Dietrich Kuchemann

m?i AIM EDUCATION SERIES

Joseph A. Schetz, Editor-in-Chief

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Blacksburg, Virginia

Published by the
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.
1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, Virginia 20191-4344
CONTENTS

Foreword xi

Preface xv

Chapter 1 Prolegomena 1

1.1 Some introductory observations 1

1.2 An overall technical assessment 4

1.3 The motivation of aviation 12

1.4 The design problem 19

Chapter 2 The Treatment of Airflows 23

2.1 Models to describe the air and some of its properties 23

2.2 Some methods to describe inviscid flows 26

2.3 Some models to describe the compressibility of the air 33
2.4 Viscous interactions—flow separations 36
2.5 Flows suitable for aircraft applications 52

Chapter 3 Means for Generating Lift and Propulsive Forces 56

3.1 Overall lift and associated drag forces 56

3.2 Wings with near-planar vortex wakes 58
3.3 Slender wings with non-planar vortex wakes 69
3.4 Lifting bodies with Shockwaves 71
3.5 Overall thrust forces 77

3.6 Propulsion flow cycles 78

3.7 Elements of propulsion engines 88

Chapter 4 Properties of Classical and Swept Aircraft 103

4.1 A family of aircraft according to Cayle/s concept 103

4.2 An extension to swept-winged aircraft 111

4.3 Classical wing theory and some extensions 121

4.4 Threedimensional sweep effects 135

4.5 Viscosity effects 151

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W// 7he Aerodynamic Design of Aircraft

4.6 Separation effects 161

4.7 High-lift effects 168
4.8 Swept wings in transonic flow 184

4.9 Swept wings in supersonic flow 212

Chapter 5 The Design of Classical and Swept Aircraft 221

5.1 Some design aims for swept wings 221

5.2 Aerofoil section design 225

5.3 Threedimensional wings 241
5.4 Some special designs 252
5.5 The fuselage 257

5.6 Wing-fuselage interference 266

5.7 Interfering wings and ground effects 289
5.8 Some effects of non-uniform flows 305

5.9 Some propulsion problems 313

5.10 Some problems of complete aircraft 328

Chapter 6 Properties and Design of Slender Aircraft

for Supersonic Flight 338

6.1 The evolution of the design concept 338

6.2 Families of slender aircraft 342

6.3 Properties of vortex flows over slender wings 351

6.4 Theories for separated flows 374
6.5 General properties of wings at low speeds 387
6.6 The design of warpedwings with attached flow 405

6.7 Non-lifting wings at supersonic speeds 412

6.8 Lifting wings at supersonic speeds 421

6.9 Some problems of complete aircraft 432

Chapter 7 Slender Aircraft for Flight at Subsonic Speeds

Over Short Ranges 439

7.1 Gates' concept of an aerobus 439

7.2 Performance considerations 441

7.3 Design considerations 446

Chapter 8 Waverider Aircraft 448

8.1 The waverider concept and its possible applications 448

8.2 Design of lifting bodies from known flowfields 452
8.3 Off-design characteristics 465
8.4 Effects of viscosity 477
 Contents Ix

8.5 Heat addition to airstreams 496

8.6 Propulsive lifting bodies 502

Chapter 9 Conclusions and Outlook 511

References 515

Index 557

Supporting Materials 565