CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The related literature and studies of this research is the contribution of every researchers

to continue the innovation of every vital product of automotive tool and equipment. The present

research study with the title of “Portable Hydraumechanical Bleeder” will do better in brake

bleeding process.

Related Studies:

The research article of Santos and Cabrera (2017) stated that the hydraulic brake and

clutch bleeder was fabricated from locally available materials making it more cost effective. The

device was operated by one person that simplifies the task of bleeding the system, and with the

less chance for the wear and tear of parts that may occur during the process. The device is users

friendly with fewer operation procedures.

The research study of Akilan. M. et.al (2018) stated that to design and develop a control

system based on automatic brake failure detector and acceleration locking system using IR

sensor and the control unit. The main theme of the project is to monitor the brake system at every

moment and if there is any brake failure the acceleration is locked automatically. It is genuine

project which is fully equipped and fabricated for automobile vehicles.

The research article of Reddy, R. and Kumars, V. (2015) stated that this paper focuses

on investigation of the best braking system by analyzing the deflection as well as the forces

applied on the mechanical braking system by using ANSYS software. The analysis was done on
the individual parts of the mechanical breaking system to make the optimization process simpler.

Important to understand action force and friction force on the mechanical braking material, how

the mechanical braking works more efficiently, which can help to reduce the accident that may

happen in each day.

According to the review article of Shah, V. S. et al (2018), Optimum design of any

system leads to an improvement in efficiency and its reliability. Thus, an effort is made to design

an optimum hydraulic braking system thus improving the efficiency, ease of assembly and

reliability of the system. Many parameters play an important role for achieving the same. There

is also the case of compatibility of OEM components with customized components. Many

simulations including the computational fluid dynamics has been carried out for this. To validate

the obtain results an experimental test rig is manufactured and the results are validated using

flexi force sensors, thermocouples and thermal imaging camera. This result is further used to

enhance the performance of the braking system and of the overall vehicle.

The study of Mo, J. (2019) stated that this paper presents numerical and experimental

investigations of the effect of holes on the braking-bleeding performance improvement for three

different nut-spindle models included in the driving-part model of the EPB caliper. The

experimental results prove that the effect of the holes has considerable impact on the

performance improvement.

According to Moseley, R. and Tan, M. (2013), a spinning wheel was designed to be

stopped using a hand brake connected hydraulically to a set of calipers and brake rotor.

Calculation for the model were made to determine flexure, stress concentrations, natural

frequency and the mechanical advantage of the braking system. Testing and operation of the
physical model showed that the calculations were accurate. The final model successfully shows

the transfer of mechanical force (the user squeezing the handle) to hydraulic force (moving a

piston) to mechanical force, which generates friction between the calipers and the brake rotor to

stop a rotating wheel.

The study of Boorla, R. et. al (2020) stated that hydraulic have came in to existence

which helped in reducing the stopping distance with less time. In order to eliminate drawback of

hydraulic brakes where the vehicle may lead to skidding if the brakes are applied suddenly in

panic condition with more effort. Antilock braking system has created the sensation in this

contemporary era by eliminating that drawback with better traction control and enhance safety.

In order to make the braking system economical and affordable, a mechatronic technique which

helps in eliminating the solid linkage present in between the pedal is linked to master cylinder,

linking the pedal to linear potentiometer for the resistance. As the resistance starts varying,

difference in braking will be observe.

According to Naik, V.M. et. al (2018), the design of an effective braking system plays a

major role in high performance formula cars since the stopping distance and speed control during

cornering are the important part of any race. Everyone wants their car to go fast, but the braking

system should be capable to stop immediately and safely. Any car with highly effective braking

system fills confidence in the driver. It also increases driving pleasure.

The research study of Antara, L. (2019) stated that the use of pipe and bottle is less

efficient because it requires a longer time to complete the bleeding process. Upon evaluating this

issue, a tool to complete the bleeding process more effectively is needed. Thus the tool to

minimize the need of more mechanics in the bleeding process is important. For this, the brake
bleeding tool for 4 wheeled vehicles using the pneumatic system is design. This tool utilizes the

vacuum resulted from the T junction and with it, an effective and efficient bleeding process is

attained.

