EMPOWERING LAKE

MANAGEMENT
THROUGH IDSS
Dr. Eugene C. Herrera
Institute of Civil Engineering
University of the Philippines-Diliman
 Goal and Purpose
◦ Utilize a holistic, integrated
lake management
◦ Create a healthy,
self-sustaining lake

◦ Treat causes not

symptoms
◦ No one size fits all approach
◦ Possible management
options depend on:
✓ Size of watershed
✓ Pollution and nutrient availability
✓ Watershed topography
✓ Land-use
✓ In-lake community and
ecosystem structure
✓ Interaction with outside
environment
https://www.tripzilla.ph/lakesebu

A lake is a body of
water that is
surrounded by land.
Lentic systems such as
lakes, reservoirs, and ponds
are more susceptible to
pollution than lotic systems
(streams and rivers)
because they act as sinks,
retaining pollutants with
less capacity to flush
pollutants
downstream.
https://www.facebook.com/esmart.im4manilabay/

The basic land

unit of the water
cycle. “That area of
land, a bounded
hydrologic system, within
which all living things are
inextricably linked by
their common water
course and where, as
humans settled, simple
logic demanded that
they become part of a
community..”
 Lake formation
affects lake
size, shape
and depth,
and watershed
characteristics.

Clean Lakes Program: I.U. School of Public

and Environmental Affairs (SPEA)
Shallow lake Deep lake
Single vertical Multiple vertical
circulation circulation
 The lake hydro-
morphometry in
terms of size, shape
and depth, together
Round lake Crooked lake with its watershed
Smaller multiple characteristics
General gyre
circulation gyres define the general
hydrodynamics of
the lake.
Long fetch Short fetch
More internal
Less internal
mixing
mixing
 Controlling factors
• Water surface film
• Suspended particulates
• Turbidity
• Algal/bacterial
• Color
Clean Lakes Program: I.U. School of Public and Environmental Affairs (SPEA)
 Thermal stratification in lakes can
have a pronounced effect on water
quality, since temperature has a
significant influence on the rates of
chemical and biological reactions.

Clean Lakes Program: I.U. School of Public and

Environmental Affairs (SPEA)
Sedimentation Bathymetric change Circulation change  “..almost
every fresh
water lake
in the world
grow old,
get filled by
wastes,
organic
matter, and
sediments
Lake and
inevitably
Watershed input, shoreline
dry-up..”
Erosion, deposition, Bathymetric change,
erosion, anthropogenic waste resuspension, sediment water balance change,
disposal, organic loading, etc. transport, reclamation, etc. density gradient change
 “Water quality” is a term used to express the suitability of
water to sustain various uses or processes. It can be defined
by a range of variables which limit water use.

◦ Water for life

◦ Water for food
◦ Water for economy
◦ Water for environment
The quality of any
body of surface
or ground water is
a function of
either or both
natural influences
and human
activities.
 20 36
Chlorophyll-a (ppb) Chlorophyll-a
Temperature

Temperature (oC)
16 33

12 30

8 27

4 24

0 21
March April May June July August

 Water quality is neither a static

condition of a system nor can it be
defined by the measurement of only
one parameter. It is variable in both
space and time and requires routine
monitoring to detect spatial patterns
and changes over time.
 Management of aquatic environments requires an
understanding of the important linkages between
ecosystem properties and how human activities alter.

Tides Wind Heating/ Cooling

Horizontal pressure Waves

gradients Density effects

Currents
Nutrient Sediment
transport transport
Solar Radiation

Bio-chemical processes

Bottom
 Geology
The geology of an area determines, in large
part, the mineral makeup of its waters.
 Climate

Climate influences water

quality because
temperature,
precipitation, and wind
affect the physical,
chemical, and biological
characteristics of water.
 Vegetation
In areas where it is abundant,
vegetation falls into the water, mixes
with it, breaks apart, decomposes,
and becomes part of the water.
 Morphology

The shape and

dimensions of
water bodies have
a direct influence
on their quality,
particularly related
to the water
bodies’ mixing
potential.

https://www.lakescientist.com
http://www.oceanhealthindex.org/methodology/components/nutrient-pollution
 Eutrophication, the
gradual increase in
the concentration
of phosphorus,
nitrogen, and other
plant nutrients in an
aging aquatic
ecosystem such as
a lake.
http://www.britannica,com
http://www.oceanhealthindex.org/methodology/components/nutrient-pollution
 The term “internal
load” refers to
nutrients that is
released from
oxygen-free
sediments on the
lake bed (also
called “dead
zones”) to the
Zhen, Wu et al., 2017 water column
 Excessive production
because of
excessive nutrient
supply.
• Excessive growth of
floating plants
• Excessive fluctuation in
O2 and CO2 levels
• Excessive SOD
• Loss of diversity

Clean Lakes Program: I.U. School of Public and Environmental Affairs (SPEA)
 Management of lakes for the
protection of water quality must be
approached differently in the tropics
compared to temperate latitudes.

