‫ﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻮ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻟﺸ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺒ‬‫ﺘ‬
‫ﺍﺧ‬(
1)‫ﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻟﻰﻃﺐﺑﺸ‬
‫ﻭ‬‫ﺍﻻ‬
‫ﻪ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻓ‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬

‫ﺍﺽ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺍﻻ‬
‫ﻠﻢ‬‫ﻮﻱﻋ‬
‫ﻔ‬‫ﺷ‬

‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟﺠﺤ‬
‫ﻴﻢﺍ‬
‫ﻠ‬‫ﻟﺐﺳ‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻄ‬‫ﻤﻞﺍ‬
‫ﻋ‬

Q1.Tal
kaboutabscess?andt
hemostcommonbact
eri
athatcausei
t?

Ans/abscessi
sacol l
ecti
onofpust
hathasbuiltupwithinthetissueofthebody .
Signsandsymptomsofabscessesi
ncluderedness,pain,warmt h,andswell
ing.The
swell
ingmayfeelfl
uid-
fi
ll
edwhenpressed.Theareaofr ednessoftenextends
beyondtheswell
ing

Q2.what
'spneumoni
a?

Ans/Pneumoniaisaninfect
ionthatinf
lamestheairsacsi
noneorbothl
ungs.Theai
r
sacsmayf i
llwi
thfl
uidorpus(purulentmater
ial
),causi
ngcoughwi
thphl
egm orpus,
fever
,chi
ll
s,anddif
fi
cult
ybreathi
ng

Q3./
mostcommoncancerofki
dney
?

Ans/Renal
cel
lcar
cinoma.Renalcel
lcar
cinomaisthemostcommont
ypeofadul
t
ki
dneycancer
,makingupabout85%ofdiagnoses..
..

Ur
othel
i
alcar
cinoma.Thi
sisal
socal
l
edt
ransi
ti
onal
cel
lcar
cinoma

‫ﻮﻱ‬
‫ﻔ‬‫ﻟﺸ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺛ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺒ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺔﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺄ‬
‫ﺍﺳ‬‫ﺔ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺭ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺄ‬‫ﺳ‬.
..

‫ﺍﻝ‬
‫ﻴﻦ‬‫ﺮﻕﺑ‬
‫ﻔ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬gr
adi
ngandst
agi
ng

‫ﺭ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺘﺼ‬
‫ﺍﺧ‬‫ﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﺳ‬TNM

si
gnsofi
nfor
mat
ion

s.

Heat
.

Swel
l
ing.

Pai
n.

Lossoff
unct
ion

‫ﺪﺙ‬
‫ﻴﺤ‬‫ﻴﻒﺑ‬
‫ﻛ‬pai
n

Ans/Whenwef eelpain,suchaswhenwet ouchahotst ove,sensor

yr ecept
orsinour
ski
nsendamessagev i
anervefi
bres(A-delt
afibresandCf i
bres)tothespinalcord
andbrai
nst
em andt henont ot
hebr ai
nwher ethesensationofpainisregist
ered,t
he
i
nformat
ionisprocessedandt hepainisperceived

Q4/
nephr
oti
csy
ndr
ome

Ans/
Nephr
oti
csy
ndr
omei
sacol
l
ect
ionofsy
mpt
omsduet
oki
dneydamage.Thi
s
i
ncludesprotei
nintheuri
ne,
lowbl
oodal
buminlev
els,
highbl
oodli
pids,
and
signi
fi
cantswell
ing.Ot
hersy
mptomsmayincl
udeweightgai
n,f
eel
ingti
red,
and
foamyurine

Q5/
mesot
hel
i
oma

Ans/Mesot
hel
i
omaisat ypeofcancerthatdev
elopsf
rom thethi
nlayeroft
issuet
hat
cover
smanyofthei
nter
nal or
gans(knownast hemesothel
ium).
[9]Themost
commonareaaff
ect
edist hel
ini
ngofthelungsandchestwal

Q6/
hepat
oma

Ans/Hepat
oma, al
soknownashepatocellul
arcar
cinoma( HCC),i
st hemostcommon
pri
marymalignanttumoroft
heliv
er,
ar i
singfrom hepat
icparenchymal cel
l
s
(hepat
ocyt
es);80%areassoci
atedwithunder l
yi
ngchronicli
verdisease,most
commonlycirrhosi
srel
atedt
ohepati
tisBandC( except
ion:rar
efibrolamel
lart
ype

-
hepat
oma،i
sitbeni
gnormal
i
gnant
?

Q7/
eosi
nophi
l
ia

Ans/
Eosi
nophil
iar
efer
stoacondit
ionofhavi
nganincr
easednumbersofeosinophi
ls
i
ntheper
ipher
albl
ood.Whi
tebloodcel
lsareanessent
ial
componentofthecell
ular
i
mmunesy st
em

‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻬ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺒ‬‫ﺒ‬
‫ﺮﺳ‬‫ﻛ‬
‫ﺫ‬‫ﺍ‬

Q3/
mostcommoncanceri
nbl
adder

Ans/ Urot
heli
alcarcinomai sthemostcommont ypeofbl addercancerintheUnited
States.Squamouscel l
carcinoma.Squamouscel lcar
cinomai sassociatedwith
chronicir
ri
tati
onoft hebladder—f ori
nstance,
from ani nfect
ionorfrom long-
ter
m
useofaur inarycatheter

‫ﺄﻝﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻊﺳ‬‫ﺭﺟ‬l
ymphoma‫ﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺮﻕﻭ‬
‫ﻔ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺎﻭ‬
‫ﻬ‬‫ﺍﻋ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﻧ‬
‫ﺍ‬mostcommon

Ans/Lymphomai scancert hatbegi

nsini
nfecti
on-fi
ght
ingcell
softheimmune
syst
em, call
edlymphocytes.Thesecel
lsareinthelymphnodes,spleen,thy
mus,
bonemar row,andotherpartsofthebody.Wheny ouhavelymphoma, ly
mphocyt
es
changeandgr owoutofcont rol

Lymphomaisagr
oupofbl
oodmal
i
gnanci
est
hatdev
elopf
rom l
ymphocy
tes(
aty
pe
ofwhi
tebl
oodcel
l

I
nfect
ionst
hatcancausel
ymphomai
ncl
ude:

Epst
ein–Bar
rvi
rus(
EBV)
,thev
irust
hatcausesgl
andul
arf
ever
...
.

HTLV-1(
humanT-l
ymphot
ropi
cvi
rust
ype1)i
sfoundi
npeopl
ewi
thadul
tT-
cel
l
l
eukaemi
a/l
ymphoma

‫ﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺮﻕﺑ‬
‫ﻔ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬apl
ast
ic‫ﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍ‬hy
popl
ast
ic
Ans/ Apl
asticanemiai
sanacqui r
edorconsti
tuti
onalt
ri
li
neagebonemarrowfai
l
ure
withperipheral
pancyt
openia,evi
denceofcel
lul
arhypopl
asiaofmarrow,
and
replacementofnormalcel
lularel
ementsbyfat..
..I
nothercases,
hypopl
asi
amay
i
nv olveonlyasingl
ecel
ll
ine

‫ﺮﻕ‬
‫ﻔ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻭ‬meni
ngi
ti
s‫ﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍ‬encephal
i
tis

Ans/Meni
ngi
ti
sisaninf
ecti
onofthemeninges,
themembranesthatsur
roundt
he
br
ainandspi
nalcor
d.Encephal
i
tisi
sinf
lammationoft
hebrai
nit
self

‫ﺍﻝ‬
‫ﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻣ‬‫ﻭ‬l
eukopni
a‫ﺎ‬‫ﻬ‬
‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺒ‬‫ﺍﺳ‬
‫ﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻣ‬‫ﻭ‬

Leukopeni
aisacondi
ti
onwhereapersonhasar
educednumberofwhi
tebl
oodcel
l
s.
Thisi
ncreasest
hei
rri
skofi
nfect
ion

‫ﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻣ‬‫ﻭ‬adeni
ti
s‫ﺎ‬‫ﻬ‬
‫ﺒ‬‫ﺒ‬
‫ﻪﻳﺴ‬
‫ﺎﺟ‬‫ﺮﺣ‬
‫ﺜ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﺎﻫ‬
‫ﻣ‬‫ﻭ‬

Ans/Adenit
isi
sageneral
termforaninf
lammati
onofagland.Of
teni
tisusedt
o
ref
ertolymphadeni
ti
swhichi
stheinf
lammati
onofalymphnod

Q4/
Whati
sthephagocy
tosi
s?

Ans/Phagocytosi
sist
henonspecif
iccel
l
ularresponsetoti
ssuedebri
s,pat
hogeni
c
microorgani
sms,andfor
eignmater
ial
,whicharedisposedofi
npreparat
ionfor
fi
broplasi
a

Phagocytosi
sisauniversalcel
lfuncti
on,
whichstart
swiththerecogni
ti
onand
bi
ndingofapar t
icl
e(over0.5µm indiameter
),gener
all
yinareceptor
-dependent
manner,andleadstoit
si nt
ernal
izati
onanddegradat
ion

Q5/
What
'st
het
ypeofacut
enonsuppur
ati
vei
nfl
ammat
ion?

Ans/Non-Suppurat
ivei
nfl
ammat i
onsar edivi
dedi
nto5typesthatisCatarr
hal
i
nfl
ammat ion,Fi
bri
nousinfl
ammationwhi chmaybeserousorser of
ibr
inous,
Membr anousinf
lammation,Hemorrhagicinf
lammati
on,Al
ler
gicinfl
ammat i
on

‫ﻠﺖ‬
‫ﺎﻗ‬‫ﻭﻝﻣ‬
‫ﺍ‬Q3/cat
arr
hal
in

Q2-
Def
ini
ti
onofi
nfl
ammat
ionandt
ypesdi
ff
erentbet
weenacut
echr
oni
c

Ans/
Acut
einf
lammat
ioni
stheear
lyr
esponseoft
heor
gani
sm t
oadv
ersest
imul
i
.

Theacuteinfl
ammat i
onisthefir
stli
neofprotecti
onagainstinj
ury.Acute
i
nflammatoryreact
ionsrequi
reconstantst
imulati
on.I
nfl
ammat orymediator
shavea
shortl
if
ecycl
eandar erapi
dlydegradedint
issue.Ther
efore,acuteinf
lammat i
on
beginstodesi
stwhent hesti
mulusisremoved.

Thechr
oni
cinf
lammat
ioni
sani
nfl
ammat
oryr
eact
iont
hatl
ast
sformont
hsory
ear
s

Theaim ofthechr
onici
nfl
ammati
oni
stol
i
mitandr
emov
etheagent
,whi
chcannot
beremov edbyacut
eresponse

Q6/
Tal
kaboutBer
ret
tesophagus?
Ans/Barrett'
sesophagusi sacondi ti
oninwhi chther
eisanabnor mal (met aplastic)
changeint hemucosal cellsli
ningthelowerpor t
ionoftheesophagus, from nor mal
str
atif
iedsquamousepi thel
ium tosimplecolumnarepi thelium wit
hi nterspersed
gobletcell
st hatarenormallypresentonlyinthesmallint esti
ne,andl argeintestine.
Thischangei sconsideredtobeapr emalignantcondit
ionbecausei ti sassoci ated
wit
hahi ghi ncidenceoffurthertr
ansit
iont oesophageal adenocarcinoma, anof ten-
deadlycancer

Q3/
Stageofpnaumoni
a?

