PEB Steel Technical Manual

TABLE OF CONTENT
1 of 1
Table of contents
Table of contents iii 9.8. Ladders 141

Vision, Mission, Values iv 9.9. Grating 144
1. Introduction 9.10. Checkered Plates 149
1.1. PEB Steel at Glance 2 10. Steel Plates
1.2. The Role of the Architect/Consultant 3 10.1. General 151
1.3. The Pre-Engineered Building Concept 4 10.2. Elements of Corrosion Protection 152
1.4. The Merits of Pre-Engineered Buildings 5 10.3. Surface Preparation 156
1.5. End User of Pre- Engineering Building 8 10.4. Paint System 161
1.6. The PEB Steel History 13 11. Single Skin Panels
1.7. PEB Steel Founders 14 11.1. General 164
1.8. The PEB Steel Advantage 15 11.2. Silver180TM 165
1.9. PEB Steel Literature 18 11.3. Hyper180TM 174
1.10. Initiating a Request for Quotation 25 11.4. Alu-ZincTM 178
1.11. Placing and Tracking an Order 28 11.5. AluPeb® 179
2. Nomenclature 11.6. PebLead™ 184
2.1. Basic Terms 30 11.7. GalvaPeb™ 186
2.2. Abbreviations 52 11.8. LokSeam® Panel 187
3. Engineering Practices 11.9. PebSeamTM Panel 188
3.1. General 54 11.10. PebRoofTM Panel 189
3.2. Design Codes and Building Codes 55 11.11. PebWallTM Panel 192
3.3. Design Loads 56 11.12. PebLinerTM Panel 193
3.4. Conversion Factors 58 11.13. PebDeck® 55 Panel 194
3.5. Deflection Limitations 60 11.14. PebDeck® 76 Panel 195
3.6. Engineering Output 61 11.15. PebLok® Panel 196
3.7. Building Design Certification 63 11.16. Exterior Roof and Wall Panel Details 197
4. Standard Structural Systems 12. Panel Related Accessories
4.1. General 65 12.1. General 228
4.2. Clear Span Buildings 66 12.2. Curves Eaves 229
4.3. Multi-Span I Buildings 68 12.3. Flashing and Trims 230
4.4. Multi-Span II Buildings 69 12.4. Gutters and Downspouts 231
4.5. Lean-To Buildings 70 13. Insulation
5. Other Structural Systems 13.1. General 233
5.1. General 72 13.2. PebFoamTM 234
5.2. Single Slope Buildings 73 13.3. PebInsul™ 238
5.3. Built Up Curved Rafter Building 74 13.4. Rockwool 240
5.4. Multi-Gable Buildings 75 13.5. Double Faced Tape 241
5.5. Roof System Buildings 76 13.6. Stapler and Staples 242
5.6. Flat Roof Buildings 77 13.7. Mesh and Strap 243
5.7. Low Rise Buildings 78 14. Building Accessories
5.8. Medium Rise Building 79 14.1. General 245
5.9. High Rise Buildings 82 14.2. Personal Walk Doors 246
6. Secondary Structural Framing 14.3. Sliding Doors 248
6.1. General 85 14.4. Framed Opening 249
6.2. Cold-Formed “Z” Section 86 14.5. Louvers 250
6.3. Cold-Formed “C” Section 87 14.6. Translucent Panels 251
6.4. Secondary Framing Details 88 15. Sundry Parts
7. Basic Structural Subsystems 15.1. General 253
7.1. General 94 15.2. Anchor Bolts 254
7.2. Bracing 95 15.3. Primary Connection Bolts 256
7.3. Endwalls 98 15.4. Secondary Connection Bolts 257
7.4. Jack Beams (+Truss JB) 101 15.5. Sheeting Fasteners 258
7.5. Expansion Joints 102 15.6. Pop Rivets 259
7.6. Masonry Conditions 103 15.7. Foam Closures 260
8. Other Structural Subsystems 15.8. Bead Mastic 261
8.1. General 105 15.9. Silicone Sealant 262
8.2. Roof Extension 106 16. Special Buyouts
8.3. Canopies 107 16.1. General 264
8.4. Fascias 109 16.2. Examples 265
8.5. Partition 112 17. Specialty Buildings
8.6. Cranes 113 17.1. General 267
8.7. Ridge Ventilators 117 17.2. Vehicle Parking Shelters 268
9. Floor System 17.3. Poultry Building 269
9.1. General 124 17.4. Bulk Storage Buildings 271
9.2. Mezzanine 125 17.5. Aircraft Hangars 274
9.3. Open Web Steel Joists 129 17.6. Retail Buildings 275
9.4. Roof Platforms 130
9.5. Catwalks & Walkways 131
9.6. Staircases 132
9.7. Handrails 138
Technical Manual, August 2016

iii
PEB Steel Buildings Co., Ltd.
VISION
For PEB Steel to be recognized as the

benchmark in the steel buildings industry.
This will be accomplished through its
product Perfection, engineering Excellence
and the Best customer services in the
industry.
MISSION
To bring the PEB technology to where it is

most needed in the world, and help others
To (jointly) build high capacity, efficient &

cost effective steel factories for speedy
To design and fabricate safe and

technologically advanced buildings.
To offer customers versatility in design &

fabrication to meet their exact building
requirements.
To offer customer services second to none

in the industry.
VALUES
Be a Leader and not a follower.
Share Knowledge and Success with others.
Forge local alliances wherever you go.
Apply only the Latest design and buildings

codes.
Continually improve our products.
Customer service makes all the difference;

customers are lifetime partners, always
seek a Win Win solution.
The longest journey begins with the

smallest step, so begin with the end in mind,
and focus on the long term, not just the
short term.
Technical Manual, August 2016 iv

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The PEB Group of companies, based in international customers that includes, among
Europe, started its Asia operations in 1994 others, such world class corporations as
and was one of the first companies to bring Obayashi, Taisei, Samsung, Doosan, Posco,
the Pre-Engineered Buildings (PEB) Kumagai, Liwayway, Unilever, Reliance
technology to the East Asia region. Industries and Procter & Gamble.
With over 5,500 buildings already Our offices in Vietnam are staffed with
completed in Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, over 100 talented and experienced engineers
Bangladesh, Qatar, India, Sri-Lanka, etc., who would be very pleased to offer you
PEB has become a regional leader in the completely free consultation, a
design, fabrication, supply, and construction comprehensive quotation including proposal
of Pre-Engineered Steel Buildings. drawings, in the shortest possible time-frame.
PEB Steel Buildings Co., Ltd boasts an

impressive list of satisfied local and

2
No professional group is more important We Offer Customized Support
to the success and growth of the pre-
engineered steel buildings industry, and to If you have just started work on a new
PEB Steel, than architects and consultants. building project or if you are working on the
initial phase of a building project, we urge
We Welcome your Technical Inquiries you to contact the closest PEB Steel Area
Office to assist you in finding ways that will
PEB Steel welcomes technical inquiries make you benefit from pre-engineered
from architects and consultants. We are
prepared to assist you in writing without sacrificing the integrity of your
specifications for pre-engineered steel conceptual design. PEB Steel will provide
buildings and to recommend suitable proposal drawings and building details to you
solutions to your building requirements. at no cost and without any obligation on your
part. This support is intended to extend the
Inquiries may be submitted to the awareness of professional designers and
attention of the local area manager (at any of specifies in the use of pre-engineered steel
PEB Steel buildings.
the world) or to the General Sales Manager
at PEB Steel Head Office. PEB Steel will
respond professionally and quickly with
viable and practical solutions.
No Limit to Architectural Imagination
Many impressive architectural projects

have used pre-engineered steel buildings.
Nowhere has this been more evident than in
the USA. Although this trend is developing in
Asia and Africa, still not many architects on
these continents have fully realized the
economy, versatility and aesthetic features of
pre-engineered steel buildings.

3
Functional subsystems include
Pre-engineered buildings (PEB) use
mezzanine floors (including joists and
predetermined inventory of raw materials that
has proven over time to satisfy a wide range decking), crane runway beams (to support
of structural and aesthetic design crane systems), roof platforms, catwalks, etc.
requirements. This flexibility allows PEB to
full-fill an almost unlimited range of building
configurations, custom designs, requirements
and applications.
Aesthetic features include fascias,

parapets, canopies and roof extensions.
The use of pre-engineered buildings was

A pre-engineered steel building is a confined mostly to North America and the
building shell utilizing three distinct product Middle East. Since then, the use of pre-
categories: engineered buildings has spread throughout
Asia and Africa where the PEB construction
Built-up shaped primary concept has now been widely accepted and
structural framing members praised.
(columns and rafters)
Cold- A growing number of prominent
secondary structural members international contractors and designers, who
(roof purlin, eave struts and wall previously specified conventional structural
girts) steel buildings exclusively, have recently
Roll formed profiled sheeting (roof converted to the pre-engineered building
and wall panels) approach. They now enjoy significant cost
savings and benefits from the faster
construction cycle resulting from this concept.
Optional structural subsystems are widely

incorporated into pre-engineered buildings
and provide functional as well as aesthetic
feature.

4
From excavation to occupancy no other
building system matches the pre-engineered
building system when it comes to speed and
value.
The advantages of pre-engineered steel

buildings are numerous and are the major
reason for the spectacular growth of the PEB
industry during the past 22 years. These
advantages include:
Superior Quality
Low Initial Cost
Design quality is consistent and is based
The use of tapered built-up primary on the latest USA codes applicable to the
structural members (columns and rafters) design of pre-engineered steel buildings.
usually results in up to a 40% weight
advantage for the main rigid frames when Welding is performed by AWS certified
compared to the use of conventional hot rolled welders and conforms to the latest version of
sections as primary members. the Structural Welding Code for Steel
published by the American Welding Society.
structural members (roof purlins and wall Raw materials are ordered to ASTM
(American Society of Testing Materials)
shaped purlins at the frames, results in up to a standards, or equivalent, and are inventoried
30% weight saving for the secondary at the factory adequate with mill certificate
members when compared to the use of hot traceability.
rolled channels as purlins and girts.
Strict adherence to code-specified design
The manufacturing scrap from the live load and wind speed ensures that safety
production processes of built-up plate and design integrity are not sacrificed.
A published standard Quality Plan, with

typically 75% less than the scrap costs
stringent in-house quality control, ensures that
generated from the fabrication of hot rolled
manufacturing complies with the acceptance
member.
criteria of applicable codes.
The foundation requirements of pre-
An executive level Quality Assurance
engineered steel buildings are fewer and
Department ensures that quality control
lighter. This is due to wider clear span
checking procedures are adhered to
capability of main frames, longer economic
throughout the order processing cycle.
bay lengths and lower weight of the overall
PEB Steel structure.
The cost of initial engineering of the

structure, as well as later design revisions, is
substantially reduced due to the inclusion of
the engineering costs within the supply price
of the pre- engineered building.

5
Fast Project Construction Eave heights up to 35 m, ship yard.
Anchor bolt setting plans and anchor bolts Buildings are easily expandable on all
can be delivered earlier than the building sides (allowing for future expansion).
supply to enable the construction of
foundations prior to delivery of the steel Building shell is designed to accept
buildings. stocked (custom manufactured) standard
accessories (personnel doors, sliding doors,
Standard building(s) delivery is only 8 roof ventilators, louvers, windows, skylights,
weeks (including engineering time) and may etc.)
be reduced to as low as 4 weeks for special
Building design can incorporate additional
standard structural subsystems such as
mezzanines, cranes, roof platforms, etc.
Architectural Flexibility
Aesthetic features such as fascias,

parapets and curved eaves greatly enhance
the architectural appearance of the building
and empower designers to create unique
buildings.
Functional Versatility
Modular construction. (Both the length and

the width can be increased incrementally).
Large unobstructed space utility.
Clear spans up to 128 m.
Fast erection of the steel building(s)

because all structural members are field
bolted using clear user-friendly erection
drawings. (The typical time per erection crew
is 1.0 man-hour per square meter).
Bay l
factory VTF4. When using of jack beams
factory VTF1.
Standard and special trims and flashing

are available in a wide range of shapes, sizes
and colors...

6
A wide range of wall panel profiles and Annual washing of eave gutters from
colors provides diverse architectural accents. inside to remove dirt.
Readily available interface details Watertight roofs: PEB Steel recommends

between steel and other facade materials erection by a certified builder).
(such as glazing, block wall, curtain wall,
etc.) allow for wider applications. Energy efficient roof and wall systems
(When field insulated with standard fiberglass
Low Maintenance and Operating Costs insulation or when clad with insulated
, power usage will be
Virtually no maintenance required for wall dramatically reduced).
panels.
Roof panels require only periodic

cleaning.

7
In the USA, where the PEB concept was Fast food restaurants
originally conceived during the early years of Offices
this century, nearly 70% of all single story Labor Camps
non-residential construction now utilizes pre- Service stations
engineered buildings. Applications range from Shopping Center
small car parking sheds to 90 m (+), wide Institutional
clear span aircraft hangars to low-rise multi- Schools
story buildings. Almost every conceivable Exhibition halls
building use has been achieved using the pre- Hospitals
engineered building approach. Theaters/auditoriums
Sports halls
The most common applications of pre- Recreational
engineered buildings are: Gymnasiums
Swimming pool enclosures
Industrial
Indoor tennis courts
Factories
Aviation & Military
Workshops
Aircraft hangars
Warehouses
Administration buildings
Cold stores
Residential barracks
Car parking sheds
Support facilities
Slaughter houses
Bulk product storage Agricultural
Shipyard Poultry buildings
Dairy farms
Commercial
Greenhouses
Showrooms
Grain storage
Distribution centers
Animal confinement
Supermarkets

8
9
10
11
Widest 128M Clear

12
OUR HISTORY 2006 Second factory was built, a
The PEB Group companies, based in show piece of engineering excellence and
Europe, started its Asia operations in 1994, innovation.
and were one of the first companies to bring
the pre-engineered buildings technology to 2009 PEB Steel started to export
the East Asia region. In 2009, Okaya its products across Asian. Third factory in
Corporation Japan and Nippon Steel Japan, Vietnam was built. And Okaya Corporation
both became shareholders of PEB Steel Japan and Nippon Steel Japan, both became
Buildings. shareholders of PEB Steel Buildings.
With over 5,500 buildings already

completed in Vietnam, Thailand, Laos,
2012 Fourth factory in Vietnam.
PEB Steel grows in double digit.
Bangladesh, Qatar, India, Sri Lanka, etc.
PEB Steel has become a region leader in the
design, fabrication, supply and construction 2014 Inauguration of fifth factory in
of pre- engineered steel buildings. Vietnam. The total capacity in Asia exceeds
120,000 MT per year.
Our offices in Vietnam are staffed with
100 talented and experienced engineers who 2016 The sixth factory for heavy
would be very pleased to offer you a
steel structure operates officially, which
completely free consultation and a
remarks a new development area of PEB
comprehensive quotation including proposal
Steel.
drawings, in the shortest possible time-frame.
2017 PEB Steel Myanmar factory

opens in Thilawa SEZ in Yangon, Myanmar.
1994 PEB INDOCHINA was
incorporated and opened the first Asia office
in Ho Chi Minh City.
1999 PEB INDOCHINA opened its

second Asia office in Bangkok.
2004 The first modern factory in

Vietnam was built, located in Vung Tau &
boasting 2 full automatic welding lines.

13
SAMI Nour Kteily ADIB Kouteili
Executive Chairman Managing Director
Mr. Kteily obtained a degree ADIB is a holder of Bachelor
in Business Administration of Engineering (BE) major
from AUB (the American Mechanical, from the
University of Beirut) in 1978. American University of Beirut
He later underwent his Chartered (AUB) in 1982. Started his working career
Accountancy training in London, UK, while with CCC, the largest construction &
employed by the international audit firm of engineering firm in the Middle East from
Arthur Andersen. Following that he joined the 1983 till 1985. He worked as a site &
internal audit department of the UK based workshop engineer in Kuwait & Yemen in 2
Abela Group of companies, where he refineries projects.
remained until he established his financial He later worked for 2 years with Al Tajj
concern, specializing in trade finance &
Establishment, based in Lebanon, as a
forfaiting.
Projects Manager in charge of construction
Early in 1994, Mr. Kteily visited Vietnam projects for UNICEF (United Nations). In
to explore the business opportunities 1988, Adib joined Kirby Building Systems as
presented by this beautiful country of the manager of their office in Qatar. Job
hospitable people. In those days, few involved sales & customer service of Pre-
investors were able to hear the stirring of the Engineered Steel Buildings.
sleeping tiger that was soon to leap up onto
Following that, Adib joined Zamil Steel as
the world stage and become a strong
the manager of their offices in Qatar,
industrial force to be reckoned with. Sami Malaysia & Vietnam between 1990 and 1994.
heard it, and heard it very clear.
Adib was instrumental in establishing Zamil
This is how PEB Steel started in Vietnam Steel as a brand name for Pre-Engineered
in 1994, and then expanded to neighboring Building Industry in South East Asia.
countries Thailand, India, Myanmar, In Late 1994, Adib & Sami Both Became
Cambodia, Philippines, Indonesia and
the Founders of the PEB Group, where Adib
Malaysia. Today, PEB Steel is a major
remains key in making the company the
player in the design and fabrication of pre-
success it is today, boasting a total sales of
engineered buildings with its products 3,200 steel buildings in East Asia and the
reaching all corners of the world! Middle East.
Mr. Kteily was elected three times (2008-
2011) as the President of the Canadian
Chamber of Commerce in Vietnam.
Sami is the father of two boys: Nour who
obtained a Ph.D. from Harvard University at
the age of 26 and now assistant professor at
Kellogg school of management, and Khaled
who obtained a Bachelor of commerce
degree from McGill University and now
finishing his degree at the Kenedy
school of Public Policy, also at Harvard
University.

14
PEB Steel is dedicated to a practical features of pre-engineered steel
comprehensive customer support program buildings. PEB Steel will assist you in
through a wide range of services, some of developing an appropriate interface detail
which are: (between the pre-engineered steel building
and other building subsystems) without
Area Offices sacrificing the integrity of your overall design
concept. This support is available from the
Area Offices are conveniently located
Head Office or through your Area Office
throughout the East, Africa and Middle East to
contact.
enable you to have direct contact with an
authorized PEB l Steel company
representative. From your first request for a
quotation through the actual delivery of
materials.at your jobsite to the completion of
building(s) erection, you are assured that a
dedicated PEB Steel representative is
present to assist you every step of the way.
This direct involvement assures you that your
order is being professionally handled.
Fast Quotations Turn around
Every attempt is made to respond to

customer requests for quotations in the
shortest possible time. The form of the
request-for-quotation and the engineering
complexity of the building greatly our
response time. Inquiries containing several
special (or complex) buildings may require
estimating at the head office and design
Consultants and Architects Support engineering input.
This document, compiled by PEB Steel, is Comprehensive Quotations and Proposal
the most comprehensive technical manual in Drawings
the Industry. Its table of contents makes it a
quick reference manual, easy to use and easy PEB Steel provides detailed easy to
to understand. Since PEB Steel has an follow quotations, in most cases with proposal
ongoing product review and enhancement drawings, to enable you to verify our
program, understanding of your requirements.
We reserve the right to change and Proposal drawings consist of a column

improve the products as such improvements layout plan, a cross-section and four wall
are identified, tested, and implemented. This elevations for each building. Wall accessories
manual is annually revised and reissued to such as doors, windows,
keep it current on our products and services.
Louvers and framed openings are located
No other company offers a wider range of on these Proposal drawings (when locations
free technical services to consultants and are known) giving you an opportunity to
contractors to encourage them to exploit the confirm or change their location

15
prior to the purchase agreement. Before buy deal a with PEB Steel you have the comfort of
you see exactly what you are buying. knowing that no matter who your contact is at
PEB Steel, you are dealing with a company
Fast Delivery that honors its commitments to you today,
tomorrow and long into the future.
PEB Steel operates the largest factory for
the manufacture of pre-engineered steel Certified Builders
buildings in the world. Our standard ex-works
factory delivery starts at 4 weeks for relatively If you are an end-user, a PEB Steel
uncomplicated buildings. The delivery period certified builder could offer you a complete
of an order is primarily a function of the turnkey service, which saves you the project
engineering complexity of the buildings in the management costs of coordinating several
project (which affects both engineering and subcontractors.
manufacturing cycle times) and the size of the
project. If you are the main contractor, the least
that a PEB Steel certified builder can do for
you is to undertake the erection of the PEB
Steel pre-engineered steel building in a
professional and timely manner.
Knowledgeable and updated on the most
recent products, policies and procedures, the
certified builder is your representative within
the PEB Steel organization.
Erection Support
A Site Specialist, available at each Area

Office, is your assurance that PEB Steel
buildings are erected in strict conformance to
the erection drawings. The Site Specialist
provides erectors with sound advice and
guidance regarding material
receiving/unloading procedures, jobsite
material storage management, identification of Future (Building) Modifications
the appropriate erection tools and equipment
and efficient building erection sequencing. His Designs and drawings for your building
involvement begins immediately after a job is are stored at PEB Steel Head Office archives
released to fabrication and ends when the job indefinitely. This enables you to refer to PEB
is fully erected. Steel at any time in the future to confirm the
original design criteria before you plan major
Long Term Commitment modifications to your building. PEB Steel can
perform design calculation checks and will
PEB Steel is an established and proven update your original erection drawings to bring
manufacturer of steel buildings. When you as-

16
Future Parts Replacements
Should any accessory or part of a PEB Steel

building be damaged or need replacement in the
future, all you have to do is call a PEB Steel
certified builder or a PEB Steel Area Office. The
component can be supplied by PEB Steel within a
short time and promptly installed by a PEB Steel
certified builder.
PEB Steel is committed to producing

marketing literature that contributes to the
education of all parties involved in the purchase of
a PEB Steel pre-engineered steel building. Every
effort is made to update this literature on an annual
basis.
The following PEB Steel literature is currently

available and may be obtained from the Marketing
Manager at PEB Steel Head Office or from any
PEB Steel Area Office.
Pre-Engineered Steel Buildings
Product Brochure
Technical Manual
Pre-Qualification Documents
Panel Chart (colors & profile)
Standard Terms and Conditions of Sale
Erection Manual
Owners Maintenance Manual
PEB Steel Corporate Video & CD-ROM
Pre-Engineered Buildings Technical Video

