Language & Style (Preliminary Practice) [1]

 Look up the entries for the keywords in dictionaries for advanced learners. Complete the style scale
(wherever relevant) with appropriate synonyms or paraphrases of the keywords. Here is an example (0).

Very Informal Rather Neutral Rather Formal

Informal informal formal
0 – hot – popular, attractive, desirable
appealing, enviable
in demand

1 arrange leave popular require visit

discuss lively position submit would like
intimidated money proficient suitable

2 allow perverse situation way disaster

complain reduce trip bored terrible
expect say unacceptable dirty tired

 Look up the entries for the keywords in dictionaries for advanced learners. Complete the style scale
(wherever relevant) with appropriate synonyms or paraphrases of the keywords.

Overly informal Neutral / Formal Overly formal/elevated

(corny / laid-back) (accessible) (technical / inaccessible)

3 prominent dishonest encourage best bud directions

haughty dedicated effort rumour reports credible
enthusiastic ignore leader food

 Choose the word or phrase that best matches the style and register of each sentence.
1 All that sugary stuff is really bad / damaging for you.
2 Don’t buy stuff from the street traders—you’ll get defrauded / ripped off.
3 This is a desirable / hot property in an exclusive residential district.
4 You might be entitled to get / receive compensation.
5 Yuk! What an odour / a stink!

Phrasal verbs are often used in more informal contexts than one-word verbs. Find an appropriate one-word
equivalent of each phrasal verb below. Then use the one-word verbs to complete the sentences 6–9.

bring sb up patch sth up take after sb

fall out tell sb off walk out (on sb)

6 As a result of our enquiry, a significant number of employees have been … for their actions.
7 Have you seen their son? He really … his grandad.
8 His Dad … his wife and kids, and left his wife to … the kids on her own.
9 My two brothers are always … , but they usually … again pretty quickly.

Phrasal nouns and phrasal adjectives are often used in newspapers and informal conversation. What are (if
any) the phrasal nouns and phrasal adjectives formed from the phrasal verbs in this task. What are their
neutral/formal equivalents (if any)?

Look up the entries for the following phrasal nouns in dictionaries for advanced learners. Make a note of
their style and register (any particular field of study or activity where the phrasal nouns are mainly used).
Then use the phrasal nouns to complete the sentences 10–17. The nouns may be used more than once.
What are the adjective forms of these nouns (if any)? What are their neutral/formal equivalents (if any)?
Worksheet 1 [2]

break-in go-ahead outbreak setback

downpour input outcome takeover

10 Following a heavy … , the road has been closed due to a landslide.

11 I’d really appreciate your … into the marketing plan.
12 The company has been the focus of a hostile … attempt by a large multi-national.
13 The project has been given the … by the budget committee.
14 Thousands of euros’ worth of goods were damaged during the … , which occurred last Friday.
15 Unfortunately, there has been a(n) … of Covid-19 in the area, so it’s been closed to tourists.
16 We won’t know the … of the election until Sunday at the earliest.
17 You should try to see this, not as a(n) … to your plan, but as an opportunity to find a new way of doing it.

 Match each informal expression (A–G) to its equivalents (1–7). Indicate which option (a or b) is neutral and
which one is formal.
A I wish I could’ve met you before.
B Let us know what you want to do.
C She gets on really well with people.
D There’re a lot of pluses.
E We’re going to tell you about the changes.
F We’ve worked together for quite a while.
G Why don’t you do it differently?

1 a I am sorry that we have not met earlier.

b I regret not meeting you previously.
2 a Please inform us of your intentions.
b Please let us know your plans.
3 a She communicates very well with others.
b She has excellent interpersonal skills.
4 a She has known me in a professional capacity for some years.
b We have worked together for several years.
5 a There are a number of benefits.
b There are numerous advantages.
6 a We intend to announce the revisions.
b We will let you know about the upcoming changes.
7 a You may want to think about doing this differently.
b You may wish to consider an alternative approach.

 A student is trying to find more informal alternatives to the words or phrases in bold. For each item (31–60),
explain to the student why the options (A–C) would not be appropriate in the second sentence. Then
suggest your own alternative, using NO MORE THAN FOUR WORDS for each gap.