Ans/
pneumoni
ast
age

Congest
ion

RedHepat
izat
ion

Gr
eyHepat
izat
ion

Resol
uti
on

‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟﺠﺤ‬
‫ﻴﻢﺍ‬
‫ﻠ‬‫ﻟﺐﺳ‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻄ‬‫ﻋﻞﺍ‬
‫ﻤ‬

‫ﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣ‬‫ﻳﺶﻋﻼ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺭﻭ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻛ‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻨﻲ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺄ‬
‫ﺳ‬#l
ocal
acut
einf
lammat
ion

Ans/i
nfl
ammat i
on:
Al ocal
izedreacti
onthatproducesr
edness,
war
mth,
swel
l
ing,
and
pai
nasar esul
tofi
nfecti
on,ir
ri
tati
on,ori
njur
y

Q2‫ﺮﻑﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﻳﺶﺗ‬
‫ﺍ‬-COPD

Ans/Chroni
cobstructi
vepulmonarydisease(COPD)isatypeofobstructi
velung
di
seasecharacteri
zedbylong-t
erm br
eathingprobl
emsandpoorai r
fl
ow.Themai n
symptomsincludeshortnessofbreat
handcoughwi t
hsputum pr
oduction.COPDis
aprogressi
vedisease,meaningi
ttypi
callyworsensovert
ime

Q3-pat
hol
ogyofemphy
sema

Ans/Emphysemai sapathologi
cdiagnosisdefi
nedbypermanentenl
argementof
ai
rspacesdist
altothet
erminalbronchi
oles.Thi
sleadstoadramati
cdeclineinthe
al
veolarsur
faceareaavai
lablef
orgasexchange.Further
more,l
ossofalveoli
leadsto
ai
rfl
owl i
mit
ation

3‫ﺍﻝ‬
‫ﻳﺶ‬‫ﺍ‬
-cel
l‫ﻩﻝ‬
‫ﺰ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻤ‬
‫ﻤ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬
Hodgki
n'
sly
mphoma

Ans/Hodgki
nly
mphoma(HL)i
sat y
peofl
ymphomainwhichcanceror
igi
nat
esfr
om
aspecif
icty
peofwhi
tebl
oodcel
l
scall
edl
ymphocy
tesTy
pesofHodgkinlymphoma

nodul
arscl
erosi
scl
assi
cal
Hodgki
nly
mphoma.

mi
xedcel
l
ular
it
ycl
assi
cal
Hodgki
nly
mphoma.

l
ymphocy
te-
ri
chcl
assi
cal
Hodgki
nly
mphoma.

l
ymphocy
te-
depl
etedcl
assi
cal
Hodgki
nly
mphoma
Hodgki
nandReed-
Ster
nber
gcel
l
s

Q2/
syst
emi
cef
fect
sofi
nfl
ammat
ion

Ans/ Chronicsystemicinf
lammation(SI
)ist
heresul
tofr eleaseofpro-
inf
lammatory
cytokinesfrom immune- r
elat
edcell
sandthechroni
cact i
vationofthei
nnatei
mmune
system.I tcancontri
butetothedevel
opmentorprogressionofcertai
ncondit
ions
suchascor onaryheartdi
seas

Q3/
-di
ff
erencebet
weenanapl
asi
aanddy
spl
asi
a

Ans/Anaplasi
acamef rom t heGreekwor ds“ ana”whichmeans“backward”,and
“pl
asi
s”whi chmeans“ formation”;
itl
iter
all
ymeans“ tofor
m backwards”
.Itdescri
bes
cel
lswhichhav elostt
hedi sti
nctcharacter
isticswhichdefi
nethem asparti
cular
ti
ssuetypes.Iti
sacellularstateofpoordifferenti
ati
onThesecell
sarecall
ed
anapl
astic.

Dyspl
asi
acamefrom theGr
eekwords“dys”whi chmeans“ bad”and“
plasis”which
means“for
mati
on”.I
tdescr
ibest
heabnormal arrangementofcell
soratypical
cell
devel
opmentwhi
chmaybecomepr ecur
sorlesionst ocancer

Q4/
Dif
fer
encebet
weenUl
cer
ati
vecol
i
tisandcr
ohndi
seases

Ans/Ul
cerat
ivecoli
ti
sisl i
mit
edtothecolonwhil
eCr ohn'
sdi seasecanoccur
anywherebetweenthemout handtheanus.InCrohn'sdisease,ther
eareheal
thy
part
softheintest
inemi xedi
nbetweeninfl
amedar eas.Ulcerat
ivecoli
ti
s,ont
heother
hand,i
sconti
nuousi nf
lammat i
onofthecolon

Q1/
Dif
fer
encebet
weenexudat
eandt
ransudat
e

Ans/Transudat
eswer ethoughttoresultfrom animbalanceofthehydrostat
icand
osmoticfor
cesinthepleuralcapi
ll
ari
es,leadingtoanincreasedfl
owofl ow-pr
otei
n
l
iqui
dintothepl
euralspace,andexudateswer et
houghtt oresul
tfr
om incr
eased
permeabil
it
yofthecapil
lar
iesinthepleura,leadi
ngtotheaccumul at
ion..

Q2/
leukocy
tosi
sandi
t’
scauses

Ansu/Leukocyt
osisi
saconditioninwhicht
hewhitecel
l(l
eukocy
tecount)i
sabove
thenormalrangeint
heblood.Itisfr
equent
lyasi
gnofaninfl
ammatoryresponse,
mostcommonl yt
heresul
tofinfect
ion

Q3/
-mostcommoncancerofcer
vix

Ans/Mostcerv
ical
cancers)80t
o90percent
)ar
esquamouscellcancer
s.
Adenocar
cinomaisthesecondmostcommontypeofcer
vical
cancer

Q1./
Whatar
ethet
ypesofsuppr
ati
vei
nfl
ammat
ion?

Ans/Suppurati
vei
nfl
ammat i
oni
nvolv
est heproducti
onoflargeamount sofpus.The
generati
onofchemotaxi
nsbybacter
iaresult
sinadenseaccumul ationofneutr
ophi
ls
whichundergoautol
ysi
sbythei
rownl y
sosomal enzymes.Releaseofpr ot
easesand
acti
vatedoxygenmetabol
it
esbyneutr
ophilsresul
tsint
issuedestructi
on
Q2.
/Whatar
ethecompl
i
cat
ionsofacut
einf
lammat
ion?

Ans/
Somepossibl
ecompl
icati
onsofacutei
nfl
ammati
on:
Damaget
onor
mal
tissue.
Obst
ruct
ionoft
ubes,
compressi
onofvit
alst
ruct
ure

Q3.
/Whatar
ethet
ypesofchr
oni
cinf
lammat
ion?

Ans/
Chr
oni
cspeci
fi
cgr
anul
omat
ousandnonspeci
fi
c

Q1‫ﻓﻲﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻳﺶﺗ‬
‫ﺍ‬"/‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻝ‬mul
ti
plemy
loma‫؟‬

Ans/Multi
plemyelomaisacancert
hatformsi natypeofwhit
ebl oodcel
lcall
eda
plasmacell
.Healt
hyplasmacell
shel
py oufighti
nfecti
onsbymaki ngant
ibodi
est
hat
recogni
zeandattackgerms.Inmul
ti
plemy el
oma, cancer
ousplasmacell
s
accumulateint
hebonemar rowandcrowdoutheal t
hybloodcell
s

my el
omadevel
opsi
nBlymphocy
tesaf
tert
heyhav
elef
tthepar
toft
hel
ymphnode
knownasthegermi
nal
cent

‫ﺍﻝ‬
‫ﻳﺶ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻗﻝ‬‫ﻳﻦﺎ‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺑ‬
‫ﻭ‬or
igi
n‫ﺎ؟‬
‫ﻬ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﺣ‬

2‫ﺍﻝ‬
‫ﻴﻦ‬‫ﺮﻕﺑ‬
‫ﻔ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬”acut
e‫ﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍ‬chr
oni
cinf
lammat
ion

‫ﻴﺸﻦ‬
‫ﻣ‬‫ﻔﻼ‬
‫ﻧ‬‫ﻴﻒﺇ‬
‫ﺘ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺭ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻟﺴ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻉ‬‫ﻮ‬
‫ﻧ‬‫ﺍ‬

Q5/
Classi
fi
cat
ionofbr
onchogeni
ccancer
s

Ans/Smal
lcelll
ungcancer(SCLC)andnon-smallcel
llungcancer(NSCLC)ar ethe
twomaintypesofbronchogeni
ccarci
noma.Adenocarcinoma,l
argecellcar
cinoma,
andsquamouscellcarci
nomaar eal
ltypesofNSCLC.Lungandbr onchuscancers
arecommon,accounti
ngf orabout13percentofnew cancercasesi ntheUnited
Stat
es

Q1/
whatar
ethecausesofchr
oni
cinf
lammat
ion

Ans/

1-
progr
essi
onf
rom acut
einf
lammat
ion

2-
recur
rentat
tackofacut
einf
lammat
ion

3-
chr
oni
cinf
lammat
ionf
ormt
hest
art

Q2/
whati
sthal
assemi
a?

Ans/Thal
assemi
aisabl ooddisor
derpasseddownt hr
oughfamil
ies(
inheri
ted)i
n
whichthebodymakesanabnor
mal f
orm ori
nadequat
eamountofhemoglobi
n

Q6/
Howcany
oudi
agnoset
hal
asemmi
a?
Q7/
whati
sthedi
ff
erenceb/
wendomet
ri
osi
sandadenomy
osi
s?

Ans/endometri
osi
sthecel
lsgrow outsi
det heuterusandusuall
yintheov ar
ies,t
he
cavi
ti
esoft hepel
vi
s,andt
hesuppor t
ingligamentsoftheuter
us.Wit
hadenomy osi
s
thecel
lsgrowwithi
nthewal
lsoftheuterus.Asthewallgrowsthi
cker
,itcancause

Q8/
Whati
stheencogen?

Oncogene)

‫ﻮﺻﻒ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬

‫ﻴﻦ‬‫ﻟﺠ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻔ‬
‫ﻮﺻ‬ ‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺭ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻭ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺔ‬
‫ﺛ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻤ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺭ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻴﻦﻫ‬‫ﻡﺟ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻘ‬
‫ﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘﺸ‬‫ﺔﺑ‬‫ﺎﻋ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﻴﻦ ﺻ‬
‫ﺗ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺪﺑ‬‫ﻘ‬
‫ﺘ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻪﻳ‬
‫ﻧ‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﺒﺐ‬‫ﺎﻥﻣﺴ‬‫ﺮﻃ‬‫ﻠﺴ‬
‫ﻟ‬.‫ﺄ‬
‫ﻨﺸ‬‫ﺗ‬
‫ﻩ‬‫ﺬ‬
‫ﺎﺕﻫ‬ ‫ﻨ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟﺠ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺎﺕﻣﻦ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺮﻑﺟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬‫ﻊﺗ‬‫ﺋ‬
‫ﺎﺕﺑﻄﻼ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻟﺠ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺔ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺭ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻬ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﺔﻭﻇ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺎﺳ‬‫ﺍﻷﺳ‬‫ﻜﻢ‬‫ﺘﺤ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺓ‬‫ﺭ‬
‫ﻭ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺓﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﺔﺣ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻟﺨ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺰﻫ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻤ‬‫ﺗ‬
‫ﻭ‬.‫ﻭﺙ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺍﺕﺣ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺔﻃ‬ ‫ﻴ‬
‫ﺛ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻩﻓﻲﻭ‬‫ﺬ‬‫ﺎﺕﻫ‬‫ﻨ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟﺠ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺩﻱ‬‫ﺆ‬‫ﻟﻰﻳ‬‫ﻠﻞﺇ‬‫ﻜﻢﻓﻲﺧ‬‫ﺘﺤ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻤ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﺔﺑ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻠ‬‫ﻟﺨ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻟﻲ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺘ‬
‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺎﺑ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﺗﺤ‬
‫ﺔ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻠ‬‫ﻟﺨ‬‫ﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺮﻃ‬‫ﺳ‬t?Q9/ pneumoni ast
age

Ans/
Congest
ion

RedHepat
izat
ion

Gr
eyHepat
izat
ion

Resol
uti
on

Q10/
Whati
sthemal
i
gnantt
umorofbone?