17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Requests for quotation should be request for quotation often requires a
submitted through a PEB Steel Area Office or comprehensive review and thorough of
through a PEB Steel certified builder. When drawings and specifications at PEB Steel
you are unsure as to which PEB Steel Area Head Office. This ensures that deviations
Office to contact, please contact the from specifications and exclusions of special
Marketing Manager at PEB Steel Head Office
who will direct you to the responsible Area normal supply) are appropriately highlighted in
Office. our comprehensive quotation offer.
There are two distinctly different ways to A complete quotation offer for such
request a quotation for a Pre-Engineered projects may take up to 10-20 days to prepare
Steel Building: depending on the engineering complexity of
the buildings.
Method I: Provide Basic Building(s) Data
A picture is worth a thousand words:
When it is possible to define and provide Always request proposal drawings from PEB
us with the basic building dimensions (width, Steel.
length, eave height) and design loads (live
load, wind speed, collateral loads, etc.) and
manufacturing criteria and materials are

acceptable to you, a comprehensive quotation
offer based on PEB Steel can be submitted to
you within 3 - 7 days by the Area Office.
The interactive nature of this method

coupled with the experienced input of a
professional PEB Steel representative often
results in shorter deliveries and up to 20%
cost saving for the pre-engineered steel A PEB Steel Proposal Drawing
buildings.
Most mistakes occur due to
Approximately 80% of PEB Steel jobs miscommunication between a buyer and a
(orders) are processed from this form of input. seller and/or because of a misinterpretation,
by either party, of the information provided.
Method II: Provide Consultant Drawings PEB Steel proposal drawings enable you to
and Specifications verify our interpretation of your requirements
and ensure that the final supply is in complete
Submission of consultant drawings and conformance to your needs.
design specifications as the input for a

25
The purpose of including this section is to be changed prior to signing the contract, the
inform you of the internal procedures followed word or statement should be crossed out and
by PEB Steel from the time a contract are the acceptable wording re-written clearly (in
signed to the time we ship your building. We block letters) immediately adjacent to the
wish to make you aware of the various factors change. Both your representative and the
essing of a PEB Steel representative must initial the
job and the impact that changes or handwritten change.
clarifications may have on our delivery
commitment. In some cases, delivery delays A copy of all contract documents is then
are avoided by more knowledge of the internal immediately given to you for your file.
PEB Steel work flow procedures.
Order Processing by PEB Steel Area
This section should be read in conjunction Offices
with
The PEB Steel Area Office representative
Conditions of , a copy of which can be
transfers all relevant order information from
obtained from the Marketing Department at
the typed quotation offer onto internal PEB
PEB Steel Head Office or from any PEB
Steel forms, and dispatch the original forms
Steel Area Office.
with the original contract documents to PEB
As in the case of quotations, actual orders Steel Head Office. A copy of the forms and
should be processed through a PEB Steel the contract documents are retained at the
Area Office or through a PEB Steel certified Area Office.
builder. This section specifically addresses
orders that are placed through a PEB Steel
Area Office. Orders that are placed through a
PEB Steel certified builder generally follow a
similar process.
Placing an Order
Order is placed after PEB Steel submits a

typed and signed quotation offer (proposal) to
you and it is signed by you. The quotation
offer (proposal) is often revised one or more
A PEB Steel Proposal Drawing
times until all technical and commercial
matters are agreed upon. In most projects,
1. Receipt at Head Office
PEB Steel includes proposal drawings to
An order is first received at PEB Steel
interpretation of your exact building Customer Service Department. This
requirements. For an order to be valid and department is responsible for reviewing the
binding, your authorized representative and order to ensure that all technical, logistical
the PEB Steel Area Office representative and financial matters are complete and are in
must fill and sign a standard contract form accordance with PEB Steel policy.
which is attached to all PEB Steel typed
quotation offers.
Important: Should any word or statement

on any page of the quotation offer or contract

26
2. Design Once the Head office approval drawings
are with you, PEB Steel effectively suspends
The screened order is then passed to the further action on the job, awaiting the return of
Engineering Department for final technical the approval drawings with your full approval
evaluation and for actual engineering of the or your conditional approval based on clearly
building(s) in the job. Engineering may, during noted remarks on the approval drawings.
the process of thorough analysis and design,
uncover discrepancies, missing information or 6. Return of Approval Drawings to PEB
contradictory information that may require Steel (if applicable)
further clarification.
Approval drawings are required to be
If this occurs, a questionnaire is prepared returned to the relevant PEB Steel Area
by the Engineering Department, verified by Office within two weeks of their submittal to
the Customer Service Department and you. Approval drawings must be signed by
submitted to you through your local PEB Approved As Is or signed as
Steel Area Office. Prompt response from you Approved As Noted Returned approval
for such technical clarification will minimize drawings are forwarded by the Area Office
delays in engineering and consequent delays back to the Customer Service Department
in fabrication and delivery. where they are reviewed and passed to the
Engineering Department for final production
3. Preparation of the Approval Package (if engineering. The production engineering
applicable) output consists of the preparation of anchor
bolts plans; erection drawings shop details
An approval package normally consists of
and bill of materials.
design calculations and approval drawings.
Work on the approval package commences Major changes to the approval drawings
when the Engineering Department has no may result in one or more of the following:
queries regarding the data provided by you
and/or is satisfied that your response to Re-design of structural elements in the
technical queries is complete. building(s)
4. Dispatch of the Approval Package (if Re-estimate of the price of the building(s)
applicable)
Re-submittal of approval drawings for the
The completed approval package is building(s)
passed from the Engineering Department to
the Customer Service Department which then Creation of a change order that may affect
dispatches the package to your local PEB the price and/or the delivery of the building(s)
Steel Area Office for submission to you. PEB
Steel Customer Service Department does not 7. Change Orders
normally dispatch approval documents directly
Changes made after a contract is signed
to the buyer. The Area Office is expected to
(whether occurring at the approval stage, the
personally submit the approval package to the
production engineering stage or the
buyer and to be available to the buyer for
fabrication stage) that result in an increased
consultation at this stage of the order process.
5. Awaiting return of Approval Drawings

(If applicable)

27
price or extended delivery, necessitate the Details and Bill of Materials of all the
creation of a change order. Until the change components for the building to the Production
order is signed as accepted by you, and Control Group which is a part of the
returned to the PEB Steel Area Office, no Manufacturing Department.
further work is undertaken on the job.
11. Completion of Manufacturing
8. Production Engineering Output
For small and medium size jobs,
Returned approval drawings are received manufacturing and painting is normally
at the Head Office by the Customer Service completed 3 weeks after the longer time. Very
Department. They are reviewed for changes large jobs may be manufacture progressively
and/or customer comments. If no changes are over a longer period of Time allowing for
noted or if only minor changes are noted, they phased partial shipments, normally
are passed to the Engineering Department for commencing within 4 weeks from the start of
preparation of the production engineering manufacturing.
output which consists of the following:
12. Shipment of Material
Anchor bolts plans (for construction)
For small and medium orders and for
Erection drawings (for construction) partial shipments of large orders, packing,
document legalization, truck loading and
Shop details (for production) dispatch are normally effected within 2 - 5
days from completion of manufacturing.
Bill of materials (for production and
shipment)
9. Schedule for Manufacturing
Upon the timely return of approval

drawings (i.e., if no major changes were noted
that require processing a change order or a
re-submittal of approval drawings) and upon
the fulfillment of payment terms (i.e., Finance
Department has released the job for
production) the job is immediately scheduled
for production. The job is scheduled in
accordance with the delivery commitment All materials shipped by PEB Steel are
specified in our signed contract or our last carefully and safely loaded (onto trailers for
change order letter. overland shipment, or into closed containers
for sea freight) with detailed Packing lists
10. Start of Manufacturing clearly cross referencing the bill of materials
and erection drawings. It should arrive at your
Manufacturing of a building starts after the site complete and in good condition.
Engineering Department releases the Shop

28
CHAPTER 2
NOMENCLATURE
Accessory: A supplementary building product,
such as a door, window, skylight, ventilator, louver,
etc.
Anchor Bolts: Bolts used to anchor structural

members to a concrete floor, foundation or other
support. Usually refers to the bolts at the bottom of Accessory
Anchor Bolts
all columns and other door jambs.
Anchor Bolt Plan: A plain view of a building(s)

foundations showing all dimensions and sections Anchor Bolt Plan
required to properly locate the anchor bolts,
including the projections of the bolts above the
concrete surface, required recess, etc. Column
reactions (magnitude and direction), and base
plate dimensions are also included. Angle
Angle: A hot rolled member with two legs

forming a 90° angle.
Approved Drawing
Approved Drawing: Drawing sent to the
customer to verify design and dimensions and to
verify the sales contract, description of materials
and services the manufacturer has agreed to
furnish.
Assembly: Two or more components bolted

together.
Assembly
Auxiliary Loads: All specified dynamic live
loads, other than the basic design loads, which the
building must safely withstand. Examples are loads
imposed by crane systems, material handling
system and impact loads. Base Angle
Back-up Plates: Additional plates used a

connection to provide sufficient bolt grip, allow for
erection tolerances, or increase strength.
Base Angle: A continuous angle fixed to the

floor slab or to the grade beam to enable the
attachment of wall panels.
Bay: The space between the center lines of

frames or primary supporting members in the
longitudinal direction of the building. Also called
Bay Spacing or Bay Length. Bay

30
Bead Mastic: A sealant furnished in a Bead
Mastic
continuous roll, normally used for sealing end laps
of roof panels. See also End-lap Mastic.
Beam: A horizontal Structural member

Beam
designed primarily to resist moments.
Bent plate: A plate bent to form an angle.
Bill of Materials: A list of items or components Bill of

Materials
used for fabrication, shipping, receiving, and
accounting purposes.
Bird Screen: Wire mesh used to prevent birds Bird Screen

from entering the building through ventilators,
louvers and roof monitors.
Blind Rivet: A small headed pin with an

expandable shank for joining light gauge metal. Blind
Typically used to attach flashing, gutters, etc. Also Rivet
reffered to as s Pop Rivet.

Brace
Cables
Brace Rods/Cables: Rod or cables placed
diagonally in the roof and walls for the purposed of
transferring wind loads to the foundationa and
longitudinally stabilizing the building.
Braced
Braced Bay: The bay where bracing is Bay
provided.
Bracket: A structural support projecting from a

column or rafter to which another structural
member is fastened.Example: Brackets supporting
crane runway beams.
Bracket
Bridge Crane: Overhead traveling crane

supported by rails which are in turn supported by
crane runway beams.
Bridge
Builder: A general contractor or sub-contractor Crane
Builder
responsible forproviding and erecting pre-
engineered buildings.

31
Building Codes: Regulations developedby
recognized agencies establishing minimum
building requirements for licensing, safety and
functionality purposes susch as setbacks, fire Building Code
regulations, spacing and clearances. Building

codes usually address acceptable design codes.
Building Width: The lateral width of the

building measured from out to out sidewall steel
lines.
Built-up Section: A structural member, Building Width
plates welded together.

Built-up Section
Butt Plate: The end plate of a structural
member which usually rests against a similar end
plate of another member to form a moment
resisting connection. Also called Splice Plate, End
Butt Plate
Plate, or Cap Plate. By-pass Girt
By-pass Girt: The girt which passes

continuously along the outside flanges of the
columns.
By-pass Mounted: See Exterior Mounted.
shaped profile by cold roll-forming from coils.
Cables: Used for cable bracing. can also be Cables

used to operate ridge vent dampers and for
temporary bracing. See Brace Cables.
Cable bracing: Cables placed diagonally in

the roof and walls for the purposed of transferring Cable
bracing
wind loads to the foundationa and longitudinally
stabilizing the building.
Cantilever: A projecting beam that is

supported and restrained at one and only. Canopy
Canopy: An overhanging or projecting roof Cantilever
structure, below the eave level, supported at one

only.
Cap Plate: A plate located at the top of a

column or end of a beam. Also reffered to as End
Plate.
Cap Plate

32
Catwalk: A narrow walkway used to provide
access to mechanical equipment normally Catwalk
supported on roof platforms. Caulking
Caulking: A sealant used in making watertight

joints.
Channel (Hot Rolled): A member formed,

while in a semi- molten state at the steel mill, into a
specified by a relevant standard specification.

Channel
Checkered Plate: Flat rolled plate with raised
checkered design to prevent slipping; used for
industrial equipment platforms, catwalks, stair
Checkered Plate
treads, etc.
Clear Height: The vertical dimension from the

Clear Height
finished floor level to the lowest underside point of
the rafter.
Clear Span: A building without internal Clear Span

Clip
column.
Clip: A plate or angle used to fasten two or

more members together.
Closer
Closer: Mechanical device, usually attached to

a hinged door, which automatically closes the door.
Coil: A roll of steel sheet or wire.
Cold-Formed Member: A light gauge

structural member produced from coiled steel stock
Coil
running through a series of rolls at normal room
temperature.
Collateral Load: The static load other than the

basic design loads such as sprinklers, mechanical
and electrical systems, ceilings, etc.
Column: A vertical structure member used in a

building to transfer loads from the main roof Column
beams, trusses or rafters to the foundation.

33
Concrete
Component: An independent part of an Notch
assembly.
Concrete Notch: A rebate or notch formed

along the edge of the concrete floor slab or grade
beam, allowing wall panels to end below the floor
level thus preventing ingress of dust or water.
Continuous Ridge Vent: Two or more ridge

Continuous
ventilators mounted on the building ridge that Ridge Vent
allows air circulation. See also Ridge Ventilator.
Corner
Column
Corner Column: A column at any corner of a
building. Corner column may be primary rigid
frame columns or post-and- beam columns.
Crane: A machine designed to lift and/ or more

material by means of a hoist.
Crane
Crane Beam: A beam that supports an
overhead travelling bridge crane. On under-hang
bridge cranes, it also acts as a crane rail. Also
known as Crane Runway Beam. Crane Beam
Crane Bracket: Structural support welded to

the primary building frame to permit attachment of
a crane runway beam. See also Bracket.
Crane
Crane Capacity
Bracket
Crane Capacity: The maximum weight a
crane can safely lift. Crane capacity depends on
the standard design of the crane components and
their supports.
Crane Rail: Rail Welded or bolted to a crane

beam forming the track on which the bridge crane
Crane
wheels travel. Rail
Crane Stopper: A small vertical member

welded to the top of the beam to stop the crane
bridge at the end of the crane run area.
Crane Stopper
Cross Section: A view formed by a plane
cutting through an object usually at right angles to
its axes.
Cross Section

34
Curved Eave: Curved panels provide at the Curved Eave
eave.
Dead Load
Dead Load: The self-weight of the pre-

engineered building structure including all its
components such as frames, floors, secondary
members, sheeting, bolts, etc.
Design Codes: Regulations developed by

recognized agencies establishing design loads,
Design Codes
procedures, and construction details for structures.
Examples are: MBMA, AISC, AISI, AWS, etc.
Diagonal Bracing: See Brace Rods/Cables.
Door Guide: An angle, channel, or proprietary

product used to restrain a door leaf or curtain
during its opening and closing. Door Guide
Door Stopper: A clip bolted to the vertical door

member to prevent opening beyond the door limit.
Double Channel: Double or back-to-

Double Faced Tape
sections stitch-bolted together.
Double Faced Tape: Used as an aid to fix Double Channel

fiberglass insulation.
Double Sliding Door: Sliding door with two

door leaves.
Downspout: Cold-formed sheet metal section Double Sliding door
used to carry water from the gutter of a building to

the ground or storm drainage system.
Downspout Elbow: Cold-formed sheet metal

section, matching the downspout profile, attached
to the lower end of a downspout and curved in
such a way as to direct water away from wall.
Downspout Straps: downspouts to the

Downspout Elbow
sidewalls.
Downspout Straps
Downspout

35
Eave: A line along the sidewall formed by the Eave
intersection of the inside faces or planes of the roof
and the sidewall panels.
Eave Gutter: Gutter at the eave of a building. Eave Gutter
Eave Height: The vertical dimension from the

finished floor level to the top of the eave strut.
Eave Trim/Flashing: A sheet metal closure

whose function is primarily to provide weather-
tightness at the eave between the eave gutter and
the wall panels.
Eave Flashing
Edge Distance
Edge Distance: The perpendicular distance
between the plate edge and the center of the bolt
hole.
Elevation: (a) Distance above or below a End Bay

prescribed datum or reference. (b) Engineering
term referring to any wall view of a structure.
End Bay: The first or last bay in the building,

as opposed to interior bay. It is the spacing
between the outside face of the outer flange of the
endwall columns and the center line of the first
interior column.
End Lap
End Lap: A term used to describe the lap at a
purlin location where the end of one panel overlaps
the end of the panel below it.
End Lap Mastic: Sealant, in extruded bead

End Lap
form, used to seal end laps of roof panels for Mastic
weather-tightness. Also called Bead Mastic.
End Plate: A plate welded at the end of a

member.
End Wall
Endwall: A term used to describe the entire
composition of a building end. See Post & Beam
Endwall or Rigid Frame Endwall.
End Wall Framing: Framing located at the

endwall of a building which supports the loads
acting on a portion of the end bay.

36
End-wall Post/Column: A vertical member End-wall Rafter
located at the endwall which supports the girts and
end-wall rafter.
End-wall Rafter: Normally a cold-

section supported by end posts of post-and-beam
end-walls. End-wall rafters can also be built-up or
hot rolled sections if required by design loads.
End-wall Roof Extension: Roof cantilevered

beyond the end-wall. End-wall Post/ Column
Erection: The on-site assembling of pre-

Erection
fabricated components to form the complete
structure. End-wall Roof Extension
Erection Drawing: Drawing and erection

instructions which identify all the individual
components in sufficient details to permit the
proper assembly of all parts of the metal building
system furnished by the seller.
Erection Drawing
Expansion Joint: A weather-tight joint across
the width of the building allowing for expansion and
contraction.
Eye Bolt: Used in conjunction with a hillside Eye Bolt
washer for tensioning cable braces.
Fabrication: The manufacturing process

usually performed in a plant to convert raw
materials into finished metal building components.
The main operations are cold-formed, cutting,
punching, welding, cleaning and painting. Fabrication
Fascia: An accessory whose function is to Fascia
enhance the appearance of a wall. Also used to

cover the eave or gable of a building.
Field Work: Modification or Rectification Fin Neck Bolt
carried out on site.
Fin Neck Bolt: Flat dome headed bolt used in

framed openings, fascias, and mezzanines.

37
Finished Floor: Top the concrete slab or the
finished concrete surface.
Finished
Floor Fixed Isolated
Fixed Base: A column base that is designed to Base Base
resist rotation as well as horizontal or vertical
movement.
Flange
Flange: The projecting edge of a structure
member. Flange
Brace
Flange Brace: An angle or U member

extending between girts or purlins to the inner
flange of columns or rafters respectively, to provide Flashing
them with lateral support and stability.
Flashing: A sheet metal closure used to

provide weather tightness in a structure.
Foam Closure: Purpose-made foam fillers to Foam Closure

fit inside and outside profiles of roof and wall
panels providing a weather-tight seal. Also known
as Foam Closure.
Flowable Mastic
Flowable Mastic: Supplied in a nozzle
cartridge. Used to seal overlapping flashing, gutter
joints, etc.
Footing: Reinforced concrete base that

provides support for a column. Footing
Footing
Force: The action of one body on another

body which changes or tends to change its state of
rest or motion. A force may be expressed in kilo
newton(s) (KN), or other similar units.
Foundation: The substructure which supports

Foundation
a building or other structure. Usually constructed in
concrete.
Framed Opening: Framing (headers, sills, and

jambs) and flashing which surround an opening in
a building. Usually provided to accommodate field Framed Opening
installed accessories such as sliding doors, roll-up
doors, etc.
Framing: Primary and secondary members

(columns, rafters, girts, purlins, brace cables, etc.)
Framing
which when connected together make up the
skeleton of a structure to which the covering can
be fastened.

38
Gable: The triangular portion of the end-wall of Gable
a building directly under the sloping roof and above

the eave height line.
Gable Angle: An angle fastened to the purlins Gable Angle

at rake for the attachment of endwall sheets.
Gable Trim: A flashing designed to close the

Gable Trim
opening between the roof panels and endwall
panels.
Galvanized: Steel coated with a layer of zinc

for corrosion resistance.
Girder: See Beam. Girt
Girt: Secondary horizontal member attached to

the main frame columns. Girts normally support
wall panels.
Girt Clip: Angle clips used to the end-wall

column.
Grade: Ground level or Elevation surrounding

Grating
a building.
Grating: Welded framed-work of crossbars

used in flooring of equipment platforms, platform
Grout
walkways, catwalks and stair treads.
Grout: Non-shrinking sand and cement based

mixture used under base plates to obtain a uniform
bearing surface.
Gusset Plate: Steel stiffener plate used to help

distribute load at a connection.
Gutter: Pre-formed light gauge metal channel Gusset plate

at the roof, along the side walls, or in valleys of
multi-gabled roofs for the collection of rainwater.
Section:
cross section. Gutter

39
Handrails: Horizontal and vertical pipes fixed Handrails
to stair stringers, edges of mezzanine floors,
openings in floor and platform walkways.
Hangar Door: A large multi-leaf door that is

used in aircraft hangars or similar buildings. Hangar Door
Header: A horizontal member over an opening

in a wall.
High Strength Bolt: Any bolt made from steel

having a tensile strength in excess of 690 MPa. High Strength Bolt
Some examples are: ASTM A354, A325, A449 and
A 490.
Hillside Washer
Hillside Washer: A washer having non-parallel

faces normally used on brace cables or rods. Also
known as Bevel Washer.
Hoist: A lifting device that is mechanically,

electrically or manually operated. Hoist
Hot Rolled Shapes: Steel sections (angles,

channels, I sections, etc.) which are formed, while
in a semi-molten state at the steel mill, into a
shape having standard dimensions and properties
specified by relevant standard specifications.
Hot Rolled Shapes
Impact Load: A dynamic load resulting from
the motion of machinery, crane ways, elevators
and other similar moving forces. Insulation
Insulation: Any material used in building

construction for the reduction of heat transfer.
Interior Bay: The distance between the center

lines of two adjacent interior rigid frames.
Intermediate Rafter Splice: Connection of two Interior Bay
pieces of the rafter.