1 All of the suspects have been apprehended by the police.

She was … by the police for selling fake designer bags.
A captured
1
B caught

2 Lawyers and taxmen should have a fair share of the available resources.
How much will be left after everyone has taken their … ?
A allocation
B quota 2
C ration
Worksheet 1 [3]

3 Cooking utensils on the table had been carefully arranged.

You need to … all the stuff on your desk.
A lay out
B organise 3
C set out

4 Has the budget been calculated?

Have you … how much this is all going to cost?
A computed
B put a finger on 4
C quantified

5 The student had a hard time at college.

At that time he was … a rebellious phase.
A encountering
B running into 5
C undergoing

6 She has demonstrated her skill as a politician.

These countries are happy to buy in technological …
A competence.
B expertise. 6
C prowess.

7 He is currently seeking work as a legal secretary.

He’s decided to … that job in the law firm.
A cast about for
B press ahead with 7
C pursue

8 He is a popular singer with a loyal group of fans.

Music fans will want to check out this … new talent.
A attractive
B desirable 8
C appealing

9 His employers had no idea that he was a convicted criminal.

Don’t trust him—he’s a real …
A culprit.
B delinquent. 9
C offender.

10 His new film marks a definite change of direction.

With his latest movie he makes the … from writer to director.
A adjustment
B conversion 10
C transition
Worksheet 1 [4]

11 I don’t know if I can do it, but I’ll try.

If you can’t do it, why not let someone else … ?
A attempt
B endeavour 11
C strive

12 I hate being ignored.

I … it when people act as if I weren’t there.
A despise
B detest 12
C dislike

13 I take it you’re joking? You can’t really expect me to believe that!

No way! You’re … !
A bringing the house down
B jesting 13
C quipping

14 I think she may not be telling the whole truth.

I … she’s lying.
A believe
B feel 14
C hold

15 I think we should agree to this proposal.

Why don’t we just … what they want?
A accept
B approve 15
C consent

16 I am thinking of leaving my job.

That’s it, I … ! I can’t bear working here anymore!
A resign
B retire 16
C step down

17 I am trying to organise a birthday party for my son.

The star threw a lavish birthday … for 100 close friends.
A ball
B faction 17
C shower

18 I have been working hard all day.

I’ve been … all day.
A labouring
B servicing 18
C toiling
Worksheet 1 [5]

19 It can take plenty of practice to learn a new skill.

Just keep trying. You’ll soon … it.
A acquire
B get hold of 19
C master

20 It is the manager’s responsibility to ensure that all the targets are met.
It’s your … to see that the work gets done on time.
A burden
B liability 20
C obligation

21 It was such an unpleasant experience.

I had a(n) … time.
A grim
B nasty 21
C wretched

22 Let me offer a piece of advice.

Here’s a handy …
A counselling.
B guidance. 22
C recommendation.

23 My sister gave me some useful advice.

This is a(n) … tip I picked up from my sister.
A convenient
B practical 23
C usable

24 Our soft furnishings are made from natural materials.

What’s that shiny … you used to make the decorations?
A apparatus
B matter 24
C substance

25 She sounded very worried about it all.

She didn’t sound too … about that.
A anxious
B concerned 25
C troubled

26 He would not admit to the theft.

Come on, … ! Who took my dictionary?
A acknowledge
B concede 26
C confess
Worksheet 1 [6]

27 The editor of the newspaper agreed to withdraw the allegations.

Let me … what I said earlier.
A backtrack on
B recant 27
C retract

28 They made no attempt to address the real issues.

They wouldn’t even take a(n) … at it.
A effort
B endeavour 28
C go

29 We cannot delay the signing of the contract any longer.

We’ll have to do it soon. We can’t keep … like this.
A adjourning it
B deferring it 29
C postponing it

30 You’ll have to hurry if you don’t want to be late.

Come on, … ! We’re going to be late.
A fly
B hasten 30
C rush

A student is trying to find more formal alternatives to the words or phrases in bold. For each item (31–54),
explain to the student why the options (A–C) would not be appropriate in the second sentence. Then
suggest your own alternative, using NO MORE THAN FOUR WORDS for each gap.