Ans/Primary benign and malignantbone t umor s are grouped in 15 different

categori
es,incl
udingcart
il
age,osteogeni
c,fi
brogenic,f
ibr
ohisti
ocyti
c, hematopoietic,
giantcel
l,notochordal
,smoothmuscl e,v
ascular,l
i
pogenic,andneur altumors,Ewi ng
sarcoma/primiti
veneuroect
odermal tumor,
mi scel
laneoustumor sandl esi
on

Q11/
whatar
ether
iskf
act
orsofbr
eastcancer
s

Ans/
riskf
act
orf
orbr
eastcancer

Bei
ngaWoman

age

f
ami
l
yhi
stor
y

genet
ic

r
adi
ati
ont
ochestorf
ace

r
ace

ov
erwei
ght

pr
egnancy

Q1-
/causesofpept
icul
cer
?
Ans/
Pepticul
cersareopensorest
hatdevelopont
hei
nsi
del
i
ningofy
ourst
omach
andtheupperport
ionofyoursmal
lint
est
ine.

hemostcommoncausesofpept i
culcersareinfect
ionwitht
hebact
eri
um
Helicobacterpyl
ori(
H.pylor
i)andlong-
term useofnonsteroi
dal
anti
-i
nfl
ammator
y
drugs( NSAIDs)suchasibuprofen(Advi
l,Motri
nIB,other
s)andnapr
oxensodi
um
(Aleve).St
ressandspicyfoodsdonotcausepept i
culcer
s

Q2-
whati
sthedi
ff
erentbet
weent
headenomy
osi
sandendomet
ri
osi
s

Ans/endometri
osi
sthecel
lsgrow outsi
det heuterusandusuall
yintheov ar
ies,t
he
cavi
ti
esoft hepel
vi
s,andt
hesuppor t
ingligamentsoftheuter
us.Wit
hadenomy osi
s
thecel
lsgrowwithi
nthewal
lsoftheuterus.Asthewallgrowsthi
cker
,itcancause

Q3-
/whati
sthedi
spl
asi
a?

Ans/
1 :var
iat
ion in somatoty
pe (
as i
n degr
ee ofectomor
phy
,endomor
phy
,or
mesomor
phy)from onepartofahumanbodytoanot
her

2:
abnor
mal
growt
hordev
elopment(
asofor
gansorcel
l
s)

br
oadl
y:abnor
mal
anat
omi
cst
ruct
ureduet
osuchgr
owt
h

Q4/
Def
ini
ti
onandt
ypespept
icul
cer

Ans/A pepti
culcerisasor eon thelini
ng ofy ourstomach,smalli
ntesti
neor
esophagus.Apepti
culcerinthest
omachi scal
ledagastri
culcer
.Aduodenalul
ceri
s
apepticulcert
hatdevelopsinthefir
stpartofthesmal li
ntest
ine(
duodenum).An
esophagealul
ceroccur
sint hel
owerpartofyouresophagus

Q1/
-what
'st
hesi
gnsofl
ocal
acut
einf
lammat
ion

Ans/
Redness,
,hot
ness,
,swel
l
ing,
,l
ossoff
unct
ion.
,
,Pai
n

Q2‫ﻓﻲﻉ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻳﺶﺗ‬
‫ﺍ‬-
/‫ﻥ‬COPD

Ans/Chroni
cobstructi
vepulmonarydisease(COPD)isatypeofobstructi
velung
di
seasecharacteri
zedbylong-t
erm br
eathingprobl
emsandpoorai r
fl
ow.Themai n
symptomsincludeshortnessofbreat
handcoughwi t
hsputum pr
oduction.COPDis
aprogressi
vedisease,meaningi
ttypi
callyworsensovert
ime

Q3-pat
hol
ogyofemphy
sema

Ans/Emphy semaisapathologi
cdiagnosi
sdefinedbyper manentenlar
gementof
ai
rspacesdist
altothet
erminalbr
onchiol
es.Thi
sl eadstoadramat i
cdeclineinthe
al
veolarsur
faceareaavai
l
ableforgasexchange.Further
more,lossofalveoli
leadsto
ai
rfl
owl i
mit
ation

4‫ﺍﻝ‬
‫ﻳﺶ‬‫ﺍ‬
-cel
l‫ﻩﻝ‬
‫ﺰ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻤ‬
‫ﻤ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬
Hodgki
n'
sly
mphoma

Ans/
Classi
calHodgki
n'
slymphomaisthemor ecommontypeoft
hisdi
sease.Peopl
e
di
agnosedwit
hthisdi
seasehavel
arge,abnor
malcel
lscal
l
edReed-St
ernber
gcellsi
n
t
hei
rly
mphnodes.

Subt
ypesofcl
assi
cal
Hodgki
n'
sly
mphomai
ncl
ude:

Nodul
arscl
erosi
sHodgki
n'
sly
mphoma

Mi
xedcel
l
ular
it
yHodgki
n'
sly
mphoma

Ly
mphocy
te-
depl
etedHodgki
n'
sly
mphoma

Ly
mphocy
te-
ri
chHodgki
n'
sly
mphoma

Q2/
Achal
asi
acauses

Ans/suspecti
tmaybecausedbyal ossofnerv
ecell
sintheesophagus.Thereare
theor
iesaboutwhatcausesthi
s,butvir
alinf
ect
ionoraut
oimmuner esponseshave
been suspect
ed.Veryrarel
y,achal
asia maybe caused byan i
nherit
ed genet
ic
disor
derorinf
ect
ion

achal
asia,i
saf ai
lureofsmoot
hmuscl ef
iberstor
elax,whi
chcancauset
hel
ower
esophagealsphi
nctert
oremai
nclosed.Wi
thoutamodif
ier
,

Q3/
descr
ibet
hemal
i
gnancyt
ransf
ormat
io

Ans/Mal i
gnanttr
ansformat
ionist
heprocessbywhichcellsacquir
etheproper
ti
esof
cancer.Thismayoccurasapr i
maryprocessinnormalt
issue,orsecondar
il
yas
malignantdegenerat
ionofaprevi
ousl
yexist
ingbenignt
umor .

Q4/
whatt
umormar
ker

Ans/subst
ancefoundintissue,bl
ood,bonemarrow,orotherbodyfl
uidsthatmaybe
asignofcancerorcert
ainbenign(noncancer
)condit
ions.Manytumormar kersar
e
pr
oteinsmadebybot hnormal cel
l
sandcancercells,
buttheyaremadei nhigher
amountsbycancercell

Q1)
Fat
eofacut
einf
lammat
ion

Ans/f
oll
owingtheprocessofacutei
nfl
ammat i
on,therear
esever
alpossi
bleresul
ts:
Completer
esolut
ion–wi t
htotalr
epai
randdestructi
onofthei
nsul
t.Fi
brosi
sand
scarf
ormation–occursincasesofsi
gnif
icanti
nflammati
on.Chr
onicinf
lammat i
on
–from apersi
sti
nginsul
t

2Q)
Dif
fer
encebet
weenat
her
oscl
erosi
sandar
ter
iol
oscl
erosi
s

Ans/
Art
eri
oscler
osisisabroadert
ermfort
hecondit
ioninwhi
chthear
ter
iesnar
row
andhar
den,l
eadingtopoorci
rcul
ati
onofbl
oodt
hroughoutt
hebody.

Atheroscl
erosi
sisaspeci
fi
ckindofar
ter
ioscl
erosi
s,buttheset
ermsar
eoftenused
i
nterchangeabl
y.Bot
hcondit
ionsl
eadtodecreasedbloodflowtoot
herpar
tsofthe
body.

Q6Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionsoft
hyr
oidgl
andt
umor
Ans/
5mai
nty
pesoft
hyr
oidcancer
:

Papil
l
aryt
hyr
oidcancer
.Papi
l
lar
ythy
roi
dcancerdev
elopsf
rom f
oll
i
cul
arcel
l
sand
usual
lygr
owslowl
y...
.

Fol
l
icul
art
hyr
oidcancer
...
.

Hur
thl
ecel
lcancer
...
.

Medul
l
aryt
hyr
oidcancer(
MTC)
...
.

Anapl
ast
ict
hyr
oidcancer

Q1-
What
'st
hel
eukemi
aandv
alueofwBc?

Ans/
maj
ort
ypesofl
eukemi
aar
e:

Acutel
ymphocyt
icleukemi
a(ALL)
.Thi
sist
hemostcommont
ypeofl
eukemi
ain
youngchi
l
dren..
..

Acut
emy
elogenousl
eukemi
a(AML)
.AMLi
sacommont
ypeofl
eukemi
a..
..

Chr
oni
cly
mphocy
ticl
eukemi
a(CLL)
...
.

Chr
oni
cmy
elogenousl
eukemi
a(CML

ommonCausesofCancer

Smoki
ngandTobacco.

Di
etandPhy
sical
Act
ivi
ty.

SunandOt
herTy
pesofRadi
ati
on.

Vi
rusesandOt
herI
nfect
io

2-
What
'st
hepneumoni
a?

Pneumoniaisaninfecti
onthatinf
lamestheairsacsinoneorbot
hlungs.Theair
sacsmayf i
l
l wi
thfl
uidorpus( pur
ulentmater
ial
),causi
ngcoughwit
hphlegm orpus,
fever
,chi
l
ls,anddi
fficul
ty

4-
What
'st
hecauseofl
oweresophagl
acal
i
s

Q2/descr
ibet
hemechani
sm ofmal
i
gnancyt
ransf
ormat
ion?

Q11/
Typesofpneumoni
a

t
ypesofpneumoni
aar
ebact
eri
al,
vir
al,
andmy
copl
asmapneumoni
a.

Q12/
Signsofi
nfl
ammat
ionandchar
act
ersofneopl
asm
Ans/
Char
act
eri
sti
csofTr
ansf
ormed(
Neopl
ast
ic)Cel
l
s

Neoplast
iccel
lgrowthi
snotinhibi
tedbycont
actwi
thsur
roundi
ngcel
l
sandi
snot
dependentonanchor
agetoasoli
dsurface.

Neopl
ast
iccel
l
smayat
tai
n"i
mmor
tal
i
ty"ort
heabi
l
ityt
okeepdi
vi
dingi
ndef
ini
tel
y.

Theyar
edi
scohesi
veandt
ranspl
ant
abl
e--
fav
ori
ngi
nvasi
onandmet
ast
asi
s.

Tumorcell
scanbindtol amini
nandfibr
onect
ini
nconnect
ivet
issues,t
hensecr
ete
col
l
agenasesorpr
oteases,andtheni
nvade.

Tr
ansmi
ssi
on

Q1_cl
assi
fi
cat
iont
hei
nfl
ammat
orymedi
ator
s??

Ans/
1-cel
l
s-der
ivedmedi
ator
s

2-
plasma-
prot
ein-
der
ivedmedi
ator
s

Q1compl
i
cat
ionofhy
per
atr
ophyofhear
t

ans/Hyper
trophi
ccardiomyopathy(HCM)i
sadiseaseinwhichtheheartmuscl
e
becomesabnor mall
ythick(
hypertr
ophi
ed)
.Thethi
ckenedheartmusclecanmakei
t
harderf
orthehearttopumpbl ood

Q2/
congest
ivehear
tfai
l
ur

Ans/Congesti
veheartfai
lure(CHF)isachr oni
cprogressiv
econdit
ionthataf
fects
thepumpingpowerofy ourhear tmuscle.Whil
eoftenrefer
redtosi
mpl yasheart
fai
lur
e,CHFspecif
icall
yreferstothestageinwhichfluidbuil
dsupwithint
heheart
andcausesittopumpi neffi
cientl
y.