Intermediate Rafter Splice
Jack Beam: A primary horizontal member

used to support another beam, truss or rafter.
Jamb: Vertical member at the side of a wall

opening.
Jib Crane: A cantilever boom or horizontal

beam with a hoist and trolley.
Jib Crane
Jack Beam

40
Joist: A horizontal member for supporting the
Main Beam
decking of floors or roofs.
Joist
Lean-To: A structure dependent upon another

structure for partial support and having only one
Column
slope or pitch.
Lean-To
Liner Panel: Interior wall or roof sheeting

Liner Panel
attached to the inside flanges of the girts or purlins.
Live load: Any variable load that results from

intended use of the structure during its life time.
Loads: Anything that causes a force to be

exerted on a structural member.
Examples of different types of loads are:
a) Dead Load
b) Live Load
c) Impact Load
d) Seismic Load
e) Wind Load
f) Crane Load
g) Collateral Load
h) Auxiliary Load
Longitudinal: The direction parallel to the

ridge line.
Louver: A wall opening provided with slanted

blades, fixed or movable, to allow flow of air inside Louver
the building.
Machine Bolts: Mild steel bolts conforming to

ASTM A307 standard specifications.
Machine Bolts
Mastic: See Caulking.
Mezzanine: An intermediate floor within a Mezzanine
building above the ground floor that occupies all or Mastic

part of the building floor area and consists of
columns, beams, joists, deck panels and edge
trims to receive reinforced concrete.
Masonry: Construction materials such as

bricks, concrete blocks and stone.
Masonry

41
Moment: The tendency of a force to cause Moment
rotation about a point or axis.
Moment Connection: A connection designed

to transfer moment, as well as axial and shear
forces, between connecting members.
Monorail Beam: A single beam support for a

Monorail
material handling system. It is normally a hot rolled Beam
Mono-Slope: A building sloped in one

Mono-Slope
direction.
Multi-Gable Buildings: Buildings consisting of

Multi-Gable Buildings
one or more gables across the width of the
building.
Multi-Span Buildings: Buildings with interior Multi-Span Buildings

columns.
Notch: A rebate. See also Concrete Notch.
Lintel: A beam (either concrete or steel) in

Lintel
masonry walls placed above doors, windows or
openings to support masonry above.
Panel: A piece of roof or wall sheeting. See

also Sheeting.
Panel
Parapet Wall: That portion of the vertical wall

which extends above the roof line at the
Parapet Wall
intersection of the wall and roof.
Park Mark
Part Mark: A number physically marked on a
piece or packing that identifies each component of
the building for erection and shipping purposes.
Partition: A non-load bearing interior dividing

wall. It can sustain its own weight but does not
support the ceiling or roof and is designed to
withstand a maximum lateral load of 0.25 KN/m2.
Partition
Peak: The uppermost point of a gable. Also
called Peak Point or Ridge Point.
Peak

42
Peak Sign: A sign attached to the peak of the
building at the endwall showing the name of the
manufacturer of the building. Also called Ridge
Peak Sign
Sign.
Personnel Door: An access door. Pilot Door Personnel

Door
Pier: A concrete structure designed to transfer
the vertical load from the column base to the
footing.
Pilot Door: A small access door within one

leaf of a sliding door. Also called Wicket Door.
Pitch
Pitch (Hole): Distance between center lines of (Hole)
holes along longitudinal axis of plate.
Pitch (Roof): Slope of the roof
Plan: Details of a building as viewed from the

top. Pop Rivet
Pop Rivet: Used for joining flashing and light

gauge metal trims. See also Blind Rivet.
Portal Frame: Column and beam bracing used

in lieu of standard diagonal cable bracing to
provide clear access. Portal Frame
Post and Beam Endwall: A system of end-

Post and Beam Endwall
wall framing consisting of vertical columns (posts),
with pinned ends, which support rafters (beams).
These posts and beams are normally light
members made from cold-formed sections.
Pre-Engineer: To design and detail

components beforehand.
Pre-Fabricate: To fabricate parts in the shop

Primary Framing
beforehand. To manufacture standard sections
that can be rapidly assembled.
Primary Framing: The main load carrying

members of a structural system, generally the
columns, rafters, and/or other main support
members.

43
Primer Paint: The initial coat of paint applied
Primer Paint
in the shop to the structural framing of a building
for protection against aggressive environmental
conditions during shipping and erection.
Purlin
Purlin: A horizontal secondary structural Purlin Line
member, bolted to the rafters, which transfers the
roof loads from the roof covering to the primary
frames.
Purlin Extension: A projecting secondary

member used in roof extensions at the endwall.
Purlin Line: The line joining the extreme outer, Rafter

or exterior, edges of the purlins parallel to the
frames.
Rafter: A primary beam member supported on

columns.
Rake Trim
Rake: The intersection of the plane of the roof
and the plane of the gable.
Rake Trim: The sheeting item joining the roof

and wall sheeting at the rake. Also called Gable
Trim.
Reactions
Reactions: The resisting forces, at the column
bases of a frame, holding the frame in equilibrium
H1 H2
under a given loading condition.
V1 V2
Revision: A change that is made to the
Ridge
building design, component details, location of
accessories, etc.
Ridge: The peak, or highest point of a gabled

building, which describes a horizontal line running
the length of the building.
Ridge Flashing
Ridge Flashing: Continuous metal flashing
used to close roofing material along the ridge of a
roof. Also called Ridge Cap or Peak Panel.

44
Ridge Connection: A connection, between
Ridge Connection
two rafter members, which transfers the moment
from one side of the connection to the other and
Ridge Sign
maintains, under application of load, the same
angle between the connected members that exists
prior to the loading. See also Moment
Connection.
Ridge Sign:
peak or highest point of the gable. Also called
Peak Sign.
Ridge Ventilator
Ridge Ventilator: The ventilator used at the
ridge line.
Rigid Frame: A structural frame consisting of

members joined together with rigid (or moment)
connections so as to render the frame stable with
respect to imposed loads, without the need for Ridge Frame
bracing in its plane.
Rigid Frame End-wall: A system of end-wall

framing where the main interior frame is used at
the end-wall mostly for the purpose of future
expansion.
Risers: The vertical rise of the steps of a

staircase.
Risers
Roll-Up Door: A door which opens vertically
and is supported on a shaft or drum and runs
along vertical tracks.
Roll-Up Door
Roof Covering: The exterior roof skin
consisting of panels or sheets, their attachments,
and weather sealant.
Roof Curb: Weatherproof flashing used on Roof Curb

roofs to support power ventilators or ducting. Roof
curbs can be fiberglass or sheet metal.
Roof Extension: An extension of the roof

beyond the end-wall and/or sidewall of a building. Roof Extension
Roof Monitor: Raised gable, or portion of the

main building, located at the ridge, to allow lighting
and ventilation.

45
Roof Slope: The angle that a roof surface Roof Slope
makes with the horizontal. Usually expressed in
units of vertical rise to 10 units of horizontal run.
Sag Arrestor
Sag Arrestor: A tension member used to limit

the movement of a girt or purlin in the direction of
its weak axis before the installation of sheeting. It
is assembled from cold-form angle and clip.
Sag Rod: A tension member used to limit the

movement of a girt or purlin in the direction of its
weak axis before the installation of sheeting.
Sealant: See Caulking.
Secondary Framing: Members which carry

loads to the primary framing. In metal buildings this
term includes purlins, girts, eave struts, flange
Sealant
braces, etc.
Seismic Load: The assumed lateral load

acting in any horizontal direction on the structural
system due to earthquakes.
Self-Drilling Fasteners: See Self Drilling Seismic Load Self-Drilling Screws

Screws.
Self-Drilling Screws (SDS): Fasteners, used

for attaching panels and trims to girt and purlins,
which drill their own holes and eliminate the pre-
drilling operation.
Self-Tapping Screws
Self-Tapping Screws (STS): Have the same
function as SDS but need pre-drilled holes.
Sheeting: Profiled metal panels. Sheeting
Sheeting Angle: An angle used to support

sheeting.
Shims: Small steel plates used for levelling

base plates or for packing between structural Shims
members.
Shipping List: A list that enumerates, by part

number or description, each piece of material or
assembly to be shipped. Also known as Packing
List.

46
Shop Details: Drawing details for fabrication of
parts and assemblies.
Side lap
Side Lap: A term used to describe the lap at Shop details
the side or lengthwise direction of panels.
Sidewall: A term used to describe the entire

composition of a building side which is parallel to Endwall Sidewall
the ridge.
Simple Span: The term used in structural

engineering to describe a support condition, for a
Single Slope Building
beam, girt, purlin, etc., which offers no resistance
to rotation at the supports.
Single Slope Building: See also Mono-

Slope.
Skylight: At translucent panel used at the roof

to transmit natural light. It is usually made of
fiberglass. Skylight
Sleeve Nut: A long nut normally used to join

two brace rods of the same diameter together. Also
known as Coupling. Sliding door
Sleeve Nut
Sliding Door: A single or double leaf door
swhich opens horizontally by means of overhead
trolleys or bottom wheels.
Slot: An elongated hole.
Soffit: The underside covering of any exterior

portion of the metal building such as canopies, Slot hole
Soffit
sidewall and end-wall roof extensions.
Soil Pressure: The load, per unit area, a Soil

structure will exert, through its foundations, on the Pressure
soil.
Soldier Column: A column, in sidewalls

outside the main frame lines, located in extended
bays to support sidewall girts, wall canopies and
Lean-
Soldier Column

47
Space Saver: Building with a single gable
clear span and straight columns. Wall girts are
flush mounted.
Span: Distance between the supports of

Span
beams, girders or trusses. In a pre-engineered
building distance between interior columns.
Spanner: A component used to connect the Spanner

end-wall post (column) to the end-wall roof purlins.
Specification: A statement of particulars

defining physical dimensions, strength and other
properties, or a statement defining performance
expectations of materials or devices.
Splice: The connection between two structural

members.
Splice
Steel Line: The extreme outer limits of the
structural framing system of a building to which the
sheeting is attached.
Step in Eave Height: The condition where a

lower building is attached to a higher building at
the end-walls, resulting in one building with
different eave heights at each end. Sometimes
called Roof Transition.
Stiffener: Plate welded to a member to

increase strength of the web or to provide Stiffener
continuity at connections.
Stiffening Lip: A short extension of material,

at an angle to the flange of cold-formed structural
members, which adds strength to the member.
Stiffening Lip
Stitch Screws: Fasteners used to fasten side
laps of panels and for attaching trims or flashing.
Stitch Screws
Structural Steel Members: Load carrying Structural Steel Members
members. May be hot rolled sections, cold-formed

shapes, or built-up sections.

48
Strut: A brace fitted into a framework to resist
force in the direction of its length.
Strut
Strut Purlin: An additional purlin, in braced
bays, located close to the normal purlin at the
intersection of roof brace rods or cables and the
frame rafter, as required by design.
Suction: A partial vacuum, resulting from wind

Tapered Member
loads on a building, which causes a load in the
outward direction. Suction
Tapered Member: A built-up plate member

consisting of flanges welded to a web of variable
depth.
Throat: Minimum width of the ventilator air

inlet.
Throat
Thrust: A horizontal component of a reaction.
Tolerance: A fractional allowance for

variations from the specified standard weight,
dimensions, etc., of mechanical construction.
Track: A metal way for wheeled components,

specifically one or more lines of ways, with
fastenings, ties, etc., for a crane way, monorail or
sliding door. Track
Translucent
Translucent: Allowing the passage of light, but

not permitting a clear view of any object. A
translucent material is semitransparent or semi-
clear.
Tread: The horizontal step of a staircase. Trim

Tread
Trim: Pre-formed light gauge metal used as a
cover to cut edges, sides or junctions of sheeting.

49
Truss: A structural member, made up of
Truss
several individual parts welded or bolted together,
designed to carry a tension or compression force
with the complete structure acting as a beam.
Tube Column: A vertical structural support

member made of a hollow square tube. Normally Tube Column
used as an interior support column in Multi-Span Turn of Nut
Method
buildings or mezzanine floors.
Turn-of-Nut Method: A method of tightening

high strength bolts in accordance with AISC:
Under Hung Crane: Bridge crane hanging Under Hung

Crane
from beams, rather than supported on beams.
UL Rating: Underwriters Laboratories

certification rating for reliability and quality.
Uniform Load
Uniform Load: Load that covers all or part of a
beam or surfaces where, throughout the portion
covered, the intensity of load per unit of length or
area is the same.
Uplift: Wind load on a building which causes a

load in the upward direction. See also Suction. Valley gutter
Valley Gutter: A channel used to carry off

water, normally from roofs of multi-gabled
buildings.
Uplift
Vapor Barrier: Material used to retard the flow
of vapor or moisture into walls and roofs and thus
prevent condensation within them.
Ventilation
Ventilator
Ventilation: The process of changing the air
within a building.
Ventilator: A means of providing air changes

within a building.
Wall Covering: The exterior wall skin

Wall Covering
consisting of panels or sheets and their
Web
attachments, trims and weather sealants.
Flange
Web: That portion of a structural member
between the flanges.

50
Web Member: A structural member vertically Wheel Base
or diagonally interposed between the top and
bottom chords of a truss.
Wheel Base: The distance between the two

wheels of a crane along the crane beam.
Wheel Load: The maximum load which is

transferred through the wheels of a crane to a
crane beam.
Width Extension
Width Extension: A Lean-To connected at the

sidewall of a main building and having a roof with
the same slope and level of the main building. See
Lean-To.
Wind Column: A vertical member supporting a

wall system designed to withstand horizontal wind
loads usually at end-walls.
Wind Column
Wind Bent: See Portal Frame.
Enclosed Building Partially Enclosed Building
Wind Load: A loading representing the Wind
pressure exerted on a structure by a given wind Direction Wind
Direction
velocity. A load caused by the wind blowing from
any horizontal direction.
A member formed from coiled Section
sually
used for purlins and girts.

51
Standard Colors & Finishes Codes, Specifications and Standards
Alu- ACI American Concrete Institute

Alumin
AISC American Institute of Steel
Blue Tooth Construction
Green Tea
AISI American Iron and Steel Institute
Opal Green
ANSI American National Standard Institute
PEB Blue
AS Australian Standard
White Cream ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers
Standard Panel Profiles ASTM American Society for Testing and

Materials
LokSeam® Panel
PebSeamTM Panel AWS American Welding Society
PebRoofTM Panel BS British Standard (Institute)

TM
PebWall Panel
DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e. V.
TM
PebLiner Panel (German Institute for Standardization)
PebDek® 55 Panel
EN Europe Standards
PebDek® 76 Panel
ISO International Organization for
PebLok® Panel
Standardization
PebLee
JIS Japanese Industrial Standards
MBMA Metal Building Manufacturers

Association
SSPC Steel Structures Painting Council
UBC Uniform Building Code
UL Underwriters Laboratories Inc.

52
CHAPTER 3
ENGINEERING
PRACTICES
Since its establishment in 1994, PEB SAP 2000 (Integrated Solutions for
Steel has aggressively pursued complex structural analysis & Design)
engineering projects and has taken an active
role in converting complex buildings designed CFS (Cold-Formed Steel Design
with conventional structural steel into simpler Software)
and more economical pre-engineered steel
This brief chapter is intended to highlight
buildings without sacrificing the utility and
the following:
function of these buildings.
In its quest to become the engineering The standard design codes and building
leader in the pre-engineered steel building codes to which PEB Steel designs.
industry, PEB Steel has pioneered notable
advancements in software development and
limitations.
computerization. Today, PEB Steel is the only
PEB Company in the world where all Description and scope of PEB Steel
professional staff is equipped with a state-of engineering output.
the- art computer and where 100% of the
engineering output (design calculations, This chapter should be read in conjunction
erection drawings, shop and bills of material) with the following PEB Steel publications:
is produced in digital format.
Standard Product Specifications
PEB proprietary software:
Panel Chart (colors & profiles)
AUTOCAD (Autodesk Software Steel
Detailing and Design) The latest edition of the above
publications may be requested from the
TEKLA (Automatic Detailing of Shop and Marketing Department at PEB Steel Head
Erection Drawings) Office or from any PEB Steel Area Office.

54
PEB Steel follows universally accepted Standards (BS), German Standards (DIN),
codes of practice in the analysis, design Uniform Building Code (UBC), American
and fabrication of its pre-engineered National Standard Institute (ANSI). We
buildings. prefer to follow the following codes due to
their wide usage in the U.S.A. where the
PEB Steel is familiar with and is PEB industry designs, manufactures and
capable of designing and fabricating in erects over 250,000 pre - engineered steel
accordance with many accepted buildings eve
international codes including, but not policy to comply with the latest issues,
limited to European Norms (EN), British supplements or addenda of these codes.
IBC 2015 AWS 2015 AISI 2014

Building Code Welding Code Design Code
MBMA 2012 AISI 2016

Metal Building Code Cold Formed Code

55
As a minimum requirement, a building 3. Snow load is the load resulting from the
must be designed to support its own dead accumulation of snow on the roof. Snow loads
load, a specified live load and a specified wind depend on the geographic area where the
load. building is located and the intensity of snowfall
in that area. Snow load and roof live load
Other loads such as collateral loads, should not be combined when considering
crane loads, seismic loads, or thermal loads vertical loads.
are considered only when specified by the
customer. 4. The application of wind load to a
structure varies from one code of practice to
1. Dead load the weight of materials of another. For wind load design, PEB Steel
construction incorporated into the building, uses the 2012 Metal Building System Manual
including but not limited to walls, floors, roofs, of the Metal Building Manufacturers
ceilings, stairways, built-in partitions, finishes, Association (MBMA). The concept is
cladding and other similarly incorporated summarized as follows:
architectural and structural items. In addition,
the weight of fixed services equipment, such A basic wind speed is specified from
as cranes, plumbing stacks and rises, which a velocity pressure is calculated. This
electrical feeders heating ventilating and air- velocity pressure and a peak combined
conditioning systems and automatic sprinkler pressure coefficient are used to determine the
systems. (Ref. IBC 2009, Section 202, cross- design wind pressure according to the
referenced by Section 1602.1) following equation:
2. Live Load A load produced by the use qh = 0.00256 KzKztKdV2 (General Form
and occupancy of the building or other ASCE 7-10 Eq. 28.3-1 or 30.3-1)
structure that does not include construction or qh = 0.00256 Kz(1.0)(0.85)V2 (Simplified
environmental load such as wind load, snow Form with assumptions used in tabulated
load, rain load earthquake load, flood load or values of qh as noted below.
dead load (Ref. IBC 2009, Metal Building
Systems Manual 5 Section 202, cross- where,
reference by Section 1602.1) Kz = 2.01(h/1200)2/7 for Exposure B and
Roof Live Load a load on a roof

produced (1) during maintenance by workers, = 2.01(h/900)2/9.5 for Exposure C and
equipment, and materials; (2) during the life of
the structure by movable objects such as = 2.01(h/700)2/11.5 for Exposure D and
planters or other similar small decorative
appurtenances that are not occupancy
Kzt = Topographic factor that accounts for
related; (3) by the use and occupancy of the
wind speed-up over hills, ridges and
roof such as for roof gardens or assembly
escarpments. This factor is assumed to be
areas (Ref. MBMA 2012, Section 202)
1.0, representing no speed-up effect present
PEB Steel designs buildings for a in the computed velocity pressures. See
minimum roof live load of 0.57 KN/m2 as definition of hill in Section 1.3.4.4 of ASCE 7-
recommended in the 2012 Metal Building 10 manual where this unusual topographic
System Manual of the Metal Building situation should be considered.
Manufacturers Association (MBMA).

56
Kd = Directionality factor, equal to 0.85 for
main wind force resisting systems and Manufacturers Association (MBMA). Crane
components and cladding. loads and their corresponding vertical, lateral
V = Basic wind speed in kilometers per and longitudinal impacts are applied in
hour (3 -second gust) accordance with the above noted section.
h = Mean roof height above ground. Eave 7. Seismic load is the lateral load acting in
height may be substituted for mean roof any horizontal direction on a structural system
0. For single slope buildings, due to the action of an earthquake. In pre-
the lower eave height may be substituted for engineered buildings that do not contain
the 0. heavy internal structural subsystems, such as
mezzanines and crane systems, the
5. Collateral load is the weight of additional horizontal seismic force is normally applied at
permanent materials required by the contract, the eave of these buildings.
other than the building system, such as
sprinklers, mechanical and electrical system, In pre-engineered buildings with
partition and ceilings. mezzanines and/or crane systems, the
horizontal seismic force resulting from each
6. Crane load is calculated in accordance system will be applied at the center of mass of
that system.