31 Badgers may be responsible for passing the disease on to cattle.

The virus is … by several species of beetles.
A bequeathed
B infected 31
C spread

32 Can you explain those again, please?

I would be grateful if you could … a couple of points for me.
A expound
B spell out 32
C shed/cast/throw light on

33 Have you finished your homework yet?

Have you … your studies yet?
A done with
B finalised 33
C wrapped up

34 He felt like a child being scolded by his mother.

The magazine was publicly … by a government spokesman for failing to check its facts.
A berated
B lectured 34
C told off
Worksheet 1 [7]

35 He sent me this lovely present for my birthday.

Goods should be … on the day the order is received.
A assigned
B mailed 35
C posted

36 He was in tears when I left.

He was … uncontrollably.
A crying
B snivelling 36
C sobbing

37 I need to deal with a few issues.

There are several matters that … my attention.
A call for
B stipulate 37
C want

38 I think he behaved very well.

He … with great dignity.
A acted
B did 38
C treated

39 I want a pizza!
I … a pizza.
A desire
B fancy 39
C feel like

40 If you eat too much you’ll get sick.

Results showed that individuals who … more dairy products had a lower risk of developing the disease.
A ingested
B devoured 40
C tucked into

41 Is the loft next to you free?

Studio lofts in formerly … buildings will be allotted to local artists.
A bare
B deserted 41
C empty

42 It seems reasonable to share the money out equally.

How can we arrive at a more … distribution of wealth in society?
A fair
B equal 42
C even-handed
Worksheet 1 [8]

43 Let’s end with a quote from that great movie Casablanca.

I would like to … with this final observation.
A deduce
B terminate 43
C wind up

44 A man was jailed for killing a policeman.

In extreme cases people can be … for non-payment of fines.
A held
B interned 44
C locked up

45 Nice meeting you!

Delighted to …
A befriend you.
B encounter you. 45
C get to know you.

46 She was probably the most arrogant person I had ever met.
This remarkable lady was quite the most charming person I had ever …
A bumped into.
B engaged with. 46
C run into.

47 Sorry I didn’t make it—I was held up in traffic.

I’m sorry I was not at the meeting—I was unavoidably …
A delayed
B retarded 47
C stalled

48 The factory closed last year.

The headquarters … last year.
A crashed
B collapsed 48
C went bust

49 The job turned out to be harder than I expected.

The task proved to be more challenging than I had …
A bargained for.
B clamoured. 49
C stipulated.

50 The president left hospital yesterday and is now resting at his home in the capital.
The palace will continue to be used as the president’s …
A abode.
B address. 50
C dwelling.
Worksheet 1 [9]

51 They have great admiration for her as a writer.

She is held in high … by colleagues and students alike.
A awe.
B recognition. 51
C respect.

52 They really have been very careless.

The company was found by the court to have been …
A absent-minded.
B forgetful. 52
C shoddy.

53 What was that? I think we must have hit something.

The oar … against something hard.
A banged
B bumped 53
C knocked

54 You can buy tickets from the theatre or from some bookshops.
Tickets may be ... from the box office or selected bookstores.
A acquired
B snapped up 54
C picked up

 A student is trying to complete the following sentences in a way that can maintain an objective tone and a
formal, accessible style (which has been established in the context). For each item (1–34), explain to the
student why the options (A–C) would not be appropriate. Then suggest your own alternative.

1 While the biomedical industry has been wracked by … in recent years, research involving marine organisms
has not drawn especially much ire.
A a whole bunch of problems
B myriad, unyielding vindictive flamboyances 1
C totally nonstop craziness

2 Although the marine animals known as trilobites are now extinct, these arthropods … prehistoric oceans for
the better part of a period that spanned at least 250 million years.
A distinctly hegemonised
B sat around in 2
C took as their noble abode

3 Writer’s block can be a … for some students, since procrastination on written assignments can lead to
feelings of anxiety as far as other obligations are concerned.
A danger from all different directions
B plain out-of-luck situation 3
C real runaround

4 It is … whether a CEO who devotes his energies to media outreach, rather than attending to business
practicalities, helps or hinders the growth of his company.
A a big deal
B a major to-do 4
C a stumper
Worksheet 1 [10]

5 Scientists are now grappling with the possibility that … microscopic organisms known as tardigrades have
been accidentally transported to Mars on space probe rockets.
A gnarly
B insane 5
C preposterous

6 The research team proceeded to place monitoring equipment in the … of the volcano; these devices had
been calibrated so that any heating of the air would not distort the resulting measurements.
A circumnavigated environs
B hometown 6
C stomping grounds

