CHAQ CHAQ 2 DAM STUDIES

STAGE B
5. DESIGN OF HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
DESIGN REPORT

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Hydrualic Structure
PROJ DOC DEPT SUB DISP REV SER
1159.9 R 6 04 HY 0 12

CHAQ CHAQ 2 DAM STUDIES

STAGE B
5. DESIGN OF HYDRUALIC STRUCTURES REPORT

Issued for Comment IFC 

Issued for Information IF 
Issued for Approval IFA 
00 June 2013
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Table of Contents
1- Introduction 5
2- GENERAL GEOLOGY OF STUDY AREA 6
3- The Hydraulic Systems 8
-1-3 Diversion System 8
3-1-1- Design flood 8
3-1-2- Coffer Dam 9
3-1-3- Diversion Conduit 9
-4-1-3 Design of Diversion System Dimensions 9
3-2- Spillway System 11
3-2-1- Selected Design Flood 11
3-2-2- Locating the Spillway 11
3-2-3- Design of Chaq Chaq Dam's Spillway 13
3-2-3-1- Approach Channel 13
3-2-3-2- Input threshold 13
3-2-3-3- Chute 14
3-2-3-4- Stilling Basin 14
-3-3 Bottom Outlet 16
3-3-1- Design criteria 16
3-3-2- bottom Outlet Components 17
3-3-3- Intake 17
3-3-4- Entrance Blockage Gate and Gate Control Platform 17
-5-3-3 Under Pressure Duct 17
3-3-6- Gates 18
3-3-7- Stilling Basin 18
3-3-8- Bottom Outlet Capacity 21

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List of Tables
Table 1- The estimated rock mass classification systems in dam site ............................................ 7
Table 2- Suggested rock mass parameters in dam site................................................................... 7
Table 3. Flood discharge in Chaq Chaq Dam site ............................................................................ 8
Table 4-Impact-type Stilling Basin................................................................................................. 19

List of Figures
Figure 1: Approximate site vicinity ................................................................................................. 5
Figure 2- Geological map of the area to the north and northwest of Sulaimani city (Based on
Field works, Satellite Image interpretation and published data) ................................................... 6
Figure 3-Impact-type Stilling Basin ............................................................................................... 20

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1- Introduction
This report is prepared to represent the hydraulic structural design of Chaq Chaq 2 dam. The
dam site is located in the north east of Iraq in Slemani province, as illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Approximate site vicinity

The purpose of the construction of the dam is to control seasonal floods as Chaq chaq river is a
seasonal river with relatively big floods as reported in Hydrological studies report.

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2- GENERAL GEOLOGY OF STUDY AREA

Based on the geological maps, published literatures and site visits, the ChaqChaq 2 site is
located on Shiranish (Marl and Marly Limestone) and Kometan (White well bedded fine grain
limestone to Marly Limestone) Formations. In addition the more outcropped rock units in this
area is Tanjero Fn. (alternation of thin layers of sandstone with interlayers of shale in base,
Calcareous Shale in middle parts and milky to cream fossiliferous Limestone beds and black Silty
calcareous Shale or Marl in top) which can be seen in north and center parts of Sulaymaniah
city. Geological Map of area is shown in Error! Reference source not found.. , there are two
units of Alluvium and some residual slope wash soil layers that exposed in ChaqChaq valley
Terraces which are belong to different periods of recent time (Low level terraces, river bed
alluviums and slope wash and top soils).

Figure 2- Geological map of the area to the north and northwest of Sulaimani city (Based on
Field works, Satellite Image interpretation and published data)

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The results of rock mass classification using two classification systems, the RMR and GSI, are
presented in Table 1. This results are based on surficial engineering geological survey and
observation of outcropped rock units.
Table 1- The estimated rock mass classification systems in dam site

Position Station Rmr Gsi

CR1 45-50 40-45
Right Bank CR2 50-55 45-50
CR3 40-50 35-45
CL1 45-55 40-50
left Bank CL2 50-55 45-50
CL3 40-50 35-45

Also, the suggested average values of rock mass parameters in the dam site calculated from
common empirical equations and using the ROCLAB software are presented in Table 2.
Table 2- Suggested rock mass parameters in dam site

cmass Emass
Position C (MPa) (deg)
(mpa) (gpa)