57
The table below contains some of the most commonly used conversion factors.
Mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer (km)
Yard (yr.) 0.914 meter (m)
0.304 meter (m)

Length Foot (ft.)
304.8 millimeter (mm)
Inch (in) 25.4 Millimeter (mm)
Mil (mil) 25.4 microns (um)
Square mile (mi²) 2.590 square kilometer (km²)
Acre (ar) 4047 square meter (m²)
Area Square yard (yr²) 0.836 square meter (m²)
Square foot (ft²) 0.093 square meter (m²)
Square inch (in²) 645.2 square millimeter (m²)
Cubic yard (yd²) 0.765 cubic meter (m³)
Cubic foot (ft³) 0.028 cubic meter (m³)
Volume 16387cubic millimeter (mm³)

Cubic inch (in³)
Velocity, Speed 16.39 milliliter (ml)
U.S. gallon (gal) 3.785 liters (l)
Foot per second (ft./s) 0.305 meter per second (m/s)
1.609 kilometer per hour (km/h)

Mile per hour (mi/h)
0.447 meter per second (m/s)
0.907 metric ton (M.T.)

Mass Short ton (200 lb.)
907.2 kilogram (kg)
Pound (lb.) 0.454 kilogram (kg)
Ounce (oz.) 28.35 gram (g)

58
4.883 kilogram per square
meter (kg/m²)
Pressure Pound per square foot (lb./ft²)
47.88 newton per square
meter (N/m²)
16.02 kilogram per cubic

Pound per cubic foot (lb./ft³)
meter (kg/m³)
Density
1.187 metric ton per cubic
Ton per cubic yard (ton/yd³)
meter (M.T./m³)
Ton-force (tonf) 8.896 kilo newton (kN)
Force KIPS (KIP) 4.448 kilo newton (kN)
Pound-force (lbf) 4.448 newton (N)
Pound-force-foot (lbf.ft) 1.356 newton-meter (N.m)
Moment or Torque Pound-force-inch (lbf.in) 0.113 newton-meter (N.m)
1.356 kilonewton-meter
KIPS-foot (KIP.ft)
(kN.m)
Force per Unit

Pound per foot (lb. /ft.) 14.59 newton per meter (N/m)
Length
0.690 kilonewton per square

Stress KIPS per square inch (ksi)
centimeter (KN/cm²)
British thermal unit (Btu) 1055 joules (J)

Work, Energy &
Heat
Pound-foot (lbf.ft) 1.356 joules (J)
British thermal unit per square foot hour 5.678 watt per square meter
Heat Transfer
degree Fahrenheit (Btu/ft.hr.°F) Kelvin (W/m.K)
Thermal British thermal unit per foot hour degree 1.731 watt per meter Kelvin
Conductivity Fahrenheit (Btu/ft.hr.°F) (W/m.K)

59
Standard codes of practice do not adopted a conservative policy for defining
establish clear or rigid criteria for limiting the deflection criteria.
deflection of structural members, this decision
is left to the judgment of the professional The following table specifies the deflection
design engineer. PEB Steel, based upon its limitations used by PEB Steel for the various
extensive building design experience, has structural members used in PEB Steel
buildings.
Structural element Deformation Recommendation Loading
Rigid Frame Rafters without supporting Vertical

Span/180 Live Load or 10 years Wind Load
ceiling Deflection
Rigid Frame Rafters with supporting non- Vertical
plaster ceiling Deflection
Rigid Frame Rafters with supporting Vertical
plaster ceiling Deflection
Mezzanine Beam/Joist (concrete Vertical
Dead Load
decking) Deflection mm
Vertical
Mezzanine Beam/Joist (Checker Plate) Span/360 Live Load
Deflection
Horizontal
Rigid Frame Columns with EH < 9m 10 years Wind Load
Deflection
Horizontal
10 years Wind Load
Deflection
Horizontal
Rigid Frame Columns Pendant Operated
Deflection
Cab Operated for Crane Lateral or
Horizontal
Rigid Frame Columns 10 years Wind Load at runway
Deflection
elevation
Horizontal
Girt/wind Column Span/120 10 years Wind Load
Deflection
Horizontal
Portal Frame H/120 10 years Wind Load
Deflection
Horizontal
Crane Runway Beam L/400 Crane Lateral Load
Deflection
Crane Runway Beam (Crane Vertical
L/600 Crane vertical static Load
Deflection
Deflection
Deflection
Underhung Crane Beam (Crane Vertical
Deflection
Relative deflection of adjacent frames at Vertical
Bay/225 Crane vertical static Load
point of support of UHC or Monorail beam Deflection
Relative deflection of UHC beams Vertical
Bay/225 Crane vertical static Load
supported by the same frame Deflection
Rigid frame rafters supporting UHC or
Vertical
MR beams running laterally in the L/500 Crane vertical static Load
Deflection
building

60
The Engineering Department produces Approval Drawings (Optional)
the documents required for the approval,
fabrication and erection of the building. The approval drawings package consists
The Engineering Department can provide of the following (for each building):
those documents in a printed format or in
Anchor bolt plan
electronic format (computer files or CD-
ROM) upon the customer request. Frame cross-section
Engineering output consists of the
Roof and wall framing
following:
Roof and wall elevations
Approval drawings (optional)
Location of building accessories
Design calculations
Important notes
Anchor bolt plans
Approval drawings shall be submitted
Erection drawings upon request. If approval drawings are
requested, fabrication shall not start until
Shop details
one set of the approval drawings has been
Bill of materials (BOM) signed by the customer or his
representative Approved As Is or
Shop details are internal documents Approved As Noted
intended for PEB Steel factory use only Steel.
and are not circulated outside PEB Steel.

61
The customer is responsible to Dimensions of all column bases.
check all information thoroughly and add his
comments (if any) on the drawings. Notes Column reactions for all main and
on the returned approval drawings must be secondary columns.
specific and legible. Non-specific and open
ended remarks Door (sliding, roll up, personnel,
question marks, exclamation marks, etc. etc.) fixing details.
should be avoided as they do not to the
Recommended drainage outlet
resolution of the intended query.
locations.
During the execution of civil works,

accepted by PEB Steel, the approval
anchor bolt plans must be fully complied
package becomes binding on both parties.
with to avoid fitting problems during
Waiver of approval drawings for simple
erection.
buildings expedites the fabrication and
delivery of the building(s). Erection Drawings
Approval drawings should not be used Erection drawings are final

for or for civil works design. drawings. They show the
installed locations of every component of a
Design Calculations
building. Erection drawings identify the part
Design calculations consist of the marks (usually factory stamped on the steel
structural analysis and design of all the members) of all the components of the pre-
primary and secondary structural members engineered building.
of a building and are submitted only when
Like anchor bolts plans, erection drawings
specifically requested by the customer.
must be followed precisely by the erector in
Design calculations are intended for
order to result in a quality building.
reference only; customer approval of design
calculations is not required by PEB Steel. Bill of Materials (BOM)
Anchor Bolt Plans This is a list of all the components used in

a building and their respective quantities. It is
Anchor bolt plans are submitted after all
used to verify the quantities received in the
technical matters are finalized. They are
delivery packing lists and corresponds to the
Issued For Construction
quantities shown on the erection drawings.
are intended to enable the customer to
proceed with civil work foundations in
preparation for the delivery of the pre-
engineered steel building. Anchor bolt plans
are put in erection drawings
Anchor bolt plans contain:
Size and quantity of anchor bolts

and their exact location.

62
Often a government building authority building. PEB Steel can furnish such a
requires the buyer of a pre-engineered steel certification, at no cost to the buyer. Besides
building to furnish a building design certificate that, PEB Steel can provide a Design
to attest the design adequacy of the steel Warranty Letter which is shown below.

63
CHAPTER 4
STANDARD
STRUCTURAL
SYSTEM
It is the responsibility of the buyer to
refers to the most common and most provide PEB Steel with the wind speed
economical structural systems supplied by applicable to a particular project as wind speed
PEB Steel. More than 80% of the pre- varies drastically from area to area. PEB Steel
engineered steel buildings supplied by PEB will not design a building for a speed that is
Steel utilize one of the standard structural lower than 110 km/h.
mentioned in this chapter. The other 20%
Bay Length
described in chapter 5.
We are designing 9m for bay length.
This section contains information in the However, 9 m bay lengths are gaining
form of standard building widths, frame popularity and acceptance because longer
clearance dimensions, design live load, bays often result in savings to the overall
design wind speed, column reactions, and project cost as their use results in lower
anchor bolt setting plans, that is useful to foundation costs (fewer rigid frames translates
specify. Although this section pertains into fewer footings. These permit bay lengths
specifically to the standard buildings shown, of up to 15 m.
this information may also serve as a guide
to nonstandard conditions.
PEB Steel can, and often does, supply
additional charges for engineering. Non-

standard buildings differ from standard
structural systems in that they can have
non-standard design loads, building widths,
bay lengths, roof slopes, eave heights,
module sizes etc.
Eave Height
For these special conditions, it is
advisable that you seek the advice of a PEB The eave heights noted in this chapter are
Steel representative or a PEB Steel certified the most common. Eave heights as high as 34
m can be accommodated. Consult your PEB
builder for the most economical framing
Steel representative for advice.
system for your building prior to specifying the
basic parameters of a building. Experience Eave height
has demonstrated that consultation with a
PEB Steel representative prior to fixing the
parameters of a building often results in
overall building supply savings that range
from 5% to 20%.
Design Loads
PEB Steel standard design loads are:
Live load (LL) = 0.3 KN/m2 for

mainframe
Wind speed (WL) = 110 km/h

65
A clear span is an open area without any A client contracting for a new building can
structural supports that allows the user of a put in clear span requirements and solicit bids
space to stack items in a variety of from multiple companies. Architects bidding
configurations without having to worry about on large projects may need to work with
obstacles. The clearer span available, the construction engineers to design a safe
more useful the space will be. Some important building, and the building inspector will
design considerations are involved in clear evaluate the plans for signs of weakness or
span construction, as the building needs causes for concern. Once the project is
structural support, and this can be challenging approved, construction can commence.
when easy support methods like placing Temporary supports may need to be
pillars in the middle of a room are not positioned under the roof during building, until
available. the walls and trusses are wholly stable and
the temporary pillars can be removed.
This is typically a concern with industrial

buildings like barns and warehouses. A large
clear span means more room with which to
work, and can make a building more efficient. Clearance is especially important in
If the building must be organized around facilities where large items are stored.
supporting pillars and trusses, the user finds it Inadequate room can make it harder to store
less usable. In a barn, for example, it is not supplies and may also make it difficult to
possible to pack in as much hay when the move vehicles like forklifts and delivery trucks.
piles must make way for pillars, or when the Personnel may also have difficulty stacking
beams in the roof are too low. cartons and other containers if the clear span
is not sufficient. Companies with an interest in
Builders can measure clear span between buying a warehouse usually want precise
pillars, walls and columns. The structural internal measurements to determine if it will
supports of the building are located in the meet their needs.
walls and may be larger than usual to
accommodate the strain of the roof. The These frames are used when obstructions
network of trusses and supports in the roof is must be eliminated:
carefully assembled to distribute weight
evenly to the walls without sagging in the Industrial warehouses
middle. Lightweight building materials can
Auditoriums
reduce the load, and metal may be a material
of choice because of its strength and Aircraft hangars
durability.
Recreational facilities

66
Notes for all table in this chap:
1. The positive direction of loads and reactions is
indicated by the direction of the arrows.
2. All data on this page is derived from the following:
Dead load (DL) = 0.10 KN/m2
Live load (LL) = 0.03 KN/m2
Wind speed = 110 km/h
Bay length = 10 m
3. pecified
wind speed. Wind Load is applied in accordance with
MBMA 2012 manual.
4. To calculate column reactions for other bay lengths,
apply the following multiplier factor:
6 m bay = 0.80
9 m bay = 1.25
Note: For bay lengths, greater than 10 m, consult a
PEB steel representative.
5. V = vertical reactions,
H = horizontal reactions
I = left column
R = right column
6. Clearances shown below may vary slightly for 6 m
and 9 m bays.
H1 H2 H1 H2
V1 V2 V1 V2
DL+LL DL+WL
Table of Column Reactions Reference

67
Multi Span I Building is building consisting building can be reduced by adding interior
of two spans across the width of the building. columns to the structure. Although these
Multiple gable buildings and single gable columns may reduce the clear space
buildings with interior columns are examples. available, they can be strategically located to
maximum practical width is up compliment the final use of the building.
to 150m.
Multi-span I buildings are well-suited for

large buildings with low-sloped roof designs.
Ideal for large manufacturing plants and
distribution centers. The weight and cost of a
H1 H2 H3 H1 H2 H3
V1 V2 V3 V1 V2 V3
DL+LL DL+WL
*Reaction for Column 3 is the same with 1

68
Multi Span II Building is building consisting
of more than two spans across the width of the
building. The maximum practical width of
buildings is up to 200m. he flexibility of the
Multi-Span Column design allows it to be
utilized for any industrial or warehouse
purpose.
H1 H2 H3 H4 H1 H2 H3 H4
V1 V2 V3 V4 V1 V2 V3 V4
DL+LL DL+WL
*Reaction for Column 3,4 is the same with 2,1.

69
A Lean-To Building is originally defined as on to existing structures for offices or additional
a building in which the rafters lean against storage space for both businesses and
another building or wall. individuals. When designing your next steel
building project or retrofitting your current
structure.
Lean-To Building provides the most

economical means of expansion for existing
structures. Lean To frames are great for adding
H1 H2 H1 H2
V1 V2 V1 V2
DL+LL DL+WL

70
CHAPTER 5
OTHER
STRUCTURAL
SYSTEM
CHAPTER 5 : OTHER STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
Section 5.1 : General 1 of 1
The term “other” in this chapter is not to • Roof System (RS)

be understood to mean less important. The
structural systems described in this chapter • Flat Roof Buildings (FL)
are viable and practical in many applications;
• Low Rise Buildings (LR)
but because they constitute less than 20% of
end-user applications, it is not necessary to • Medium Rise Building (MR)
include a comprehensive set of standard
details for them in this manual. • High Rise Buildings (HR)
If your building requirements cannot be As the intention of this chapter is to make

satisfied using the more economical standard you aware of the existence of these
structural systems that are presented in alternative structural systems, only the basic
Chapter 4, be assured that PEB Steel have concept of the above building systems is
the engineering capability and the experience demonstrated here. Like all our structural
to supply you with any of the following systems, the structural systems in this chapter
alternative building systems: can be customized to meet your unique
requirements
• Single Slope (SS)
• Built-up Curved Rafter (BU)

.
• Multi-Gable (MG)

72
Section 5.2 : Single Slope Buildings 1 of 1
Single Slope Building is a building with from economic, as well as aesthetic,

the sloping roof in one plane. The slope is considerations.
from one wall to the opposite wall.
Single Slope buildings may be either
Clear Spans or Multi-Spans.
Single Slope (SS) buildings are

economical in spans that are less than 12
meters. The most common conditions for
using Single Slope buildings are:
• Whenever rain water drainage is required Single Slope building designs are used
to be along one sidewall of the building only. for a multitude of building types, from
shopping centers to offices and storage
• When a new Single Slope building is facilities.
added directly adjacent to an existing building
and the designer is required to avoid: In addition to the cost savings, some
customers prefer single slope steel framed
• The creation of a valley condition along buildings because of their lower stance.
the connection of both buildings that will result Single sloped steel frame buildings also
in an expensive water drainage system. provide savings as the back part of the slope
does not require a custom colored panel. This
• The imposition of additional loads on the
provides an excellent opportunity to use
columns of the existing building.
standardized materials that will keep your
• The imposition of additional loads on the building structurally sound without additional
foundations of the existing building. costs.
For buildings with spans wider than 12

meters, it is common to specify a gable roof

73
Section 5.3 : Built-up Curved Rafter Building 1 of 1
Built-up Curved Rafter Building is a provide a solution that is attractive to local

Pre-Engineered Building with curved steel planners. Contrary to some expectations,
structures which gives special appearance to Built-up Curved Rafter Building need not be
the building and modular width also can be any more costly than other framed structures.
increased.
This style buildings are often designed to

provide the users of the structure with natural The additional cost of curving steelwork is
light and a sense of spaciousness and usually small in relation to the overall cost of
grandeur in public facilities such as airports, the structure, and can often be offset by
stations, shopping malls, sporting even hall savings in ridge detail and flashing costs.
and leisure center. This had led to forms of Roof cladding on curved roof beams often
structures in which relatively light curved steel does not need to be pre-curved because
trusses or arched frames support substantial many panels can follow the curvature of the
areas of glazing. Even with clad structures, roof during fixing without any special
exposing the arching steelwork to view can manipulation.
enhance the sense of internal space.
Even for industrial and distribution

buildings, curved roofs can provide an
effective solution. Curved roofs avoid the aura
of austerity that is often associated with
“industrial warehouse” type buildings and may

74
Section 5.4 : Multi-Gable Buildings 1 of 1
Multi-Gable (MG) buildings consist of two valley gutter, to carry the water from the roof
or more gable buildings sharing common to an exterior location. The construction of
sidewall columns. such a water draining system is expensive
and risky since blockage of these pipes can
cause flooding inside the building.
• Wind bracing design for Multi-Gable

buildings requires the provision of wind
bracing members between the interior
columns of the buildings. This bracing
arrangement restricts interior movement and
Although Multi-Gable buildings are ease of access across the building.
commonly used in many regions of the world,
PEB Steel recommends the use of Multi-Span
buildings in lieu of Multi-Gable buildings
because of the following practical reasons:
• The valley between gables requires

frequent maintenance to prevent
accumulation of residue such as sand, etc.
that must be removed frequently.
• Access to valley gutters for cleaning is However, Multi-Gable buildings have the
more cumbersome than accessing eave advantage of reducing the height of the
gutters. This access requires maintenance building ridge (peak) for very wide buildings.
traffic on the roof, risking sheeting
deterioration or damage.
• Risk of overflow of rainwater at valley

during periods of extremely heavy rain
(especially when the valley gutter between the
buildings has not been maintained
periodically).
• In long Multi-Gable buildings, interior

downspouts have to be provided inside the
buildings with horizontal drain pipes or
concrete channels embedded in the concrete
along the length of the buildings, under each Multi-Gable buildings may be either Clear
Spans or Multi-Spans.

75
Section 5.5 : Roof System Buildings 1 of 1
A Roof System consists of roof rafters, connection elevations) during the construction
purlins and sheeting specifically designed to process. The tolerances required for proper
install onto a planned or an existing anchor bolts setting (± 5 mm) demand
substructure. The substructure is normally extreme care.
made of concrete or masonry.
Close attention must be given to the
interface between the concrete structure and
the steel sheeting surface. Irregularities and
height variations in the concrete may
contribute to building leakage problems later.
A Roof System is generally not

economical when compared to a complete
pre-engineered building
When PEB Steel supplies a Roof System

it assumes that the supporting substructure
was designed by a professional engineer and
can with stand the load reactions resulting
from the PEB Steel Roof System. The Especially for intermediate and large
customer’s engineer must also ensure that his spans. This is due to the fact that the rigid
substructure is able to physically frame action of a pre-engineered steel
accommodate the required PEB Steel anchor building distributes stresses optimally
bolts and that the substructure is designed for throughout the frame resulting in a lighter and
the proper transfer of loads from the Roof more economical overall structure. In a Roof
System to the foundation.
System, stresses are concentrated at the
mid span of the roof rafter requiring heavier
rafters.
Because of the application-specific

requirements for this type of construction, it is
difficult to create true “standards” for Roof
Systems. The details on the following pages
illustrate only the most common conditions
typical to a PEB Steel Roof System. “It is to
be noted that wherever “building width” or
Potential problems encountered in Roof “building length” is used, it refers to the
Systems arise from not having square and structural system supplied by PEB Steel and
accurate concrete dimensions (at rafter not to the substructure.

76
Section 5.6 : Flat Roof Buildings 1 of 1
A Flat Roof system provides the

convenience of easy roof accessibility and is
usually specified when the support of heavy
unit loads, such as HVAC equipment, is a
requirement.
Flat Roofs, particularly popular in low rise

buildings, comprise of horizontal main frame
rafters (beams) supporting joists (built-up or
open web) and a structural steel deck. The
steel deck commonly supports a finished floor
made up of one of the following types of roof
construction:
This form of construction has a dead
Reinforced Concrete Slab weight that ranges from 3.0 to 4.5 KN/m2 and
a live load carrying capacity of approximately
This is the traditional method of finishing 5.0 KN/m2.
flat roofs; it is identical to a mezzanine
finished floor. The roof slab thickness
(measured from the bottom of the steel deck
to the top of finished concrete) is normally 100
mm thick. Water leakage is prevented by
installing a waterproof membrane directly over
the concrete slab and placing light weight fill
material (sloped for drainage towards the
center line of the roof at 1/100) directly on top
of the membrane. This is then tilted with plain
concrete tiles whose joints are filled with
sealant.

77
Section 5.7 : Low Rise Buildings 1 of 1
Low rise buildings are ideal for offices

and other commercial uses. Low rise
buildings, utilizing the PEB approach, are not
only more economical than traditional
methods of construction but are often
constructed in half the “normal” time
especially when complemented with the
following subsystems (not all included within
PEB Steel scope of supply):
• Interior gypsum board liner The roof of a low rise building may be flat
or sloped. Intermediate floors of low rise
• Interior gypsum board partitions buildings are made of mezzanine systems.
• Central air conditioning ducting PEB Steel low rise buildings may be
supplied without exterior cladding to enable
• Suspended ceiling architects to interface their own special
exterior designs utilizing block walls, marble,
curtain walls, etc.
In addition to speed of construction and

the economy of supply, pre-engineered
buildings can be neat and elegant in
appearance when accessories with parapet
walls and accented with contrasting trim Exterior and interior column spacing of
colors. PEB Steel low rise buildings range from 6 m
to 9 m, with 9 m being the most economical
and practical. Built-up columns and rafters for
low rise buildings are typically of constant
depth to simplify interior clearance
calculations.
PEB Steel works closely with Consultants

and Architects to preserve their general
The most common (and most economical) architectural requirements while incorporating
example of a low rise steel building is a their functional features within the overall PEB
building with a ground floor + two Steel building design
intermediate floors + roof.

