OPEN CLOZE

1 Motorbike Stunt Rider

I work (0) ... a motorbike stunt rider - that is, I do tricks on my motorbike at shows. The Le Mans
racetrack in France was (1) ........ I first saw some guys doing motorbike stunts. I'd never seen anyone
riding a motorbike using just the back wheel before and I was (2) ........ impressed I went straight home
and taught (3) ........ to do the same. It wasn't very long before I began to earn my living at shows
performing my own motorbike stunts.

 I have a degree (4) ........ mechanical engineering; this helps me to look at the physics (5) ........ lies
behind each stunt. In addition to being responsible for design changes to the motorbike, I have to
work (6) ........ every stunt I do. People often think that my work is very dangerous, but, apart (7) ........
some minor mechanical problem happening occasionally during a stunt, nothing ever goes wrong. I never
feel in (8) ........ kind of danger because I'm very experienced.

2. The Dolly Zoom

If you __1__ movies a lot, you probably have seen this camera technique. It involves zooming in with the
lens while dollying the camera backwards or ___2___, therefore either making the background bigger or
___3___. It was made famous by VERTIGO, a film ___4___ by Alfred Hitchcock in 1958. Since then it
has been used innumerable ___5____. The Dolly Zoom is effective in amplifying a character's internal
emotional mindset, if used correctly. However, this technique is now being ____6__ in modern
cinematography, because it is believed to make your scene much more epic, many
filmmakers ___7__ just apply it anywhere they deem fit.

3. Exam Tips

When the day comes give yourself plenty of time (0) ... do everything: have breakfast but don't
drink (1) ... much; go to the toilet; arrive on time, but not too early or you will find yourself getting more
and more nervous while you wait to start. Try not to talk (2) ... the exam before you go in.
In the exam, calm (3) ... down by breathing deeply and thinking positively. Read (4) ... exam questions
carefully and underline all of the key instruction words (5) ... indicate how the questions should (6) ...
answered. If possible start with the ones (7) ... can do easily to give you confidence. Remember what
you've learnt from practising questions and doing mock exams previously and plan your use of time.
Don't panic (8) ... everyone around you seems to start writing furiously straight away and don't be
tempted to follow their example.
Finally, after the exam, don't join in a discussion about (9) ... everyone else did, (10) ... you want to
frighten yourself, and drain your self-confidence for the next exam. Above (11) ..., remember that exams
are not designed to catch you out, (12) ... to find out what you know, what you understand and what you
can do.

4. Cats
Cats of all kinds are present in the legends, religion, mythology, and history of (1) ... different cultures.
Cave paintings created by early humans display different types of wild cats (2) ... are now extinct, or no
longer around. Many of these great beasts saw humans as food, but were hunted by humans (3) ... return.
Cats similar (4) ... the ones kept as pets today started showing up in artwork thousands of years ago. For
example, the ancient Egyptians believed cats were the sacred, or special, animal of a goddess named Bast.
They believed that Bast often appeared (5) ... a cat, so many ancient Egyptians respected and honoured
cats and kittens. (6) ..., other cultures feared cats or thought that they brought illnesses and bad luck.
Today, with millions kept as pets in homes around the world, cats (7) ... become important members of
many families. No one knows for sure when or (8) ... cats became very popular household pets. It s
possible that people noticed how cats hunted mice and rats, (9) ... they set food and milk out to keep the
cats near (10) ... homes. This helped to prevent (11) ... many of these rodents (12) ... coming into homes
and eating people's food or spreading sickness.

