Course Code: EE432

Class : M02/Power Engineering

Course title:

Power System Analysis

IGEE, Dept. of Power & Cntrol

Spring Semester
Dr. Kheldoun A.
1
 Course outline
• Ch1: The power system: an overview

• Ch2: Basic concepts

• Ch3: Modeling of generators and transformers

• Ch4: Series and shunt impedance of TLs

• Ch5: TLs : modeling and performances

• Ch6: Power systems representation and solution

• Ch7: Load-flow analysis

• Ch8: Balanced faults

• Ch9: Symmetrical components and unbalanced faults

Lab. Experiments: A006 2

 Introduction
Textbook #1:
Title: “Elements of Power System Analysis”
Author: William D. Stevenson
Edition: four
Year: 1985
Library Code: TK3001.S85

Textbook#2:
Title: “Power System Analysis”
Authors: John Grainger & W. D. Stevenson
Edition: four
Year: 1994
Library Code: TK3001.G73/1994 3
 Introduction
Important note:

Power system lecture notes are now available on umbb’s web site

Steps to download those lecture notes are:

1. Go to http://crsic.umbb.dz

2. Click on “Cours à distance”

3. Click on “IGEE”

4. Finally type “Identifiant”: Cours

“Mot de passe”: IGEE2013

5. Then select “Electrotechnique et Automatique”

4
 Power System Analysis
EE432

Ch#1: The power System: An overview

Lecture 1

IGEE, Dept. of Power & Control

Spring Semester,
Dr. Kheldoun A.
5
 PS: An overview
Brief History of Electric Power

In 1882 – Edison introduced Pearl Street dc power system in

Manhattan supplying 59 customers
1885 – invention of transformer by William Stanley)
1888 – invention of ac induction motor by Nikola Tesla
1893 – First 3 phase transmission line operating at 2.3 kV
…
…
Transmission voltages have since risen steadily and EHV in
commercial use, first put into operation in USA in 1969.

6
 PS: An overview
Modern Electric Power system main components:

The power system of today is a complex

Generation interconnected network which can be subdivided
Into four major parts:

Transmission Generation:
Main comp: SG driven by a prime mover

Distribution Steam turbine Thermal: coal, gas, nuclear…

Loads Water turbine Hydroelectric power station

Renewable Energy Wind, Solar, Tidal, Geothermal

7
 PS: An overview
Generation:
Thermal power station: steam turbine

8
 PS: An overview
Generation:
Thermal power station: steam turbine

9
 PS: An overview
Generation: types of prime movers

Nuclear power station Hydroelectric power station 10

 PS: An overview
Generation: types of prime movers

Wind Power Photovoltaic Power

Renewable Energy 11
 PS: An overview
Transmission:
Transformers and transmission lines

Power transformer Transmission lines

Transmission
Standard Transmission voltages in Algeria: Line cable
90kV, 150kV, 220kV and the new level is 400kV

Standard Transmission voltages in USA are: Voltages above than 230kV are usually
69kV, 115kV, 138kV, 161kV, 230kV, 345kV, refereed as Extra-high voltage, EHV
500kV and 765kV 12
 PS: An overview
Distribution: Substations and distribution system

The distribution system is that

part of power system which
connects the distribution
substation to the primary feeders.

Primary feeders: Circuits that

come from the distribution
substations and provide path of
power flow to the distribution
transformers. 3-phase, 12.5kV

Distribution transformers: step

power down from primary feeder
voltage to consumer utilization
voltage. 12.5kv/380V
Secondaries and services: distribute power at secondary or utilization
voltage from the distribution transformer to the consumer property. 380V / 220V 13
 PS: An overview
Loads: Three types

Residential loads Commercial loads Industrial loads

Consist of : lighting, heating, cooling Small industry Large industry

Fed from the secondary distribution network Fed from the Fed from the
primary Subtransmission
distribution network
Sensitive to the voltage magnitude network

They are function of voltage and frequency Industrial loads: mainly induction motors