78
Section 5.8 : Medium Rise Steel Buildings 1 of 3
Mid-rise Steel Buildings are 3 to 11 structures are durable and require little
stories in height. Mid-rise steel buildings have maintenance, extracting maximum value from
a good scale and relationship to the street. the resources invested in the structure and
They define or make walls to the street that minimising its whole-life costs. Long span
are tall enough to feel like a city and provide steel sections enable large open plan, column
lots of usable space, but low enough to let the free spaces to be created inside buildings,
sun in and open the view to the sky from the providing flexible areas that can be set out in
street. They support a comfortable pedestrian an endless variety of configurations. Such
environment, and animate the street by lining ‘future-proofing’ means that the building’s use
the sidewalk with doors and windows with can be changed and the layout adapted many
active uses including stores, restaurants, times – extending the lifetime of the structure.
services, grade related apartments, and Short construction periods leads to cost
community uses. Mid-rise steel buildings may savings in site preliminaries, earlier return on
contain a single use like an office or investment and reduced interest charges.
residential apartment but they usually contain Time related savings can easily amount to 3-
a mix of uses which may include retail, office, 5% of the overall project value, reducing the
community service, small tower and client’s requirements for working capital and
residential all in the same building. improving cash flow.
Mid-rises typically are designed with step- - Cost savings in Mid-rise steel buildings
backs or terraces at upper levels to make start at the foundations, where the loads
them appear lower in height from the street, imposed by a steel frame are up to 50% less
and to allow sunlight and sky views on the than those of a concrete alternative. That
sidewalk. means foundations can be much smaller and
therefore cost considerably less. Foundations
Nowadays, people like to build Mid-rise are a major component of overall building
Steel Buildings than Mid-rise Concrete costs, so lighter foundation loads can have a
Building. The reasons of this change are: big impact on costs.
- Steel structures are significantly lighter - The columns supporting steel-framed

than concrete equivalents, they require less buildings are relatively small and can be
extensive foundations, which reduces the easily hidden within the width of partitions.
environmental impact of the build. If steel pile Composite floor slabs deliver significant
foundations are used, these can be extracted advantages, enabling shallow floor depths to
and recycled or reused at the end of a be achieved. Up to 400m² of composite floor
building’s life, leaving no waste material on decking can be installed by a single team in
site. one day, with no requirement for extensive
shuttering, propping, on site storage of
- Fabrication in controlled factory conditions
materials and time-consuming striking of
results in high quality, defect free components
shuttering associated with concrete
that produce very little waste during the
construction.
construction process. Furthermore, steel

79
SEVEN-FLOOR OFFICE BUILDING (BANGLADESH)
LOGISTICS CENTER TOKYO (JAPAN)

80
FOUR-FLOOR PARKING OF AEON MALL PHNOM PENH, (CAMBODIA)
PETRO VIETNAM’S DUNG QUAT BIO ETHANOL PLANT

81
Section 5.9 : High Rise Steel Buildings 1 of 2
High-Rise Steel Building is a building foundations are required for steel buildings
with an occupied floor located more than 75 due to less weight than RCC resulting cost
feet (23 meters) to 450 feet (137 meters) advantage over civil construction.
above the lowest level of fire department
vehicle access (Ref. International Building  Occupies less space and can be
Code 2009, chap 2) designed for larger span/column free spaces,
resulting greater coverage, this helps in large
High-rise steel buildings can be made for open office space and large auditorium and
any height as per project requirement and concerts hall.
governing laws. They have un-matched
benefits like:
 High strength to volume/mass ratio.
 Speed in construction and time saving

in comparison to Reinforced Cement
Concrete (RCC), resulting in early return on
investment.
 Steel frames are lighter in weight in

comparison to RCC frame. Lighter

82
Section 5.9 : High Rise Steel Buildings 2 of 2

83
CHAPTER 6
SECONDARY
STRUCTURAL
FRAMINGS
Purlins & Girts are secondary structural
Available Thicknesses
members used to support the wall and roof Standard Material Specifications (mm)
Surface Finish (equivalent to)
panels. Purlins are used on the roof; girts are Z Sections C Sections
used on the walls. NSDC570 (YP=MIN,
450N/mm2), K18, 1.5, 1.9, 1.5, 1.9,
Silver180TM
Chromated (Y), 2.4, 3.0 2.4, 3.0
Lightly-Oiled
AS1397 (Yp=MIN, F y
= 450 N/mm2), Zero 1.5, 1.9, 1.5, 1.9,
GalvaPebTM
Spangle, Chromated, 2.4, 3.0 2.4, 3.0
Lightly-Oiled
Purlins are bolted to the top flanges of

rafters and to each other at purlin laps by
means of machine bolts conforming to ASTM
A307 M Type A.
Roof and wall panels are laid

perpendicular to the roof purlins and wall girts,
respectively, and fastened to them by means
of self-drilling fasteners.
Secondary members have two other
functions: They act as struts that help in For Clear Span (CS) and Multi-Span (MS)
resisting part of the longitudinal loads that are buildings the sidewall girts are by-pass
applied on the building such as wind and connected (by-framed) to the outer flanges of
earthquake loads, and they provide lateral the exterior columns and are lapped at each
bracing to the compression flanges of the interior rigid frame column.
main frame members thereby increasing
frame capacity.
Purlins, girts are designed in accordance

with the 2007 Edition of the American Iron and For Lean-To (LT) buildings, the sidewall
Steel Institute (AISI), North American girts are flush-connected (flush-framed) so
Specification for the design of Cold-Formed that the outer flange of the girt is in the same
Steel Structural Members. plane as the outer flange of the exterior
columns.
Purlins, girts are available in two standard
surface finishes and in four standard Endwall girts of all standard buildings are
thicknesses as shown in the below table: flush connected so that the outer flanges of
the girt are in the same plane as the outer
flanges of the endwall post.

85
DxFxExL Coil width
Size
(mm) (mm)
Z100 10045x40x25 205

Z150 150x55x50x18 280
Z200 200x66x60x20 355
Z250 250x82x75x20 435
Z300 300x100x93x28 535
Z350 350x129x121x30 655
Section Properties
About X-X XIS About Y-Y XIS
Section IX SX RX IY SY RY
cm4 cm³ cm cm4 cm³ cm
100Z1.2 40.62 8.12 4.01 15.17 2.81 2.45
100Z1.5 50.18 10.04 3.99 18.68 3.47 2.44
150Z1.5 145.08 19.34 5.88 30.12 4.77 2.68
150Z1.9 183.09 24.41 5.86 38.99 6.13 2.70
200Z1.5 321.93 32.19 7.76 50.83 6.77 3.06
200Z1.9 404.16 40.42 7.75 63.46 8.47 3.07
200Z2.4 508.19 50.82 7.72 81.35 10.80 3.09
250Z1.9 773.60 61.89 9.68 107.31 11.94 3.61
250Z2.4 974.00 77.92 9.66 137.30 15.21 3.63
300Z2.4 1753.70 116.91 11.68 276.30 24.11 4.64
300Z3.0 2173.20 144.88 11.65 340.70 29.81 4.62
350Z2.4 2963.40 169.34 13.81 551.80 38.05 5.96
350Z3.0 3677.60 210.15 13.78 682.30 47.15 5.94
150 Z 1.5
T = Thickness (mm)
Shape
D = Depth

86
DxBxL Coil width
Size
(mm) (mm)
C100 100x45x15 205
C150 150x55x18 280
C200 200x65x20 355
C250 250x80x20 435
C300 300x100x28 535
C350 350x127x30 655
Section Properties
About X-X XIS About Y-Y XIS

Section IX SX RX IY SY(left) SY (Right) RY
4
cm cm³ cm cm4 cm³ cm³ cm
100C1.2 38.60 7.72 3.96 7.06 4.69 2.36 1.69
100C1.5 47.54 9.51 3.94 8.62 5.73 2.88 1.68
150C1.5 143.48 19.13 5.84 17.37 10.46 4.525 2.03
150C1.9 183.38 24.05 5.82 21.97 13.01 5.765 2.03
200C1.5 317.15 31.72 7.73 29.74 16.38 6.349 2.37
200C1.9 399.61 39.96 7.71 37.65 20.44 8.085 2.37
200C2.4 503.54 50.35 7.68 48.24 25.46 10.477 2.37
250C1.9 767.50 61.40 9.65 66.60 31.30 11.352 2.84
250C2.4 968.60 77.49 9.62 85.40 39.12 14.686 2.86
300C2.4 1743.90 116.26 11.65 168.20 60.54 23.28 3.62
300C3.0 2155.60 143.71 11.61 205.70 74.02 28.49 3.59
350C2.4 2920.90 166.91 13.75 323.00 91.15 35.28 4.57
350C3.0 3617.30 206.70 13.72 396.80 111.95 43.34 4.54
Note:
300 C 3.0
T = Thickness (mm)
Shape
D = Depth

87
A
B
DETAIL A: Z PURLIN\GIRT WITH CONTINUOUS LAP
Z PURLIN\GIRT WITH LONG CONTINUOUS LAP DETAIL

88
DETAIL A: DOUBLE Z PURLIN\GIRT WITH CONTINUOUS LAP
DOUBLE Z PURLIN\GIRT WITH LONG CONTINUOUS LAP DETAIL

89
DETAIL B: OPENING FRAME WITH C PURLIN
OPENING FRAME WITH C PURLIN AND BLOCK DETAIL

90
Erecting Z purlin in right way:
CORRECT PURLIN LAPPING
INCORRECT PURLIN LAPPING SMALL ON BIG
INCORRECT PURLIN LAPPING BIG ON BIG

91
CORRECT STITCH BOLT
INCORRECT STITCH BOLT
HANGING

92
CHAPTER 7
BASIC
STRUCTURAL
FRAMING
The strength of the pre-engineered This chapter also displays the standard
building system lies in its ability to incorporate details adopted by PEB Steel for these
a large number of structural subsystems that subsystems. These details were developed as
use standard components and standard a result of the extensive experience gained by
design approaches to satisfy a wide range of PEB Steel during the past 20 years and have
custom requirements. proven, time after time, to result in safe and
economical solutions using components that
The structural subsystems that form a are easy to engineer, easy to fabricate and
basic PEB Steel pre-engineered building easy to erect.
consist of:
PEB Steel
Bracing Systems resources and capabilities enable us to adopt
Secondary Members
unique requirements.
Post & Beam End-walls
We recommend that you read the
Other structural subsystems, which are following PEB Steel publications in
discussed in chapter 5, satisfy two types of conjunction with this chapter:
requirements:
Standard Product Specifications
Aesthetic (mainly fascias)
Panel Chart (colors & profiles)
Functional (canopies, roof extensions,
At PEB Steel we make it a point to
partitions, mezzanines, etc.)
continuously review and enhance the details
This chapter isolates each basic structural shown in this chapter. Our purpose is to
subsystem, explains its function and displays develop details that are more economical,
the most common details for its use in a PEB more fabrication friendly and more erection
Steel pre-engineered building. friendly. We strongly embrace the partnering
concept of doing business and we
acknowledge that most improvements are the
result of feedback from concerned well-
meaning customers. Thus, we sincerely solicit
your views and suggestions to improve our
product and welcome any improvements you
may suggest.
All the details in this chapter are current

as of the date of this printing. PEB Steel
Structural subsystems use the same three
reserves the right to change or modify these
basic product categories; built- I
details if and when it deems necessary.
cold- -formed
profiled sheeting panels, to produce
economical solutions to functional & aesthetic
requirements.

94
Lateral stability along the width of pre-
engineered steel buildings is provided by
designing the frames to resist the imposed
lateral loads.
Bracing systems are furnished along the

length of the buildings to provide longitudinal
stability due to the weakness of the building
structure in that direction.
The main purpose of a bracing system is

the transmission of lateral forces due to wind,
cranes, earthquakes, etc. from their point of
application on the structure to the column
bases and eventually into the foundations.
PEB Steel standard bracing systems are

Cable Braced at Roof
Diagonal X-Bracing, Portal Bracing and Minor
Axis Bending.
Diagonal X-Bracing
This is the standard bracing system

commonly used in the roof and sidewalls of
pre-engineered steel buildings. Members
used for the diagonals are galvanized cable
strands, solid smooth rods, flat bars or angles.
Angle Braced at Wall
Cable Braced at Wall Cable Braced at End Detail

95
Portal Bracing is small enough to be resisted by the sectional
properties of the column along its weak axis.
This form of bracing is usually provided
between exterior columns at the exterior Minor axis bending becomes
sidewalls, or between interior columns in very uneconomical and unsuitable for buildings
wide Multi-Span and Multi-Gable buildings, in with large widths, high eave heights, and a
bays where diagonal X-bracing is not small number of bays.
permitted due to a desire to have clear non-
obstructed deep space through these bays. Minor axis bending is most common in
shade structures (mostly car parking
Portal frames are made from built-up structures) which require walls to be fully open
columns and rafters. Portal frame columns are for access. These structures are usually long,
commonly stitch bolted to the web of the Rigid have low eave heights and consist of a large
Frame columns as an alternative to anchoring number of bays.
the portal frame columns to the foundation
substructure. Sag Rods
These are round section rods and are

fastened to the web of the purlins. The roof
coverings in industrial buildings are not rigid
and do not provide proper support. Therefore,
sag rods are provided between adjacent
purlins to extend lateral support for the purlins
in their weaker directions.
A sag rod is designed as a at tension

member to resist the tangential component of
Portal Brace @ Interior Column the resultant of the roof load and purlin dead
load. The tangential component of the roof
Minor Axis Bending
load is considered to be acting at the top
In this method the Rigid Frame columns flange of purlins, whereas the normal
are analyzed as fixed at the base, in the minor
axis direction, so as to resist the lateral forces to act at its centroid. Therefore, the sag rods
applied along the length of the building. should be theoretically placed at the point
where the resultant of these forces act. But
This system is recommended only in this is not practicable and sag rods are placed
buildings with narrow widths, low eave heights at the minimum gauge distance below the top.
and containing a large number of bays. The
lateral force along the eave of the building is The sag rod provided at the crown is
divided by the total number of main frame termed as tie rod. This resists the tangential
columns, resulting in a force per column that components from the two sides of the roof
truss.

96
Tie Rods
The number of sag rods to support each

purlin depends upon the length of the purlin
and load to be supported. In general, a single
line of sag rods at the center of the purlins is
sufficient. Sag rods also help to hold the
purlins in line until the roof covering is applied.
The sag rods should not be terminated at the
ridge as the ridge purlin in such a case is
subjected to excessive pull. Therefore, the
sag rods area extended over the ridge forming
a continuous line between the eaves. When
the purlins are supported by sag rods, the
span of the purlins for the load component
parallel to the roof truss is taken as the
distance between the sag rods. The span of
the purlins for the load component
View B-B
perpendicular to the roof truss is taken to be
the distance between the adjacent trusses. PEB Steel is using purlin block by C purlin
with bolts for stronger in resists the tangential
Sag Arrestor
components from the two sides of the roof
Sag arrestor is a new develop product by truss.
PEB Steel instead of using sag rods. Sag
arrestor is better sag rods in against torsion
and transpose both. It is component from cold
formed angle, clip and screw.

97
The Endwall Frame of a pre-engineered normally identical to an interior main rigid
building may be designed as a main Rigid frame.
Frame (R.F.), i.e., similar to an interior frame,
or as a Post-and- Beam (P&B) frame.
Post-and-Beam Endwall
The Post-and-Beam endwall system of

framing consists of columns (posts), with
pinned ends, supporting endwall rafters. Girts
are flush-framed between posts to provide
lateral stability and a neat appearance.
When a main rigid frame is used, a

distance of 385 mm is maintained between
the centerline of the main frame column and
the outside flange of endwall posts (i.e. the
endwall steel line). This is to provide sufficient
lap for purlins and girts in case of a future
Post-and-Beam endwalls are assumed to expansion. Endwall posts provided in this type
be laterally stiff due to the flush-framed girts of framing system are designed to carry
and the diaphragm effect of the wall sheeting. horizontal wind forces only.
The diaphragm action is proven to be
sufficient enough to resist the transverse wind Standard endwall post spacing is 6 m, but
force acting on the small tributary area of the this may be changed to accommodate special
sidewall. needs such as very wide doors.
Where a blockwall is required in place of

the wall sheeting, angle clips are provided at
certain locations along the posts to tie them to
stability. Endwall posts are designed to carry

both vertical loads and horizontal wind loads.
Rigid Frame Endwall
A Rigid Frame endwall is typically used

when a building is designed for a future
expansion along the length of the building,
when a crane system (runway beam) extends
to the end of the building or when large
unobstructed openings are required in the
endwall. This type of frame is usually
designed to withstand a full bay load and is

98
POST AND BEAM ENDWALL DETAIL
DETAIL A DETAIL B
DETAIL C

99
RIGID FRAME ENDWALL
DETAIL A-SECTION A
DETAIL B-SECTION B

100
A Jack beam is a horizontal structural use of jack beams allows bay lengths of up to
member. It normally spans between two 48 m.
alternate frames in order to support the roof
rafter of the intermediate frame at a column
location when that column has to be removed
to provide clear space at the finished floor
level.
In the interior, jack beams are

encountered at the top of interior columns of
Multi-Span buildings when one or more of the
interior columns must to be removed to
provide clear space at the finished floor level.
Within exterior walls, jack beams are
required when a bay longer than 15 m is PEB Steel jack beams can be straight or
desired along the length of a building. This is tapered built-up sections or truss frame and
sometimes necessary when a long bay is are designed to support vertical and horizontal
specified due to frequent movement of large loads when used in exterior sidewall
equipment or trailers that load and unload applications, and vertical loads only when
materials inside a factory or a warehouse. The used in interior Multi-Span applications.

101
Materials expand when heated and maximum building length allowed before an
contract when cooled. The amount of expansion joint is needed to resist
expansion or contraction depends on the type longitudinal expansion can be calculated
of the material and its molecular structure. from the following formula:
The coefficient of linear thermal expansion where,

is a measure of the incremental increase in
the length of a member per unit length
L = Maximum building length, m
resulting from a single unit increase (°C or °F)
in temperature. N = Number of bays
When a member is restrained from free D T = Temperature variation, °K

movement during expansion or contraction,
stresses develop in the member. These K = 1.00 for buildings without air conditioning
thermally induced stresses may be = 0.70 for buildings with air conditioning
compressive or tensile depending on whether = 0.55 for buildings with heating and air
the restrained member is undergoing conditioning
expansion or contraction. If these additional
stresses are not considered in the design of The above formula is based on a
that member, failure may occur. Thus, maximum allowable stress of 2.5 KN/cm2 on
expansion joints are provided at certain the purlins due to thermal expansion.
intervals along a member to absorb
However, it is recommended to provide an
accumulated incremental movements
expansion joint whenever the building length
resulting from temperature changes during the
exceeds 120 m even if the above formula
life of the structure.
results in a longer allowable length.
In steel construction proven guidelines
Lateral expansion for buildings due to
exist for calculating the required distance
thermal loads is normally considered in the
between expansions joints and for
design of a frame only when the frame width
determining the type of fastener slots that
exceeds 100 m.
must be provided to ensure that the structure
can expand and contract freely. Example:
A safe but very expensive practice for A 117 m long building is made of 13 equal
releasing longitudinal thermal stress requires (9 m) bay lengths. The building is not air-
the provision of double rigid frames at conditioned. Is there a need for an expansion
expansion joint locations. We believe that this joint?
is unnecessary unless there is a requirement
for a fire wall at the longitudinal expansion The building is not air conditioned so K =
joint location. 1.00
PEB Steel
releasing excessive longitudinal thermal
stresses is to use only one rigid frame at the
location where an expansion joint is required = 140.0 m>117.0 m
and to provide slotted purlin holes at the
There is no need to provide an expansion
location of the expansion joint that can absorb
joint in the building.
thermal movements at that point. The

102
As a normal practice the walls of a PEB with masonry walls or a combination of
Steel building are sheeted with pre-painted masonry and sheeted walls.
ZINCALUME panels available in a range of
standard colors. Pre-painted panels are When an end wall is open (un-
economical, attractive and easy to install. sheeted) for block wall, up to a certain
elevation, PEB Steel requires that the end
wall posts be tied to the block wall at standard
girt locations, or at a maximum spacing of 2
meters, along the full height of the block wall,
in order to maintain adequate bracing of the
end wall posts.
When this situation occurs in sidewalls,

PEB Steel
for a free standing condition (un-braced) up to
the full height of the block wall.
However, in some applications, clients find Foam closures, trims and flashing are
it necessary to specify a partial height or full provided at the transition between the wall
height masonry wall or block wall. The most sheeting and the masonry wall in order to
common reasons for choosing a block wall provide a watertight joint and a neat finished
are when: appearance.
Storage inside the building might be When considering the partial removal of
placed against the exterior walls of the the metal wall sheeting, it is important to know
building. the standard location of wall girts so that an
economically sound decision can be made.
Stored material, if in contact with wall The location of the first wall girt is at 2.25
panels, might initiate or encourage steel meters above the finished floor level and this
corrosion. is the most economical height for block walls
in a standard PEB Steel pre-engineered
Heavy forklift activity outside the building
building.
may accidentally dent the metal walls.
There is a desire to buy locally made

accessories (personnel doors, louvers,
windows, etc.) that are designed primarily for
block walls.
A block wall is needed for architectural

reasons.
Although the provision for a block wall or a

masonry wall is an option, PEB Steel has
developed many standard details for buildings

103
CHAPTER 8
OTHER
STRUCTURAL
SUBSYSTEMS
Partitions
PEB Steel
Cranes
CHAPTER 7. The following subsystems are
complementary to the primary building Ridge Ventilators
system. They add a functional or aesthetic
These structural subsystems are
feature to the building.
Roof extensions additional features to the building that have to

be specified by the customer upon sending a
Canopies request for quotation.
Fascias

105
Roof extensions are continuations of the the end bay purlins and eave struts of the
roof beyond the planes of the sidewall or end main building.
wall of a building. The primary purpose of roof
extensions, whether at the sidewall or end
wall, is to provide additional weather
protection to the walls. They can also add
aesthetic beauty to the overall physical
appearance of a building.
It is important to differentiate between

sidewall roof extensions and end wall roof
extensions. Wherein economical end wall roof
extensions are limited in width due to the
limited load capac
economical sidewall roof extensions can be
designed for greater widths.
Roof extensions can be supplied with or

The standard roof extensions for PEB without a soffit. The term soffit refers to the
Steel buildings are 900 mm and 1500 mm provision of liner panels at the underside of
wide for both sidewall and end wall roof the roof extension framing. Soffits are used
extensions, respectively. when a neat flush appearance is required
under roof extensions.
Roof extensions are designed to

The framing of sidewall roof extensions accommodate gutters and return downspouts.
may consist of built-up members, hot rolled
members or cold formed sections that are The roof panels on roof extensions are a
cantilevered from the building at the sidewalls. continuation of the roof panels of the main
Whereas the framing of end wall roof building.
extensions consists mainly of cold-
sections which are continuous extensions of

106
Canopies are narrow roof systems that The standard PEB Steel canopy consists
cantilever (below the eave of a building) from of built-up tapered, hot rolled or cold-formed
the sidewalls and end walls, providing various canopy rafters, cantilevered from the main
functions such as: frame columns or from the end wall columns.
Rafters support 200 mm deep purlins which in
A shade to block direct sunlight falling turn support roof panels. The roof panels of
on the building walls. canopies normally match the roof panels of
the building to which they are attached.
An extended covering to protect
against rain in loading and unloading Canopies may extend along the full or
areas of warehouses, factories, partial length of the sidewalls or end walls of a
supermarkets, shopping malls, etc. building. Ideally they should start at a wall
column and end at a wall column.
A cover at entrances of buildings or
for car parking adjacent to building
walls.
Canopies can be supplied with or without

a soffit. The term soffit refers to the provision
of liner panels at the underside of the canopy
The width of a standard canopy is 4000 purlins. Soffits are used when a neat and
mm, but greater widths can easily be elegant flush appearance is required under
accommodated. the canopy.
Canopies are designed to accommodate

flashing and gutters of the same material as
used on the main building.