According to research study of Han, W. and Yang, K. (2019), pneumatic braking system

is a device that performs mechanical braking using air pressure and shall be designed to an

appropriate level, considering the multi-physics of air and mechanical phenomena. In addition,

the dynamics of the vehicle during braking should be considered due to different vehicle

behavior depending on the load carrying capacity.

The review article of Gandhi, Y. et. al (2021) stated that the overuse of friction type

braking systems causes the temperature of the braking pads to rise, reducing the effectiveness of

the system. The eddy-current is created by the relative motion between a magnet and a metal (or

alloy) conductor. The current induces the reverse magnetic field and results in the deceleration of

motion. It is found that the larger thickness of disc, a greater number of turns of electromagnet

and higher electrical conductivity of conductor influences the generation of greater braking

torque. Greater the speed greater the efficiency.

The research article of Rahman, A. et. al (2018) stated that an electro-hydro-mechanical

braking system for the passenger car to reduce the road accident by developing the additional

braking force with boosting the master cylinder hydraulic pressure. The mathematical model has

been developed to estimate the braking pressure in associating the vehicle load distribution to the

axle by modifying the equations. Markov Decision Process (MDP) model in association with

braking system control model and the model of DC motor amplified braking system.
 The research study of Walla, M.S. (2017) stated that the braking system are critical for

reliable and safe operation of trains. Modern trains are often equipped with a computer

controlled braking system that can flexibly distribute braking power between different braking

subsystems. These subsystems can consist of electrodynamic (ED) brakes that act in combination

with friction brakes in form of tread brakes and / or disc brakes. Ideally, ED brakes are utilized

which allows generated energy to be fed back to the main power supply. However, as the

efficiency of the ED brake is speed-dependent, additional braking must be performed using

friction brakes. Note, however, that if the ED brake does not have sufficient capacity (e.g., due to

malfunctioning, or in a situation of emergency), the friction brakes will have to take a larger part

(or all) of the braking effort.

The research article of Tyflopoulos, E. et. al (2021) stated that a brake system is

responsible for the deceleration of a vehicle, and thus is avital part of driver’s safety. The brake

system is design to both slow down and halt a vehicle by transforming its kinetic energy into

heat while applying friction forces to the vehicle axles. The most crucial component of a disc

brake is the caliper that presses a pair of brake pads against the brake disc, also called rotor, and

thus slows down their rotational speed. In these case of hydraulic disc brakes, when the driver

pushes the brake pedal, hydraulic pressure is applied by the brake fluid on the caliper's one or

several pistons, and these in turn, force the pads against the disc.

The research study of Oduro, S.D. (2012) stated that in olden days it was also one of the

simplest mechanisms in the vehicle. Over the years as improvements have been made, the system

that has evolved is not simple anymore. When the brakes are applied, pads or shoe that press

against the brake drum or rotor covert kinetic energy to thermal energy via friction. The cooling
of the brakes dissipates the heat and the vehicles slow down. This is all to do with the first law of

thermodynamics, sometimes known as the law of conservation of energy. This law states the

energy cannot be created nor destroyed; it can only be converted from one form to another. In the

case of brakes, it is converted from kinetic energy to thermal energy.

Research study article of Li, J. et. al (2020) stated that the Electro-mechanical Brakes

(EMBs) are the future of braking system, particularly in commercial vehicles, it is designing a

simple EMB scheme and establish its clamping force control strategy to satisfy the demands

commercial vehicle braking systems. Its working principle was established, and the system

model was analyzed. The results confirmed that under the action of a step and 5 Hz triangular

sawtooth signals, the clamping force output from the EMB correspond well with the target

signal. The overall clamping force response time is decrease by approximately 0.25 under the

driver emergency brake than the conventional control method.

The research study of Gholizadeh, H. (2014) stated that the major factor that affect

pressure sensitivity of the effective bulk modulus of the mixture are the amount of air bubbles,

their size and the distribution, and rate of compression of the mixture. The apparatus was

designed to investigate the effect of these variables on the effective bulk modulus of the mixture.