Latitudinal distribution of lake surface area Proportions of natural lake types in the tropics
(Herdendorf, 1990) (Lewis, 1996)
The latitudinal trends in maximum and minimum solar irradiance varies
considerably between tropical and temperate latitudes.

Change in the density of water that accompanies a Latitudinal trends in maximum (---) and annual
change in the temperature of 1 0C (Lewis, 2000) minimum irradiance (__) (Lewis, 1987)
The mixed layer dynamics has important
implications on nutrient mixing and
internal loading.

Illustration of the latitudinal distribution of lake types Difference in the dynamics of the mixed layer
based on mixing (Lewis, 2000) between tropical (__) and temperate lakes (--)
(Lewis, 2000)
Temperate lakes are more phosphorous limited, tropical lakes nitrogen limited.

Type and severity of nutrient limitation for tropical Latitudinal trends in annual net primary
(__) and temperate (--) lakes (Lewis, 2000) production of lakes (Lewis, 2000)
 Limiting nutrient is a single nutrient that is either scarce or cycles very
slowly, limiting the growth of organisms in an ecosystem.

Quia: Ecosystem and Restoration Ecology

Pearson Prentice Hall Biology

 71% of earth is water
 97.4% of that is in oceans
 Most of the remaining 2.6% is in ice caps and glaciers.
 Only about 0.014% is easily available fresh water (194,000 km3).
◦ Water for life
◦ Water for food
◦ Water for economy
◦ Water for
environment
 Forest/mangrove
Waste disposal Aquaculture Navigation
denudation

Shore land reclamation Encroachment Irrigation

Water Supply

Eutrophication Shellfish Poisoning

Aquatic Habitat Industrial Cooling

Impacts Demands
 Revise Water Quality Standards/Ordinances; Set control
responsibilities; Revitalize monitoring and research efforts

Environmental loads vs Carrying Capacity

Water resource development vs Ecosystem Conservation

With limited data, how to Which data are useful?

extrapolate in time & space?

Socio-economic Demographics Land, Water and Air

How can we sustain various lake uses?
 An Integrated Decision Support System (IDSS) is a system of mathematical
models, supporting software, databases, monitoring schemes and
stakeholder collaborations/consultations which provides a HOLISTIC
DECISION-MAKING tool for resource-use and conservation management
based on comprehensive scientific description of environmental systems.

Monitoring

Analysis
Experiment
Simulation

Field
measurement

User-oriented information Scientific Raw Data

 Meteorological forcing Temporally and
spatially
varying?

Using DEM?
Geospatial Analysis

Hydrology Waste loads

2D or 3D?

Short-term and
Hydraulics Water quality long-term?

Intensive model
calibration and
Ecology
validation?

Intensive and
extensive set of
field data?
Watershed Characterization

Developed Geo-database and interactive?

✓ And the benefits of continuous information
DATASET ANALYSIS

CHLOROPHYLL-A CONCENTRATION
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
mg/m3

mg/L
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov (2007)

20 36
Chlorophyll-a
Chlorophyll-a (ppb)

Temperature

Temperature (oC)
16 33

12 30

8 27

4 24

0 21
March April May June July August
 Rain
Weather Sensor / Instrument Parameter
sensors
gauge Hydrodynamic

Water quality
Compact-EM 2D velocity
Compact-WH Wave height
Water Level Logger Water depth
Water quality

Meteorological
Compact-DO Dissolved oxygen
Data logger Compact-CL Chlorophyll-a, Turbidity
Compact-CT Salinity, Conductivity
Light sensor
Water Temp Pros Water temperature

Hydrodynamic
Meteorological
Weather station Rainfall
Wind speed and
direction
Salinity-DO
meters, Solar radiation
thermometers
Wave and water level Chlorophyll-a Humidity
current meter logger meter, thermistors
Air temperature
 Field Survey Methods Field Survey Stations

❑ Moored sensor deployment

❑ Water quality vertical profiling
❑ Water quality sampling
❑ Current profiling

ADCP
Horizontal
2D velocity
Velocity &
Temperatur
CTD
Long-term e
monitoring

Temperature
Water Intensive surveys
samplin
g
 Integrated water resource management with
stakeholder participation and consultation
 CHLOROPHYLL-A
1.6

mg/m3
1.2
Piece-wise Incomplete,
0.8
0.4 and sparse inconclusive
0.0
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
(2007)
T D Data Analysis
Database
Not h E
knowledge- r M
and issue- e A Inconsistent,
based a N Divergent
t D
Policy Question s S
Data Integration