7 … medical care, or ‘telemedicine,’ has been met with ambivalence by doctors, who see this burgeoning
field’s audio and imaging technologies as simultaneously exciting and disruptive.
A All-over-the-place and super-high-tech
B Interpersonally omnipresent and scientifically
7
omnipotent
C Up-and-down, front-to-back

8 Franz Kafka’s short story The Judgment—which revolves around a heated and often nonsensical argument
between a young worker and his elderly father—is a regarded as … of literary modes as different as
Absurdism and Magical Realism.
A an illustrious forebear
B an incontrovertible antecedent 8
C an old-timer

9 For … , Professor Richard Macksey hosted humanities seminars in his own house, the site of the largest
private library in Baltimore.
A a venerable antiquity
B eons upon eons 9
C lots of years

10 … the bird of paradise was physically incapable of remaining perched and thus spent every waking hour of
its life in flight.
A It was the inculcated trope of yore that
B Some musty stories said that 10
C There used to be people thinking that

11 The octobass, … three-stringed instrument first crafted in 1850, stands nearly 12 feet tall.
A a ‘believe it or not’
B a crazy 11
C a goofy

12 Those who pursue investment specialties such as venture capital are especially well-equipped for certain
types of philanthropic work, such as drafting grant applications and reviewing the operations of …
A minuscule fiduciary partnerships.
B mom and pop shops. 12
C places barely anyone goes to.
Worksheet 1 [11]

13 Mark Hamill and Carrie Fisher were … by the Star Wars franchise, yet thrived in areas outside live-action
science fiction film—voice acting in Hamill’s case and nonfiction authorship in Fisher’s.
A put up there
B transmuted into human paragons 13
C turned into hotshots

14 Even the most respected news outlets have been known to … basic errors in reporting: in an obituary for
Irish author Seamus Heaney, the New York Times wrongly identified the man then serving as Ireland’s head
of state, Edna Kenny, as a woman.
A run smack into
B enunciate 14
C mess up with

15 Ultimately, it … that the hours that Sheryl had been putting in at a local co-working space were not notable
for any real increase in productivity.
A disseminated itself as esoteric intelligence
B was fulfilled in elucidation 15
C was word on the street

16 One of the best-known poems of celebrated African-American author Gwendolyn Brooks, Beverly Hills,
Chicago raises a variety of possible responses to wealth inequality, from … to abiding discontent.
A kind of hating it
B stifling exponential disinfatuation 16
C tamping down bad feelings

17 The boy …
A accepted the gift with ample gratification.
B gladly took any gift he could get. 17
C was bestowed upon the gift.

18 The scientists studied the relationship between the quality of one’s social life and personal well-being. They
found that … is an important component of a person’s happiness.
A continuous human interfacing
B hanging out with people a lot 18
C perpetual interpersonal engagement

19 Some employees … many workplace rules, believing them to be pointless and unenforceable.
A blow off
B couldn’t care less about
19
C have exercised their volition not to agree to
the terms of

20 People … , which in no way resembled music.

A dissed the bad sound
B scoffed mightily at the cacophonous
20
hullabaloo
C whined about the awful racket
Worksheet 1 [12]

21 Spending excessive time thinking about painful events is not healthy. Some psychologists recommend that
people avoid negative thoughts by …
A blowing off steam doing something different.
B keeping busy with other stuff.
21
C quitting their whining and moving on with
their lives.

22 The undercover officers engaged in … in the large city.

A hush-hush actions that made people safe
B super-secret spy work to keep the peace 22
C underground operations to catch bad guys

23 I was disappointed in the article, as it …

A had disgusting, bold-faced lies.
B was fraught with egregious canards. 23
C was plain wrong about some things.

24 Charlemagne, as a Holy Roman Emperor, …

A was a great emperor because he promoted
literacy, which is a cause I hold dear.
B was a nice emperor because he pushed for
24
people to read good.
C was good partially because he eagerly
supported people being literate.

25 Albert Einstein …
A , whose theory of relativity is totally amazing,
found that the speed of light is the same in a
vacuum.
B did the theory of relativity, which is that the
25
speed of light in a vacuum is invariant.
C is the one who made the theory of relativity.
It talks about how the speed of light in a
vacuum is invariant.