The results were compared with existing theoretical models, and it was found that the theoretical

models only matched the experimental data under specific conditions.

The research study of Lundin, C. (2015) stated that the analytical model representing a

reduced form of a mine hoist hydraulic braking system. Based primarily on fluid mechanical and

mechanical physical modeling, along with a number of simplifying assumptions, the analytical

model will be derived and expressed in the form of a system of differential equations including a
set of static function. The hydraulic servo valve and brake caliper modeling including static

modeling of brake lining stress-strain and disc spring deflection force characteristics. Static

analysis of the brake caliper model is also verified to be essentially correct when comparing

calculated characteristics against actual measurements. As is also the case for the static models

of the brake lining and disc-spring characteristics.

The research study of Balapure, S. et. al (2017) stated that component test bench for

brake systems allows the efficient estimation of parameters and working capacity both for the

full-length hydraulic brake system and for its single components. To calculate the hysteresis

losses, the method of areas limited by the hysteresis characteristics curves of the brake pressure

build-up and release and by the abscissa axis was used in the work. The first investigated

problem was the influence of the brake pedal stroke velocity (actuator rod velocity) on the

hysteresis value. It was found that, the actuator rod velocity increasing during both the service

and emergency braking, the hysteresis value increases nearly in proportion to the velocity

growth.

According to Raja, S. and Prakaash, P.V (2020), stated that the brake bleeding machine

is mainly use to re-fill the brake fluid in the automobile brake fluid reservoir. The existing

procedure is manual and minimum of three technicians required to refill the fluid. In this

machine the usage of gear pump to use the pressurized laminar flow by obtaining no air pressure

in the fluid flow. With application of manpower these brake fluid filling may succeed in one or

more time. But with this help of this machine we can perfectly ensure the fluid refilling with in

one time. The simple and design and assembly of this component ensures the time saving and

work efficacy in the automobile garages.

 The research of Chen, L. et. al (2020) stated that the new structured of EHB replaces

part of the mechanical transmission by electronic control, brake pedal is not connected with

brake wheel cylinder directly. While braking, ECU collect the sensor signal of brake pedal as the

driver’s intention. It solves the problems caused by the traditional braking system design and

principle. The EHB system can make brake control gets the maximum control margin, which can

improve the efficiency and braking safety.

The research study of Bodake, A. et. al (2018) stated that the hydraulic brake caliper

system being complex in design the study is exhaustive and the subject matter is covered with

adequate images and illustration for easy and quick understanding. The proposed design is

modelled in Creo Parametric 2.0 environment and analysis is performed in ANSYS. The

outcome of this project is an optimized hydraulic brake caliper being light in weight providing

adequate braking torque for efficient braking of the vehicle in hostile racing environment.

Hydraulic disc braking system is most suitable for such hostile racing conditions.

The research study of Gong, X. et. al (2019) stated that in order to effectively improve

the vehicle safety, the electronic brake force distribution scheme and anti-lock brake scheme for

passenger car brake-by-wire system was introduced at first, then the electronic brake force

distribution scheme and anti-lock brake scheme are designed after analyzing of brake system and

vehicle model. It is accomplished for typical braking process to prove the superiority of proposed

brake in wire system and brake scheme. On the other hand, the experiment and simulation results

show that the electronic brake force distribution scheme is able to distribute the braking force

according to braking intensity and conditions. So, the curve can as close as possible to the curve.

On the other hand, the anti-lock brake scheme is able to accurately regulate the wheel slip rate
and adapt to different brake intensity. So, the anti-lock brake scheme processes strong and robust

performance.

RELATED LITERATURES:

The research literature of Bharathram, M. et al (2013) mentioned the advantage of

electromagnetic system that can be use on any vehicle with minor modifications to the

transmission. It is a modern technology braking system used in light motor and heavy motor

vehicles like cars, jeep, truck busses etc. this system is a combination of electro-mechanical

concepts. The frequency of accidents is now-a days increasing due to inefficient braking system.