5. It is sometimes said that men and women communicate in different languages. For hundreds of years in
the Jianyong County of Hunan province, China, this was quite literally the (1) _______. Sometime
between 400 and 1,000 years ago women defied the patriarchal norms of the time that (2)_______ them
to read or write, and conceived (3) _______ Nu shu – literally, ‘women’s language’ – asecretive script
and language of their own. Through building informal networks of ‘sworn sisters’ who committed (4)
_______ to teaching the language only to other women, and by using it artistically in ways that could be
(5) _______ off as artwork (such as writing characters on a decorative fan), Nu shu was able to grow and
(6) _______ without attracting too much suspicion.Nu shu has many orthographical distinctions from the
standard Chinese script. Whereas standard Chinese has large, bold strokes that look as if they might have
been shaped with a thick permanent marker pen, Nu shu characters are (7) _______, slanted and have a
slightly ‘scratchy’ appearance that (8) _______ more similarity to calligraphy. Whereas standard Chinese
is logographic, with characters that represent words and meanings, Nu shu is completely phonetic – each
character represents a (9) _______; the meaning must be acquired from the context of what is being said.
Users of Nu shu developed coded meanings for various words and phrases, but it is likely that only a tiny
fraction of these will ever be known. Many secrets of Nu shu have gone to the (10) _______.

6.(11) _______ was a time in the world of commerce when buyers and sellers knew each other, and

advertising was simply a question of personal recommendation. But when the Industrial Revolution

enabled mass production, manufacturers needed printed advertising to reach customers they (12)

_______ never meet. It was not until the late 19th century, however, that advertising was to become an
industry in its own (13) _______, with agencies, designers and copywriters. In the late 1920s, adverts,
which had (14) _______ only appeared on billboards or in newspapers, were now being (15) _______ on
the radio as well. Radio ads increased in number during the Great Depression of the 1930s, when millions
of people lost their jobs. Their rise in popularity (16) _______ to the severe economic problems of this
period, when people would listen to free radio news rather than spend money on a newspaper. In this
economic climate, advertisers had to work extremely hard to persuade consumers to buy (17) _______ at
all.By the 1950s, the spread of television had brought with it the commercial (18) _______ – a short
period of time between programmes when products are advertised. That’s when advertising agencies
tapped into people’s dreams and desires by advertising products as if they were necessities you couldn’t
live without, using phrases like limited offer and one-time only, which soon became part and (19)
_______ of advertising language.Today, with the explosive growth of the Internet coupled with the rise of
digital media, advertising has come (20) _______ circle, with social influencers blurring the lines
between commercial advertising and personal recommendation.

7. Anxiety

Stress (1)______ by worry is both useful and problematic (2)______ people. How can (3)______ be both
useful and problematic? (4)______ the stress some people feel when they worry about the future.
Worrying about the future, (5)______ unpleasant, motivates us to get things done. We strive to
accomplish (6)______ tasks today in (7)______ to avoid unpleasant outcomes later. This would be an
example of how stress actually (8)______ a useful purpose. However, sometimes worry can have the
(9)______ effect. Let (10)______ again take the example of worrying about the future. As discussed
(11)______, a certain level of worry can help us accomplish the tasks (12)______ hand. But some people
experience a significantly higher level of stress brought (13)______ by worry. This is when worry
(14)______ into fear or anxiety, and although many people might understand fear and anxiety as the same
thing, psychologists define these two (15)______ differently.

8. The knowledge and eloquence that people gain through travelling is usually perceived (1)___ the best
fulfillment in life. It is the inquisitive human nature (2)___ impels people to seek thrilling experiences and
to set out on an exploration trip. Those who travel frequently and to diverse places benefit from
establishing new relationships and (3)___ a better knowledge about other cultures and lifestyles.
However, there is a grain of truth in the assumption that people are prone to cherishing clichés and
unfounded prejudices about other nations and their characteristics. Sometimes, it is only the first-hand
encounter that can help change the approach towards the (4)___ ‘inferior communities’. This direct
(5)___ with a different civilization enables travelers to drop their baseless assumptions and get acquainted
with the real concept of life in allfour (6)___ of the globe. Beyond question, travelling facilitates
friendship and makes (7)___ easier for many individuals to acknowledge the true value of different
traditions and customs. Yet, it does not always (8)___ enjoyment. It (9)___ also involve coming close
with the atrocities of real existence as well as becoming aware of the challenges and hardships that other
people have to struggle with. Hence, a true voyage is the one with a good deal of experience to reminisce
about, (10)___ often combined with exposure to abhorrent sights and incredible ordeals. The learning to
be complete, thus, requires an ability to observe and analyze the surroundings, both their glamour and
brutality.

