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Mendez y Jackson - Quartz Lithic Procurement
Mendez y Jackson - Quartz Lithic Procurement
crystal procurement in latest Pleistocene/early Holocene sites in Northern Semiarid
and Mediterranean‐Central Chile
César Méndez Melgar and Donald Jackson
Departamento de Antropología, FACSO, Universidad de Chile. Ignacio Carrera Pinto 1045,
Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile. cmendezm@uchile.cl; djackson@uchile.cl
Keywords: quartz crystal, Pleistocene/Holocene transition, Northern Semiarid Chile.
Quartz crystal is amongst the most conspicuous lithic raw materials recorded at latest
Pleistocene through early Holocene sites between 31‐34° S in Chile (Figure 1). This selectivity
has been noted as significant for other early sites in South America, with special regards to
the fishtail projectile point (FPP) production, at localities such as Quebrada Santa María and
Quebrada Batán in Northern Perú (Briceño 1999, Maggard 2010) and Negro river basin in
Uruguay, among other locations along the Atlantic rim (Nami 2009). It appears that besides
the high quality of some crystalline varieties, aspects related to its alluring properties (ie.
translucency and shininess), may have further motivated its selection (Nami 2009). However,
currently there are no regional‐based schemas with clear radiocarbon chronological frames
for addressing quartz procurement during the period in question.
At 31°50’‐32°, the coastal area around Los Vilos locality (Northern Semiarid region),
quartz is a recurrent extra‐local raw material at sites dated between 12,000‐8500 CALYBP.
These sites show a markedly littoral economic orientation, and are known as the
Huentelauquén Cultural Complex (HCC) (Jackson and Méndez 2005). A total of seven coastal
plus one inland site yielding quartz can be assigned to the HCC either typologically, and/or by
means of radiocarbon dates (Figure 2). Both translucent and non‐translucent quartz varieties
are commonly found in small quantities at surface and stratigraphic contexts, mainly as
debitage, and occasionally as large lanceolate stemmed projectile points (Jackson et al.
1997‐8, 1999, 2009, Méndez 2002, Ballester et al. 2011) (Table 1). The only widely accepted
earlier site in the area, Quebrada Santa Julia (QSJ) (Jackson et al. 2007), yields a fine variety
of quartz crystal in ca. 35% of its debitage, two butchering tools, and two bifacial blanks in a
12,950 CALYBP occupational floor (Méndez 2010).
In order to evaluate regional availability of lithic resources, Méndez et al. (2010)
carried out systematic surface surveys along the area between 31°56’‐32°05’ S where a high
concentration of quartz was located 35 linear km away from the coast. Within the area
sampled, the research team located Valiente (CT14) site where bifacial artifacts and debitage
were observed in an exposed profile. Excavations at the site cover a 9 m2 area, and are
currently not concluded. They revealed a low‐energy clayish sandy alluvial deposit where a
70‐cm thick section yields mainly quartz chipping debris along with bifacial fragments, small
burnt bone fragments, and isolated charcoal particles. Two dates frame this stratigraphic
section: at the top 9970 ±30 RCYBP (UGAMS #7820, δ13C=‐20.5, charcoal) and at the base
10,700 ±30 RCYBP (UGAMS #5887, δ13C=‐23.8, charcoal). This buried context spans from
12,620‐11,380 CALYBP. Two FPP stems and one mid‐section were recorded at the level that
provided the basal age. Since roughly 10 cm are yet to be excavated; we believe there is a
chance of slightly younger deposits, even probably contemporary to those at QSJ.
The depositional context at Valiente suggests a series of repeated
chipping/discarding events, which we preliminarily interpret as evidence of recurrent, yet
discontinuous, occupations characterized by early stages of quartz crystal bifacial production
motivated by the concentration of this high‐quality rock‐type. The local significance of this
site is that it provides evidence linking the inland with the coast within a radiocarbon time
frame. During the latest Pleistocene, quartz in the area was used in both bifacial and
unifacial artifacts as suggested by the evidence gathered at QSJ. At this site, quartz selection
was limited to the highest avalilable quality and comprised a significant proportion of the
lithic raw materials. During the early Holocene, quartz in Los Vilos was solely used in the
production of large bifacial lanceolate stemmed projectile points, exhibits a wider variability,
including non‐translucent varieties, and generally appears in fewer quantities. The latter is
probably related to late‐stage biface transport and incomplete local reduction sequences.
At a wider regional scale, including Mediterranean‐Central Chile, the overall
significance of this results is that radiocarbon ages obtained at Valiente site are in
sinchronicity with those of Taguatagua 2 (Núñez et al. 1994). Besides the evident
morphotypological attributes shared by FPP at both sites, raw material choices were the
same: high quality translucent quartz crystal. However, functional differences are
significantly marked. In the latter case, the context corresponds to a series of mastodon
butchering events where orderly disposed carcasses were associated to very few highly‐
curated lithic tools and almost no lithic debitage (Méndez 2010). This situation differs with
the context described at the Valiente site, thus signaling complementary settlement
funtions. Though currently there is no way of knowing if quartz crystal at Taguatagua came
from the Caimanes‐Tilama source (located 270 km apart), it is important to notice that the
preferential selection of an infrequent variety within a raw material group may be an
appropriate attribute to establish hypothetical links between contemporary sites located far
apart.
Besides the attractive properties of quartz crystal, either economic or other, in the
area of Mediterranean‐Central Chile and particularly at Los Vilos, it constituted a significant
lithic raw material since the latest Pleistocene and through the early Holocene. This rock‐
type was utilized during the first regional exploration and subsecuently ever since. Its
technological use evolved as settlement patterns and economic strategies changed. For Los
Vilos locality and environs, latest Pleistocene groups became familiar with the quartz source
and utilized it opportunistically as suggested by the diverse evidence at QSJ. During the early
Holocene, HCC groups exploited this source reccurently in a more standarized manner, as
suggested by coastal evidence of late stages in projectile points and small amounts of
debitage at several locations. This paper aimed to provide the initial ideas for futher
developing a model of early procurement of critical lithic resources in Nothern Semiarid and
Mediterranean regions in Chile.
Acknowledgments: FONDECYT grant 1090044.
References cited
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Figure 1. Map of South America and Central Chile showing sites with quartz FPP mentioned
in the text. Bifacial artifacts are not drawn to scale.
Figure 2. Map of the study area, circles: sites mentioned in the text, squares: locations
sampled for raw material assessment, gray areas: dune fields, dotted line: area with quartz
occurrence. Bifacial artifacts are not drawn to scale, arrows show fractures.
Site Surface Stratigraphy Distance to source
Table 1. Quartz occurrence at sites in the study area and distance to the Caimanes‐Tilama
source (midpoint: Valiente site), values consider only debitage from excavated samples,
*preliminary data.