Right Bank 2-2.8 2-3 0.5-1 21-25

Left Bank 2-2.8 2-3 0.5-1 21-25

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3- The Hydraulic Systems

The hydraulic system of Chaq Chaq II dam comprises of the following structures:
1- Diversion System
2- Spillway System
3- Bottom Outlet

3-1- Diversion System

In Chaq Chaq Dam site, full diversion system is applied. Therefore the components of this
system include the diversion conduit and coffer dam.
General characteristics of each of these components is as follows.
3-1-1- Design flood
In most of the criteria and standards of design flood, diversion system floods with return
periods ranging from 10-50 years are recommended.
given Max flood discharge for return periods ranging from 2-100 year for Chaq Chaq catchment
with 70 km2 area is given in Table 3.
Table 3. Flood discharge in Chaq Chaq Dam site

return period-
2 5 10 25 50 100
year
Max Discharge
10.1 29.6 46.9 74.6 96.2 120.5
flood(cms)

Type of dam and Coffer dam and also downstream Condition plays an important role in
determining the appropriate flood. Since the Chaq Chaq dam is an earthfill dam the return
period of 25 years was selected as the design flood of diversion system. The peak discharge
with the mentioned rerturn period is 74.6 cms.

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3-1-2- Coffer Dam

Type of Chaq Chaq dam is earth dam with clay core so type of cofferdam is earth dam with clay
core which will join the main body.
Upstream slope of the cofferdam Equal 1 vertical to 2.6 horizontal and in downstream is 1
vertical to 2.4 horizontal. Also the crest width and height are respectively 5 and 12 meters.
3-1-3- Diversion Conduit
There are two alternatives for diversion conduit, tunnel and culvert. According to the proper
width of the river at the dam site, construction of the culvert is more appropriate than tunnel.
Also, because of the costs of construction, this alternative is better than a tunnel.
To pass the design flood which is 25-year flood, a culvert with a width of 3 meters is required.
It should be noted that if tunnel is selected as diversion conduit, this tunnel should have 3
meters diameter.
Therefore, Due to the higher administrative costs of the tunnel and the possible construction of
the culvert under the dam, the culvert is recommended as appropriate diversion system.
Design flood discharge for this system, is 74.6 cms. Level of intake for inlet culvert is 866.5 masl.
It should be noted that, after construction of dam, by constructing of a building the entrance
for the diversion system, it will be used as bottom outlet.
3-1-4- Design of Diversion System Dimensions
According to the calculations in the design of the dam and the design flood discharge equal to
74.6 cms and applicable maximum height of cofferdam in a dry season, the size of the culvert
will be determined.
By considering the height of the cofferdam less than 40% - 35% of the dam height, and also the
possibility of finishing the construction operation of a cofferdam in 1 dry season, the 12 m
height for coffer dam height is selected.
For determination of diversion canal dimensions under pressure, duct's equation with different
amounts of longitudinal and focal head loss is used,

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In this equation, Q is design discharge, A is area of conduit, Σk is total head loss, and H is the
water head difference between the upstream and downstream of culvert.
Square-section with reinforced concrete cover is considered for culvert.
Finally, characteristics of the diversion system will be as follows:
- type of cofferdam earthfill dam with clay core
-height of cofferdam 12 m
-elev. Of cofferdam crest 877 masl
-culvert height and width 3m
-number of culvert conduit 1
-culvert inlet elevation 866.5 masl
Diversion culvert of Chaq Chaq dam's slope is minimum (1%) and will be implemented based
on topography.
Diversion conduit will have 210 meters length.