26 The Industrial Revolution saw rapid technological advancements that arguably benefited society, but …
A I am absolutely appalled by the dangerous
conditions that cruel factory owners imposed
upon workers who were just trying to make a
living.
B some cruel factory owners maliciously took
26
advantage of innocent labourers who were
just trying to scrape by while experiencing
ridiculously unsafe working conditions.
C some evil factory owners hurt innocent
workers.
Worksheet 1 [13]

27 … He did not have sufficient data to support his claims.

A It was laughable and outrageous that the
company man would think that the committee
would accept his proposal so easily.
B It was ridiculous that the man at that
27
company thought the committee would
accept his proposal that easy.
C The employee misjudged the committee
accepting the proposal just like that.

28 Public relations professionals communicate with the public on behalf of organisations. …

A Bosses in this field like to see job candidates
who pushed themselves and graduated
college.
B If you want to work in this field and don’t
28
have a college degree, good luck finding an
employer who will hire you.
C You usually will need to get yourself educated
with a college degree if you want a job in it.

29 During The Glorious Revolution in Britain in 1688, James II was deposed and the Parliament crowned
William III and Mary II as rulers. …
A The new rulers made a really nice decision to
sign the Bill of Rights that took away many of
their powers.
B They foolishly gave away many of their 29
powers when they signed the Bill of Rights.
C They put their signatures on papers that blew
away many of their powers.

30 The Sound and The Fury by William Faulkner employs a variety of narrative styles. …
A Even though most critics agree that the novel
is amazing, the shifts in style and structure
are really hard for some people to read.
B Even though the novel is a stroke of genius, 30
I think it is too hard to be worth reading.
C Though some praise the novel, it is way too
hard.

31 Sociology was once primarily an academic discipline, …

A but now many fields are being helped a lot by
practical sociologists who apply their
expertise.
B but now sociologists are finally doing
something useful with their knowledge by
31
actually applying their expertise in many
fields.
C but thank goodness, sociologists are putting
their knowledge to use and solving the
problems that matter most to you and me.
Worksheet 1 [14]

32 When water in a pot is heated, its temperature rises. Bubbles begin to form, but they disappear when they
reach the cooler water at the top of the pan. When the water reaches its boiling point, …
A hot steam leaves the pot in a way that is
beyond comprehension to watch.
32
B the temperature soars super high.
C there are so many bubbles: it’s unbelievable.

33 Henry David Thoreau …

A babbled about his experience living off the
grid in Walden, a book that celebrates living
simply and reflecting on the beauty of nature.
B blabbed about his experience living off the
grid in Walden, a book that celebrates simple
33
living and the gorgeousness of nature.
C recounted his experience living independently
in Walden, a book that shows how awesome
it is to live simply and reflect on how pretty
nature is.

34 The Stradivarius …
A , for what it’s worth, I personally love the
sound it produces.
B has the nicest sound of all the violins. 34
C is definitely best violin because its sound is
beautiful.

A student is trying to find appropriate language to maintain the style and tone established or indicated in the
context. For each item (35–57), explain to the student why the options (A–C) would not be appropriate. Then
suggest your own alternative.

35 The law was extremely … : many people hailed it as a much-needed reform while others lamented that it
was an example of government overstepping its bounds.
A abysmal
B pragmatic 35
C technical

36 If the lecturer didn’t spend time addressing … matters, we might have actually learned something useful.
A austere
B frivolous 36
C terrifying

37 Broad physical resemblances between the Horseshoe crab and the stingray have … misconceptions about
the former of these animals.
A imagined
B instituted 37
C irritated
Worksheet 1 [15]

38 Although three-dimensional charts and graphs are relatively easy to construct, the creation of such
‘advanced visuals’ is often dismissed as … by the readers of quantitative research.
A inept
B obscure 38
C offensive

39 Bob Ross, who hosted the … television show The Joy of Painting, used demonstrations of artistic technique
as opportunities to spread a personal philosophy of self-acceptance and appreciation for nature.
A invasive
B unfazed 39
C unlikely

40 Recent research has demonstrated that parrots, which can be stereotyped as gaudy and self-centred
animals, in fact form social groups that are based on a spirit of …
A inventiveness
B multitude 40
C singularity

41 When presented with documents that contained an abundance of footnotes and citations, the
participants in the study proved to be more disconcerted than when presented with documents that did
not … such references.
A lean towards
B stride past 41
C vouch for