This load is variable ????!!!! 14

 Power (MW) Puissance [MW]

3000
3200
3400
3600
3800
4000
4200
4400
4600
4800
5000
5200
5400
5600
5800
6000
6200
6400
00:00

00:45

01:30

02:15

03:00

03:45

04:30

05:15

06:00
Courbe

06:45

07:30

08:15
AlgeriandeLoad

09:00
charge

09:45

10:30
Curve
du ,

11:15

12:00

12:45
March

13:30

Time (hours)
samedi 03

14:15

15:00
7th mars

15:45

16:30
20072007

17:15

18:00
PS: An overview

18:45

19:30

20:15

21:00

21:45

22:30

23:15
Heures

00:00
15
 PS: An overview

Year: 2011 Jan Feb Marc April Mai June Jully Augest Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

Pmax (MW) 8830 8819 7566 7803 7810 7967 8344 8344 8083 8230 8274 9116

Pmin (MW) 4226 4233 3835 4061 3705 4001 4251 4208 3877 4094 4000 4162

Ratio: min/max 0,48 0,48 0,51 0,52 0,47 0,50 0,51 0,50 0,48 0,50 0,48 0,46

Year: 2012 Jan Feb Marc April Mai June Jully Augest Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

Pmax (MW) 9743 9731 8348 8609 8617 8791 9206 9206 8918 9080 9129 10058

Pmin (MW) 4662 4671 4231 4481 4088 4414 4690 4643 4277 4517 4413 4592

Ratio: min/max 0,48 0,48 0,51 0,52 0,47 0,50 0,51 0,50 0,48 0,50 0,48 0,46
16
 PS: An overview
Loads: characteristics The load is variable ????!!!!

Daily average load Daily average load x 24

Daily load factor = =
Daily peak load Daily peak load x 24
Energy consumed during 24h
=
Daily peak load x 24
Energy consumed during 24h x 365 Total annual energy
Annual load factor = =
Daily peak load x 24 x 365 Daily peak load x 8760h

In order for a power system to operate economically, it must have

a high load factor
17
 PS: An overview
Loads: characteristics

Example
The system load demand for a given day is approximated by

P = 2 0.3* cos(0.5417t 1)* e( 0.01*t), GW

Where t is the time of the day in hour using the 24-hour clock. Compute the
following:
– The times of the peak demands
– The peak demands
– The average demand
– If the generation capacity of the utility is 2 GW, compute the power to be
imported during the first peak.

18
 PS: An overview
Solution

1.The times of the peak demands

dP
0 0.3 * 0.5417 * sin(0.5417t 1)
dt
0.3 * 0.01* cos(0.5417t 1)* e ( 0.01* t) 0
0.5417 * sin(0.5417t 1) 0.01* cos(0.5417t 1) 0
2.4
tan( 0.5417t 1) -0.0183
2.2
0.5417t 1 -0.0183 k

Power, Gw
2
- 0.0183 1 k
t , k 0 ,1,2 ,3.. 1.8
0.5417
t 1 7.5 or 7 h30 M AM ( k 1) 1.6

t 2 19.05 or 7 h00 M PM (k 3) 1.4

0 5 10 15 20

Time 19
 PS: An overview
2. The peak demands

P max1 P(t1) 2.2777GW

P max 2 P(t 2) 2.2462GW
3. The average demand
24
1
Pavg P(t ).dt 1.9898GW
24 0
4. If the generation capacity of the utility is 2 GW, the power to be imported during the
first peak will be:

PImported =Pmax1-Pcapacity=2.2777-2=0.2777GW=277.7MW

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 PS: An overview
Are there other components?

Generation Transmission Distribution Loads

For satisfactory operation of the

power system, other devices are
required:
- Instrument transformers
- Circuit breakers
- Disconnect switches
- Fuses
- Lightning arresters
These dev ices are necessary to
deenergize either for normal or
faulty operation.

Energy Control Center Protective system 21

 PS: An overview

Generation Transmission Distribution Loads

Algerian Energy Control Center 22