Q3/
thy
rodi
i
tispat
hol
ogy

Ans/Autoi
mmunet hyr
oidit
isischaracteri
zedbylymphocyt
icinf
il
tr
ati
on,l
ymphoid
fol
li
cl
es.Askanazycell
s,andf ibr
osis,eachtoav ar
iabl
edegree,wit
hatrophyof
fol
li
cl
es.The fi
brobl
asti
cpr ol
ifer
ati
on in Ri
edel
'
sstruma tr
anscendsthe t
hyroi
d
capsul
eandinvol
vesadjacentt
issues

Q١
/whati
sthet
erat
oma

Ans/teratomaisararet ypeoftumort hatcancontai

nfull
ydevel
opedt i
ssuesand
organs,incl
udi
nghair,teeth,muscle,andbone.Teratomasaremostcommoni nt
he
tai
lbone,ovari
es,
andt esticl
es,butcanoccurelsewhereinthebody.Terat
omascan
appearinnewborns,children,oradul
ts.They'
remor ecommoni nfemales

Q2/
whati
sthechr
oni
chepat
it
is

Ans/
Chr
oni
chepati
ti
sisi
nfl
ammati
onofthel
ivert
hatl
ast
satleast6mont
hs.
Commoncausesi
ncl
udehepat
it
isBandCvir
usesandcer
tai
ndrugs
causes

Hepat
iti
sBvi
rus(
HBV)andhepat
it
isCv
irus(
HCV)ar
efr
equentcausesofchr
oni
c
hepat
it
is;

‫ﻧﺖ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻮﻛ‬
‫ﺛ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺒ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺘﻲﺑ‬
‫ﻠ‬‫ﺌ‬
‫ﺍﺳ‬?

Q1/
What
'st
heoncogene?

Ans/oncogenei
sagenet
hathast
hepot
ent
ial
tocausecancer
.

Q2/
what
'st
hedef
ini
ti
onofcy
sti
ti
s?

Ans/
It'
sinf
lammat
ionofur
inar
ybl
adder
.

Q3/
Giv
emet
owi
nvasi
vet
umor
sofbr
east
?

Ans/
1-adenocy
sti
ccar
cinoma

2-
paget
'sdi
seas.

Q4/
Fibr
oadenomai
sbeni
gnt
umorormal
i
gnant
?

Ans/
beni
gn

Qs/
Typesofi
nfl
ammat
ion

Ans/
Acut
aandchr
oni
c

Qs/
Cri
ter
iaofneopl
asi
a

Ans/
feat
uresofmal
i
gnantneopl
asmsi
ncl
ude:

I
ncr
easednucl
earsi
ze(
wit
hincr
easednucl
ear
/cy
topl
asmi
crat
io-
-N/
Crat
io)
.

Var
iat
ioni
nnucl
earorcel
lsi
ze(
pleomor
phi
sm)
.

Lackofdi
ff
erent
iat
ion(
anapl
asi
a).

I
ncreasednucl
earDNAcont
entwi
thsubsequentdar
kst
aini
ngonHandEsl
i
des
(
hyperchr
omatism)

Q/
ypesofcol
onpol
ypt

Ans/Therearetwomai ncat
egori
esofpolyps,non-neopl
asti
candneopl
asti
c.Non-
neopl
asti
c pol yps i ncl
ude hyperpl
ast
ic polyps, infl
ammator
y polyps and
hamartomatouspolyps.Thesetypesofpolypstypi
call
ydonotbecomecancerous.
Neoplast
icpoly
psincludeadenomasandserrat
edt y
pes

1 what
'spat
hwayspr
eadoft
umor
s?

Ans/ar
et hr
eepr i
mar ywayst umorscanspr ead to dist
antor
gans:Thr
oughthe
cir
cul
ator
y(blood)syst
em (hematogenous)Throughthel y
mphat
icsyst
em.Thr
ough
thebodywalli
ntotheabdominalandchestcavi
ties(
transcoel
omi
c
2 what
'st
hemostcommoncancerofor
alcav
ity
?

Ans/Squamouscel
lcar
cinomai
sthemostcommont
ypeofmout
hcancer
,
account
ingf
or9outof10cases

l
ocat
ions

Tongue.

Tonsi
l
s.

Or
ophar
ynx.

Gums

causes

Usi
ngtobacco,incl
udi
ngcigar
ett
es,ci
gar
s,pi
pes,chewi
ngt
obacco,andsnuf
f,i
sthe
si
ngl
elargestr
iskfact
orf
orheadandneckcancer

3 what
'st
heI
nfl
ammat
orybowel
disease?

Ans/I
nflammat or
ybowel disease(I
BD)isat er
mf ortwocondit
ions(Cr
ohn'
sdi
sease
andulcerati
vecoli
ti
s)thatarecharact
erizedbychroni
cinf
lammat i
onofthe
gast
rointest
inal(
GI)tr
act.1Pr ol
ongedinflammati
onresul
tsindamaget ot
heGIt
rac

‫؟‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺫ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻤ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺃ؟ﻭ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﺍﺳ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻬ‬
‫ﻳ‬‫ﺃ‬
‫ﻭ‬

1‫ﺍﻝ‬
‫ﻴﻦ‬‫ﺮﻕﺑ‬
‫ﻔ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬-
nephr
oti
c‫ﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍ‬nephr
it
ic

Nephroti
csyndromei sacoll
ecti
onofsymptomsduetokidneydamage.This
i
ncludesprotei
nintheur i
ne,
lowbloodal
buminlev
els,
highbloodli
pids,
and
signi
fi
cantswell
ing.Othersy
mptomsmayi ncl
udeweightgai
n,feel
ingti
red,
and
foamyurine

Acutenephri
ti
csyndromeisagroupofsy
mptomst
hatoccurwi
thsomedisor
der
s
that cause swel
li
ng and i
nfl
ammati
on of t
he gl
omerul
iin the ki
dney
,or
glomerul
onephr
it
is

2‫ﺍﻝ‬
‫ﻳﻒ‬‫ﺮ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﺗ‬-endomet
ri
osi
s

endometri
osisthecell
sgrow outsi
det heuter
usandusuallyintheov ari
es,the
cavi
ti
esoft hepel
vi
s,andt
hesupporti
ngl i
gament
softheuter
us.Wit
hadenomy osi
s
thecel
lsgrowwithi
nthewal
lsoftheuter
us.Asthewal
lgrowsthi
cker
,itcancause

Whati
scar
diachy
per
trophywi
thi
tscompl
i
cat
ions

Cardi
achypert
rophyistheabnormalenlar
gement,
orthi
ckeni
ng,ofthehear
tmuscl
e,
resul
ti
ngfr
om increasesincardi
omy ocyt
esizeandchangesinotherhear
tmuscl
e
components,
suchasext r
acel
lul
armat r
ix

Q/
Def
inemy
ocar
dit
is
Ans/
Myocar
dit
is:
Inf
lammat
ionoft
hemy
ocar
dium,
thehear
tmuscl
e.

My ocar
diti
scanbecausedbyanumberofdi
ffer
entcondi
ti
ons.Themostcommon
causeisinfect
ionoft
hehear
tmuscl
ebyav i
rus

Q/
Compl
i
cat
ionofR.
F

Ans/compli
cat
ionofr heumat i
cfever,scar
ri
ngofhear tval
vesfol
lowi
ngr heumat
ic
i
nflammati
on,primaril
y af f
ects mit
raland aort
icv al
ves,cl
ini
caloutcome:val
ve
regur
git
ati
onorstenosis>>event
uall
yleadstohear
tfai
l
ur e

‫ﺍﻝ‬
‫ﺮﻑ‬‫ﻋ‬Q7/l
obarpneumoni
a

Ans/i
tisacut
ediff
usef
ibr
inpur
ulenti
nfl
ammat
ii
naf
fect
ingal
argepor
ti
onoran
ent
ir
elobeofl
ung

‫ﺍﻝ‬
‫ﺓ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﺎﻫﻲﻣ‬
‫ﻣ‬Q/gr
eyhepat
izat
ion

Ans/Thelungswi
l
l appeartobeagr ay
ishbrownory el
lowcolorbecauseofthe
di
sintegr
ati
onofr
edcel l
s.Yourlungswil
lalsoappeartobepaleranddriert
hanusual
.
Therewill
beapersist
enceoffibri
nexudateduri
ngthisstag

‫ﺍﻝ‬
‫ﺮﻑ‬‫ﻋ‬Q6/ar
thr
it
is

Ans/i
st he swel
li
ng and tender
ness ofone ormore ofy ourjoint
s.The main
symptomsofar t
hri
ti
sar ej
ointpainandst
iff
ness,whi
chtypi
call
ywor senwithage.
Themostcommont ypesofart
hri
ti
sareost
eoart
hri
ti
sandrheumatoidarthr
it
is

Q1)t
ypeofi
nfl
ammat
ion

Ans/
Acut
eandchr
oni
c

2)Q/‫ﻋ‬
‫ﺘﻲ ﻦ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ ﺳ‬subacut
einf
lammat
ion?

Ans/Thei nit
iali
nfl
ammat i
onphaseconsi stsofthreesubphases:acute,subacute,
and chronic( orpr
oli
ferat
ive)
.Theacut ephaset ypical
lylasts1–3 day sand i s
charact
erizedbythefi
v ecl
assiccl
i
nicalsi
gns:heat,redness,swel
l
ing,
pain,andloss
offunct
ion.Thesubacutephasemayl astf
r om 3–4day sto~1moandcor responds

Q3)what
'sdy
spl
asi
a?

Ans/Dy spl
asi
aisanyofv ari
oustypesofabnormalgrowthordevelopmentofcell
s
(microscopi
c scal
e)and/ ororgans (
macroscopi
c scale)
,and/ort he abnor
mal
hist
ologyoranatomical
str
uctur
epresumabl
yresult
ingfr
om suchgrowth

Q4)t
ypesofgr
anul
om

Ans/Si
xt ypesofgr anulomatousskinlesionsareidenti
fi
edaccordi
ngt ocel
lul
ar
consti
tuentsandassociatedchanges:1)tuber
culoi
d,2)sarcoi
dal
,3)necr
obi
oti
c,4)
suppurati
ve5)for
eignbodyand6)hi st
oidtypegranul
oma(3,4

5)t
hyr
oidcancer
s?
Ans/The fourmai nt ypes are papill
arythy r
oid cancer,foll
icul
art hy
roi
d cancer
,
medullarythyr
oidcancer,andanaplasticthyroi
dcancer .Diagnosisisoft
enbasedon
ul
trasoundandf i
neneedleaspiration.Screeningpeopl ewithoutsy mptomsandat
normal r
iskforthedi
seasei snotrecommendedasof

6)br
eastcancer
s

Ans/
Breastcanceriscancerthatdevelopsfrom br
eastti
ssue.Si
gnsofbreastcancer
mayincl
udeal umpinthebr east
, achangeinbreastshape,di
mpli
ngoftheskin,fl
uid
comi
ngf r
om thenippl
e,anewl yinver
tednipple,
oraredorscalypat
chofskin.

‫ﺍﻝ‬
‫ﺓ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﺎﻫﻲﻣ‬
‫ﻣ‬gr
eyhepat
izat
ion

Ans/Thel ungswillappeartobeagr ayi

shbr ownory ell
ow col
orbecauseoft he
di
sintegr
ationofr
edcel l
s.Yourlungswil
lalsoappeartobepal
eranddri
erthanusual
.
Therewill
beaper sist
enceoffibri
nexudateduri
ngthisstag

‫ﺍﻝ‬
‫ﺮﻑ‬‫ﻋ‬Q1/ar
thr
it
is

def
ini
ti
onofar
thr
it
is

Ans/i
stheswel
l
ingandtendernessofoneormoreofy ourjoint
s.Themain
symptomsofar
thr
it
isarejoi
ntpainandsti
ff
ness,whichtypical
lywor
senwithage.
Themostcommont ypesofarthr
it
isar
eosteoar
thri
ti
sandr heumatoidar
thr
it
is.