9.Female butlers

A new breed of butlers has appeared (1) ____ the scene; increasingly, it seems (2) ______ rich and
famous are turning (3)______ women to perform the little domestic duties of everyday life. But (4) _____
female butlers are in ever greater demand, they are also in short supply. Ivor Spencer, who runs the (5)
_______ traditional of the well-known butler schools, (6) _______ trained only eight women in 21 year.
Even at the more progressive butler academies, (7) ________ as Robert Watson’s Guild of Professional
Butlers, fewer than one (8) ________ four trainees are female. Butlerine Sarah Whittle says that women
are in demand (9) ________ they’re less stuffy than men. “We’re better (10) ________ picking up on
people’s moods,” she says. “And we can organize several things at (11) ________: it’s in our nature to
multitask.” Whittle (12) ________ expected to be smart as professional (13) _____ duty, but she does get
glamorous perks - presents of chocolate, champagne and, on (14) _______ occasion, an expensive pair of
shoes. But the job has its downside. Hundred-hour weeks are (15) _________ uncommon, the hours are
unsociable and the tasks often (16) ________ than glamorous.

10. Snoring

Sleep deprivation can make us very angry, which is (1)________ snoring - the human equivalent of a car
alarm (2)__________ set off at night - can be so irritating. Most people snore occasionally, but in middle
age about 40 per cent of women (3) __________ so regularly. Snoring can ruin relationships and be
intensely embarrassing. Snorers (4) _________ go into hospital, for example, may worry that they’ll keep
the whole ward awake. But snoring doesn’t (5) _________ afflict the unafflicted; snorers may also disturb
(6) ________ and feel sleepy during the day. Snoring can sometimes be a symptom of a more serious
condition. Up (7) _________ six per cent of men and two per cent of women suffer from sleep apnoea, a
syndrome in which breathing (8) __________ significantly disrupted during sleep. Some people may start
off (9) __________ uncomplicated snorers, but develop sleep apnoea as they get older. The word apnoea
is derived (10) __________ the Greek and means “no breathing”. People (11) __________ sleep apnoea
have airways that become obstructed during sleep. Typically, they snore loudly, stop breathing, struggle
(12) __________ air, partly wake up (although often unaware of it), gulp a bit, and then recommence
snoring. The cycle may (13) __________ repeated over 100 times an hour. (14) __________ surprisingly,
people with sleep apnoea feel unrefreshed in the morning. They may have problems concentrating during
the day, feel depressed and fall asleep (15) __________ socially unacceptable times. At worst, they can
fall asleep (16) __________ driving or operating dangerous machinery.