Regular
Partisanship Meetings

Decision-making Solution Alternatives

 Continuous
20

16
Chlorophyll-a
Temperature
36

33
RS
12 30

8 27

4 24
Mapping and
0 21 Spatial
Analysis
Comprehensive
Database Data Analysis
T D
h E 3D Numerical
r M Modeling Analysis
e A
a N
t D Data Integration
Policy Question
s S
Sustainable Ecosystem

Stakeholder
Science- Analysis
based

Decision-making Solution Alternatives

 Luzon
Philippines

◦ Watershed link. Total watershed

and lake area of 3, 820 km2 with
over 100 flowing rivers.
◦ Water system link. Laguna Lake is
connected to Manila Bay via Pasig
River and flows in reverse direction
during the dry season.
◦ Anthropogenic Link. Located at
Laguna Lake
the center of urban development
Metro Manila, with roughly 20
million inhabitants.
 Competition and
conflict among
and between users
 Water for life
 Water for food
 Water for economy
 Water for environment

www.google.com.ph/search by image
 Too much turbid waters

www.google.com.ph/search by image and Flicker

 Too much water hyacinths

www.google.com.ph/search by image and Flicker

 Too much brackish irrigation water

www.google.com.ph/search by image and Flicker

 Too much shoreland flooding

www.google.com.ph/search by image and Flicker

 Too much waste discharge

www.google.com.ph/search by image and Flicker

 Too little catch

www.google.com.ph/search by image and Flicker

 Recurring fish kill events

www.google.com.ph/search by image and Flicker

 1800 2100 0000 0300 0600 0900 1200 1500 1800 2100 0000 0300 0600 0900 1200 1500 1800

1000 3.0

Light Intensity (quantum)

a

Solar Radiation (W/m 2)

Solar Radiation Light Intensity
800 2.4

600 1.8

400 1.2

200 0.6

Wet season (a) solar radiation and light intensity (b) 0 0.0

temperature profile (c) density profile diurnal conditions b 4.5

TEMPERATURE Profile unit: Celsius

4.0 30.30

Depth from bottom (m)

3.5 30.10

◦ Wet season stratification 3.0

2.5
29.90

29.70

demonstrated a relatively
2.0
29.50
1.5
29.30

diffused profile compared to

1.0
0.5 29.10

0.0 28.90

the dry season strongly c 4.5

DENSITY Profile unit: kilogram/cubic meter

4.0

associated to differences in
991.70

Depth from bottom (m)

3.5 991.60

3.0

solar radiation stability.

991.50
2.5
991.40
2.0
991.30
1.5
991.20
1.0
0.5 991.10
Herrera, et al., 2015
0.0 991.00
 1800 2100 0000 0300 0600 0900 1200 1500 1800 2100 0000 0300 0600 0900 1200 1500 1800

a 1000 3.0

Light Intensity (quantum)

Solar Radiation (W/m 2)
Solar Radiation Light Intensity
800 2.4

600 1.8

400 1.2

200 0.6

Dry season (a) solar radiation and light intensity (b) 0

TEMPERATURE Profile
0.0

temperature profile (c) density profile diurnal conditions b 3.8

unit: Celsius

3.5
32.87

Depth from bottom (m)

3.0

◦ Daytime stratification in the

32.20

2.5 31.53

2.0

dry season was more

30.87

1.5 30.20

1.0

defined as temperatures at
29.53

0.5 28.87

0.0

the water surface

28.20

c 3.8
DENSITY Profile unit: kilogram/cubic meter

3.5

significantly intensified due

991.46

Depth from bottom (m)

3.0
991.18

2.5

to the relatively steadier

990.90

2.0 990.62

1.5 990.34

peak solar radiation. 1.0

0.5
990.06

989.78

Herrera, et al., 2015 0.0 989.50

 a WIND Temporal Distribution
12

Speed (m/s)
6
0
-6
-12
1800 2100 0000 0300 0600 0900 1200 1500 1800 2100 0000 0300 0600 0900 1200 1500 1800
Aug. 29 Aug. 30 Aug. 31
b 4.3
N-S VELOCITY Profile unit: centimeter/second
N
Wet season wind and hydrodynamic conditions {(a) wind
12
4.0
distribution (b) north-south velocity profile (c) east-west

Depth from bottom (m)

8
3.5
velocity profile} 4
3.0

◦ Wet season hydrodynamics

0
2.5
-4
2.0

demonstrated relatively
-8
1.5
-12

1.0

uniform wind-driven current

-16 S
c E-W VELOCITY Profile unit: centimeter/second
4.3 E
12
4.0

flow, particularly during

Depth from bottom (m)

8

3.5
4

strong wind surges, and

3.0 0

2.5 -4

general sluggish movement

-8
2.0
-12
1.5

the rest of the time.