Q3/
Classi
fi
cat
ionsoft
hyr
oidgl
andt
umor

Ans/The fourmaint ypes ar

e papill
arythyroi
d cancer,foll
icul
arthyroi
d cancer
,
medullar
ythyr
oidcancer,andanaplast
icthyr
oidcancer.Diagnosisisof
tenbasedon
ul
trasoundandfi
neneedleaspirat
ion

‫ﺍﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻉ‬‫ﻮ‬
‫ﻧ‬‫ﺍ‬
Q4/l
eukemi
a

Ans/Leukemi
aisat y
peofcancerfoundiny
ourbloodandbonemar
rowandi
s
causedbytherapi
dproduct
ionofabnormalwhi
tebloodcel
l
s

Atthetimeofdiagnosis,pati
entscanhavever
y,v eryhi
ghwhit
ebloodcel
lcounts.
Typi
call
yaheal t
hyper sonhasawhi teblood cellcountofabout4,
000-11,
000.
Pati
entswit
hacuteorev enchroni
cleukemi
amaycomei nwit
hawhi t
ebloodcell
countupint
othe100,000-400,
000range

‫ﻡ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﻮﺳ‬
‫ﻣ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺮ‬
‫ﺎﻛ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻔ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﻠ‬
‫ﻔ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻠ‬‫ﺌ‬
‫ﻭﺳ‬

‫ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟﺠﺤ‬
‫ﻴﻢﺍ‬
‫ﻠ‬‫ﻟﺐﺳ‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻄ‬‫ﻋﻞﺍ‬
‫ﻤ‬

1 What
'st
hemostcommoncauseofmal
ganacy

Q/
2Compl
i
cat
ionofBeni
gnpr
ost
ati
chy
per
plasi
a?

Ans/
Benignpr
ost
ati
chyper
plasia(BPH)rar
elyhascompli
cat
ions.Whenitdoes,
they
ar
eoftenduetosever
eobstructi
onoftheurinefl
ow.Thesecompli
cati
onsincl
ude:
Compl
etebl
ockageoft
heur
ethr
a(acut
eur
inar
yret
ent
ion,
orAUR)
.

Q/
3Ty
pesofcol
onpol
yps

ANS/Therearetwomai ncat
egori
esofpolyps,non-neopl
asti
candneopl
ast
ic.Non-
neopl
asti
cpolypsincludehyper
plasti
cpoly
ps, i
nfl
ammat orypol
ypsand
hamart
omat ouspolyps.Thesetypesofpolypstypi
call
ydonotbecomecancerous.
Neopl
asti
cpol y
psincludeadenomasandser r
atedtypes

Q/
4col
orect
alcar
cinoma

Q/
Modeoft
ranspor
tofHBVHCV

Ans/Hepat
it
isBisspreadwhenblood,semen,
orot
herbodyfl
uidi
nfect
edwiththe
hepati
ti
sBvir
usentersthebodyofsomeonewhoisnotinf
ect
ed.Peopl
ecanbecome
i
nfectedwi
ththevi
rusfrom:Bir
th(spr
eadfr
om ani
nfect
edmothertoherbabydur
ing
bi
rth)Sexwi
thaninfect
edpartner
.

hepati
ti
sCv i
rusisusuall
yspreadwhensomeonecomesi ntocont
actwithblood
fr
om an i nfect
ed person.This can happen thr
ough:►Shar i
ng drug-
inj
ecti
on
equipment.Today,mostpeopl
ebecomei nf
ectedwit
hhepatit
isCbyshar
ingneedles,
syr
inges,oranyotherequi
pmentusedtoprepareandinj
ectdr
ugs

‫ﺍﻝ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻦ‬
Q/t
ruma‫ﻴﺸﻦﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻤ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻔ‬
‫ﻧ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻌﻞﻣﻦﻧ‬
‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳﺶﺗ‬
‫ﺍ‬br
east

Ans/Whatist r
aumat ot hebreast?Traumaticbreasti
njur
ycanbet heresul
tof
anyt
hingthatcausesdamaget othebreastt
issue.Mosttr
aumaticbr
eastinj
uri
esdo
notcausesigni
fi
cantsi
deeffect
s,butrar
ecompl i
cati
onscanincl
udesever
ebleedi
ng.
Noresearchsuggestsbr
eastinj
urycancausecancer

‫ﻧﻲﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺄ‬‫ﺳ‬

Q/
(Cer
vical
int
raepi
thel
i
alneopl
asi
a=CI
N)

Ans/
mostcommoncausesofCI
N

Somest r
ains,suchasHPV-16andHPV- 18,
aremor el
ikel
ytoinf
ectt
herepr
oduct
ive
tr
actinwomenandcauseCI N.Iti
st houghtthatmorethan75%ofwomenwhoar e
sexual
lyacti
vear ei
nfect
edwithHPVatsomepoi nti
nt i
me.About50%oftheHPV
i
nfecti
onsoccurinwomenbet weentheagesof15and25

‫ﺍﻝ‬
‫ﻳﺶ‬‫ﺃ‬
‫ﻭ‬،‫ﻮ‬
‫ﻳﺶﻫ‬
‫ﺃ‬‫ﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻗﻝ‬‫ﺎ‬gr
ades‫ﺑﺲ‬.
.‫ﻪ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺃﻫﻢﺳ‬
‫ﻳﺶ‬‫ﺃ‬
‫ﻭ‬،‫ﺣ‬
‫ﻪ‬
‫ﻘ‬.

‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻭ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻳ‬
‫ﺰ‬‫ﺓﻳ‬‫ﺮ‬
‫ﺗ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻛ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺔﻭ‬‫ﺑ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺎﻹﺟ‬‫ﻮﻝﺑ‬
ّ
‫ﺎﻥﻳﻄ‬‫ﻌ ﺾﻛ‬
‫ﺒ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬..‫ﻛﻢ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻤﺸ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻭﻫﻢﻋ‬،‫ﺔ‬‫ﻤ‬
‫ﻠ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ﻮﺑ‬
‫ﺘﻰﻟ‬
‫ﻷﻕﺣ‬
‫ﺍﺏﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﻟﺠ‬
‫ﺍﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬
‫ﺒ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺍﺗﺠ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﻭ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺣ‬
‫ﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺒ‬‫ﺍﻗ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﻠ‬
‫ﻠﻲﺩﺧ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺎﺱ‬‫ﻨ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻪﻣﻦ‬‫ﺗ‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬
‫ﺍﺳ‬‫ﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺬ‬‫؛ﻫ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻠ‬
‫ﺌ‬‫ﺎﻷﺳ‬‫ﻩﺑ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﻮﻫ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻳ‬
..

‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﻠ‬
‫ﻨﺠﺢﻛ‬
‫ﺎﺭﺏﻧ‬،
‫ﻴﻖﻳ‬‫ﻓ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺑ‬..

Q/
ther
iskf
act
orsofat
her
oscl
erosi
s?
Ans/
1-Hy
per
teni
on-
2-hy
per
li
pidemi
a

3-
Diabet
esmel
l
itus-
4--
cigar
ett
esmoki
ng

5-
Incr
easi
ngage6-
sex:
mal
emort
hef
emal
e

Q1/
Whatar
ethecompl
i
cat
ionsofr
heumat
icheatdi
sease?

Ans/
1-ar
rht
hmi
as

2-
acut
ehear
tfai
l
ure

3-
embol
i
sm

4-
inf
act
ivei
endocar
dit
is

5-
cngest
edl
ungandpul
monar
yhy
per
tensi
on

Q2/
WhatdouknowaboutHodgki
nly
mphoma?

Q3/
Whati
stheneut
rophi
l
a?andwher
edoesi
toccur?
whatar
eit
scauses?

Q1-
/si
tesandcauseofpept
icul
cer

ANS/
1-f
ir
stpar
tofduodenum

2-
stomachusual
l
ytheant
rum

3-
lowerpar
toesophagus

4-
duodenum ،
stomachorj
ujunm i
npat
ientwi
thzol
l
ingerel
l
isonsy
ndr
om

‫ﻧﺖ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻮﻛ‬
‫ﺛ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺒ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺘﻲﺑ‬
‫ﻠ‬‫ﺌ‬
‫ﺍﺳ‬

Q1/
What
'st
heoncogene?

Ans/oncogenei
sagenet
hathast
hepot
ent
ial
tocausecancer
.

Q2/
what
'st
hedef
ini
ti
onofcy
sti
ti
s?

Ans/
It'
sinf
lammat
ionofur
inar
ybl
adder
.

Q3/
Giv
emet
owi
nvasi
vet
umor
sofbr
east
?

Ans/
1-adenocy
sti
ccar
cinoma

2-
paget
'
sdi
seas.

Q4/
Fibr
oadenomai
sbeni
gnt
umorormal
i
gnant
?

Ans/
beni
gn
3-whatdoy
ouknowabouti
schemi
chear
tdi
sease?

Ans/Ischemi cmeanst hatanorgan(e.g.,t

heheart)isnotget
ti
ngenoughbloodand
oxygen.I schemic heartdisease,also call
ed coronar
y heartdi
sease (
CHD)or
cor
onar yarterydi
sease,ist
heterm gi
v entohear
tproblemscausedbynar
rowed

‫ﺮﻑﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﻳﺶﺗ‬
‫ﺍ‬،SCA

TERTOMA ‫ﻪ‬
‫ﻮﻋ‬‫ﻳﺶﻧ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻴﻦﻭ‬
‫ﻓ‬

Ans/t
ypeofger m cel
ltumort
hatmaycontai
nsever
aldi
ff
erentty
pesoftissue,
such
ashair
,muscle,andbone.Ter
atomasmaybemat ur
eorimmat ur
e,basedonhow
normalthecell
slookunderamicr
oscope.Somet
imester
atomasareami xofmat ur
e
andimmat ur
ecells

Q/
Typest
erat
omas

Ans/
eit
hermat
ureori
mmat
ure

Mat
uret
erat
omasar
eusual
l
ybeni
gn(
notcancer
ous)
.

I
mmat
uret
erat
omasar
emor
eli
kel
ytodev
elopi
ntoamal
i
gnantcancer
.

Teratoma causes.Ter
atomas resul
tfrom a compl i
cati
on int
he body'
s growt
h
process,inv
olvi
ngthewaythaty ourcell
sdiffer
ent
iat
eandspeci al
i
ze.Terat
omas
ari
sei nyourbody'
sger
m cel
ls,whichar
epr oducedveryearl
yint
hedevel
opmentof
thefetus

Q??
/‫ﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺮﻕﺑ‬
‫ﻔ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺍ‬Angi
naandMI

Ans/Angina,alsocalledangi
napectoris,i
softendescr
ibedassqueezi
ng,pressure,
heaviness,t
ightnessorpaininyourchest.Somepeoplewithanginasymptomssay
anginafeelsli
keav i
sesqueezi
ngtheirchestoraheavyweightly
ingontheirchest.
Anginamaybeanew pai nthatneedst obecheckedbyadoct or,orr
ecur
ringpain
thatgoesawaywi t
htreat
ment

my ocardi
alinf
arct
ion(MI)
,commonl yknownasahear tat
tack,occur
swhenbl ood
fl
owdecr easesorstopstoapar toft
heheart
,causingdamaget otheheartmuscle.
Themostcommonsy mptom i
schestpainordiscomfortwhichmayt r
aveli
ntothe
shoulder,
arm,back,neckorjaw

‫ﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻋ‬‫ﻮ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺄ‬
‫ﻮﺳ‬ ‫ﺛ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺒ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺓ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺗ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻛ‬
‫ﺩ‬cancer‫ ﺣﻖ‬pr
ost
ate‫ﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍ‬goi
ter‫ﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻭﻋ‬l
i
verci
rr
hosi
s‫ﺍ ﺽ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺍﻷﻋ‬
‫ﺎﺏ‬‫ﺒ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳ‬
‫ﻴﺲ‬‫ﺎﺳ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻭ‬

