DC Ciruits

First-order Circuits

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 Source-Free RC Circuit
t=0 Natural response

First order differential equation

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Source-Free RC Circuit Cont.

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Source-Free RC Circuit Cont.
The time constant of the
circuit is the time
required for the response
to decay to a factor of 1/
e or 36.8 % of its initial
value

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Source-Free RC Circuit Cont.

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Source-Free RC Circuit Cont.

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 Example 1
VC(0) = 15 V, find VC, VX and iX for t > 0

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Example 1

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The Source-Free RL Circuit

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The Source-Free RL Circuit Cont.

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The Source-Free RL Circuit Cont.

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The Source-Free RL Circuit Cont.

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 Example 2
Assuming that i(0) = 10 A, calculate i(t) and iX(t)

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 Example 2
Method I

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 Example 2 Cont.
Method I

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Example 2 Cont.

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 Example 2 Cont.
Method II Loop I

Loop II

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 Example 2 Cont.
Method II

I1 = i

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 Example 2 Cont.
Method II

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 Singularity Functions
Functions that either are discontinous or have
discontinous derivatives.

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 Singularity Functions

Unit step function

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 Singularity Functions
t < 0, i = 0
t > 0, i = I0

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Step Response in an RC Circuit

v(0-) : before switching

v(0+) : after switching
KCL

t>0

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Step Response in an RC Circuit

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Step Response in an RC Circuit

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Step Response in an RC Circuit

v(0) : the initial voltage at

t = 0+
v(~) : the final or steady-
state value
: the time constant

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 Example 3
The switch has been in position A for a long time. At t
= 0, the switch moves to B. Determine v(t) for t > 0 and
calculate its value t = 1 s and 4 s.

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Example 3
t < 0, the switch is at
position A

t > 0, the switch is at

position B

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Example 3
Steady state

t=1

t=4

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Step Response of an RL Circuit

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Step Response of an RL Circuit

t=0

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 Example 4
Find i(t) in the circuit for t > 0. Assume that the switch
has been closed for a long time

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 Example 4
t<0

t>0

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Example 4

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