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3-2- Spillway System

3-2-1- Selected Design Flood
International guideline and standards use various factors and parameters to determine the
design flood and spillway systems. The most important factores are summarized:
- Importance and dimensions of the dam
- Possible damage to downstream in case of failure
- Type of dam
The spillway design flood is a the flood with a return period of 1000 years and due to the dam
type, control flood is a flood with a return period of 10,000 years.
It should be noted that with regard to the physical risks in the downstream, the dam crest level
will be controlled to prevent the overtop with probable maximum flood (PMF) flood.
From Recent Dam project experiences , a distinction is made between the safety of the dam
and spillway discharge capacity. In most cases, this flood is equal to probable maximum flood
(PMF) in earthfill dams and equal to 10,000-year flood in concrete dams, and in the occurance
of these floods, no overtopping should occur. in the event of these floods, stilling basin can be
damaged, but the whole system stability must be maintained. In the other hand, design
parameters is determined by the economic analysis of flood risk. However, spillway system
should ensure the stability of the dam in the flood evacuation.
So, given all the material, design and control flood for Chaq Chaq dam spillway is selected as
follows:
-Design flood 1000-yr flood-258.3 cms
-Control flood 10000-yr flood-496.9 cms
3-2-2- Locating the Spillway
Different factors and parameters should be considered in selecting the location and
determining the type of the spillway. The most important factors are: Amount of design
flood, Type of dam, Spillway hydraulic performance, Topography and morphology of the dam
site, economy, construction technology and so forth.

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After all, the construction of a Spillway system with appropriate performance and cost
optimization can be considered as a major criterion in the selection of spillway location and
type.
According to the appropriate conditions in the topography of the dam site, and absence of
diversion tunnel use of under pressure spillway such as drop inlet spillway, and flushing and
is not proper. On the other hand, according to local conditions, topography and morphology
of the dam site, lateral spillway in terms of performance and cost of the plan is not
recommended.
Besides the good hydraulic performance of the open chute spillways during flood and
reservoir flood control and discharge, in terms of operational and costs projects, in most
projects are prioritized over other type of spillways.
Especially in the current project, that topography conditions is propper, implementation of
these spillway would be more cost-effective.
Free spillways can be divided into two groups, with and without gate. Each of these spillways
have advantages and disadvantages compared to each other which can be expressed in the
following terms:
1. spillways without gates are less expensive and more rapidly constructed. On the other
hand, gated spillways could increase the volume and level of water stored in the dam
without increasing the height of the dam
2. Gated spillway in comparison with ungated spillway, have more risk and spillway without
gates have easier maintenance and are much more cost-effective. But gated spillways may
lack proper care while taking advantage of the flood of technical difficulties in opening and
closing the gates. This can reduce the capacity of the discharge and could cause
considerable damage to the dam and spillway. On the other hand, time of concentration is
very important and effective in choosing the gated spillways. In this reservoir due to the low
time of concentration (less than 1 hour), the gated spillway could not be used.
3. There are usually two alternatives for the location of the free spillways. Construction of the
spillway on the dam body or in the banks. Since the the dam is an earthfill dam, the best
place to construct the spillway is at the banks. Due to the topographical condition, right
bank has suitable condition and lower operational volume than the left side of the dam.

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Therefore spillway is located at right side of the Chaq Chaq II dam and attached to the dam
body.
3-2-3- Design of Chaq Chaq Dam's Spillway
Due to proposed technical and economic issues and specifications of this project, free ogee
spillway with chute has been selected.
General information about the proposed option Is as follows:
Design Flood (1000 yr) 258.3 cms
Control Flood (10000yr) 496.9 cms
Type of Spillway Free Ogee Spillway with Chute
Location of Spillway Right Side of the Chaq Chaq Dam
Width of Spillway 20 m
Normal Water Level 892 m.a.s.l
The crest level of the dam by Considering a height of 1 meter for freeboard, in PMF flood, is
899 masl. Maximum height of water over spillway during discharge the design flood is
considered equal to He=2.9. Net spillway width is equal to of 20 meters.
Free ogee spillway components is as follows:
3-2-3-1- Approach Channel
To guide the flow to the entering of spillway, approach channel is designed. The channel base
elevation is considered to be 889 meters above sea level.
3-2-3-2- Input threshold
Spillway input structure is a massive concrete structure, including the ogee, with net Width of
20 meters. spillway threshold level (normal level) is equal to 892 meters above sea level and
ogee upstream arc, according to USBR Standard, is formed from 2 arcs with R1=1.65 and
R2=0.69 meter radius which are connected upstream of the vertical gradient. Upstream face is
vertical with 3 meters height and continues to approach channel floor.
Spillway crest curve, according to USBR Standard, has been designed for the water height of
2.9 m, as that by a curvature radius of 12 meter attached to chute with a slope
of 16%.