Ans/mostcommoncausesofci r
rhosisoftheli
verar
e:Alcoholabuse(al
cohol-
rel
atedli
verdiseasecausedbyl
ong-term[chr
oni
c]useofalcohol
).Chroni
cv i
ral
i
nfecti
onsoftheliv
er(
hepati
ti
sBandhepati
ti
sC).Fat
tyl
i
verassoci
atedwi
thobesity
anddiabet
esand

mostcommoncauseofgoi
tersworl
dwi
deisalackofi
odi
neint
hediet
.Int
heUni
ted
St
ates,wher
etheuseofi
odizedsal
tiscommon,agoit
erismoreoft
enduetothe
ov
er-orunder
product
ionoft
hyr
oidhor
monesort
onodul
esi
nthegl
andi
tsel
f.
27

‫ﻧﻲﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺄ‬‫ﺳ‬i
rondef
ici
encyanemi
a ‫ﻳﻒ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺗ‬

Ans/I
ron-def
iciencyanemiai
sanemi acausedbyal ackofi
ron.Anemiai
sdefinedas
adecreaseinthenumberofr edbloodcell
sort heamountofhemoglobi
nintheblood.
Whenonseti sslow,symptomsareof t
env aguesuchasfeel
ingti
red,
weak,shortof
br
eath,orhavingdecreasedabi
li
tytoexercise

causes

slowchr onicbloodlosswi t
hinthebody—suchasfr
om apepti
culcer,
ahi at
al her
nia,
acol onpolyporcolorectalcancer—cancausei
rondef
ici
encyanemia.
Gastr oi
ntest
inalbl
eedingcanr esul
tfr
om r
egul
aruseofsomeover-t
he-counterpain
reli
evers,especial
l
yaspirin.Alackofir
oni
nyourdi
et

‫ﺍﻝ‬‫ﻭﻋﻦ‬causes‫ﻘﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻫﻢ ﺷﻲﺗ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺒ‬
‫ﺎﻃ‬‫ﻬ‬
‫ﻘ‬‫ﺣ‬chr
oni
cbl
oodl
oss‫ﻠﺖ‬
‫ﺒﻂﻗ‬
‫ﻟﻀ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻦﺑ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻠﻲﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻗ‬‫ﻭ‬Gi
t.
..‫ﻗﻝ‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻡ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻤ‬‫ﺗ‬

Ans/sl
owchroni
cbloodlosswit
hinthebody—suchasfrom apepticul
cer,ahiatal
herni
a,acol
onpolyporcol
orect
alcancer—cancauseir
ondefi
ciencyanemia.
Gastr
oint
est
inal
bleedi
ngcanresul
tfrom r
egul
aruseofsomeover-the-
counterpain
rel
i
evers,
especi
all
yaspi
ri
n.Alackofironi
nyourdi
et

1-Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofOv
ari
anneopl
asm

Ans/herear
efourhistogeneti
ccategori
esofpri
mar yov ar
iantumours:
neoplasmsof
germ cel
lor
igi
n,neoplasmsofcelomi c(ger
minal
)epitheli
um andit
sderivati
ves,
neoplasmsofspecial
izedgonadalstroma(sexcordsandmesenchy me) ,and
neoplasmsofnon-special
izedgonadalstr
omalandhet erotopi
cel
ement s.

2-chr
oni
chepat
it
isandi
t'
scauses?

Ans/Chroni
chepat i
ti
si si
nfl
ammati
onoft hel i
verthatlast
satl east6months.
Commoncausesi ncl
udehepati
ti
sBandCv i
rusesandcer t
aindr
ugs.Mostpeopl
e
havenosy mptoms,butsomehav evaguesympt oms,suchasagener alf
eel
i
ngof
i
ll
ness,poorappet
ite,andf
ati
gue.

3-compr
omi
seanddecompr
omi
semechani
smsi
nhear
tfai
l
ure?

‫ﻠﺐ‬
‫ﻘ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺘﻲﺗﺤﺼﻞﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻐ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻵﻪﻭ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﺮﺡ‬
‫ﺍﺷ‬

4-Ty
pesoft
hyr
oidcar
cinoma?

Ans/Autoi
mmunet hyr
oidit
isischaracteri
zedbylymphocyt
icinf
il
tr
ati
on,l
ymphoid
fol
li
cl
es.Askanazycell
s,andf ibr
osis,eachtoav ar
iabl
edegree,wit
hatrophyof
fol
li
cl
es.The fi
brobl
asti
cpr ol
ifer
ati
on in Ri
edel
'
sstruma tr
anscendsthe t
hyroi
d
capsul
eandinvol
vesadjacentt
issues

‫ﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺮﻕﺑ‬
‫ﻔ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻻﻝﻛ‬
‫ﺍﺍﻭ‬
‫ﺆﻝ‬
‫ﻟﺴ‬‫ﺍ‬gr
anul
oma‫ﻭ‬gr
anul
omat
ous
‫ﺍﻉ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﻧ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺜ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺍﻝ‬
‫ﺆ‬‫ﻟﺴ‬
‫ﺍ‬ast
hma

Q/
typesofast
hma

Ans/
1-Al
l
ergi
cast
hma.

2-
Seasonal
'ast
hma.

3-
Occupat
ional
ast
hma.

4-
Non-
all
ergi
cast
hma.

5-
Exer
cisei
nduced'
ast
hma.

6-
Dif
fi
cul
tast
hma.

7-
Sev
ereast
hma.

8-
'
Bri
tt
le'
ast
hm

‫ﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻟﺚﻛ‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺜ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻝ‬‫ﺆ‬
‫ﻟﺴ‬‫ﺍ‬
processofacut
einf
lammat
ion

Ans/
1-shor
tdur
ati
onf
rom f
ewmi
nut
esupt
oaf
ewday
s

2-
exudat
ionoff
lui
dandpl
asmapr
it
ein

3-
neut
rophi
l
icl
eukocy
teaccmul
ati
on

Q/
Transmi
ssi
onofhepat
it
isBv
irus?

Ans/
par
ent
eral
&sexual

Q/
Liv
erci
rr
hosi
s?

Ans/Ci
rr
hosisisalat
estageofscar
ri
ng(f
ibr
osis)oft
hel
ivercausedbymanyf
orms
ofl
iv
erdiseasesandcondi
ti
ons,
suchashepati
ti
sandchr
onicalcohol
i
sm

Q/
Typesofl
ymphoma?

Ans/hodgki
n'
sly
mphoma‫ﻭ‬non-
hodgki
n'
sly
mphoma

Q/
Typesofhodgki
n'
sly
mphoma?

Ans/
1-Nodul
arscl
erosi
s

2-
Lymphocy
tepr
edomi
nant

3-
Lymphocy
tedepl
eted

4-
Mixescel
l
ular
it
y

‫ﻗﻝ‬
‫ﺔﻭﺎ‬
‫ﺛ‬‫ﻗﻢﺛﻼ‬
‫ﺎﻓﻲﺭ‬
‫ﻧ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺭﻭ‬‫ﻮ‬
‫ﺘ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﺪ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﺎﻃ‬
‫ﻗ‬

Q/
Giv
emet
hemostchar
act
eri
sri
cmi
croscopi
cfeat
ureofnodul
arscl
erosi
sty
pe?
Ans/
Lacunarcel
s

Q1)Chr
oni
cgast
ri
ti
s,t
ypesandcompl
i
cat
ions

Ans/Chronicgast
ri
ti
sisalong-t
erm condi
ti
oninwhichthemucuslinedlay
erofthe
stomach,alsoknownasthegastri
cmucosa, i
sinfl
amedorirr
it
atedoveralonger
peri
odoft i
me.Symptomst endtoappearsl
owly,overt
ime.

Chr
oni
cgast
ri
ti
scausedbyHpy
lor
iinf
ect
ion–Thi
sist
hemostcommoncauseof
chr
oni
c

Q2)
compl
i
cat
ionsofbeni
ngpr
ost
ati
chy
per
plasi
a

Ans/
dysur
ia,
hemat
uri
a,
cyst
it
is,
renal
fai
l
ure

Q5/
what
eist
heanemi
a..
.andi
tst
ypes?

Ans/
conditi
oncausedbyal
ackofr
edbl
oodcel
l
sandchar
act
eri
zedbyweakness
andbreat
hlessness

1-
Def
ici
encyanaemi
a

2-
Hemol
yti
canaemi
a

3-
Bonemar
rowhy
pof
unct
ionanaemi
a

4-
Bloodl
oss

Q6/
what
eisl
eukemi
a?

Ans/Leukemi
aisat y
peofcancerfoundiny
ourbloodandbonemar
rowandi
s
causedbytherapi
dproduct
ionofabnormalwhi
tebloodcel
l
s

Atthetimeofdiagnosis,pati
entscanhavever
y,v eryhi
ghwhit
ebloodcel
lcounts.
Typi
call
yaheal t
hyper sonhasawhi teblood cellcountofabout4,
000-11,
000.
Pati
entswit
hacuteorev enchroni
cleukemi
amaycomei nwit
hawhi t
ebloodcell
countupint
othe100,000-400,
000range

Q7/
art
hri
ti
sisacut
eorchr
oni
c

Ans/
iti
sinf
lammat
ionoft
hej
oint
s

-
Acut
e:-
suppur
ati
ve,
nonsuppur
ati
ve

-
Chr
oni
c:-
specf
ic,
nonspeci
fi
c

Q8/
rheumat
oidar
thr
it
isi
saut
oimmuneornot?

Ans/Rheumat oidart
hri
ti
s(RA)isal ong-
term autoi
mmunedi sordert hatpr
imari
l
y
af
fectsjoi
nts.Itty
pical
l
yresultsinwarm, swoll
en,andpai
nfuljoints.Painand
st
if
fnessoftenwor senfol
lowingrest.Mostcommonl y,t
hewr i
standhandsar e
i
nvolved,wi
tht hesamejoint
st ypi
call
yinvolv
edonbot hsi
desoft hebody

Q1/Hodgki
nly
mphomaandi
tst
ypes
Ty
pesofHodgki
nly
mphoma

Ans/nodul
arscler
osi
s classi
calHodgkinl y
mphoma.mi xed cel
lul
ari
ty cl
assi
cal
Hodgkinlymphoma.lymphocy t
e-r
ich cl
assi
calHodgki
nl ymphoma.lymphocyte-
depl
etedcl
assi
calHodgki
nlymphoma

Q2/
Sickl
ecel
lAnemi
a

Ans/Sickl
ecellanemiaisani nher
it
edr edbloodcelldisorderinwhichtherearen'
t
enoughhealthyredbloodcell
st ocar
ryoxy gent
hroughouty ourbody.Normall
y,the
fl
exi
ble,roundr edbloodcellsmov eeasilythr
oughbl oodv essel
s.I
nsi ckl
ecell
anemia,theredbloodareshapedli
kesickl
esorcrescentmoons

Q3/
Breastt
umor
sty
pesandt
hemostcommn

Ans/
Beni
gn,
fibr
oadenoma,
mostneopl
asm

Mal
i
gnantbr
eastcar
ciomamostf
emal
e

‫ﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺮﻕﺑ‬
‫ﻔ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬Q4/hemat
oma&hepat
oma

Ans/
locali
zedaccumul
ati
onofbl
oodi
nthebody
,swel
l
ingduet
oanaccumul
ati
onof
bl
ood(alsohaematoma)

hepat
omaaccumul
ati
onofl
i
ver

‫ﻝ‬Q
‫ﺍ‬5/abcess‫ﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻜ‬‫ﻳ‬acut
e‫ﻭﻻ‬chr
oni
c

Ans/
acut
e

Q6/
Whatdoy
ouknowaboutg-
6-pdehy
drogense?