The research literature of Gibson, J. (2012) discussed that the air inside the hydraulic

system causes a mushy pedal (or loss of pedal, depending the amount air in the system).

Remember, you can air, but you can’t compress fluid. The object is to use a pure fluid

transmission from the master to the caliper pistons, which will operate the piston immediately

with no lag time that would be caused as you try to compress trapped air. The brakes should be

bleeding before every single race. Bleeding provides an opportunity to remove any air that has

been sucked into the system during use, and it offers a perfect chance to freshen the brake fluid.

Brake fluid is hygroscopic, which means it sucks up water like a magnet grabs grinding dust

from your workbench.

The research literature of Master Power Brakes Team (2020) demonstrated the brake

bleeding process and how to use syringe bleeding kit. To put simply, bleeding the brakes is the

process of pushing fluid through a hydraulic brake system to ensure all air bubbles are removed.

If brakes are not bleed and air bubbles are trapped within the brake fluid, hydraulic pressure is
greatly reduced, making the brakes less efficient. In addition, a condition of sponge feeling brake

pedal can exist as well.

The research literature of Thomas, L. et. al (2019) discussed that bleeding brakes is a

simple yet essential maintenance task when it comes to the safety of your vehicle. However, this

relatively easy job can be time consuming if you are alone and don’t have a bleeder kit. The

Capri Tools Vacuum Brake Bleeder, utilize compressed air in the built-in venturi system, this

brake bleeder produces a vacuum to drain any standard ABS brakes. This brake bleeder is quiet,

and it is easy to handle and use. The kit includes 40 inches of silicone hose with a universal

rubber adapter that should be compatible with the most vehicle brake oil bleeder fittings. It is

also long lasting.

The research literature of Niosh (2014) explained quick build-up system shall provide

enough air pressure so that the apparatus has no brake drag and is able to stop under the intended

operating conditions following the 60-second build-up time. For the chassis that cannot be

equipped with a quick build-up air brake system, an onboard automatic electric compressor or a

fire station compressed air shoreline hookup shall be permitted in order to maintain full operating

air pressure while the vehicle is not running.

The research literature of Sangeetkumar, R. et. al (2019) discussed reverse bleeding

injects fluid at the low points, the slave bleeder valves. Reverse bleeding takes advantage of the

“law of physics” air rises in fluid. The complete system is bleeding by forcing the air up and out

the master cylinder reservoir. The clutch/brake fluid then fills the reservoir. Reverse bleeding is

the absolute best single clutch and brake bleeding method to use. It is the most effective at

removing trapped air. It works well with ABS equipped vehicles as well as any vehicle with a
bleed screw. It is a very quick, the fastest of any bleeding method. If you have pressure bleeder,

you can connect the bleeder to the bleeder screw. If you have a squeeze action oil can with a

trigger pull, you can fill this with brake fluid and pump fluid in through the bleeder (connect the

two with a length of acrylic tubing).

The research literature of Seyfert, K. (2018) discussed brake bleeding is always required

when the system has been opened to the atmosphere, usually during a component. Its

subsequently necessary to bleed the brakes to remove the air that’s been allowed to enter the

system. Our primary concern is removing the compressible air from the system so the brakes will

function to their full potential. As a side benefit, bleeding also circulates fresh brake fluid

through the system, so most of the old fluid (and possibly a large percentage of metal particles

and sludge) will end up getting replaced as a result. Polyglycol fluid (like conventional brake

fluid) are hygroscopic, which means they readily absorb water vapor from the air (or your skin).

On average, water accumulates in the brakes fluid of a brake system at a rate of 1% per year.

That does not seem like much, but a vehicle with 10-year-old brake fluid has fluid that contains

about 10% water.

Synthesis State of the Art

Similar results of literatures and studies in this present research study of bleeding system

are observed. The materials, construction, purpose, procedures and principles are closely related.

Design, Safety, Functionality and Durability except Portability. The reviewed literatures and

studies weren’t focused the portability of created product. The present research study includes

the portability of the product to be created.