11. Life in the Stone Age

It is a common misconception that people in the Stone Age lived (1) ____ the edge of starvation, in small
groups, wandering around from (2) _____ to place. On the (3) ______, recent studies of archaeological
sites have in fact (4) _____ it clear that life was probably a (5) ______ deal easier than it was for later
farming communities. After the Ice Age the weather was warmer than it is today and there was certainly
(6) ______ lack of fresh supplies of meat, fish, plants and berries. During the Stone Age or Mesolithic
Period, (7) ____ it is known to archaeologists, men and women led an active social and spiritual life.
Large encampments, where (8) ____ to 200 people may have lived, have recently (9) ______ to light in
several parts of Europe, in (10) ______ to the remains of communal tombs and temples. Making stone
tools would probably have been regarded as a communal activity, in (11) ______ even children used to
take part. Nor were women thought (12) ______ as inferior in these societies. In all (13) ________, they
took (14) ________ actively in the decision-making of the tribe. Only later, with the arrival of farming,
(15) _____ they lose their status.
12. One day recently, I (1) ______ to meet an old friend of mine, a retired surgeon, just coming out of a
travel agency with a bundle of glossy holiday pamphlets (2) ______ his arms. I knew that for a decade he
had enjoyed a fortnight every summer at the same isolated Mediterranean vilage, where he had had great
(3) ______ in the warm sunshine and excellent bathing. As he was an enthusiastic motorist, he had always
organized his own travelling (4) _________ in a thorough and clever (5) _______, rotating the routes
every year. This system had enabled him to build up the most amazing collection of coloured slides, (6)
______ he occasionally presented, of castles and cathedrals and notable architectural and scenic gems, all
quite remote from the average tourist itinerary. But this year, because of the (7) _______ foreign currency
allowance he was allowed to (8) _______ abroad, he had decided on an all-in package tour. The return
flight, his hotel accommodation and his meals would (9) ______ be provided at an inclusive charge.
Oddly enough, he was looking forward to this change from his previous habits with (10) ______ much
eager anticipation as a child.

13.Although the rise in the global temperature by 4 per cent predicted by many scientists may not sound
like much, it is the difference between now and the last Ice Age, when huge glaciers covered Europe and
most of Britain. Nobody knows (1) ______ what would happen in a warmer world, but we (2) ______
know some things. Heat a kettle and the (3) ______ inside it expands. The (4)______ of the world has
climbed more than half a degree this century, and the oceans have (5) ______ by at least 10 cm. But (6)
______ as it takes several minutes for a kettle to begin warming, (7) ______ it may have taken the ocean
thirty years to swell. This (8) ______ that the global warming we are now experiencing is a result only of
the carbon dioxide we have dumpedinto the atmosphere (9) ______ to the 1960s. Since then, the (10)
______ of fossil fuels has increased rapidly. Scientists (11) ______ for the United nations and European
governments have been warning that (12) ______ the Dutch and the people of East Anglia will need to do
will (13) ______ to build more extensive sea defenses. Many of the world’s great cities are (14) ______
risk, because they are (15) ______ at sea level. Miami, (16) ______ entirely built on a sandbank, could be
(17) ______ away. But the effect of rising sea levels will be much (18) ______ for the developing
countries. With a meter rise in sea levels, 200 million could become homeless. There are other fears too,
(19) ______ to a recent United Nations report. The plight of the hungry in northern Africa could (20)
______ , as rainfall in the Sahara and beyond is reduced by 20 per cent.

14.Long before they can actually speak, babies pay special (1)______ to the speech they hear around
them. Within the first month of their (2)______, babies' responses to the sound of the human voice will be
different from their responses to other sorts of auditory stimuli. They will (3)______ crying when they
hear a person talking, but not if they hear a bell (4)______ the sound of a rattle. At first, the sounds that
an (5)______ notices might be only those words that receive the heaviest emphasis and (6)______ often
occur at the ends of utterances. By the time they are six or seven weeks (7)______, babies can detect the
difference between syllables pronounced with rising and (8)______ inflections. Very soon, these
differences in adult stress and (9)______ can influence babies' emotional states and behavior. Long before
they develop actual (10)______ comprehension, babies can sense when an adult is playful or angry,
attempting to initiate or terminate new behavior, and so on, merely on the basis of cues such as the rate,
volume, and melody of adult speech. Adults make it as easy as they can for babies to (11)______ up a
language by exaggerating such (12)______. One researcher observed babies and their mothers in six
diverse (13)______ and found that, in all six languages, the mothers used simplified syntax, short
utterances and nonsense sounds, and transformed certain sounds into baby talk. Other investigators have
noted that when mothers talk to babies who are only a few months old, they exaggerate the pitch,
loudness, and intensity of their words. They also exaggerate their facial (14)______, hold vowels longer,
and (15)______emphasis on certain words.