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3-2-3-3- Chute
Chaq Chaq Spillway's Chute is located on the right side of dam. In deretmining the spillway
location, the flow has been avoided to hit the supports by chosing the direction of flow along
the direction of the river. This chute has a fixed width with no walls in between. Total Length of
the chute, from the junction of the input spillway structure (end of ogee spillway) to the
junction of the stilling basin is equivalent to 153 meters. Longitudinal slope of the chute is 16%.
In the following, Shoot is connected to the stilling basin type II (USBR).
The height of the spillway chute side wall was calculated based on the 1000-year flood taking
into consideration the freeboard and was Controlled by 10000-year flood height on the chute.
The height of the spillway’s side wall starts from 10 meter after ogee, and decreases to a
height of 1.5 m In the beginning of the stilling basin walls.
3-2-3-4- Stilling Basin
To guide the output flow from the spillway and energy dissipation the stilling basin as a
spillway's final structure is desinged in the adequate distance from the dam and structures,.
The length of the stilling basin is 28 meters and its design is based on Stilling basin type II
(USBR). The base elevation of the stilling basin is 863 m.a.s.l and it is connected to the end of
chute.
The width of the stilling basin is constant .At the beginning and end of stilling basin blocks are
used for energy dissipation. The side wall height is 9.2 meters. The output stream from the
stilling basin directly enters into the river. General information about the proposed options is as
follows:
Stream velocity in the beginning of the stilling basin 18.5 m/s
Length of stilling basin 28 m
Tail water Depth 7m
Wall height 9.2 m
Height of chute Blocks 0.7 m
Height of end sill 1.4 m

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To prevent downstream scour of the spillway's stilling basin, the rip rap is used with
the following characteristics:
Rip rap max diameter 0.4 m
Rip rap mean diameter 0.3 m
Rip rap min diameter 0.2 m
Rip rap thickness 0.5 m
Geotextile thickness below the rip rap 4 mm
Geotextile mass per unit area 300 gr.m2
It should be noted, Rip rap layer to within 20 meters downstream of the stilling basin
continues and this layer at the sides of the river rises to a height of 8 meters.

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3-3- Bottom Outlet

Based on the recommendations of international references such as USBR, dam specifications,
the region risk rate and downstream conditions, it is necessary that the rapid depletion of
dam's reservoir are provided in a specified time range. In addition due to the initial filling of the
reservoir and to control conditions for maintaining low water levels in case of dam repairing it
is necessary to Consider a system of a Bottom outlet.
Generally in dams with normal sediment regime, bottom outlet's intake is placed above 50
years deposit sediment and If there is a considerable volume, Other intake may be considered
between the floor of the river and the Previous intake. Based on the 50 years deposit
sediment level being at level 876.2 m.a.s.l, the intake of the bottom outlet is placed at level
877 m.a.s.l on the first berm of dam body. According to the type and size of the dam body, if
required, the input controls are carried from the berm by using a sliding gate and crane which
can block the flow.
After leaving the inlet, the flow passes through a vertical shaft which is guided into the culvert
which is used to divert the flow during the construction phase. Then, among the path, before
reaching the dam axis, by using a contracting transition, flow duct is narrowed and will become
a tube with a diameter of 0.8 m. The control valves are located downstream of the dam and
acts as under pressure flow and then will be directed to the USBR Type VI stilling basin (Impact-
type Stilling Basin). Finally, the flow is discharged into the river using a channel. .
3-3-1- Design criteria
The main criteria considered for the Design and determination of dimensions of the various
components of the bottom outlet system is as follows:
- Bottom outlet discharge capacity is determined so that emptying the reservoir with
the recommendations provided by the USBR for areas with moderate damage and a
high risk match.
- , , Temporary diversion system will be used later as a bottom outlet In order to reduce
administrative costs