107
108
When incorporated in a pre-engineered 1500 mm are common. The height of this type
steel building, a fascia system enhances its of fascia is variable and is determined mainly
appearance and transforms it from an by the roof slope of the main building which is
ordinary looking structure into an attractive the rise of the roof from the eave line to the
building. ridge line (peak).
Although the main purpose of a fascia is The roof gutters are located in such a way
to conceal part or all of the gable roof, proper as to prevent water from seeping through the
color coordination of the fascia sheeting, fascia projection thus providing protection
soffit, trims, and gutters and downspouts, from the rain and shade from the sun.
generally enhances the aesthetics of a
building and gives it a distinct appearance. The curved fascia (Bottom Curved Fascia,
Top and Bottom Curved Fascia and Center
Curved Fascia) with their rounded sculptured
corners and edges project a smooth and
tranquil appearance.
PEB Steel offers five standard fascias:
Vertical Fascia The parapet fascia are extensions of the

building walls in such a way as to conceal the
Bottom Curved Fascia
building peak and are intended primarily to
Top and Bottom Curved Fascia project a solid flat roof appearance.
Center Curved Fascia
Parapet Fascia
The vertical fascia is the most common

and economical type of fascia. It projects an
image of strength by providing a bold bulky
appearance and smooth linear edges.
No matter what you plan to use your
This fascia may be provided with or building for, adding a fascia to it increases its
without a soffit. A soffit contributes to a neat value and enhances its aesthetic appearance
flush finish and is highly recommended. and beauty.
Although the standard projection of this

fascia is 600 mm, wider projections up to

109
110
111
A partition in a pre-engineered steel Partitions may be transverse or
building is an interior non-load bearing wall longitudinal.
designed to serve as a division within the
building. It can be placed anywhere inside the Transverse partitions run parallel to the
building and consists of pinned or fixed base main rigid frames (across the width of the
columns spaced 6 m to 9 m apart and building). They can be placed at an interior
connected by flush-framed wall girts. rigid frame or between any two rigid frames.
Partitions are sometimes connected at the top Longitudinal partitions run parallel to the
to rigid frame rafters or to the purlins. length of the building.
The standard PEB Steel sheeting panel

used in interior partitions is 0.5 mm thick
TM pre-
painted in Off White color.
A steel partition consists of built-up or

cold-formed structural columns, horizontal
wall girts and full or partial sheeting on one
side or on both sides of the partition framing.
Partitions sustain their own weight (they are
not designed to support ceiling or roof
systems) and are designed to withstand a
maximum lateral (wind) load of 0.25 KN/m2.
Standard accessories such as personnel
doors, windows, louvers, framed openings,
sliding doors, roll-up doors, etc. can be easily
incorporated in partitions.

112
Increasingly, the benefits of crane 3. Supplying and installing crane rails.
systems in factories and warehouses are
being appreciated by more and more of our 4. Supplying, installing and
end-users. commissioning the crane system.
A crane system greatly improves material PEB Steel

handling productivity within a building, items 1 and 2. Supply, installation and
promotes safety and allows more efficient commissioning of the crane system and crane
utilization of space by reducing or eliminating
traffic due to forklifts and side loaders. companies.
The incremental cost of designing a

building to accept a future crane system can The most common types of crane systems
be easily justified, when considering the long- in pre- Engineered steel buildings are:
term merits of a crane system, especially
when the additional cost is spread over the Top Running Cranes
lifetime usage of the building.
Under-hung Cranes
Adding a crane system to a finished pre-
Monorail Cranes
engineered steel building, that has not been
initially designed to support it, is both JIB Cranes
cumbersome and uneconomical. For this
reason, building planners must consider not Gantry Cranes
only the initial use of the building, but also its
potential usage throughout the lifetime of the Semi-Gantry Cranes
building.
When designing a pre-engineered steel
The costs involved in adding a crane building frame for crane loads, it is essential
system to a pre-engineered steel building to furnish PEB Steel with the crane
consist of:
model no. and the crane system data sheet.
1. This information is required to enable PEB
frames to support the crane loads. Steel to make a safe and economical design
ames and the crane runway
2. Supplying the crane brackets and beams.
crane runway beams that support the
crane system.

113
TOP RUNNING CRANES
UNDER-HUNG CRANES

114
JIB CRANES AND MONORAIL CRANES
GANTRY CRANES

115
SERMI-GANTRY CRANES

116
A detailed study of ventilation must be
The primary purpose of ventilation is the made at the planning stage of the building.
control of the interior environment of the For complex buildings, determining ventilation
building by the removal/reduction of: requirements may require vast calculations
and computer modeling. Much simpler
Heat build-up thus providing comfort
procedures normally suffice for typical pre-
for workers, preserving goods and
engineered buildings.
enabling equipment to function
properly. There are two simple and practical
Gaseous by-products (the result of methods for determining ventilation
some manufacturing processes) thus requirements:
providing a healthier atmosphere for
workers. The Air Change Method, which is
Flammable fumes thus minimizing fire based on a recommended rate of air
hazards (ventilation is also important changes per hour for different building
after a fire has started at which time it usages when ventilator capacity is
helps in removing the fumes and given.
smoke), and improving visibility for The Heat Removal Method, which
escapees and fire fighters. calculates the volume of air required
to remove the heat gain inside a
Ventilation must not be confused with air building.
conditioning. Ventilation, whether natural or
forced, does not have heat reduction Roof Ventilation is necessity to ensure
characteristics. If a cooler temperature is Proper Circulation of Air. Most factories, in
desired ventilation alone will not suffice and Vietnam, used Ineffective Jack Roof Monitors
air conditioning must be considered.
Down, then up. PEB Steel had to work closely
Ventilation equipment comes in two with owners/Developers and Green
categories: Inlet equipment and outlet Consultants to Design the Most Efficient
equipment. Either one can be natural or Ridge Ventilators (RV). Efficient Air
forced (power). The planning and correct Circulation meant Roof + Wall Ventilation
distribution of ventilation equipment has a going together to achieve Best Working
major role in the overall efficiency of the Conditions for the workers.
ventilation system. Ventilation efficiency is
also affected by the location of equipment,
partitions and doors inside a building.
Natural Ventilation

117
PEB Steel ridge ventilators will provide
natural air circulation in any PEB Steel
building.
Ridge ventilators are designed for

Ridge ventilators for PEB Steel pre- mounting to the building ridge using gravity
engineered buildings shall be Ridge vent 1.3, flow to exhaust heat, fumes, and smoke at
3.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0 and as costumer request can rapid rates and regulate free air within the
be installed as continuous or single units. building. Adequate air inflow must be provided
to ensure proper ventilation.

118
RIDGE VENT 7.0 DETAIL
SHEETING RIDGE VENT 7.0 DETAIL

119

120

121

122
CHAPTER 9
FLOOR SYSTEM
Floor systems offered by PEB Steel The following section describes in full
include mezzanines, catwalks and walkways details the components and subsystems of
with all their components and subsystems PEB Steel floor systems. For further
such as open web steel joists, grating, information, consult any PEB Steel
checkered plates, staircases and handrails. representative.

124
A mezzanine is an elevated flooring When specifying a mezzanine, it is
system located inside the outer shell of a pre- important to provide the following information:
engineered steel building. The most common
uses of a mezzanine are to accommodate Live load on mezzanine.
offices or to serve as a storage area.
Type of mezzanine finished surface, such
Generally, the mezzanine framing is
as concrete slab, checked plate, grating,
connected to the main rigid frame columns for
plywood, etc.
lateral stability. Primary and secondary
mezzanine members are analyzed as pinned Clear height below the mezzanine beams.
at both ends. Though this design approach
may result in a slightly heavier design, it has Clear height between the top of the
proven to be safer in the long term due to the mezzanine joist and the nearest vertical
possibility that the mezzanine may be partially obstruction.
removed as building layouts change during
the lifetime of a structure. Collateral loads supported from the
mezzanine structure, such as a suspended
ceiling, central air conditioning ducts,
plumbing, sprinkler system piping, etc.
Type and location of partitions over the

mezzanine.
Type of flooring finish such as, tile, vinyl,

carpet, etc.
Location and type (whether single or

double flight) of staircases.
PEB Steel Location of handrails.

structures consists of built-up or hot rolled
main mezzanine beams that support built-up, In the absence of actual load data, the
hot rolled or cold-formed mezzanine joists following loads are used by PEB Steel when
which, in turn, support a metal deck. A designing mezzanine structures.
reinforced concrete slab (not supplied by PEB
Steel) is cast on the metal deck as the
finished surface.

125
Occupancy or Use Uniform Load (KN/m2)
Fixed seats 2.50
Assembly Halls Movable seats 5.00
Stage floor and platforms 5.00
Corridors 5.00
Reading rooms 3.00
Libraries
Stack rooms 7.50
Maintenance Platform 3.00
Light 5.00
Manufacturing
Heavy 7.50
Office 2.50
Lobbies 5.00
Office Buildings
Computer rooms 5.00
Corridors above first floor 4.00
Recreation Room 3.75
Class rooms 2.00
Schools
Corridors 4.00
Stairs and Exit ways 5.00
Light 6.25
Storage Warehouse
Heavy 12.50
Retail 3.75
Stores
Wholesale 5.00

126
DETAIL MEZZANINE AT END
DETAIL MEZZANINE AT MIDDLE

127
DETAIL MEZZANINE AT END LAP
DETAIL MEZZANINE AT SIDE

128
Open web steel joists have long been Grade 50 (or equivalent) that range in
used both as mezzanine joists in multi-stored thickness between 3 mm and 6 mm. Web
buildings and as roof secondary members members are made from rods, plain bars or
supporting roof sheeting panels and built-up angles.
roofs.
At PEB Steel, open web steel joists are
The most common application of open designated as follows (SJ stands for Short
web steel joists is as secondary joist members Span):
in multi-stored buildings where they span
between the primary framing members of the Open web steel joists, which use the
structure. same size angles for the top chord and
bottom chord. Depth-SJ - Chord angles size.
In the pre-engineered steel building Example: 600SJ 50x4.
industry, the use of open web steel joists, as
mezzanine joists, has skyrocketed during the Open web steel joists, which use different
past 10 years. In the U.S.A market, open web size angles for the top chord and bottom
steel joists now represent more than 50% of chord. Depth-SJ - Top chord angles size /
the mezzanine joists used in metal buildings. Bottom chord angles size. Example: 600SJ
Their economy and their flexibility are 50x4/40x4.
gradually replacing built-up plate joists and
PEB Steel may also use around or square
bars to replace the chord angles.
The economy of open web steel joists in
PEB Steel open web joists are designed
mezzanines of pre-engineered steel buildings
in accordance with the Steel Joist Institute
is realized primarily from savings in their web
(SJI), the American Iron and Steel Institute
members. Because their web members are
(AISI), and the American Institute of Steel
mostly open (webs are made up of angles or
Construction (AISC). All welding is in
rods with large spaces between them), they
accordance with the 2008 edition of the
consume less steel. This feature is exploited
American Welding Society (AWS).
further by making their web members deeper.
Normally, the selected depth of the joists
equals the depth of the primary mezzanine
beams between which they span.
PEB Steel open web steel joists consist of

top and bottom chords and diagonal and
vertical members.
The top and bottom chords are made of

hot rolled angles conforming to ASTM A572

129
A roof platform is a structural framing Roof platforms differ from roof framed
system mounted on top of the roof and is openings. Roof framed openings generally
specifically designed to support heavy roof support lighter equipment that does not
accessories, such as HVAC units, water tanks require frequent maintenance.
and other miscellaneous roof equipment.
When multiple platforms are required, it is
PEB Steel advisable to connect them with elevated
made of hot rolled, built-up or cold-formed walkways, which will prevent panel damage
sections supported by built-up or tube stub by maintenance personnel.
post sections, which are bolted to the top of
the rafter flanges. Bracing is sometimes The provision of handrails for roof
provided in both directions to ensure the platforms is optional and should be specified
stability of the framing system. at the time of requesting a quotation.
Roof platforms are designed in such a When ordering roof platforms, it is

way so as to permit the removal of the roof advisable that special attention is paid to
sheeting, if so desired, with minimum effort. water leakage prevention details. PEB Steel
When a platform is required to support has had extensive experience in supplying
equipment it is recommended that it be large roof platforms and in developing details that
enough to provide access around the prevent water leakage.
equipment for future maintenance of the
equipment.

130
PEB Steel offers the following types of When the access to a roof is external,
catwalks and walkways which are used walkways (elevated or flush) are laid between
primarily by maintenance crews to provide the initial access point to the roof and the
access to mechanical equipment: equipment-supporting platforms on the roof.
Catwalks that are normally located inside It is highly recommended to consider the
the building alongside crane beams or provision of walkways early in the design
suspended underneath rigid frame rafters. stage of pre-engineered Steel buildings. Roof
sheeting is not intended to support very
frequent access and may be damaged if
service men are not aware of its limitations.
When heavy equipment is supported on roof
platforms, access to those platforms should
be properly laid out to avoid causing damage
to the roof sheets, which in turn may result in
roof leaks.
Elevated walkways that are placed

directly above the building roof, whenever
very frequent access is required between
several roof platforms.
Flush walkways that are also placed

above the building roof, whenever less
frequent access is required for maintenance.
When walking on roof sheeting, care must

be taken not to step on the high rib portion of
the roof sheeting profile.
Catwalks and elevated walkways are

generally provided with handrails for safety
purposes. Decking for catwalks and walkways
can be either galvanized grating or checked
plates.
PEB Steel catwalks and walkways have

In most buildings, access to the roof is two standard widths: 1000 mm and 2000 mm.
limited to a few external or internal locations. Other sizes are also available depending on

131
PEB Steel Single flight staircase with top and
designed to provide a firm and rigid mid-landing
construction. The stair stringers are detailed in
such a way that different stair treads (such as Single flight staircase with mid-landing
checked plate, grating or concrete filled
treads) can be accommodated or replaced
without major modifications
PEB Steel standard staircase is a double

flight staircase with an intermediate or mid-
landing. The main structural members are
shop assembled to facilitate erection. This
leaves only the simple task of connecting the
main members of the staircase to the floor
framing, attaching the selected type of stair
treads and installing PEB Steel
handrail system. The paint applied to staircases will match
the paint specified for the primary member of
the structure.
PEB Steel also offers single flight

staircases with the following characteristics:
Single flight staircase with top landing
Single flight staircase without top

landing

132
The basic staircase design specifics Riser is he upright member between two
include Treads, Risers, Landings, Nosings, staircase treads. Specific Code and Standard
Stringers, Handrails. Requirements for Risers:
Tread is the upper horizontal part of a (100-178 mm) with less

step. Specific Code and Standard (10mm) variation along a run of
Requirements for Treads: stairs (IBC)
minimum with Open or closed: Closed most common

and required for accessible stairs (ANSI
treads in a single run of stairs (IBC) 117.1). Open risers allowed only in limited
situations (IBC & OSHA)
Width: to match stair width
requirements (IBC) Flat or sloped: vertical or up to 30 0
degrees slope (ANSI 117.1)
Profile: Leading edge or nosing shall
Risers design options:
(ANSI 117.1)
Open or closed
Slip resistance: Stable, planar, level,
flush & slip resistant (ASTM F1637) Flat or sloped if closed
Material choice
Treads design options:
Pre-finished or field-finished
Steel pan filled with concrete on site
Fabricated smooth plate steel
Fabricated diamond plate patterned
steel
Primed steel for separate field finish
Pre-finished in standard or custom
colors
Galvanized steel
Landing is a level part of a staircase (as at
the end of a flight of stairs). Specific Code and
Standard Requirements for Landings:
Location: Required at the top and

bottom of each stairway (IBC)
Width: to match stair width
requirements (IBC)
Slip resistance: Stable, planar, level,
flush, and slip resistant (ASTM F1637)
Stair level identification (ANSI 117.1)

133
Landing Design Options (could be same Integral to stair tread
or different than treads):
Integral to stair riser
Steel pan filled on site with concrete Additional add-on treatment
Fabricated smooth plate steel
Fabricated diamond plate patterned
steel
Primed steel for field-finish
Pre-finished in standard or custom
colors
Galvanized steel
Stringer is the structural member that

supports the treads and risers. Stringers may
be Flat Plate, C-Chanel.
Nosing is the leading edge of treads of

stairs and of landings at the top of stairway
flights. Specific Code and Standard
Requirements for Nosings:
Projection from vertical: 1- (32mm)

(IBC) or 1- (38mm) max. (ANSI 117.1)
Differentiation: Visual contrast across
front 2 inches (51mm) of tread. (ANSI 117.1,
ASTM F1637) Handrail is horizontal or sloping rail
intended for grasping by the hand for
Slip resistance: tactile difference along guidance or support. Specific Code and
nosings are a common safety feature (ASTM Standard Requirements for Handrails (see
F1637) Section 9.6).
Nosing Design Options (could be same or
different than treads and landings):

134
Detail Staircase of PEB Steel:
SINGLE FLIGHT STAIRCASE WITH TOP LANDING (OUTDOOR LOCATED)
SINGLE FLIGHT STAIRCASE WITHOUT TOP LANDING (OUTDOOR LOCATED)

135
SINGLE FLIGHT STAIRCASE WITHOUT MIDDLE AND TOP LANDING (OUTDOOR LOCATED)
SINGLE FLIGHT STAIRCASE WITH MIDDLE LANDING AND WITHOUT TOP LANDING
(OUTDOOR LOCATED)

136
DOUBLE FLIGHT STAIRCASE WITH MIDDLE AND TOP LANDING (OUTDOOR LOCATED)
DOUBLE FLIGHT STAIRCASE WITH MIDDLE LANDING AND WITHOUT TOP LANDING
(OUTDOOR LOCATED)

137
PEB Steel offers two types of handrails: handrails be specified when ordering
(1) industrial handrails for platforms, catwalks, platforms, catwalks and staircases. Here is
walkways and staircases in factories,
warehouses, workshops, etc., and (2) office
handrails for staircases and mezzanines in - A standard railing shall consist of top rail,
office buildings, showrooms, etc. intermediate rail, and posts, and shall have a
vertical height of 42 inches (1.1 meters) plus
or minus 3 inches (8 cm) nominal from upper
surface of top rail to floor, platform, runway, or
ramp level. When conditions warrant, the
height of the top edge may exceed the 45-
inch (1143mm) height, provided the guardrail
system meets all other criteria of this
paragraph. The top rail shall be smooth-
surfaced throughout the length of the railing.
Handrails may be designed as The intermediate rail shall be approximately
permanently fixed to the substructure halfway between the top rail and the floor,
(platforms, catwalks, walkways or staircases), platform, runway, or ramp. The ends of the
or removable. They are shipped either with rails shall not overhang the terminal posts
one coat of primer paint or in galvanized finish except where such overhang does not
depending on the customer requirements. constitute a projection hazard.
The provision of industrial handrails in

platforms, catwalks, walkways and staircases
is a safety measure that is highly
recommended. The initial cost of handrails is
more than justified by the safety that they
represent. It is PEB Steel
products that are safe and reliable and to - Mid-rails, intermediate vertical members,
always advise the customers to design their or equivalent intermediate structural members
buildings to meet the maximum requirements shall be installed between the top edge of the
of prevailing safety standards (OSHA 1910, guardrail system and the walking/working
General Industry; OSHA 1926, Construction). surface when there is no wall or parapet wall
Therefore, it is strongly recommended that at least 21 inches (53 cm) high.