42 One salesperson, Melinda Bruce, is upset to find that the proliferation of robocalls … the process of
screening and assessing new potential clients.
A denigrates
B encircles 42
C misconstrues

43 Somewhat less prominently given as gifts than the white, red, and pink roses often associated with romance,
yellow roses were once regarded as … of jealousy.
A ambassadors
B exemplars 43
C versions

44 The decision whether to use mice or rats in psychological experiments meant to be relevant to humans can
have … that neuroscientists cannot easily predict.
A ideals
B irrelevancies 44
C prophesies

45 The curriculum for a first-year fashion student can involve work with the … of colour coordination, along with
some study of the trends that have defined both men’s and women’s clothing over the past few decades.
A achievements
B contributions 45
C crudeness
Worksheet 1 [16]

46 During a follow-up trial, Dr Shiang’s team achieved … results: a combination of pesticides, rather than a
single pesticide, would both reliably prevent the tomatoes from shrivelling and ward off bugs that would
normally prey upon the plants.
A amiable
B belaboured 46
C clever

47 A standard ‘pyramid scheme’ involves signing up large numbers of investors who are, in fact, duped into
believing that an entity is making profits; what is really happening is that money committed by new
investors is passed on to early investors in order to create … of long-term gain.
A a confinement
B a pack 47
C a renunciation

48 In the course of … her illustrated nature novel Pax, author Sarah Pennypacker learned much about the
communication systems that foxes use among themselves in the wild.
A instructing
B splicing 48
C urging

49 Often discussed in terms of large land animals, the threat of extinction also … various sea creatures in the
21st century: the 23-foot-long Chinese Paddlefish, for instance, was last seen in the wild in 2003
A explains
B exposes 49
C greets

50 Recently, … related to whether the Christian holiday of Easter was named after the ancient goddess Ishtar
has resurfaced on various Internet discussion boards.
A an apprehension
B a beseeching 50
C a calamity

51 … in her lifetime as Mother of the Blues, musician Gertrude Pridgett, who was popularly known as Ma
Rainey, lives on both in her recorded music and as the title character of a historical drama by August Wilson.
A Embellished
B Sent forward 51
C Singled out

52 The pangolin may not be as well-known as the platypus, yet both animals are known for anatomical—armor-
like scales for the pangolin, a flat beak for the platypus—that are generally not associated with mammals.
A additions
B groundwork 52
C trifles

53 The sun rises in the sky. The birds chirp in the trees. …
A Splashes are waving on the shore.
B The shore was splashed by waves. 53
C Waves splashed on the shore.
Worksheet 1 [17]

54 An energy efficiency program is instituted to protect the environment. A jobs training programs is
established to serve unemployed populations. …
A Coordination between the efforts of an
emergency preparedness program and its
countering of public health threats happens.
B Emergency preparedness programs counter 54
public health threats.
C Public health threats are combatted by an
emergency preparedness program.

55 At first the board meeting was very calm and orderly. However, once discussions of the budget began, the
mood in the room shifted. … among parents who were concerned that resources were being wasted.
A The mood was light-hearted
B The opinions were known 55
C The sentiments were jovial

56 While the claims of the scientist counter conventional wisdom, I nonetheless found them …
(The writer wants to suggest that the claims were genuinely interesting without sounding critical or mean-spirited.)
A controversial.
B indisputable. 56
C unconvincing.

57 I have always been an extremely uncoordinated person, as evidenced by my … performance at the dance: I
repeatedly stepped on my partner’s toes.
(The writer wants to use an adjective that creates a tone of sarcasm and playful self-deprecation.)
A abhorrent
B ominous 57
C popular
Sample Answers

 Overly informal
(corny / laid-back)
Neutral / Formal
(accessible)
Overly formal/elevated
(technical / inaccessible)
really big-time prominent illustriously revered
all high and mighty haughty overweeningly sanctimonious
super-pumped enthusiastic prone to bombastic whims
down and dirty dishonest rapscallionish
blood, sweat, and tears dedicated effort unflaggingly fiendish zealotry
don’t give a hoot ignore viscerally expunge from attention
pat on the back encourage simperingly prod
word on the street rumour, hearsay insidious suggestibility
head honcho leader pre-eminent luminary
best bud ally acquaintance in congenial
propensity
reports physical deliverables,
tangible narratives

(your own answers) food consumable materials

directions tangible directives
credible not to be brought into disrepute