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- , water surface elevation of the reservoir level is considered Equal to normal water
level for computing and comparing standards of evacuation.
- To regulate the discharge flow from the outlet, slide gate is used. Immediately
upstream of this gate, another gate is used as an emergency gate.
3-3-2- bottom Outlet Components
Bottom outlet system that designed by considering the secondary use from diversion system,
have the following components:
- bottom outlet's intake is placed at level 877 m.a.s.l
- Inlet control system
- under pressure duct
- gates room
- Stilling basin and outflow channel
3-3-3- Intake
As described in the previous section and based on 50 years deposit sediment level, the inlet of
bottom outlet has been placed at level 877 m.a.s.l. since the bottom outlet system has a
secondary use within the diversion system.
Inlet has a bell- shaped mouth and has been placed By slope of 0 degrees from horizontal .
Specifications of the inlet are as follows.
The openings at the entrance to form a square By dimensions of 4 × 4 would be reduced to a 3
× 3 square by a elliptical convert on top and wings.
At the entrance is located a concrete trash rack with dimensions of 4 x 4. The trash rack
openings dimensions is 40 x 40 cm, and thickness concrete between the openings is 30 cm.
3-3-4- Entrance Blockage Gate and Gate Control Platform
The input controls are carried from the first berm of the dam body. Sliding gate by Using a
crane, carry and guide to the groove, and it will be deployed. The gate size is 3 × 3 (m × m).
3-3-5- Under Pressure Duct
Inflow stream is descend to diversion culvert location using a 90 degree bend attached to a
vertical shaft with a height of 7.5 m as well as , a 90 degree bend that is connected to the

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diversion Culvert. Then flow duct with the same dimensions has been extended to contracting
transition that is placed before the dam axis. It should be noted that this part of the path's
length is 45 m.
At this point, the flow duct by a contracting transition with a length of 3 m is converted into a
Square section with a width of 1 meter and then by a other transition with 1 meter length
converted into a circle section with a diameter of 0.8 m and then placed into the culvert. After
transition to the location of the gate room that is placed in the downstream of dam, the duct
will continue in the same manner.
3-3-6- Gates
Slide gate of a size 0.65 × 0.6 (height × width) meter is used for controlling the flow. The bottom
of the gate, is located at level 865.0 m.a.s.l. If the gate needs to be repaired, flow cut will be
made through an emergency gate. This gate is located upstream of the control valve. In order
to ensure formation a control section over the location of the control valve and prevent
negative pressure in the upstream, emergency valve area is taken to be 10% larger than the
area of the control valve. this valve size is 0.75 × 0.6 (height × width) m. The bottom of the gate,
is located at level 865.0 m.a.s.l. The valve is fully open at all times; however thedownstream
valve can be fully closed during services, inspections or repairs (i.e. maintenance period). It
should be notified that the gate should be chosen in way to be able to control the discharge of
streamflow to satisfy the environmental flow if necessary.
3-3-7- Stilling Basin
A pipe with length of 1.5 m is used to redirect the output of the gate into the stilling basin . An
impact type stilling basin (type VI USBR) has been used for the following reasons:
 Presence of the high speed flow tube
 Existence of spillway stilling basin near this stream and
 the need for energy dissipation in small spaces
, , and, . The specifications of the stilling basin is given in Table 3. Also, in Figure 3, Plans and
section of this Stillingbasin type is presented (Ref added).

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Table 4-Impact-type Stilling Basin

Vmax m/s 13.4 9.85

Qmax cms 5.2 6.31
2
A m 0.4 0.64
D m 0.7 0.80
Fr -- 5.3 3.52
W/D -- 5.9 5.85
W m 3.8 4.68
H m 2.9 3.51
L m 5.1 6.24
a m 1.9 2.34
b m 1.4 1.76
c m 1.9 2.34
d m 0.5 0.59
e m 0.3 0.39
t-min m 0.3 0.39
RipRap-d m 0.2 0.23

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Figure 3-Impact-type Stilling Basin

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To prevent downstream scour of the Bottom outlet's stilling basin, the rip rap is used with the
following characteristics:
Rip rap max diameter 0.15 m
Rip rap mean diameter 0.1 m
Rip rap min diameter 0.05 m
Rip rap thickness 0.2 m
Geotextile thickness below the rip rap 3 mm
Geotextile mass per unit area 300 gr.m2
It should be noted, rip rap continues to place of spillway's stilling basin in the downstream and
this layer at the sides of the river rises to a height of 8 meters.
3-3-8- Bottom Outlet Capacity
The bottom outlet capacity is estimated and determined by using energy relationships
throughout the path system and the duration of unloading reservoir. Bottom outlet's maximum
discharge capacity at fully open control gate and the water level in reservoir at normal water
level (892 m.a.s.l), is estimated to be 5.2 Cubic meters per second (cms) .

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