138
- Posts shall not interrupt the continuation
of the top rail at any point along the railing,
including corners and end terminations
(OSHA 1910.23). The top surface of the top
railing shall be smooth and shall not be
interrupted by projected fittings. Post spacing
shall be a maximum of 6'-0" (1.8 - 0 meters).
- For pipe railings, posts and top and

intermediate railings shall be at least 1 1/2
inches (38 mm) nominal diameter with posts
spaced not more than 8 feet (2.4 meters) on
centers.
- Industrial handrails are fabricated from 49

mm diameter pipes.
- The anchoring of posts and framing of

members for railings of all types shall be of
such construction that the completed structure
shall be capable of withstanding a load of at
least 200 pounds (91 kg) applied in any
direction at any point on the top rail.
- A standard toe plate shall be 4 inches

(100mm) nominal in vertical height from its top
edge to the level of the floor, platform,
runway, or ramp. It shall be securely fastened - Office handrails are fabricated 42 mm
in place and with not more than 1/4-inch (6 diameter tubes which are welded to ball
mm) clearance above floor level. It may be connectors.
made of any substantial material either solid
or with openings not over 1 inch (25 mm) in
greatest dimension. Where material is piled to
such height that a standard toe plate does not
provide protection, paneling from floor to
intermediate rail, or to top rail shall be
provided.

139
Handrail for Staircase Detail Handrail for Staircase Photo
Handrail for Motorbike way

140
PEB Steel standard ladders are made of PEB Steel is supplying fixed ladder type.
vertical members (rails) that are shop And all ladders will be followed OSHA
fabricated from hot rolled angles, channels or standard at all projects. So fixed ladder must
flat bars, and rungs that are made from meet the following requirements:
around bars.
If the total length of the climb on a fixed
Ladders are fixed to the secondary ladder equals or exceeds 24 feet (7.3 m), the
members of the walls and roof by clips and ladder must be equipped with ladder safety
fasteners for easy and quick installation. devices; or self-retracting lifelines and rest
platforms at intervals not to exceed 150 feet
PEB Steel ladders are supplied in either (45.7 m); or a cage or well and multiple ladder
red oxide or galvanized finish and are shipped sections with each ladder section not to
in semi knocked-down packages for easy exceed 50 feet (15.2 m) in length. These
handling and easy assembly at the jobsite. ladder sections must be offset from adjacent
sections and landing platforms must be
Ladders are convenient and economical
provided at maximum intervals of 50 feet
tools for accessing roofs. It is highly
(15.2 m).
recommended that a building contains at least
one ladder to provide a safe access to the Fixed ladders must be able to support at
roof for maintenance purposes. least two loads of 250 pounds (114 kg) each,
concentrated between any two consecutive
attachments. Fixed ladders also must support
added anticipated loads caused by ice
buildup, winds, rigging and impact loads
resulting from using ladder safety devices.
Individual rung/step ladders must

extend at least 42 inches (1.1 m) above an
access level or landing platform either by the
continuation of the rung spacing as horizontal
grab bars or by providing vertical grab bars
that must have the same lateral spacing as
the vertical legs of the ladder rails.
Each step or rung of a fixed ladder
must be able to support a load of at least 250
pounds (114 kg) applied in the middle of the
step or rung.
Minimum clear distance between the
sides of individual rung/step ladders and
between the side rails of other fixed ladders
must be 16 inches (41 cm).
Rungs of individual rung/step ladders
must be shaped to prevent slipping off the end
of the rungs.

141
Rungs and steps of fixed metal continuous, the access level is the top of the
ladders manufactured after March 15, 1991, parapet.
must be corrugated, knurled, dimpled, coated Steps or rungs for through-fixed-
with skid-resistant material or treated to ladder extensions must be omitted from the
minimize slipping.
extension; and the extension of side rails must
Minimum perpendicular clearance be flared to provide between 24 inches (61
between fixed ladder rungs, cleats, and steps cm) and 30 inches (76 cm) clearance between
and any obstruction behind the ladder must side rails.
be 7 inches (18 cm), except that the clearance When safety devices are provided, the
for an elevator pit ladder must be 4.5 inches
maximum clearance distance between side
(11 cm).
rail extensions must not exceed 36 inches (91
Minimum perpendicular clearance cm).
between the centerline of fixed ladder rungs, Fixed ladders must be used at a pitch
cleats and steps, and any obstruction on the
no greater than 90 degrees from the
climbing side of the ladder must be 30 inches
horizontal, measured from the back side of
(76 cm). If obstructions are unavoidable, the ladder.
clearance may be reduced to 24 inches (61
cm), provided a deflection device is installed Cages for Fixed Ladders
to guide workers around the obstruction.
The requirements for cages for fixed
Step-across distance between the
ladders are as follows:
center of the steps or rungs of fixed ladders
and the nearest edge of a landing area must Horizontal bands must be fastened to
be no less than 7 inches (18 cm) and no more the side rails of rail ladders or directly to the
than 12 inches (30 cm). A landing platform structure, building or equipment for individual-
must be provided if the step-across distance rung ladders.
exceeds 12 inches (30 cm).
Vertical bars must be on the inside of
Fixed ladders without cages or wells the horizontal bands and must be fastened to
must have at least a 15-inch (38 cm) them.
clearance width to the nearest permanent
object on each side of the centerline of the Cages must not extend less than 27
ladder. inches (68 cm), or more than 30 inches (76
cm) from the centerline of the step or rung
Fixed ladders must be provided with and must not be less than 27 inches (68 cm)
cages, wells, ladder safety devices or self- wide.
retracting lifelines where the length of climb is
less than 24 feet (7.3 m) but the top of the Insides of cages must be clear of
ladder is at a distance greater than 24 feet projections.
(7.3 m) above lower levels. Horizontal bands must be spaced at
Side rails of through or side-step fixed intervals not more than 4 feet (1.2 m) apart
ladders must extend 42 inches (1.1 m) above measured from centerline to centerline.
the top level or landing platform served by the Vertical bars must be spaced at
ladder. Parapet ladders must have an access intervals not more than 9.5 inches (24 cm),
level at the roof if the parapet is cut to permit measured centerline to centerline.
passage through it. If the parapet is

142
Bottoms of cages must be between 7 Tops of cages must be a minimum of 42
feet (2.1 m) and 8 feet (2.4 m) above the point inches (1.1 m) above the top of the platform or
of access to the bottom of the ladder. The the point of access at the top of the ladder.
bottom of the cage must be flared not less There must be a way to access the platform
than 4 inches (10 cm) between the bottom or other point of access.
horizontal band and the next higher band.

143
144
PEB Steel offers galvanized grating of dirt and dust on its surface, thus reduces
plates as a standard option to be used in the cleaning requirements.
floorings of interior and exterior catwalks and
roof platforms. They can also be used, in lieu PEB Steel grating plates are constructed
of concrete and checked plates, for from 32 mm x 3 mm rectangular bearing bars
mezzanine floors, stair treads and stair that are traversed with 6 mm twisted square
landings. bars that are forge welded at 100 mm pitch to
form a 30/100 (i.e., 30 x 100 mm) mesh. The
steel of grating conforms to EN10025 Grade
S275JR, or equivalent.
Grating floors are normally used in

factories, warehouses, and workshops in
which the mezzanines are used for material
storage, equipment monitoring, material
handling, etc., and where the more common,
but costlier, concrete floor finish is not
required.
The main distinctions that grating has over

checkered plates (see Section 9.7), both of
which can be used interchangeably, are that
The standard size of a PEB Steel
grating is galvanized, thus making it more
supplied grating plate is 1000 mm wide x
suitable for external uses; does not retain
6000 mm long. For more information, you can
water, thus eliminates the need for a drainage
refer below tables:
system; and does not allow the accumulation
Bearing Bar
Section Section
Size of Bearing Moment of Unit Weight Size of Bearing Moment of Unit Weight
Modulus Modulus
Bar(mm) Inertia I(cm4) (kg/m) Bar(mm) Inertia I(cm4) (kg/m)
Z(cm3) Z(cm3)
F-19*4.5 0.258 0.271 0.671 F-44*6.0 4.259 1.936 2.07
F-25*3.0 0.391 0.313 0.589 F-45*4.5 3.417 1.519 1.59
F-25*4.5 0.586 0.469 0.883 F-45*6.0 4.556 2.025 2.12
F-25*6.0 0.781 0.626 1.18 F-50*4.5 4.688 1.875 1.77
F-32*3.0 0.819 0.512 0.754 F-50*6.0 6.25 2.5 2.36
F-32*4.5 1.229 0.768 1.13 F-65*4.5 10.298 3.169 2.297
F-32*5.0 1.365 0.853 1.265 F-65*6.0 13.731 4.225 3.06
F-32*6.0 1.368 1.042 1.51 F-75*4.5 15.82 4.219 2.65
F-38*3.0 1.37 0.722 0.895 F-75*6.0 21.094 5.652 3.53
F-38*4.5 2.06 1.08 1.34 F-90*4.5 27.338 6.075 3.18
F-38*5.0 2.286 1.203 1.495 F-90*6.0 36.45 8.1 4.24
F-38*6.5 2.744 1.444 1.79 F-100*4.5 37.55 7.5 3.533
F-44*4.5 3.194 1.452 1.55 F-100*6.0 50 10 4.71
Cross Bar
Section Size (mm) Weight (kg/m) Section Size (mm) Weight (kg/m)
6*6 0.283 6 0.222
8*8 0.502 8 0.395
10 * 10 0.785 10 0.617

145
Width Table of Grating
30mm 35.3mm
Unit Width(mm)
3 (mm) 4.5 (mm) 5 (mm) 6 (mm) 5 (mm) 6 (mm) 7 (mm)
5 123 125 125 126 146 147 148
6 153 155 155 156 182 183 184
7 183 185 185 186 217 218 219
8 213 215 215 216 252 253 254
9 243 245 245 246 287 288 289
10 273 275 275 276 323 324 325
11 303 305 305 306 358 359 360
12 333 335 335 336 393 394 395
13 363 365 365 366 429 430 431
14 393 395 395 396 464 465 466
15 423 425 425 426 499 500 501
16 453 455 455 456 535 536 537
17 483 485 485 486 570 571 572
18 513 515 515 516 605 606 607
19 543 545 545 546 640 641 642
20 573 575 575 576 676 677 678
21 603 605 605 606 729 730 731
22 633 635 635 636 746 747 748
23 663 665 665 666 782 783 784
24 693 695 695 696 817 818 819
25 723 725 725 726 852 853 854
26 753 755 755 756 888 889 890
27 783 785 785 786 923 924 925
28 813 815 815 816 958 959 960
29 843 845 845 846 993 994 995
30 873 875 875 876
31 903 905 905 906
32 933 935 935 936 Width = (No of Bearing Bar-1)*pitch + thickness of Bearing Bar
33 963 965 965 966
34 993 995 995 996
Weight table of Grating

Grating weight Weight end plate Size of grating (Width Length)
Size Bearing Bar(mm) per SQ. mater per mater
(kg/M2) (kg/m) 1mx6m 4'x8' 5'x10' 3'x20' 4'x20' 5'x20'
18x4.5 26.7 0.67 160.02 79.23 123.83 148.54 198.11 247.67
25x3.0 23.75 0.59 142.5 69.84 109.11 130.89 174.55 218.22
25x4.5 34.34 0.89 206.04 102.02 159.46 191.27 255.1 318.93
25x6.0 45.03 1.18 270.18 133.05 207.76 249.44 332.68 415.92
32x3.0 29.66 0.75 177.96 87.47 136.66 163.93 218.62 273.31
32x4.5 43.23 1.13 259.38 128.44 200.76 240.81 321.16 401.52
32x5.0 47.77 1.26 286.62 142.4 222.5 266.9 355.95 444.99
32x6.0 56.91 1.51 341.46 167.97 262.44 314.82 419.85 524.89
35x5.0 52.2 1.37 313.2 154.89 242.09 290.4 387.31 484.2
38x3.0 34.77 0.89 208.62 102.57 160.25 192.29 256.42 320.5
38x4.5 50.79 1.34 304.74 150.91 235.88 282.93 377.34 471.76
38x5.0 56.25 1.49 337.5 167.02 260.96 313.04 417.47 521.91
38x6.0 66.99 1.79 401.93 199.08 311.16 373.23 497.75 622.33
40x5.0 59.2 1.57 355.2 175.6 274.5 329.34 439.25 549.14
44x4.5 57.4 1.53 344.39 170.58 266.62 319.8 426.51 533.22
44x6.0 77.07 2.07 462.4 229.04 357.99 429.4 572.69 715.98
45x4.5 58.7 1.56 352.2 174.45 272.67 327.06 436.2 545.34
45x6.0 78.85 2.12 473.09 234.33 366.27 439.33 585.93 732.53
50x4.5 66.26 1.77 397.56 196.91 307.78 369.18 492.37 615.57
50x6.0 87.22 2.36 523.32 259.25 405.15 486.18 648.35 810.3
65x6.0 85.21 2.3 511.24 253.23 394.8 474.75 633.18 791.6
65x6.0 112.42 3.06 674.54 334.11 522.19 626.62 835.28 1044.38
75x4.5 97.93 2.65 587.55 291.03 454.88 545.61 727.68 909.75
75x6.0 129.37 3.53 776.22 384.62 600.92 720.85 961.36 1201.85
90x4.5 117 3.18 702 347.71 543.48 651.89 896.43 1086.97
90x6.0 154.93 4.24 929.58 460.61 719.65 863.27 1151.29 1439.3
100x4.5 129.72 3.54 778.32 385.18 602.57 722.77 963.95 1205.14
100x6.0 171.85 4.71 1031.1 510.91 798.24 957.55 1277.02 1596.49
Grating pitch: 30x100mm, C.B 6x6 Square Twisted

146
Section and Pitch of Bearing Bar
Pitch: 30 Pitch: 35.3 Pitch: 40
H19~H100 H50~H75 H75~H100
Standard Dimension, strength and weight table of Grating

D = Defection in millimeters. U = Safe superimposed uniformly distributed load in kilo per meters
C = Safe superimposed concentrated load normal to load bars in kilo per meters width loads
calculated in accordance with an allowable bending stress 17.5Kg/mm2 (0.66 Fy)
Span mm
Weight
Symbol C.B. Pitch B.B. Size
kg/m3
300 450 600 750 900 1050 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400 2700 3000 3300 3600
U 13887 6161 3457 2206 1525 1116 849 842 367 264
D 0.84 1.91 3.38 5.29 7.63 10.37 13.55 21.17 30.49 41.49
KS-101 100 26.7 19*4.5
U 2083 1387 1037 827 686 586 510 403 329 277
D 0.67 1.77 2.71 4.24 6.11 8.34 10.96 17.48 26 37.07
U 16028 7111 3989 2545 1761 1287 980 619 423 305 228
D 0.64 1.45 2.57 4.02 579 7.89 10.29 16.09 23.17 31.53 41.19
KS-102 100 23.75 25*3.0
U 2405 1600 1197 955 792 676 588 465 380 320 273
D 0.51 1.16 2.06 3.22 4.63 6.34 8.31 13.18 19.46 27.44 37.61
U 24050 10675 5993 3824 2648 1938 1478 936 642 465 349
D 0.64 1.45 2.57 4.02 5.79 7.89 10.29 16.09 23.17 31.53 41.19
KS-103 100 34.34 25*4.5
U 3609 2403 1797 1435 1192 1019 887 704 579 488 420
D 0.51 1.15 2.06 3.21 4.63 6.34 8.31 13.18 19.46 27.44 37.61
U 32049 14225 7986 5095 3530 2584 1970 1247 856 619 466
D 0.64 1.45 2.57 4.02 5.79 7.89 10.29 16.09 23.17 31.53 41.19
KS-104 100 45.03 25*6
U 4808 3202 2395 1913 1589 1358 1182 936 771 650 560
D 0.51 1.15 2.06 3.21 4.63 6.34 8.31 13.18 19.46 27.44 37.61
U 26270 11660 6546 4177 2893 2118 1615 1023 702 508 382 296
D 0.5 1.13 2.01 3.14 4.52 6.16 8.04 12.57 18.1 24.63 32.18 40.72
KS-105 100 29.66 32*3
U 3941 2624 1964 1568 1303 1113 969 768 632 533 459 399
D 0.4 0.9 1.61 2.51 3.62 4.95 6.49 10.3 15.2 21.44 29.38 39.51
U 39405 17489 9820 6266 4340 3177 2422 1534 1053 762 573 444
D 0.5 1.13 2.01 3.14 4.52 6.16 8.04 12.57 18.1 24.63 32.18 40.72
KS-106 100 43.23 32*4.5
U 5912 3936 2945 2352 1954 1669 1452 11.52 948 799 668 599
D 0.4 0.9 1.61 2.51 3.62 4.95 6.49 10.3 15.2 21.44 29.38 39.51
U 43784 19435 10912 6968 48.25 3533 2694 1708 1172 849 639 495
D 0.5 1.13 2.01 3.14 4.52 6.16 8.04 12.57 18.1 24.63 32.18 40.72
KS-107 100 47.77 32*5
U 6568 4373 3274 2613 2171 1855 1617 1281 1055 891 768 669
D 0.4 0.9 1.61 2.51 3.62 4.95 6.49 10.28 15.16 21.35 29.18 39.13
U 52541 23322 13094 8362 5790 5299 3233 2049 1407 1019 767 594
D 0.5 1.13 2.01 3.14 4.52 6.16 8.04 12.57 18.1 24.63 32.18 40.72
KS-108 100 56.91 32*6
U 7881 5247 3929 3135 2605 2225 1940 1537 1266 1070 921 803
D 0.4 0.9 1.61 2.51 3.62 4.95 6.49 10.28 15.16 21.35 29.18 39.13
U 37045 16444 9232 5895 4082 2989 2280 1445 1000 719 541 419
D 0.42 0.95 1.69 2.64 3.81 5.19 6.77 10.58 15.24 20.74 27.1 34.29
KS-109 100 34.77 38*3
U 5558 3700 2770 2211 1837 15361 1368 1084 892 755 649 566
D 0.34 0.76 1.36 2.11 3.05 4.17 5.47 8.66 12.77 17.98 24.57 32.95
U 55567 24665 13848 8842 6123 4484 3419 2167 1487 1078 812 629
D 0.42 0.95 1.69 2.64 3.81 5.19 6.77 10.58 15.24 20.74 27.1 34.29
KS-110 100 50.79 38*4.5
U 8335 5549 4155 3316 2756 2354 2052 1626 1338 1131 974 848
D 0.34 0.76 1.36 2.11 3.05 4.17 5.47 8.66 12.77 17.98 24.57 32.95
U 61735 274405 1538 9825 6804 4981 3798 2408 1653 1197 902 698
D 0.42 0.95 1.69 2.64 3.81 5.19 6.77 10.58 15.24 20.74 27.1 34.29
KS-111 100 56.25 38*5
U 9261 6166 4616 3684 3062 2615 2276 1807 1487 1257 1082 943
D 0.34 0.76 1.36 2.11 3.05 4.17 5.47 8.66 12.77 17.98 24.57 32.95