15. Did you know that if you want your pet cat to live as long as (16)_____ you should choose an
ordinary female cat,keep a close (17)______ on her in spring and summer, and make sure that she is not
black or black and white? It has been discovered that (18)______ cats wander further from home, and of
the large number of cats killed on the roads in spring and summer, a surprisingly (19)______ percentage
are black or black and white. Did you know, too, that domestic cats (20)______ their owners as fellow
members of the cat family and make many more sounds to us than they do to (21)______ cats when living
in groups? They have worked (22)______ that we communicate by sound and so learn a vocabulary we
will understand to (23)______ their message over. The way cats have learned to live with, and be
(24)______ after by man, without losing their hunting and killing abilities or their mental independence,
is a good (25)______ for studying them, some scientists say. A study of (26)______ suburban cats in
Barking in Essex showed that outside the home they adopted the same (27)______ and exploring habits
as wild cats, the female cats covered a territory limited to house and garden, (28)______ male cats
traveled over an area ten times as large. Though many people think the (29)______, a cat is very practical
about defending its territory. Its attitude depends on its confidence about the cat it faces following the
(30)______ of its previous meetings. Females and young males often hide when fierce adult males turn up
on their territory.

16.The Falkland Islands This group of small and relatively unknown islands ________ (1) be found in the
South Atlantic Ocean about 300 miles from the Argentinian coast and roughly 750 miles from Antarctica.
The two main islands are called east and west Falkand, with more than 700 hundred smaller islands
making ________ (2) the archipelago, totalling 4,700 square miles. Most of ________ (3) is baron
grassland that is unusable for farming crops due to the wet weather resulting in boggy unstable ground.
The population of this remote British territory is in the region of 3,400. Mainly living in the capital Port
Stanely and other small towns dotted ________ (4) the coast, there are however, a high number of sheep
farmers. In fact, it has ________ (5) said that the sheep population outnumbers the humans. Because of its
close proximity to the southern point of the planet, with an almost unthinkable climate, ________ (6) the
hardiest of wild animals are able to survive. Penguins and Sea Lions have a permanent residence; in
addition Killer Whales are regular visitors as the icy waters make the perfect feeding ground. Recently,
these fascinating creatures have caught the ________ (7) of wildlife tourists wishing to catch sight of
these any many more wild species in one of the few remaining purely natural habitats left ________ (8)
earth.

17. The Demographic Transition Overpopulation seems to be _____ (1) of the buzz words of the 21st
century. People are concerned that developed areas of the world will be _____ (2) run by refugees from
less developed nations. However, there is a model that throws this whole argument _____ (3) of the
window, “The Demographic Transition”. this four-stage model, created in 1929 by American
demographer Warren Thompson, explains _____ (4) birth and death rates stablize as a nation becomes
more developed and _____ (5), discarding the theory of the world becoming _____ (6) over populated. In
fact, it is widely believed that the world’s population will never exceed 12 billion. The time for this
process to complete can vary between nations, with many European nations having _____ (7) completed
the dempgraphic transition. Iran and Malasia did is in record time whereas there are other nations still
carrying _____ (8) the process. What is clear is that all nations are in at least one stage and this transition
is the norm rather than an exception. So whatever your motive for wanting to avoid over population, we
can all relax on the issue as it seems to be a chimera.

18. Facebook

This well known social media site _____ (1) become somewhat of a controversial topic of conversation in
recent times _____ (2) to several claims of misuse of big data. Facebook was founded in 2003 and was
origionally known _____ (3) “Facemash”. It was created by Marc Zuckerberg, who at the time, was a
student _____ (4) Harvard University. The growth of this site has been exponencial since its creation and
_____ (5) its peak had more than 2 billion members. One issue that only came _____ (6) light during the
filming of the movie “The Social Network” in 2010, was the fact that there was a court case regarding the
founding of this site, with a legal case _____ (7) Zuckerberg for the rights to Facebook. This resulted in a
huge payout to keep everybody schtum. What is clear is that in _____ (8) of its controversies regarding
privacy and fake news, Facebook is here to stay.

