High cholesterol

Overview
Cholesterol is a waxy substance found in your blood. Your body needs cholesterol to
build healthy cells, but high levels of cholesterol can increase your risk of heart
disease.
With high cholesterol, you can develop fatty deposits in your blood vessels. Eventually,
these deposits grow, making it difficult for enough blood to flow through your arteries.
Sometimes, those deposits can break suddenly and form a clot that causes a heart
attack or stroke.
High cholesterol can be inherited, but it's often the result of unhealthy lifestyle choices,
which make it preventable and treatable. A healthy diet, regular exercise and
sometimes medication can help reduce high cholesterol.

Symptoms
High cholesterol has no symptoms. A blood test is the only way to detect if you have

it. When to see a doctor

According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), a person's first
cholesterol screening should occur between the ages of 9 and 11, and then be repeated
every five years after that.
The NHLBI recommends that cholesterol screenings occur every one to two years for
men ages 45 to 65 and for women ages 55 to 65. People over 65 should receive
cholesterol tests annually.
If your test results aren't within desirable ranges, your doctor might recommend more
frequent measurements. Your doctor might also suggest more-frequent tests if you have
a family history of high cholesterol, heart disease or other risk factors, such as diabetes
or high blood pressure.

Causes
Cholesterol is carried through your blood, attached to proteins. This combination of
proteins and cholesterol is called a lipoprotein. There are different types of cholesterol,
based on what the lipoprotein carries. They are:

∙ Low-density lipoprotein (LDL). LDL, the "bad" cholesterol, transports cholesterol

particles throughout your body. LDL cholesterol builds up in the walls of your
arteries, making them hard and narrow.
∙ High-density lipoprotein (HDL). HDL, the "good" cholesterol, picks up excess
cholesterol and takes it back to your liver.
A lipid profile also typically measures triglycerides, a type of fat in the blood. Having a
high triglyceride level also can increase your risk of heart disease.
Factors you can control — such as inactivity, obesity and an unhealthy diet — contribute
to harmful cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Factors beyond your control might play a
role, too. For example, your genetic makeup might make it more difficult for your body
to remove LDL cholesterol from your blood or break it down in the liver.
Medical conditions that can cause unhealthy cholesterol levels include:

∙ Chronic kidney disease

∙ Diabetes
∙ HIV/AIDS
∙ Hypothyroidism
∙ Lupus
Cholesterol levels can also be worsened by some types of medications you may be
taking for other health problems, such as:

∙ Acne
∙ Cancer
∙ High blood pressure
∙ HIV/AIDS
∙ Irregular heart rhythms
∙ Organ transplants
Risk factors
Factors that can increase your risk of unhealthy cholesterol levels include:

∙ Poor diet. Eating too much saturated fat or trans fats can result in unhealthy
cholesterol levels. Saturated fats are found in fatty cuts of meat and full-fat dairy
products. Trans fats are often found in packaged snacks or desserts.
∙ Obesity. Having a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or greater puts you at risk of high
cholesterol.
∙ Lack of exercise. Exercise helps boost your body's HDL, the "good," cholesterol. ∙
Smoking. Cigarette smoking may lower your level of HDL, the "good," cholesterol. ∙
Alcohol. Drinking too much alcohol can increase your total cholesterol level.
∙ Age. Even young children can have unhealthy cholesterol, but it's much more
common in people over 40. As you age, your liver becomes less able to
remove LDL cholesterol.

Complications
High cholesterol can cause a dangerous accumulation of cholesterol and other deposits
on the walls of your arteries (atherosclerosis). These deposits (plaques) can reduce
blood flow through your arteries, which can cause complications, such as:

∙ Chest pain. If the arteries that supply your heart with blood (coronary arteries) are
affected, you might have chest pain (angina) and other symptoms of coronary artery
disease.
∙ Heart attack. If plaques tear or rupture, a blood clot can form at the plaque-rupture
site — blocking the flow of blood or breaking free and plugging an artery
downstream. If blood flow to part of your heart stops, you'll have a heart attack.
∙ Stroke. Similar to a heart attack, a stroke occurs when a blood clot blocks blood flow
to part of your brain.

Prevention
The same heart-healthy lifestyle changes that can lower your cholesterol can help
prevent you from having high cholesterol in the first place. To help prevent high
cholesterol, you can:

∙ Eata low-salt diet that emphasizes fruits, vegetables and whole grains ∙
Limit the amount of animal fats and use good fats in moderation ∙ Lose
extra pounds and maintain a healthy weight
∙ Quit smoking
∙ Exercise on most days of the week for at least 30 minutes
∙ Drink alcohol in moderation, if at all
∙ Manage stress

Causes of high cholesterol

High cholesterol is a significant risk factor for coronary heart disease and a cause of
heart attacks.

A build-up of cholesterol is part of the process that narrows arteries, called

atherosclerosis. In atherosclerosis, plaques form and cause restriction of blood flow.

Reducing the intake of fat in the diet helps to manage cholesterol levels. In particular, it
is helpful to limit foods that contain:

Cholesterol: This is present in animal foods, meat, and cheese.

Saturated fat: This occurs in some meats, dairy products, chocolate, baked goods, deep-
fried, and processed foods.
Trans fats: This occurs in some fried and processed foods.
Excess weight or obesity can also lead to higher blood LDL levels. Genetic factors can
contribute to high cholesterol. People with the inherited condition familial
hypercholesterolemia have very high LDL levels.

Other conditions that can lead to high cholesterol levels, include:

diabetes
liver or kidney disease
polycystic ovary syndrome
pregnancy and other conditions that increase levels of female hormones
underactive thyroid gland
drugs that increase LDL cholesterol and decrease HDL cholesterol, such as progestins,
anabolic steroids, and corticosteroids
High cholesterol symptoms
A person with high cholesterol levels often has no signs or symptoms, but routine
screening and regular blood tests can help detect high levels.

A person who does not undergo testing may have a heart attack without warning,
because they did not know that they had high cholesterol levels. Regular tests can help
to reduce this risk.

Cholesterol in foods
Oily fish like salmon has been shown to actively decrease cholesterol.
A report from Harvard Health has identified 11 cholesterol-lowering foods that actively
decrease cholesterol levels:

oats
barley and whole grains
beans
eggplant and okra
nuts
vegetable oil (canola, sunflower)
fruits (mainly apples, grapes, strawberries, and citrus)
soy and soy-based foods
fatty fish (particularly salmon, tuna, and sardines)
foods rich in fiber
Adding these to a balanced diet can help keep cholesterol in check.

The same report also lists foods that are bad for cholesterol levels. These include:

red meat
full-fat dairy
margarine
hydrogenated oils
baked goods
Various low cholesterol recipe books are available to purchase online.

Levels and ranges

In adults, total cholesterol levels less than 200 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) are
considered healthy.

A reading between 200 and 239 mg/dL is borderline high.

A reading of 240 mg/dL and above is considered high.
LDL cholesterol levels should be less than 100 mg/dL.

100–129 mg/dL is acceptable for people with no health problems but may be a concern
for anyone with heart disease or heart disease risk factors.
130—159 mg/dL is borderline high.
160–189 mg/dL is high.
190 mg/dL or higher is considered very high.
HDL levels should be kept higher. The optimal reading for HDL levels is of 60 mg/dL or
higher.

A reading of less than 40 mg/dL can be a major risk factor for heart disease.
A reading from 41 mg/dL to 59 mg/dL is borderline low.