‫ﺔ‬
‫ﺯﻋ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺯﻧ‬‫ﻮ‬
‫ﻛ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻴﻦﺟ‬‫ﻭﺟ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻬ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬6‫ﺯ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺘ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﺒ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻔ‬‫ﻮﺳ‬
‫ﻴﻞﻓ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺭﺳ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺎﺳﻲﻓﻲﻣﺴ‬‫ﺃﺳ‬‫ﻳﻢ‬‫ﺰ‬
‫ﻧ‬‫ﻮﺇ‬‫ﻭﻫ‬.ً
‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺘﺼ‬‫ﺍﺧ‬‫ﺮﻑ‬‫ﻌ‬
ُ ‫ﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻔ‬‫ﻮﺳ‬‫ﻓ‬
‫ﺎﺕ‬‫ﻔ‬
‫ﻮﺳ‬‫ﻔ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻳﻢ‬
‫ﺰ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻭﻥﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻌ‬
‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﺘ‬
‫ﻠﻰﻣﺴ‬‫ﺎﻅﻋ‬‫ﻔ‬
‫ﻟﺤ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺎﻣﻦﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﻳ‬‫ﻟﺨﻼ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻟﻰ‬‫ﺔﺇ‬‫ﻗ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻄ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺩ‬
‫ﻭ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ﺬﻱﻳ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻳﻀﻲ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬
‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤﺴ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻭ‬،
‫ﺪ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺃ‬
‫ﻴﻦﻭ‬
‫ﻧ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬‫ﺓ‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﻮ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻜ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﺋﻲﻧ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﺛ‬‫ﻭ‬

doesgl
ucose6phosphat
edehy
drogenasedo?

Thisenzymehel psprot
ectredbloodcel
lsfrom damageandpr emat uredest
ruct
ion.
Glucose-
6-phosphat
edehydrogenaseisresponsibl
efort hefi
rststepint hepent
ose
phosphatepathway,aseriesofchemicalreacti
onsthatconv ertglucose(atypeof
sugarfoundinmostcarbohydrat
es)toanothersugar,
ribose-
5-phosphate

Q7/
Whati
stheneopl
asm andi
t'
sty
peandgi
veoneexampl
eforeacht
ype?

Q1-
def
ineofCancer

Ans/
malignantgrowt
h,mal
i
gnantt
umor
;di
seasecausedbyt
hesegr
owt
hs;i
nvasi
ve
andevi
li
nfluence

Q2-
def
inemet
apl
asi
a

Ans/
tissueal
ter
ati
on,
stat
einwhi
chonet
ypeoft
issuechangesi
ntoanot
hert
ype
‫ﻪ‬
‫ﻠ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻟﺤ‬
‫ﺍ‬

‫ﻊ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻠﺠ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﻴﻖ‬
‫ﻓ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺘ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺑ‬‫ﻭ‬

Q4/
Whati
sencephal
i
tis?

Ans/
Inf
lammat
ionofbr
ain

Q5/
Whati
sval
scul
i
tisandt
hemostcommoncause?

Ans/
inf
lammat
ionofbl
oodv
essel
s

cause:aut
oimmun

Q1-
whati
sendomet
ri
osi
s

Ans/di
sor
deraff
ect
ingwomeninwhi
chut
eri
net
issuegr
owsout
sidet
heut
erus(
in
thepel
vi
ccavi
ty,
ovari
es,
etc.
)

Q3-
whati
sfi
bri
noi
d

Ans/
oforr
esembl
i
ngf
ibr
in,
hav
ingsomeoft
hechar
act
eri
sti
csoff
ibr
in

Q4-
causeofchr
oni
cgast
ri
ti
s

Ans/
1-hpy
lor
igast
ri
ti
s..
ureaseenzy
mes

2-
aut
oimmunegast
ri
ti
s.at
rophi
cgast
ri
ti
s

3-
react
ivegast
ri
ti
s.dr
ug.
radi
ati
on.
chemi
cal
s

Q1-what
'
sthedi
ff
erencebet
weenGr
adi
ngandSt
agi
ng?

Ans/Thecell
saregr adedbycomparingt hem tonor malcell
s.Low-gr
adecancers
l
ookmor elikenormalt i
ssueunderthemi croscope.High-
gradetumorslookvery
abnormalandaregener al
lymoreaggressive.Stagi
ngdeterminesthetumor'
ssize
andwhetherthecancerhasspr
eadtootherpar t
softhebody

Q2-ment
iont
hecausesoft
hei
nfl
ammat
ion?

Ans/
Acut
e1-
inf
ect
ion.2-
immuner
eact
ion

3-
phy
sical
andchemi
cal
agent
s

4-
iner
tmat
eri
l
s5-
ti
ssuenecr
osi
s

Chr
oni
c1-
progr
essi
onf
rom acut
einf
lammat
ion

2-
recur
entat
tacj
ofi
nfl
ammat
ion

3-
chr
oni
cinf
lammat
ionf
rom t
hest
art

Q3-whati
sthemostcommonv
agi
nal
cancer

Ans/
sar
comabot
ryoi
desmal
i
gnantt
umour
Q3/
def
ineandt
ypeofgoi
tor

Ans/
abnor
mal
enl
argementoft
het
hyr
oidgl
and(
alsogoi
tr
e)

di
ff
usegoi
tr
e–wher
etheent
ir
ethy
roi
dgl
andswel
l
sandf
eel
ssmoot
htot
het
ouch.

nodul
argoitr
e–wheresol i
dorf l
uid-
fi
ll
edl
umpscall
ednodul
esdevel
opwit
hinthe
thy
roidandmakethethyr
oidglandfeell
umpyt
otouch;t
henodul
escanbesi
ngleor
multi
pleandmaycont
ainfl
uid.

Q4/
Tal
kabouthy
pot
hyr
oidi
sm:
def
ini
ti
on,
typeand.

Q1-
whati
stheapl
ast
icanemi
aandi
tsf
eat
ures?

Ans/Aplast
icanemiaisacondi t
ionthatoccur
swhenyourbodystopspr
oduci
ng
enoughnew blood cel
ls.Thecondit
ionleavesyouf
ati
gued and mor
eproneto
i
nfecti
onsanduncontr
oll
edbleedi
ng.

Themostcommoncauseofapl asti
canemiaisfr
om youri
mmunesy stem at
tacki
ng
thestem cel
l
sinyourbonemarrow.Otherf
actor
sthatcaninj
urebonemar r
owand
aff
ectbloodcel
lpr
oduct
ioni
ncl
ude:

Q2-whati
sthecompl
ementsy
stem ?

Ans/Complementsyst
em i
sasetofmor ethan30solubl
epr ot
einspr
esenti
nthe
bl
oodpl asmaandt i
ssueext
racel
lul
arspace,consi
der
edtobet hemainhumoral
ef
fectorofthei
nnat
eimmuneresponse(Morl
eyandWalpor
t,2000;

Q3-whatar
ethephy
sical
car
cinogens?

Ans/Physi
calcarcinogens i
ncl
ude hard and soft materi
als,fi
brous parti
cles,
nonfi
brouspart
icl
es,andgelmat eri
als.Thefi
rstsci
entif
icdemonst rat
ionoft he
carci
nogeni
ccapaci t
yofphy si
calagentswasmadebyTur ner,who f ound t
hat
Bakeli
tedi
sks,
implantedinr
ats,
prov
okedlocal
fibr
osarcomas

1-
Rheumat
oidar
thr
it
iswhatt
estdoy
ouuseandhowt
oknowi
f+or-
?

2-Hepat
it
isAmodeofi
nfect
ion?

‫ﻮ‬
‫ﻪﻭﻫﻞﻫ‬
‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟﺠ‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﺘﻢﻣ‬
‫ﻴﻒﺗ‬
‫ﻛ‬‫ﻪﻭ‬
‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻼﺻ‬
‫ﻪ‬‫ﺮﺿ‬
‫ﺮﻋ‬‫ﺜ‬
‫ﻛ‬‫ﺍﻷ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬‫ﻘﻞﻭ‬
‫ﺘ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻴﻒﻳ‬
‫ﻛ‬Inf
ect
iousornon.

Q1-
Signofacut
einf
lammat
ion.

Ans/
rednessandhi
tness

Swel
l
ing،
،
pai
n,
,l
ossoff
unct
ii
n

Q2-
Howi
smal
i
gnancycanmet
ast
asi
s?
Ans/y
esmetast
asi
sist
hemostpr
omi
nentpr
oper
tyt
hati
dent
if
iest
heneopl
asm as
mali
gnant

Q1-
ir
ondef
ici
encyanemi
a?(
det
ail
s)

Ans/
1-chr
oni
cbl
oodl
oss.
(.
pil
es.
ulcer
s)

2-Nut
ri
ti
onal
def
ici
ency

3-I
nadequat
eabsor
pti
on

4-Anky
lost
omi
asi
s

Q2-
Chr
oni
cgast
ri
ti
s:Defandt
ype

Ans/
inf
lammat
oryoft
hegast
ri
ti
s

1-
h.py
lor
i2-
aut
oimmune3-
reat
ive

Q1/
Hashi
mot
othy
roi
dit
is=def
ini
ti
on_t
est
s

Q2/
namet
hei
nfl
ammat
orymedi
ator
sandwhatcel
l
sitat
tract
s

Ans/Maybeproducedlocall
ybycell
satt hesi
teofinf
lammat
ionort
heymaybe
ci
rcul
ati
ngi
ntheplasma(typi
cal
l
ysynthesi
zedbythel
i
ver
)

-
Cel
l
-der
ivedmedi
ator
s

-
Plasma-
prot
ein-
der
ivedmedi
ator
s

Q3/char
act
eri
sti
csofchr
oni
cinf
lammat
ion

Ans/
1-i
nfi
l
trat
ionwi
thmononucl
earcel
l

2-
ti
ssuedest
ruct
ionornecr
osi
s

3-
prol
i
fer
ati
vechanges

4-
thear
ter
iol
esadj
acentendar
ter
it
isobl
i
ter
ans

Q4/
Whati
sthecauseofcancer

Q5/
Whatdoy
ounowaboutnephr
oti
csy
ndr
ome

Q/
Cli
nical
pict
urenephr
oti
csy
ndr
ome

Ans/
highl
ysel
ect
ivepr
oti
enur
iaessent
ial
l
yal
bumi
nur
ia

‫ﻊ‬
‫ﻠ‬‫ﻧﻲﻃ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺜ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺍﻝ‬
‫ﺆ‬‫ﻟﺴ‬
‫ﺍ‬
S&Sofmal
i
gnancy

‫ﻗﻝ ﺵ‬
‫ﻠﺖﺎ‬
‫ﻤ‬‫ﺎﻛ‬
‫ﻣ‬‫ﻟﺛﻼﺙﻭ‬
‫ﺮﺕﻪ‬
‫ﻛ‬‫ﺫ‬

Q1:
Howt
odi
agnoseRhomat
icf
ever?

Q2:
Ment
iont
her
iskf
act
orst
hatl
eadt
odev
elopcancer?

4/Tal
kaboutl
ymphoma

Q5/
Whati
sthenameofacut
einf
lammat
orycel
l?!

Ans/
a-acut
e-l
eucocy
te-
phagocy
tosi
s

B-
Chr
oni
c-macr
ophages-
ly
mphocy
tes-
plasmacel
l
s-eosi
nophi
l
s

Q6/
Whati
sthel
ocal
signsofi
nfl
ammat
ion

Ans/
rednessandhot
ness

-
Swel
l
in

-
Pai
n

-
Lossoff
unct
ion

Q7/
Def
inet
hephagocy
tosi
s?

Ans/i
tisapr
ocessbywhi
chnet
rophi
l
sandmacr
opgagesi
ngestbact
eri
aandf
orei
ng
par
ti
cles

Q1.
ment
ionofi
nvesi
vebr
eastcar
cinomami
croscopi
cfeut
her
s..
.

Q2.
what
'sOst
eomy
lat
it
is.

