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The Hall Effect: Ref. Ihn Ch. 10
The Hall Effect: Ref. Ihn Ch. 10
K = (½)mv2 = (q2B2R2)/2m
• Velocity Filter
Undeflected trajectories in crossed E & B fields:
v = (E/B)
Hall Effect
d 600
400
200
Ax 0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Magnetic Field (Tesla)
Ly is the transverse width of the sample
Ax is the transverse cross sectional area
The Lorentz Force tends to deflect jx. However, this sets up
an E-field which balances that Lorentz Force. Balance occurs when
Ey = vxBz = Vy/Ly. But jx = nevx (or ix = nevxAx). So
Rxy = Vy / ix = RH Bz × (Ly/Ax) where RH = 1/ned
3d-Hall coefficient
Hall’s Experiment (1879):
++++
Vy
----
I
Vx
B
Hall’s Experiment (1879):
++++
Vy
----
I
Vx
Roughly
Explained by
Drude Theory
Ryx=Vy / Ix Rxx=Vx / Ix 1900
B
B B
The Drude theory of metals: the free electron theory of
metals
Paul Drude (1900): theory of electrical and thermal conduction in a metal
application of the kinetic theory of gases to a metal,
which is considered as a gas of electrons
mobile negatively charged electrons are confined in a
metal by attraction to immobile positively charged ions
in a metal
isolated atom
4. after each collision an electron emerges with a velocity that is randomly directed and
with a speed appropriate to the local temperature
DC electrical conductivity of a metal
V = RI Ohm’s low
the Drude model provides an estimate for the resistance
introduce characteristics of the metal which are independent on the shape of the wire
E j j E
j=I/A – the current density
– the resistivity L
R=L/A – the resistance A
= 1/ the conductivity
j env
v is the average electron velocity
eE ne 2
v j E
m m
ne 2
j E
m
m
ne2
at room temperatures
resistivities of metals are typically of the order of microohm centimeters (ohm-cm)
and is typically 10-14 – 10-15 s
motion under the influence of the force f(t) due to spatially uniform
electric and/or magnetic fields
equation of motion
for the momentum per electron
electron collisions introduce a frictional damping term for the momentum per electron
Hall effect and magnetoresistance
Edwin Herbert Hall (1879): discovery of the Hall effect
in equilibrium jy = 0 → the transverse field (the Hall field) Ey due to the accumulated charges
balances the Lorentz force
quantities of interest:
Vx Ex
magnetoresistance R ( H ) Rxx resistivity ( H ) xx
(transverse magnetoresistance) Ix jx
Vy Ey
Hall (off-diagonal) resistance R yx Hall resistivity yx
Ix jx
Ey
the Hall coefficient RH
jx B
RH → measurement of the sign of the carrier charge
RH is positive for positive charges and negative for negative charges
Hall Effect
Initially, v vx x̂ v y ŷ vz ẑ
E Ex x̂
B Bz ẑ
d 1
F m v e(E v B)
dt
m = effective mass d 1
Fx m vx e( Ex v y B )
dt
d 1
F y m v y e( v x B )
dt
Hall Effect
e E x
vx C v y
eB m
C e E y
m vy C v x
m
Hall Effect
eE y
vy C vx 0
m
C vx
Ey m
e eB
E y C Ex Ex
m
e
vx Ex
m
vx
Ex m
e
Hall Effect
The Hall coefficient is defined as:
eB
E x
Ey m 1
RH 2
jx B ne ne
Ex B
m
Semiconductors: Charge Carrier Density via Hall Effect
• Why is the Hall Effect useful? It can determine the carrier type
(electron vs. hole) & the carrier density n for a semiconductor.
• How? Place the semiconductor into external B field, push
current along one axis, & measure the induced Hall voltage VH
along the perpendicular axis.
n = [(IB)/(qwVH)]
Hole FB qv B Electron
+ charge – charge
Modern Physics
VERY LOW TEMPERATURE
2 D SAMPLE
VERY LOW DISORDER ++++
VH
----
I
VL
Study the electrons
Not the disorder
B
SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS!
yx yy y yx
yx yy yx yy
0 E x c j y jx
0
0 E y c jx j y xx yy
1 (c )2
0 ne 2 / m
0c
xy yx
1 c Ex 1 0 c 0 jx 1 (c )2
Ex jx jy
0 0 E j
y c 0 1 0 y
1
E y c jx jy 1 xx
0 0 xx
m
2 xx
0 ne xx 2 xy 2
1 0 c 0 xy
B xy
1 xy c
c 0 0 0 ne xx 2 xy 2
Results of Hall measurements
A measurement of the two independent components of the resistivity
tensor allows us to determine the density and the mobility (scattering
time) of the electron gas.
2D Hall Effect (Edwin Hall + 100 Years)
++++
I ----
VH
VL
CLASSICAL PREDICTION
RH=VH / I RL=VL / I
B B
(Data: M. Cage)
T=1.2K
Hall
Bar VERY FLAT!
2 1
RH 2
Shubnikov e i
deHass
RK / i
i = integer
Classical Regime
ZERO!
(Dissipationless)
RH=VH / I RL=VL / I
B B
Nobel prize, 1985
Why Quantization?
Why So Precise?
Why doesn’t X destroy effect?
X = Dirt
= Imperfect Sample Shape
= Imperfect Contacts …. etc
RK=25812.807449
The Integer Quantum Hall Effect
Very important:
For a 2D electron
system only