C and 0.1 s−1
that all belong to high Q-value regions in Fig. 5, the values
of n (slope of the curves) are lower as compared to n in the
regime of 1000°C and 0.01 s−1. At the latter deformation
44
regime, according to Fig. 5, DRX starts before DP and
therefore proceeds faster. The same conclusion is inferred in
Fig. 12(b), where the variation of n with the Z parameter is
drawn. It is generally expected that the value of n decreases
with increasing Z, as previously reported for single phase
austenitic alloys, such as 410 stainless steel [28]. This is as-
sociated with the decreasing tendency for DRX at higher
strain rates and lower deformation temperatures. Unlikely
for the present alloy, at low Z values where DP is prior to
DRX, the value of n is relatively lower and increases with
increasing Z values. These results are in accordance with Fig.
5 and indicate that, at high Z values when there is a lower
tendency for the segregation of solute atoms to prior austen-
ite grain boundaries and therefore a lower tendency for pre-
cipitation, DRX proceeds at higher speeds.
4. Conclusions
Dynamic recrystallization and precipitation in a high
manganese austenitic stainless steel were investigated. The
most important results are as follows.
(1) All the flow curves within the studied ranges of strain
rate and temperature are typical of dynamic recrystallization.
(2) A range of Q-values from 303 kJ/mol to 477 kJ/mol is
obtained at different deformation regimes. The lowest
Q-values were obtained at very high temperatures and low
strain rates, or vice versa.
(3) At a certain deformation condition (medium Z values),
dynamic precipitation precedes dynamic recrystallization.
However, large precipitation particles are not able to inhibit
recrystallization. At low or high Z values, dynamic recrys-
tallization occurs before dynamic precipitation and proceeds
faster. In both cases, the precipitation of secondary phase
particles is observed along prior austenite grain boundaries.
(4) Stress relaxation tests at the same deformation tem-
peratures confirm the possibility of dynamic precipitation.
(5) The kinetics of dynamic recrystallization increases
unexpectedly with increasing Z parameter. It is associated
with the priority of dynamic recrystallization to dynamic
precipitation at higher Z values.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful for the financial support from
Hamedan University of Technology (No. 16.91.294).
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