19. University

It seems that the lives of ambitious teenagers come _____ (1) to one important decision _____ (2) days;
or they go to university and get a well-paid job, or they _____ (3) up working in something they hate.
Well, that is _____ (4) it has been sold to us anyway. Our parents have constantly been telling us that
university is the golden ticket to a better life, but while it may be true for _____ (5) professions, it simply
is not the case for everyone. _____ (6) of guaranteeing us a more afluent lifestyle, we are often riddled
with crippling debt or _____ (7) the regret of having spent 3-5 years studying for a pipe dream. Having
said _____ (8), university can also have a positive influence on your life outside the academic scheme of
things, in many cases it is about gaining life experiences and enjoyment, as well as the degree of course.
University might not be for everyone, but it might just be the best experience of your life so the decision
is up to you.

20.Stress; the silent killer

Health experts seem to _____ (1) an endless list of factors that can contribute to the decline in a person's
health, but one that seems to escape their mention is stress. We are led _____ (2) believe that to suffer
from stress or pressure at work _____ (3) endless deadlines is a normal part of everyday life, but is this
really a necessary part of an established society? Stress is probably the single biggest killer known to man
in recent years and the figures back it _____ (4) with an increased rate of suicides, heart attacks and also
accidents at work. Changing work habits and financial issues have contributed to an increase in stress
_____ (5) in this day and age. These long working hours and other detrimental aspects on health do not
mix well at all, and must _____ (6) be tackled by health professionals. Stress causes people to take up
unhealthy habits such as smoking, illegal stimulants or alcoholism. These choices combined with bad
eating habits and _____ (7) of sleep can have fatal consequences. The only obvious solution would be to
impose controls on private businesses or even invest in some sore of educational media campaign to
promote healthier lifestyles. The findings of some recent studies are extremely concerning and obviously
some type of government intervention should be taken in _____ (8) to ensure a better and brighter future
for the working population.

21. Ecotourism

You may be asking yourself, what on earth is ecotourism? Ecotourism was first defined in 1990 as
¨responsible travel _____ (1) natural areas that conserves the environment in its natural states and
improves the well-being of the local people”. This is a far cry away _____ (2) the old slogans of the 1960
´s that only focussed on financial gain. It can also be known as green travel, responsible travel or
sustainable travel. The main idea behind ecotourism or the ethos if you prefer is, “travelling more
sustainably makes the world _____ (3) better place”. The idea behind this type of travel is simple to
everyone, but the confusion comes in when we look at practical ways of achieving _____ (4), we can
refer to the best methods as “take only pictures, leave only footprints¨ approach, in which the general idea
is to leave places without a trace of us ever having been there in the first place. Travel experts stress
_____ (5) over time you will realise that you don´t need to spend an arm and a leg to achieve this type of
travel, you can become an eco-friendly traveller on a shoestring as long as you follow a few simple rules,
such as: save water, save energy _____ (6) respect others including the natural wildlife. Better than that,
eco-tourism looks to inject much needed funds into the local areas to stimulate financial growth and
sustainable development of facilities. Individually we can hardly make a difference, but collectively we
can make great leaps towards changing attitudes and _____ (7) a real impact that will be both long lasting
and feasible. This said, we need to start off at an individual level for any of this to be achieved. _____ (8)
is why we need to start the education process at a grass roots level and make sure we build for a better
and brighter future.

22.Why is learning English in Spain so important nowadays?