-16

1.0
-20 W
1800 2100 0000 0300 0600 0900 1200 1500 1800 2100 0000 0300 0600 0900 1200 1500 1800
Aug. 29 Aug. 30 Aug. 31
Herrera, et al., 2015 Time of measurement (hours)
 a WIND Temporal Distribution

Speed (m/s)
12
6
0
-6
-12
1800 2100 0000 0300 0600 0900 1200 1500 1800 2100 0000 0300 0600 0900 1200 1500 1800
Mar. 25 Mar. 26 Mar. 27
b 3.8
N-S VELOCITY Profile unit: centimeter/second
15 N
Dry season wind and hydrodynamic conditions {(a) wind 3.5 13
distribution (b) north-south velocity profile (c) east-west

Depth from bottom (m)

11

velocity profile} 3.0

9

7
2.5

◦ In the dry season, surface

5

3
2.0
1

wind-driven current with

-1
1.5
-3

-5
1.0

bottom counter flow at

-7 S
c E-W VELOCITY Profile unit: centimeter/second
3.8 E

peak day time, and general

3.5 8

Depth from bottom (m)

3.0 4

night-morning time sluggish

0
2.5
-4

movement characterize the

2.0 -8

1.5 -12

general hydrodynamics.
-16
1.0
-20 W
1800 2100 0000 0300 0600 0900 1200 1500 1800 2100 0000 0300 0600 0900 1200 1500 1800
Herrera, et al., 2015 Mar. 25 Mar. 26
Time of measurement (hours)
Mar. 27
 Herrera, et al., 2015
Dry Season

Laguna Lake Surface Diatom Distribution (December) Laguna Lake Total Algal Concentration Surface Distribution (Feb) Laguna Lake Surface Turbidity Distribution (February)

Concentration (microgram/liter) Concentration (microgram/liter) Turbidity (ftu)

0-2
0 to 2
0-4
0 to 4 0 to 10
0-10
2 to 4 4 to 8 10 to 20

Chlorophyll-a (μg/L)
ebruary) 4 to 6 20 to 30
8 to 12

Diatoms (μg/L)
Concentration (milligram/liter)
6 to 8 12 to 16 30 to 40
0-2

Turbidity (ftu)
0 to 2

2 to 4 8 to 10 16 to 20 40 to 50
N:P Ratio

4 to 6 10 to 12 50 to 60
20 to 24
6 to 8
12 to 14 24 to 28 60 to 70
8 to 10
14 to 16 28 to 32 70 to 80
10 to 12

12 to 14 16 to 18 32 to 36 80 to 90

14-16
14 to 16
18-20
18 to 20 36 to 40
36-40 90-100
90 to 100
Wet Season

◦ Areas with low N:P ratios showed high algal concentrations specially for the dry season, indicative of
active nitrogen assimilation. Algal distribution showed efficient lake nutrient recycling mechanism.
 Thermocline development
Manila Bay-Laguna Lake Water Level Difference
Depth Difference (meters); Salinity (psu)

3.5
3.5
Depth (m) ; Salinity (psu)

Water Level Difference

3.03
Salinity Concentration 1
2.5
2.5

Intrusion Saltwater, Organisms

2.02 Flocculation and Settling
Manila Bay-Laguna Lake Water Quality
1.5
1.5

1.01
0.5
0.5
2
00
Mar-07 Apr/28
Mar/09 Apr-07 Jun/17
Jun-07 Aug/06
Aug-07 Sep/25
Sep-07 Nov-07
Nov/14 Jan-08
Jan/03 Feb-08
Feb/22 Apr-08 Jun/01
Apr/12 Jun-08 Jul/21
Jul-08 Upwelling and Dispersion
Watershed Wind Mixing Nutrient
Time (months) Discharge Input
15
15 150
35
DO concentration (mg/L)

Dissolved oxygen

Chlorophyll-a (microgram/L)
Chlorophyll-a Nutrient
12 120
DO concentration (mg/L)