Ans/
Inf
lammat
ionofboneandbonemar
row

Ty
pes

1-
Acut
epy
ogeni
c..
nonheamat
ogenonsandheamat
ogenons

2-
Chr
oni
c..
speci
fi
candnonspeci
fi
c

3‫ﺩ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻳ‬‫ﺒﺐﺯ‬‫ﻳﺶﺳ‬ ‫ﺍ‬
..Per
meabil
i
tyinbl
oodv essalans/al
lowst
hemov
ementofpr
otei
nri
ch
fl
uidandev
encel l
(cal
l
edexudat
e)i
ntotheinterst
it
ium

1-reducti
on inthe intr
avascul
arosmot i
c pressur
e and i
ncr
ease i
nt he osmoti
c
pressureoft heinterst
it
ialfl
uid.
thenetresultisout
fl
ow waterandionsintothe
extravascul
arti
ssues
‫ﺮ‬
‫ﻳﺸ‬‫ﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻚﺑ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺘ‬
‫ﻭﺳ‬‫ﺭ‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻬ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺎﻥﻳﺸ‬
‫ﻛ‬

Q1/
whatar
e(mast
it
is_endomet
ri
osi
s_ost
eomy
eli
ti
s)

Q2/
-Whati
sost
eosar
comaandi
tsmost

Ans/
mostcommnpr
imar
ymal
i
gnantt
umourofbone.Pr
oducesost
eoi
dmat
ri
x

Q3/
locat
ion?Mi
croscopi
cfeat
ures?

Ans/
Locat
ion.
met
aphy
sisi
nit
smedul
l
a

Mi
cro.
..
mal
i
gnantost
eobl
ats

Ost
eoi
dmat
ri
x

Q4/
-whati
sChondr
obl
ast
oma?

Q6/
Def
ini
ti
onofGoi
ter.
..
.cause.
..
.

Ans/
abnor
mal
enl
argementoft
het
hyr
oidgl
and(
alsogoi
tr
e)

I
tisnoni
nfl
ammat
ory
,non-
neopl
ast
icenl
argementoft
het
hyr
oidgl
and

Si
mpl
eort
oxi
c,di
ff
usornodul
ar

Q7/t
ypeofl
eukemi
a

Di
f.
.mal
ignantpr
oli
fer
ati
onoft
hewhi
tecel
l
sinbonemar
rowwi
thmar
kedi
ncr
easei
n
t
hetot
al.WBC

Ans/
1-acut
e..
myel
oidl
ymphobl
ast
icandmonocy
tic

2-
Chr
oni
c..
myel
oidl
ymphat
ic

Q8/
Liv
erci
rr
hosi
s?

Ans/
diseaseoft
hel
i
ver(
chi
efl
ycausedbyexcessconsumpt
ionofal
cohol

Fi
broussept
a,par
enchy
malr
eger
ati
onnodul
e،
disr
upt
ionoft
hear
chi
tect
ureoft
he
ent
irel
i
ver

Q9/
Car
cinogens?

Ans/
subst
anceoragentt
hatcausescancer

Q10/
Whatt
hev
irust
hatcausecancer

Ans/
hepat
it
isB,
C,D

Q1-Ty
pesofnonhodgki
nly
mphoma?

Ans/
B-cel
l
sly
mphoma:
-f
oll
i
cul
ar,
.
smal
ll
ymphocy
tic,
.
mant
lecel
l
.,
bur
kit
t'
s
T-
cel
l
sly
mphoma:
-per
ipher
alcel
ll
ymphoma,
.
anapl
ast
icl
argcel
l,
..
mycosi
sfungoi
des

Q2-cr
it
eri
aofmal
i
gnancyundert
hemi
croscope?

Q1-
Whatar
ethest
epsofacut
einf
lammat
ion?

Ans/
1-v
asodi
l
ati
on

2-
neut
rophi
lrecr
uit
mentasf
oll
owi
ng:
-

(
Mar
ginat
ion,
rol
l
ing,
adhesi
on,
diapedi
sis,
chemot
axi
s))

3-
phagocy
tosi
s

Q2-
whatar
ether
iskf
act
orsofbr
eastcancer
?

Ans/
1-r
adi
ati
on

2-
est
rogencont
racept
ive

3-
obesi
ty.
.

.
etc

Q3◇ whati
sgr
anul
omat
usi
nfl
ammat
ion?>exampl
e|

Ans/I
tischaract
eri
zedbyaggr
egat
esofact
ivat
edmacr
opgages.
for
minggr
anul
oma.
eachgranul
omahasspecif
ic

Q4/
◇ Compl
i
cat
ionsofchr
oni
cgast
ri
ti
s?

Ans/1-
pept
icul
cer

2-
gasr
iccar
cinoma

3-
ly
mphoma

Q5/
What
'st
hedi
ff
erencebet
weenar
ter
ioscl
erosi
sandat
her
oscl
erosi
s?

Q6/
What
'st
heoedema?

Ans/
accumul
ati
onoff
lui
d;swel
l
ing;
inf
lammat
ion

Q7/
What
'st
heaccumul
ati
onoff
lui
dinabdomen?

‫ﺍﻝ‬
‫ﻴﻦ‬‫ﺮﻕﺑ‬
‫ﻔ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻗﻝ‬
‫ﺎ‬

Q8/
Beni
gnandmal
i
gnant

‫ﺔ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﺎﺣ‬
‫ﻣﻦﻧ‬mut
ati
on

1.Beni
gnmut
ati
onoccur
einoneort
wogeneonl
y
2.Mal
i
gnanoccur
emut
ati
oni
nal
l4genet
hatcont
rol
cel
ldi
vi
sion.
..

‫ﺍﻝ‬
‫ﻴﻦ‬‫ﺧﻼﻑﺑ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺘ‬

beni
gnandmal
i
gnan

‫ﺍﻝ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬.Beni
gn‫ﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻜ‬‫ﻳ‬wal
ldi
ff
erent
iat
e‫ﺎ‬‫ﻬ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﻧﺸﻰﻣ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺔ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻟﺨ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻔ‬‫ﻔﺲ ﺻ‬
‫ﺎﻥﻧ‬
‫ﺮﻃ‬‫ﻟﺴ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻳ‬‫ﻨﻲﺧﻼ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺑ‬
..
.

2.Mal
i
gnan

‫ﻪ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﺪﺙﻓ‬
‫ﻳﺤ‬4

‫ﺔ‬
‫ﻳ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺪ‬
‫ﺒ‬‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻓﻲ‬

1.Wal
ldi
ff
erent
iat
e

2.Modr
atedi
ff
erent
iat
e

3.Poor
lydi
ff
erent
iat
e

4.Undef
fer
ent
iat
e.

‫ﺍﻝ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﺪﺙﻓ‬
‫ﺘﻲﺗﺤ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﻟﺠ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻉ‬‫ﻮ‬
‫ﻧ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻴﺐ‬
‫ﻗﻝﻃ‬
‫ﺎ‬.mut
ati
on

‫ﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻟﺸ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺫ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻬ‬
‫ﻪﺑ‬‫ﺘ‬
‫ﺑ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﺟ‬

4‫ﺔ‬
‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻠﺨ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﻮﻱ‬
‫ﻠ‬‫ﻟﺨ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻘﺴ‬‫ﻧ‬
‫ﺍﻻ‬‫ﻜﻢﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺘﺤ‬‫ﺎﺕﺗ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﻴ‬
‫ﺟ‬.

1.Tumorpr
omot
inggene

‫ﻡ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻘﺴ‬
‫ﻧ‬‫ﺍﻻ‬
‫ﺰ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳﺤ‬

2.Tumorsuppr
essgene

‫ﻡ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻘﺴ‬
‫ﻧ‬‫ﺍﻻ‬
‫ﺎﻑ‬‫ﻗ‬
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻡﺏ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﻳ‬

3.DNAr
epai
ri
nggene

‫ﺡﻝ‬
‫ﻡﺏﺇﺻﻼ ﺍ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﻳ‬DNAdamage.

4.
apopt
osi
sgena

‫ﺔ‬
‫ﺒ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺮ‬
‫ﻐ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬
‫ﻟﺨ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺘﻞ‬‫ﻡﺏﻗ‬
‫ﻮ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﻟﻲﻳ‬
‫ﺇ‬
..
.

Q9/
Whati
sthemeani
ngofost
eoar
thr
it
is?

Ans/
degener
ati
vear
thr
it
iswhi
choccur
sespeci
all
yinel
der
lypopl
e

Q10-whati
sthet
ypesofi
nfl
ammat
ion?

Ans/
Acut
eandchr
oni
c

Q12/
-what
'st
hecauseofi
nter
stet
ial
pneumoni
a

Bact
eri
aorv
irus?
Ans/bact
eri
a

Q1.
/Out
comesoft
heacut
einf
lammat
ion

Ans/
1-compl
eter
sol
uti
on(
regener
ati
onandheal
i
ng)

2-
scar
ri
ngorf
ibr
osi
s

3-
abscessf
ormat
ion

4-
progr
essi
vet
ochr
oni
cinf
lammat
ion

Q2.
Tal
kaboutPapi
l
lomav
irues

Q3/
what
'st
hedi
ff
erentbet
weent
hegr
adi
ngandst
agi
ng

Qwhat
'
sthesi
manomaandt
hei
rappear
ance.

Q2-
Whatdoy
ounowaboutadenomy
osi
s?

Q3/
What
'smai
ncauseofcancer
?!

Ans/age..
race.
.geogr
aphi
c..
genet
icf
act
ors.causesmor
ethen10%ofal
l
deat
hamong
chi
ldren

Q4/
Themai
ncompl
i
cat
ionofchr
oni
cbl
eedi
ng?

Q5/
Whatdoy
ouknowaboutHAV?

Q6/Def
ini
ti
onofedema?Andwhatwecal
li
tinabdomi
n?

Ans/
accumul
ati
onofexcessf
lui
dint
hei
nter
sti
ti
alt
issuespacesorbodycav
iti
es

Abedomi
n.pul
monar
yedema.
.deat
hduet
ohear
tfai
l
ure

Q7/
Ment
iont
het
ypesofbeni
gnt
umor
soft
hebr
east
?

Q8/t
ypeoft
est
ist
umor

Ans/
1-ger
m cel
ltumor

2-
Sexcor
dst
romal
tumor

Q9/
Whati
snecr
osi
s?andt
ypes

Ans/def
ined as deat
h ofa groups ofcell
s orti
ssues aft
erinjur
yusual
l
ywi
th
i
nfl
ammat ionwit
hinthel
iv
ingbody..
degradat
ionbyhydr
oly
ticenzy
mes

Ty
pes1-
cogul
ati
ve2-l
i
quef
act
ive
3-caseous4-enzy
mat
icf
at5-gamgr
inous6-f
ibr
inoi
d

Q10/
whati
sadema.
andt
ypes

Ans/
accumul
ati
onofexcessf
lui
dint
hei
nter
sti
ti
alt
issuespacesorbodycav
iti
es

1-
local
i
zedcol
l
ect
ionoft
hef
lui
dint
hebodycav
iti
es

2-
gener
ali
zedknownasanasar
ca

Q11/
whati
sapopt
osi
s.andt
ypes

Ans/genet
ial
ly cont
roll
ed,
ATPand anzy
me-
dependent deat
h of i
ndi
vi
dualcel
l
s
:usual
lynoinf
lammation

Ty
pes1-met
ast
ati
c2-dy
str
ophi
c

Q12/
whati
shy
popl
asi
a?

Ans/
incompl
etedev
elopmentofanor
gansot
hati
tfai
l
stor
eachadul
tsi
ze

Q13/
whati
smet
apl
asi
a?

Ans/
arev
ersi
blechangei
nwhi
choneadul
tcel
lty
pei
srepl
acedbyanot
heradul
tcel
l
ty
pe

Q14/
whati
sdy
spl
asi
a?

At
ypi
cal
prol
i
fer
ati
vechangesduet
ochr
oni
cir
ri
tat
ionori
nfl
ammat
ion.
premal
i
gnant

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‫ﻴ‬‫ﻭﺻ‬

‫ﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻭ‬‫ﻪﺍ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﻓﻲﺩ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟﺠﺤ‬
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