_____ (1) before have people been so keen on learning a second language. Being English the most
spoken one around the world it is without _____ (2) the language Spanish people chose to learn these
days. But is it really necessary for Spaniards to learn another language? It is known that people are
travelling more and more. Places which were difficult to visit in the past are becoming accessible _____
(3) to the development of the Internet. Travellers are therefore required to speak English in order to be
safe and enjoy their travelling experience. In _____ (4), it is becoming increasingly difficult to find a job
without being able to speak a second language. Companies based on different countries are constantly
working together and people are being asked to be capable of communicating not only in Spanish but in
other languages such as English too. It could be argued that there is no _____ (5) in learning a third
language being Spanish and English two of the most spoken languages around the world. While some
people may not be keen _____ (6) doing so, it is important to remember that learning a new language
allows us to value and understand different cultures. It is therefore vital that governments encourage
people to study _____ (7) languages by offering grants and advertising the benefits of doing so. To sum
up, learning more _____ (8) one language, especially English is vital nowadays in order to be productive,
travel abroad and expand one’s knowledge.

23. THE THEORY OF RELATIVITY

Were there _____(1) a beakthrough in physics that would change the world, _____(2) the suggestions
would be this faimed discovery without a doubt. This theory changed the way physisists proposed the
concepts of time and space. Basically this theory, determined in 1905 by Albert Einstein, was ten years in
the making and in reality, _____(3) not officially published until 1905. It was a pioneering way of
thinking that set _____(4) the pathway for further discoveries that would _____(5) have been
unreachable. Einstein’s theory of special relativity suggested as a _____(6) of his theory that space and
time were far more interwoven than previously conceived. As a direct consequence of this theory,
Einstein stated that on account of the findings of this theory, an occurence in one time for one observer,
might actually take place at a different time for _____(7). So next time you happen to look up at the stars,
consider it a form of timetravel, looking back _____(8) the past and contemplating the infinity of the
universe

24. A musician friend of (1)   once went on an English course during his summer holidays. What he
really wanted to do was to improve his ability to think and react quickly and correctly in (2) ____English.
He said speaking a foreign language always made him (3) even after three years of study. It (4) __ out
that one of the teachers on the course had very strong view on music and was not afraid to (5) __ _them in
the lessons. He claimed that music was a (6) _ , just like alcohol or cigarettes, and people who could not
live their (7) without it were to be pitted. (8) - was the subject of the lesson, the teacher always managed
to include some (9) _ to this idea. You can imagine that my friend was not very impressed. In the end, he
lost his (10) _ and spent most of the remaining lessons arguing about music and its (11) __ in people's
lives. When his course had finished, he came home (12) ___ angry about the experience. However,
whether he enjoyed the course or not, my friend had to (13) ___ that the teacher's technique had (14)
_since his nervousness in English had completely (15) __ and he was speaking far more fluently than
before.

25. About 442,000 people in the United States die each year from illness caused by cigarette smoking.
Smoking (1) _ for nearly 90 percent of lung cancer (2) ___. Additionally, smokers are at (3) ______risk
for cancer of the larynx, oral cavity, esophagus, bladder, kidney and pancreas. One third of smoking-
related deaths are caused by coronary (4)  disease or chronic airway (5) _. Smoking also increase the risk
of stroke by 50 percent - 40 percent among men and 60 percent among women. Other research has shown
that (6) _____ who smoke give (7) __more frequently to (8) _ or underweight babies, probably because of
a decrease in blood (9) __ to placenta. Babies born (10) _those who smoke during(11) __ _ are also at risk
for sudden infant death syndrome. Even nonsmokers are at risk from smoking. Recent research has
focused on the effect of (12) _ tobacco smoke (ETS) - that is, the effect of tobacco smoke on nonsmokers
who must (13) _the same environment with a smoker. The United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) estimates that (14) _ to ETS, which contains all the toxic agents inhaled by a smoker,
causes 3,000 lung cancer deaths and an estimated 35,000 deaths from heart disease per year among
nonsmokers (15) _smoke can aggravate asthma, pneumonia, and bronchitis, and impair blood circulation.