12 28 Upwelling

99 90
21
3 Agitation

66 60
14 Primary Production
Nutrient-rich Epilimnion

33 30
7 Selective

00 00
4 Flocculation
Settling

Mar/09 Apr/28 Jun/17 Aug/06 Sep/25 Nov/14 Jan/03 Feb/22 Apr/12 Jun/01 Jul/21 Herrera, et al., 2015
Time (months)
 INPUT Field Monitoring and Modelling Analysis OUTPUT

Land / soil cover Surface runoff

Parameterization
Topography
Infiltration rates
Geology

Channel geometry
Groundwater discharge
Meteorology

Sediment discharge
Calibration/Validation

River discharge Nutrient discharge

Sediment discharge

Nutrient Discharge Contaminant discharge

With the watershed model, management and

! conservation scenario options can be
simulated!!!
 800 0

River Discharge Calibration

640 100

Discharge (m3/s)
Rainfall Depth

Rainfall (mm)
480 Simulated Discharge 200
Observed Discharge
320 300

R2=0.84
160 400

0 500
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1400 0

1120 100
River Discharge Validation
Discharge (m3/s)

Rainfall (mm)
840 200
R2=0.53
560 300

280 400

0 500
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
 600
River Sediment Discharge Calibration R2=0.53
480

Discharge (mg/l)
360
Observed Sediment Discharge
Simulated Sediemnt Discharge
240

120

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

700
River Sediment Discharge Validation R2=0.45
560
Discharge (mg/L)

420

280

140

0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
 280000 290000 300000 310000 320000 330000 340000 350000

1640000

1640000
Strong variability in
400 watershed spatial and

1630000

1630000
temporal rainfall distribution

1620000

1620000
J F M A M J J A S O N D
320

415

1610000

1610000
J F M A M J J A S O N D 940

1600000

1600000
J F M A M J J A S O N D

320

1590000

1590000
J F M A M J J A S O N D

J F M A M J J A S O N D
1580000

1580000
835

245
1570000

1570000
J F M A M J J A S O N D
1560000

1560000
530
J F M A M J J A S O N D
340
315
1550000

1550000
J F M A M J J A S O N D
J F M A M J J A S O N D
280000 290000 J F
300000 M 310000
A M J 320000
J A S 330000
O N D 340000 350000
Hydrodynamics : simulation of the non-steady flow and transport
phenomenon resulting from tidal and meteorological forcing.
Transport
→ Circulation characteristics of the lake resulting
from morphology and various forcing factors

Marikina Sub-basin 23 Sub-basin Direct Lake

River Discharge River Discharges Rainfall

Currents

Marikina
River
Laguna Lake
Rosario Mangahan
Weir Bathymetry
Floodway
Geometry
San Juan

Fisheries structures
River

Napindan
Napindan Meteorological forcing Water Level
HCS
Channel Sediment characteristics
Groundwater
Interaction
Manila Pasig (Excess / Deficit:
Bay River uncertainties)

Power Industrial Domestic Irrigation Lake

Generation Cooling Water Supply Evaporation
 a b cc d
Surface-layer current Bottom-layer current Depth-averaged Saltwater plume
current
wind: wind: wind:
northwesterly northwesterly northwesterly Lake outflow
0.05 m/s 0.05 m/s 0.05 m/s

Wet season circulation Wind Direction

NORTH

◦ Current movement is more uniform in the general 25%

20%

lake outflow direction. Intruded polluted seawater

15%
10%
5%
WEST EAST

the previous season is discharged out of the lake. WIND SPEED

(m/s)
>= 11.1
Resultant Vector 8.8 - 11.1

Herrera, et al., 2015

246 deg - 22% 5.7 - 8.8
SOUTH 3.6 - 5.7
2.1 - 3.6
0.5 - 2.1
Calms: 4.86%
 a b c d
Surface-layer Bottom-layer Depth-averaged Saltwater plume
current current current
wind: wind: wind:
southeasterly southeasterly southeasterly Lake inflow
0.05 m/s 0.05 m/s 0.05 m/s

Dry season circulation Wind Direction

NORTH

◦ Current movement is two layered and 27%

45%
36%

predominantly wind-driven. A general gyre WEST

9%
18%

EAST

circulation exist with polluted seawater intrusion. WIND SPEED

(m/s)

>= 11.1
Resultant Vector 8.8 - 11.1

118 deg - 59% 5.7 - 8.8

Herrera, et al., 2015

SOUTH 3.6 - 5.7
2.1 - 3.6
0.5 - 2.1
Calms: 4.97%
◦ Salinity
intrusion starts
in January,
attains its peak
in May and
recedes from
late June. It
does not
occur every
year.
Herrera, et al., 2015
 Jul. 2007 Aug. 2007 Sep. 2007 Oct. 2007 Nov. 2007 Dec. 2007

Jan. 2008 Feb. 2008 Mar 2008 Apr. 2008 May 2008 Jun. 2008

Herrera, et al., 2015

One year monthly snapshots of simulated Laguna Lake salinity intrusion

◦ Salinity intrusion starts in January, attains its peak in May and recedes
from late June. It does not occur every year and is tidally modulated.
 INPUT OUTPUT
Laguna Lake Bio-Chemical Components Lake Water Quality Characteristics

Atmosphere

Field Monitoring and Modelling Analysis

Waste
Solar Thermal
Light Intensity Wind Load Biological
radiation Heating

Water Waves
Accrual Export
BOD, DO, NH4,
Currents NO3

Reaeration Degassing
Density effects
Chemical
Dissolved
Photosynthesis Oxygen Nitrification
Algae
Nutrient and Algae
sediment
transport Respiration and Sediment Oxygen
Demand
abiotic oxidation Physical
Inorganic Organic matter
matter

Sediment

With the water quality model, management and

! conservation scenario options can be simulated!!!
 BOD Chlorophyll-a
7 80

0
C 0

Dissolved Oxygen 7 Nitrate 0.01

Herrera, et al., 2015 0 0

Integrated Decision Support System: Fish kills events have become prominent over the recent years, what’s
causing it and can be done about it?

Too much waste

load discharged
ACTIONS
LLDA DISMANTLES ILLEGAL
to the lake FISHPEN STRUCTURES/ENFORCES
EUFs Scenario Simulation
Hydrodynamic
Too many fish 1.62
6
x 10
turbulent energy (m2/s 2) in layer 5
27-Mar-2008 00:00:00 x 10
8
-5

x 10-5 6
x 10
turbulent energy (m2/s 2) in layer 5
27-Mar-2008 00:00:00 x 10
-5

DECISION
1.62 8

0 m2/s2 8
structures within WITH
Water Quality
1.61

Scenario
EnergySimulation
WITHOUT 7

1.61
7

Aquaculture Aquaculture
the lake
6
6

LLDA RENEWED ZONING OF

velocity, magnitude
1.6 (m/s) in layer 5 velocity, magnitude (m/s)
1.6
in layer 5
6 6
x 10 27-Mar-2008 00:00:00 x 10 5 27-Mar-2008 00:00:00
Fishkill Case Study

5
1.62 1.62 0.05 0.05

y coordinate (m) →
Existing Condition 25% Reduction 200% Increase
AQUACULTURE STRUCTURES/WAQ

y coordinate (m) →
1.59 4
1.59 4

velocity, magnitude (m/s) in layer 5

in Waste Load in Waste Load 0.045 0.045

CRITERIA
6
x 10 27-Mar-2008 00:00:00
1.62 3
0.05 3
1.58
1.58

1.61 1.61
7
Eutrophication is 0.05
2
2
0.045 0.04 0.04
1.57
1.57
1.61 1

promoted with
1

0.04

IDSS LESSONS
0.035 0.035
1.56 0
2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 1.56 0
1.6 x coordinate (m) → 5 1.6 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4
x 10 x coordinate (m) → 5

increase in residence
x 10
0.035

Bottom DO
1.6

• Aquaculture structures should be

0.03 0.03
y coordinate (m) →

y coordinate (m) →
0.03

time
y coordinate (m) →

FISHKILLS properly zoned for maximum lake

1.59 1.59 0.025 0.025
1.59 0.025

circulation
0.02
0.02 0.02

Anoxia 1.58
1.58
1.58

• Environmental waste loads affects

0.015

0.015 0.015

0.01

lake water quality

1.57
0.01 0.01
1.57
Velocity 0 m/s Unit: mg/l 0 1.57 0.005

1.56
2.8 2.9 3 3.1
x coordinate (m) →
3.2 3.3 • Efforts should be a concerted one
3.4
x 10
5
0
0.005 0.005

1.56 1.56 0 0
2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4
x coordinate (m) → 5
x 10 x coordinate (m) → x 10
5
Integrated Decision Support System: Is it environmentally acceptable to increase abstraction volume from
the lake for domestic water needs?

ACTIONS
Hydrodynamic ScenarioSimulation
Simulation
Increase Abstraction Case Study
The lake has Water Quality Scenario
sufficient volume Current Circulation Snapshots
PollutedLLDA
WaterRECONSIDERS OPERATION OF THE
Intrusion Snapshots
of water to offer No abstraction NAPINDAN
800 MLDHYDRAULIC CONTROL
1600 MLD
No abstraction 800 MLD
STRUCTURE 1600 MLD

Hydraulically there DECISION

is little impact for

MLD – 106 liters/day

LLDA SETS OPERATIONAL CURVES FOR

MLD – 106 liters/day

the lake LAKE ABSTRACTION WITH CONSIDERATION
FOR THE ENVIRONMENT
Eutrophication is 2400 MLD 3200 MLD 4000 MLD
promoted/increase 2400 MLD 3200 MLD 4000 MLD
IDSS LESSONS
in residence time
• There is little impact in terms of
FISHKILLS hydrodynamics for increase lake
Anoxia abstraction
• Increase in Pasig River return flows
• Increase residence time
• Higher risk for eutrophication
Integrated Decision Support System: How significant is watershed land-use change to impacting river
discharge?

The lake watershed

ACTIONS
Changing Land-use Case Study

has undergone
LLDA COORDINATES WITHARABLE
CONCERNED
significant land-use 200
1200
1993 2006
1993Land
1993 LandUse
Use LGUs on CLUPs and REFORESTATION
change 180
2005Land
2005 LandUse
Use
PROJECTS
BUILT-UP
CLOSED CANOPY
1000
160 20Year
20 YearProjection
Projection OPEN CANOPY

Discharge(ton/ha)
(mm)
COCONUT
140
Land-use change 800
120 Simulated DECISION
Simulated Sediment Discharge
River Discharge
trends lean more

Discharge
600
100 LLDA need to have inputs on the
towards higher watershed’s comprehensive land-use
80
runoff 400 development plan (CLUPs)
60
Sediment 40
200
discharges are 20
IDSS LESSONS
also significantly 00
•5 Land-use change has10significantly
higher 11 22 33 44 5 66 77 88 99 10 1111 1212
Sedimentation impacted
Month
Month watershed surface runoff
Flooding and sediment discharge
• There is a need to manage land
development plans
• Efforts need be a concerted one
Integrated Decision Support System: How crucial is lake sedimentation and bathymetric change to
ecosystem balance and response?

ACTIONS
a depth averaged velocity
b depth averaged velocity
c temporarily inactive velocity points

The lake watershed

6 6 6
x 10 18-Dec-2007 00:00:00 x 10 15-Jun-2008 00:00:00 x 10 18-Dec-2007 00:00:00
1.62 1.62 1.62

Surface-layer Bottom-layer
Lake Sedimentation Case Study
Salinity (psu)

current
has undergone 1.61 current 1.61 1.61
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

Polluted
LLDA COORDINATES WITH CONCERNED
significant land-use 1.6
sea-water
1.6 1.6

LGUs on CLUPs and REFORESTATION

change

y coordinate (m) →

y coordinate (m) →

y coordinate (m) →
PROJECTS
1.59 1.59 1.59

1.58 1.58 1.58

Land-use change 2008

DECISION
1.57 1.57 1.57

1.6 1.62
x 10
6
depth averaged velocity
18-Dec-2007 00:00:00
1.62
6
x 10
depth averaged velocity
15-Jun-2008 00:00:00
1.62
x 10
6
temporarily inactive velocity points
18-Dec-2007 00:00:00

trends lean more

Salinity (psu)
1.4
LLDA need to have inputs on the
1.56 1.56 1.56
2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 2.8 3.4 2.9 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 2.8 3.4 2.9 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4
x coordinate (m) → 5 x coordinate (m) → 5 0 2 x coordinate
4 6(m) →8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 5

1.2
x 10 x 10 x 10
1.61 1.61 1.61

towards higher 1.0 watershed’s comprehensive land-use

runoff
1.6 1.6 1.6

0.8
development plan (CLUPs)

y coordinate (m) →

y coordinate (m) →

y coordinate (m) →
0.6 1.59 1.59 1.59

Sediment 0.4
0.2
1.58 1.58 1.58

discharges are 0.0 1.57

IDSS LESSONS 1.57 1.57

also significantly
1983 depth averaged velocity depth averaged velocity temporarily inactive velocity points

-0.2 x 10
6
18-Dec-2007 00:00:00 6
x 10 15-Jun-2008 00:00:00 x 10
6
18-Dec-2007 00:00:00

• Land-use change has significantly

1.62 1.62 1.62

Salinity (psu)

higher
-0.4 1.56
2.8 2.9 3 3.1
x coordinate (m) →
3.2
1.56
3.3 2.8 3.4 2.9
x 10
5
3 3.1
x coordinate (m) →
3.2 3.3
1.56
2.8 3.4
5
x 10
2.9 3
0 2 4
3.1
x coordinate (m) →
6
3.2 3.3
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 x 10
3.4
5

impacted watershed surface runoff

1.61 1.61 1.61

-0.6
-0.8
and sediment discharge
1.6 1.6 1.6

Bathymetric change y coordinate (m) →

y coordinate (m) →

y coordinate (m) →
Eutrophic 1.59

• There is a need to manage land

1.59 1.59

vulnerability 1.58
development plans 1.58 1.58

1.57

1963 • Efforts need be a concerted one

1.57 1.57

1.56 1.56 1.56

2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 2.8 3.4 2.9 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 2.8 3.4 2.9 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4
x coordinate (m) → x 10
5 x coordinate (m) → 5
x 10 x coordinate (m) → x 10
5
o Control of point sources- Advanced wastewater treatment with
precipitation, sedimentation, and/or filtration are conventional approaches for
phosphorus removal from domestic wastewater.

o Control of non-point sources- Best management practices (BMPs) are

typically used to control the input of nutrients.

o Chemical treatment- Aluminum salts such as aluminum sulfate (alum,

AlSO4) and sodium aluminate (Na2Al2O4) or ferrous chloride (FeCl2) have a strong
affinity to adsorb and absorb inorganic phosphorus and remove phosphorus-
containing particulate matter from the water column as part of the floc (loose
precipitate) that forms.

o Limitation of internal loading- destratification.

  Physical Approaches

Artificial Hypolimnion Hypolimnetic

Circulation Aeration Withdrawal
◦ Air injected into ◦ Increase O2 in hypolimnion ◦ Passive: siphon deep,
hypolimnion ◦ Deep waters exposed to oxygen poor water
◦ Allows for lake mixing, atmosphere and returned to ◦ Uses gravity at lake outlet,
reduces nutrient release lake bottom deposits water into
in low O2 conditions ◦ No mixing, maintains receiving stream
◦ Limited to stratified lakes stratification ◦ Water output = input
◦ Creates even ◦ Lake should be very deep, ◦ Good when external
temperature large hypolimnion nutrient loading has been
◦ Beware of nitrogen saturation addressed
www.teatown.org
  Chemical Approaches

Algaecides Nutrient Precipitation and Inactivation

◦ Copper sulphate most common
◦ Kills algal cells
◦ Fast acting
◦ Short-term solution
◦ Can be used in wide variety of
lakes
◦ Non-target organisms affected: fish
◦ Food-chain disruption
◦ Alum (chemical agent) removes phosphorus
from water column: deactivation seals
sediments from nutrient release
◦ Fast-acting and longer-term
◦ Good when external nutrient loading has
been addressed
◦ Cost-effective and long-lasting
◦ Less stigma, as alum is more common
◦ Beware of aluminum toxicity www.teatown.org
  Biological Approaches

Biomanipulation and Fish-stocking

◦ Change lake ecosystem dynamics

◦ Stocking or removing certain species
◦ Fish stocking to reduce algae: outcompete
planktivorous (zooplankton) fish
◦ Top-down food web management
◦ Fish removal: bottom feeders, sediment disruptors
◦ Potential for long-term but not predictable

www.teatown.org
 To restore a pond or lake to a healthy condition, we must restore the natural
processes that allow them to assimilate the nutrient load that it receives.
 An IDSS is composed of interconnected set of modeling tools. There is a need
for continuous calibration and validation.
 With agency limitation in funding support and technical manpower, partnership
with academic and research institutions is vital.
 Based on the idea of developing and implementing IWRM, experiences and
key lessons learned should be harnessed.
 Confidence, acceptance, and utilization of modeling technologies for local
planning, decision and policy making remain a challenge.
 Considering the size of the lake, other agencies, entities and volunteers
dedicated to monitoring/preserving the lake or the watershed is needed.
 Lack of common vision for the lake thus the lack of strict consideration for
environmentally sound and viable practice.
 Existing and increasing land and water use conflicts. Stakeholder
consultations and IEC’s are essential.
 Software and hardware need to be continuously updated, including technical
staff training.
 The IDSS should be recognized as part of the implementing agency’s official
decision-making process.
 Continuous monitoring and extensive/intensive field surveys and
accompanying data processing and analysis are important and are integral in
understanding lake dynamics.
 The implementing agency should receive sufficient government support.
 Models are just models. What is more important
in an IDSS is the active network of collaboration
and cooperation among the LGUs,
stakeholders, and researchers in addressing lake
issues. This active network will ensure proper use
and further development of these models
meant for supporting decisions by providing
mechanisms to evaluate scenarios within
acceptable accuracy.