147
Standard Dimension, Strength and Weight table of Grating
Span mm
Weight
Symbol C.B. Pitch B.B. Size
kg/m3
300 450 600 750 900 1050 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400 2700 3000 3300 3600
U 74090 32887 18464 11789 8164 5977 4558 4558 14982 1436 1080 837
D 0.42 0.95 1.69 2.64 3.81 5.19 6.77 6.77 15.24 20.74 27.1 34.29
KS-112 100 66.99 38*6
U 11113 7398 5539 4420 3672 3137 2734 2734 1783 1507 1298 1130
D 0.34 0.76 1.36 2.11 3.05 4.17 5.47 5.47 12.77 17.98 24.57 32.95
U 74502 33070 18566 11856 8029 6011 4583 4583 1992 1444 1086 841 681
D 0.34 0.8 1.43 2.23 3.22 4.38 5.72 5.72 12.87 17.52 22.88 38.96 35.75
KS-113 100 57.4 44*4.5
U 11175 7439 5570 4444 3692 3155 2750 2750 1793 1516 1306 1137 10221
D 0.29 0.64 1.14 1.79 2.58 3.51 4.6 4.6 10.63 14.82 20 26.4 34.3
U 99336 44093 24755 15807 10945 8015 5112 5112 2658 1926 1448 1122 909
D 0.34 0.8 1.43 2.23 3.22 4.38 5.72 5.72 12.87 17.52 22.88 28.96 35.75
KS-114 100 77.07 44*6
U 14900 9920 7426 5926 4924 4206 3667 3667 2391 2021 1740 1516 1363
D 0.29 0.64 1.14 1.79 2.58 3.51 4.6 4.6 10.63 14.82 20 26.4 34.3
U 77929 34591 19420 12401 8586 6287 4795 4795 2085 1511 1136 880 713 606
D 0.34 0.8 1.43 2.23 3.22 4.38 5.72 5.72 12.87 17.52 22.88 28.96 35.75 43.26
KS-115 100 58.07 45*4.5
U 1168 7782 6862 4648 3863 3300 2877 2877 18761 1585 1365 1189 1069 1001
D 0.29 0.64 1.14 1.79 2.58 3.51 4.6 4.6 10.63 14.82 20 26.4 34.3 44.1
U 103906 46122 25893 16534 11448 8383 6393 6393 2780 2015 1515 1174 951 808
D 0.34 0.8 1.43 2.23 3.22 4.38 5.72 5.72 12.87 17.52 22.88 28.96 35.75 43.26
KS-116 100 78.85 45*6
U 15585 10376 7768 6198 5151 4400 3835 3835 2502 2114 1821 1585 1426 1333
D 0.29 0.64 1.14 1.79 2.58 3.51 4.6 4.6 10.63 14.82 20 26.4 34.3 44.1
U 93208 42705 23975 15309 10601 7763 5919 5919 2574 1866 1403 10.86 880 747 621
D 0.32 0.72 1.29 2.01 2.9 3.94 5.15 5.15 11.58 15.77 20.59 26.06 32.18 38.93 46.33
KS-117 100 66.26 50*4.5
U 14430 9608 7192 5739 4769 4073 3552 3552 2316 1958 16.85 1468 1320 1234 1118
D 0.26 0.58 1.03 1.61 2.32 3.16 4.44 4.44 9.54 13.26 17.84 23.45 30.33 38.78 49.18
U 128274 56938 31966 20412 14134 10351 7892 7892 3432 2488 1870 1448 1174 997 828
D 0.32 0.72 1.29 2.01 2.9 3.94 5.15 5.15 11.58 15.77 20.59 26.06 32.18 38.93 46.33
KS-118 100 87.22 50*6
U 19240 12810 9589 7653 6359 5431 4735 4735 3088 2611 2247 1958 1760 1646 1490
D 0.26 0.58 1.03 1.61 2.32 3.16 4.44 4.44 9.54 13.26 17.84 23.45 30 38.78 49.18
U 126591 72171 40518 25872 17915 13120 1003 1003 4351 3154 2371 1836 1488 1264 1051
D 0.25 0.56 0.99 1.55 2.23 3.03 3.96 3.96 8.91 12.13 15.84 20.05 24.75 29.95 35.64
KS-119 100 85.21 65*4.5
U 24387 16237 12156 9700 8061 6883 6003 6003 3914 3309 2848 2481 2231 2106 1889
D 0.2 0.45 0.79 1.24 1.78 2.43 3.18 3.18 7.29 10.08 13.47 17.56 22.48 28.42 35.58
U 216785 96227 54024 34495 23887 17492 13337 13337 5801 4025 3161 2448 1984 1685 1401
D 0.29 0.64 1.13 1.77 2.54 3.45 4.51 4.51 10.16 13.83 18.06 22.86 28.22 34.14 40.63
KS-120 100 112.42 65*6
U 32516 21650 16280 12933 10746 9178 8004 8004 5219 4412 37023 3309 2975 2783 2520
D 0.23 0.51 0.9 1.41 2.03 2.77 3.63 3.63 8.31 11.49 15.36 20.02 25.63 32.4 40.56
U 216406 96083 53943 34443 23852 17466 13317 13317 5792 4198 3156 2444 1981 1683 1398
D 0.22 0.49 0.86 1.34 1.93 2.62 3.43 3.43 7.72 10.5 13.72 17.36 21.43 25.94 30.86
KS-121 100 112.42 65*6
U 32467 21617 16183 12914 10703 9165 7991 7991 5211 4406 3792 3304 2971 2779 2516
D 0.17 0.39 0.68 1.07 1.54 2.1 2.75 2.75 6.31 8.73 11.67 15.21 19.47 24.61 30.81
U 288628 128117 71928 45927 31804 23289 17758 17758 7723 5598 4209 3260 2642 2244 1865
D 0.22 0.49 0.86 1.34 1.93 2.62 3.43 3.43 7.72 10.5 13.72 17.36 21.43 25.94 30.86
KS-122 100 129.37 75*6
U 43291 28824 21597 17220 14308 12220 10657 10657 6948 5874 5058 4406 3961 3706 3356
D 0.17 0.39 0.68 1.07 1.54 2.1 2.75 2.75 6.31 8.73 11.67 15.21 19.47 24.61 30.81
U 415625 1184489 103577 66135 45797 33537 25571 25571 11122 8062 594 4694 3806 2424 2014
D 0.24 0.54 0.95 1.49 2.15 2.91 3.81 3.81 8.57 11.67 15.24 19.29 23.81 28.81 34.29
KS-123 100 117 90*4.5
U 62339 41507 31074 24796 20604 17596 15345 15345 10006 8459 7283 6344 5704 4003 3624
D 0.19 0.43 0.76 1.19 1.71 2.34 3.06 3.06 7.01 9.7 12.96 16.56 21.63 27.34 34.23
U 544167 245985 138103 88180 61064 44716 34837 34837 14829 10750 8081 6259 50746 3232 2685
D 0.24 0.54 0.95 1.49 2.15 2.91 3.18 3.18 8.57 11.67 15.24 19.29 23.81 28.81 24.29
KS-124 100 154.93 90*6
U 62339 41507 31074 24796 20604 17596 15345 15345 10006 8459 7283 6344 5704 4003 3624
D 0.19 0.43 0.76 1.19 1.71 2.34 3.06 3.06 7.01 9.7 12.96 16.56 21.63 27.34 34.23
U 513103 227758 127869 81646 56539 41403 31569 31569 13703 9953 7482 5775 4698 2992 2486
D 0.22 0.49 0.86 1.34 1.93 2.62 3.43 3.43 7.72 10.5 13.72 17.36 21.43 25.94 30.86
KS-125 100 129.72 100*4.5
U 76961 51241 38363 30613 25435 21724 18945 18945 12353 10442 8991 7833 7041 4941 4474
D 0.17 0.39 0.68 1.07 1.54 2.1 2.75 2.75 6.31 8.73 11.67 15.21 19.47 24.61 30.81
U 684175 303693 170502 108867 75389 55207 42094 42094 18308 13272 9977 7727 6265 3990 3316
D 0.22 0.49 0.86 1.34 1.93 2.62 3.43 3.43 7.72 10.5 13.72 17.36 21.43 25.91 30.86
KS-126 100 171.85 100*6
U 102620 68326 51153 40820 33916 39171 25262 25262 16471 13924 11989 10444 9389 6588 5966
D 0.17 0.39 0.68 1.07 1.54 2.1 2.75 2.75 6.31 8.73 11.67 15.21 19.47 24.61 30.81

148
Checkered plates are another option that handling, etc. and where the more common,
PEB Steel offers as a flooring system. Both but costlier, concrete floor finish is not
checkered plates and grating are used for the required. Checkered plates are solid non-
same applications and in the same areas slippery plates.
such as floorings of catwalks, walkways, roof
platforms, mezzanines, stair treads, and stair They are suitable for floors on which a lot
landings. of dust and dirt might be accumulated from
material handling, material storage,
equipment (oil leaks), etc., that should be
prevented from dropping (or dripping)
underneath.
PEB Steel checkered plates have a tear

drop pattern and are made of ASTM A36
black steel, or equivalent. Surface of
Checkered plates will be primer painting or
Checkered plate is a lightweight plate galvanized.
with the regular pattern on one side surface.
The surface has different pattern. Such as the
tear drop pattern, diamond pattern, willow leaf
pattern, lentil pattern and round pattern. The
other side of the surface is flat, so it is easy to
be fastened to the land.
Checkered plates are also used in

factories, warehouses, and workshops in The standard size of a PEB Steel
which the mezzanines are used for material supplied checkered plate is 2000 mm wide x
storage, equipment monitoring, material 6000 mm long x 5 mm (nominal) thick.

149
CHAPTER 10
STEEL PLATE
The steel structures of pre-engineered estimating the required degree of corrosion
buildings need to be protected from corrosive protection can cause a problem especially
environmental factors such as moisture, salt, when proper care of the steel while it is stored
dust and chemicals. The degree of exposure at the jobsite and during erection, is not taken.
of the steel structure to a particular A poor choice of the corrosion protection
environment often determines the most cost- system, improper site storage conditions,
effective corrosion protection system. The rough handling, and improper application of
end-user of a pre-engineered building must be finish coats at the site (when required) is a
able to define what his building will be used sure way of shortening the service life of the
for, what climatic and environmental steel structure.
conditions will prevail at the building site and
how long does he expect to use his building.
Based on this input PEB Steel can then
recommend a cost-effective corrosion
protection system based on the vast
experience it has acquired during the past 20
years in most endues applications of pre-
engineered buildings from simple enclosed PEB Steel always uses the high-quality
warehouses to chemical plants; and in all Steel Plates from Japan, such as Nippon
types of environments from dry inland areas Steel, Posco Steel, .... And all material is
to tropical coastlines. stored in the best conditions to ensure perfect
PEB products.
Steel Plates from Japan: NSJ 345
The choice for a corrosion protection We never use low-quality Steel plates with
system needs not be the most expensive. rust surface.
What is required is the provision of adequate
corrosion protection throughout the planned
usage period of the building. There is no
reason to protect the steel structure of a
building with a coating system that will last 30
years when the building itself will become
redundant in 20 years.
Over-specifying a corrosion protective

system will result in unnecessary high cost
implications. On the other hand, under

151
A corrosion protection system is generally corrosion protection system for almost all
composed of three elements: building usage applications. To enable us to
do that the customer must follow these steps:
Steel surface preparation
Shop primer interior environmental conditions. Refer to

Table 1: Environment Categories According to
Paint system
BS 6150.
Although PEB Steel is in a position to
Choose the degree of protection desired
recommend a complete corrosion protection
and determine the typical painting system
system, we generally limit ourselves to the
applicable based on the internal and external
steel surface preparation and the application
environmental conditions of the building.
of a shop primer.
Refer to Table 2: Typical Paint Systems Used
The PEB Steel standard 80 microns for Corrosion Protection.
Epoxy primer applied over solvent cleaned
Choose a generic paint system (which
steel, is intended to protect the steel against
matches the applicable paint system) that
excessive rusting during transport (from
results in an acceptable cost, serviceability
factory to jobsite) and during the relatively
(i.e. over-coat ability after a period of time)
short period of erecting the steel. The
and other desired features. Refer to Table 3:
performance of these gray oxide and red
Main Generic Types of Paint and Their
oxide primer on its own and without the
Properties.
application of any further coatings has proven
to be adequate in the majority of applications, Make a generic specification based on the
particularly when the erected building is above steps.
enclosed, ventilated and is not exposed to a
corrosive environment. It is strongly
recommended that the owner or specified of a
pre-engineered building evaluate the
necessity for additional site painting and
ensure that any paint, applied at the site, is
compatible with this primer.
In a PEB Steel pre-engineered building

the structural components that require
corrosion protection comprise of primary built- Consequently, PEB Steel can then
up plate members and hot rolled members recommend a detailed specification of surface
such as columns, rafters, mezzanine beams, preparation, primer and additional paint coats
crane runway beams, etc. and secondary (if required) in addition to recommending a
cold-formed members such as roof purlins, paint manufactur
wall girts, etc. As part of its standard product product number. If a specific paint
line, PEB Steel offers galvanized and manufacturer and product is desired by the
Zincalume coated secondary members, which customer, PEB Steel will use that paint
provide maximum service life, under almost all system as long as that product satisfies the
service conditions, at a very reasonable cost. quality and application requirements of PEB
Steel.
PEB Steel is in a position to help
customers to specify the most cost-effective

152
Table 1: Environment Categories According to BS 6150
Severity
of Typical Exterior Condition Typical Interior Condition
Exposure
Dry, well ventilated environments,

e.g. most domestic, commercial and light
Inland areas (more than 10 km from
industrial buildings. Possible occasional
Mild the coast), non-industrial and with
light condensation.
average rainfall.
Little soiling, abrasion or handling of
surface.
Semi-coastal areas (3 km to 10 km
inland), non-industrial, with average
moderate condensation. Possible mild
rainfall. Inland area (more than10 km
atmospheric pollution in light industrial,
Moderate from the coast). urban or light mild
with environments.
atmospheric pollution but not in close
Moderate soiling, abrasion or
proximity to industrial plants or similar
handling of surfaces.
sources of significant pollution.
Environments subject to frequent

Coastal areas subject to salt spray high humidity or heavy condensation,
(e.g. up to 3 km inland), non- industrial, especially if pollutants e.g. sulfur dioxide
with average rainfall. or ammonia, are present.
Severe Inland industrial areas with significant Environments in which heavy soiling
atmospheric pollution. or hygiene requirements necessitate
Areas with a driving rain index of 7 or frequent cleaning of surface.
more see BRE Digest No. 127(1). Surface subject to heavy abrasion or
impact.
Buildings in which processes or

active ties give rise to continuous high
humidity or heavy condensation or are a
Very Coastal/Industrial areas with source of aggressive fumes, dust or
Severe significant atmospheric pollution. waste products.
Surfaces in contact with chemicals,
chemical solution, and other aggressive
agents.

153
Table 2: Typical Paint Systems Used for Corrosion Protection
Environment Indoor Environment Outdoor Environment

Grade Dry Wet¹ Rural² Industrial Coastal Coastal Industrial³
A2 B3
Minimum C2
A04 A1 B1 C1 C2
(Usual) D1
B2 D1
A2 B2 C2 C3
Better - D3
A3 B3 D2 D2
A3
C3
Best - or C1 D3 E
D3
B3
A0: No treatment
A1: Hand clean to St2 + primer
A2: Blast clean Sa 2 + corrosion preventive paint
A3: Blast clean Sa 2 + corrosion preventive paint + top coat
B (B1 to B3): Oil drying types (100 - 130 microns)
C (C1 to C3): One pack chlorinated rubber and vinyl types (130 - 280 microns)
D (D1 to D3): Epoxy system (150 - 300 microns)
E: Polyurethane (300 - 400 microns)
¹ Wet means condensation for short periods. The longer the wet periods the better the coating must
be.
² Also used for frequently wet indoor environments.
³ Also used for outdoor heavy industrial environments.

4
In some countries a better quality is normally required such as A1 or A2.

154
Table 3: Main Generic Types of Paint and Their Properties
Tolerance of Over-Coat
Chemical Solvent Other
Paint Type Cost Poor ability
Resistance Resistance Comments
Preparation after aging
Limited to
Good with
black and dark
Bituminous Low Good Moderate Poor coating of
colors.
same type
Thermo-plastic
Cannot be
over coated
Oil-Based Low Good Poor Poor Good with paints
based on
sticks solvent
Good
Alkyd Epoxy- Low Poor
Moderate Poor Good decorative
Ester, etc. Medium Moderate
properties
Chlorinated High-build
Medium Poor Good Poor Good
Rubber films remain
soft and are
susceptible to
Vinyl High Poor Good Poor Good sticking.
Very
Medium- susceptible to
Epoxy Very Poor Very Good Good Poor
High chalking in
U.V.
Better
decorative
Urethane High Very Very Good Poor
properties than
epoxies
May require
Inorganic
High Very Poor Moderate Good Moderate special surface
Silicate
preparation

155
Surface preparation addresses the
suitability of the steel substrate to accept a
primer and additional paint coats. It involves
two factors:
A required degree of cleanliness

(freedom from oil, grease, rust and
other contaminants)
A required surface profile for
mechanical adhesion
PEB Steel is using shot blasting instead

of sand blasting. Shot blasting is the
procedure in which a turbine is used to get
With shot blasting, parts of a material are
acceleration for the abrasive. The turbines
conditioned through creation of a compressive
turn at a very fast rate in steel housing that
stress layer. This implies that you need high
are separate with a lateral hole. This blasting
amount of tensile stress for failing surface
is used with metals, mobile shot blasting and
material. A spherical or rounded media is
machines of varying profiles.
used in shot blasting on different materials.
The media is usually harder than the surface
of the target material.
Before shot blasting After shot blasting (ISO SA 2)
No coating system will perform as during and after the application of the coating
intended if surface preparation is ignored or is and for the successful long-term performance
inappropriate. On the other hand, over of the coating system. The presence of water,
specifying the surface preparation will be oil, grease and other contaminants prevents
costly and may not be of significant benefit to paint from adhering properly to the substrate.
the desired result. Excessive rust in the substrate results in
eventual flaking and peeling of the paint.
When a specification for surface Loose mill scale results in immediate paint
preparation is not available PEB Steel will use flaking whereas tightly adhering mill scale
the recommended surface preparation given may allow the coating to last for several years.
by the paint manufacturer as listed in its
product data sheet. Different exposure conditions and paints
require different level of cleanliness. Table 4
The cleanliness of the steel substrate is gives the recommended surface preparation
important for proper wetting and adhesion technique for various exposure conditions

156
(this table should be used together with Table coatings and foreign matter. Any residual
2). The vast majority of applications will contamination shall be firmly adhering.
normally fall in the first and second categories
of exposure conditions. Bear in mind that the Our steel is generally clean and of a
exposure condition is for the completed superior rust resistant grade due to our policy
building, which in the majority of cases is of storing the plate inventory of raw materials
enclosed and well ventilated. indoors and our shop flow which keeps
materials in an enclosed building up to the
Preparation specifications given by the time it is painted in a covered area.
Steel Structures Painting Council. PEB Steel
is able to perform SP6 (ISO SA 2) for 100% The surface profile of the steel substrate is
main structural of all Jobs. The PEB Steel a measure of the roughness required for
standard of solvent cleaning (augmented optimum adhesion of paint. It is important
when necessary by hand tool cleaning or because it increases the surface area and
brush-off blasting) for PEB Steel provides a mechanical anchor. Paints with
gray-oxide and red-oxide primer are adequate excellent wetting characteristics (and the
for the majority of applications and has proven majority of oil-based and alkyd primers) are
to be suitable even with other types of paint tolerant of relatively smooth surfaces like
which do not require deep anchor profiles. those resulting from tightly adhering mill scale.
High build epoxies and inorganic paints
normally require deeper surface profiles
achieved only by blasting the substrate. As a
rule, thick coatings require a deeper profile
than thin coatings to bond properly to the
substrate.
The profile anchor pattern or roughness is the

average depth (or height) from peak to valley
caused by the impact of the abrasive onto the
substrate. Figure 1 is an illustration, which
shows Excessive
roughness should be avoided since corrosion
can easily occur on Peak where the paint
Sa 2 (Commercial Blast)
coating is thinner. Furthermore, the deeper
Thorough blast cleaning. When viewed
the anchor profile, the more paint is required
without magnification, the surface shall be
to achieve a desired Dry Film Thickness
free from visible oil, grease and dirt, and shall
(DFT).
be free from most mill scale, rust, paint

157
Table 4: Surface Preparation Recommended for Various Service Conditions
Exposure Condition Surface Preparation Minimum required for

Atmosphere: uncontaminated; Solvent cleanser SSPC-SP Oil-base, water-base,
interior 1 alkyds
Atmosphere: uncontaminated Power tool and hand tool Oil-base, water-base,

exterior and interior SSPC-SP 3,7 alkyds, bituminous
Atmosphere: uncontaminated Power tool or brush blast Oil-base, alkyds, epoxy

humid SSPC- SP2,3 esters bituminous
Coal-tar epoxies, epoxy

Atmosphere: industrial; humid; Commercial blast SSPC-
esters, marine phenolic
marine SP 6
varnish, chlorinated rubbers
Organic-zinc-
Near-white blast SSPC-SP phenolic varnishes, epoxies,
Immersion: water; brine; oils
10 coal-tar epoxies, chlorinated
rubbers
Zinc silicates (inorganic

White-metal blast SSPC- zinc-rich), vinyl, phenolic,
Immersion: chemicals; acids
SP 5 silicones, and chlorinated
rubbers.
Comments on other surface preparation methods:
1. Solvent and chemical: Employed for special contamination, coatings, or service conditions.
Quality of preparation varies widely.
2. Flame cleaning: May be substituted for brush blast cleaning, most paints are satisfied by
this surface preparation quality
3. Pickling and phosphatizing: May be substituted for white metal blast, near-white metal
blast, or commercial blast, depending upon quality and service condition.

158
Table 5: Abstract of Surface Preparation Specifications
Specification & Subject Purpose

SSPC-SP 1 Solvent Removal of oil, grease, dirt, oil, salts and contaminants by
cleaning cleaning with solvent, vapor alkali, emulsion or steam.
Removal of loose rust, loose mill scale, and loose paint to a

SSPC-SP 2 Hand tool
specified degree, by hand chipping, scrapping, sanding and wire
cleaning
brushing.
Removal of loose rust, loose mill scale, and loose paint to a

SSPC-SP 3 Power tool
specified degree, by power tool chipping, descaling, sanding, wire
cleaning
brushing and grinding.
SSPC-SP 4 Flame Dehydrating and removal of rust, loose mill scale and some
cleaning of new steel tight mill scale by use of flame and followed by wire brushing.
Removal of all visible rust, mill scale, paint and foreign matter
SSPC-SP 5 White metal by blast cleaning by wheel or nozzle (dry or wet) using sand, grit
blast cleaning or shot. (For very corrosion atmosphere where high cost of
cleaning is warranted.)
Blast cleaning nearly to white metal cleanliness, until at least

SSPC-SP 10 Near-white 95% of each element of surface area is free of all visible residues.
blast cleaning.) (For high humidity, chemical atmosphere, marine or other
corrosive environments.)
Blast cleaning until at least two-thirds of each element of

SSPC-SP 6 Commercial
surface area is free of all visible residues. (For rather severe
blast cleaning
condition of exposure.)
Blast cleaning of all except tightly adhering residues of mill

SSPC-SP 7 Brush-off
scale, rust and coatings, exposing numerous evenly distributed
blast cleaning
flecks of underlying metal.
Complete removal of rust and mill scale by acid pickling,

SSPC-SP 8 Pickling
duplex picking or electrolytic pickling. May pacify surface.
SSPC-SP 9 Weathering
Weathering to remove all or part of mill scale followed by blast
to remove all or part of mill
cleaning to one of the above standards as required.
scale followed by
* Steel Structures Painting Manual, Volume 2, 1969 Printing, Steel Structures Painting Council,
Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213.

159
Figure 1: Surface Profile
Surface of coating
This dimension determines the

corrosion resistance coating
Coating
a
Ra
R
Central line
R = Distance between maximum peak to deepest valley (roughness).
Ra= Average distance of central line = where,
a = Height of individual peak from central line
n = Number of peaks measured
The average roughness is usually 1/6 of R.

160
Paints are composed primarily of protection. However, if there is a risk of
pigments dispersed in a film form, or binder, exposure to very acidic or alkaline chemicals,
which is either dissolved in solvent or even zinc-rich primers, with all their durability
emulsified in water to make the paint fluid attributes, must be finish-coated.
enough to apply by brush, roller or spray. The
basic composition of paint dictates its PEB Steel has the capability to apply
suitability to a particular combination of many types of primers from different paint
application conditions and protection manufacturers. Over the years, certain paints
requirements. Paints are normally used in have proven to be reliable under different
combination with other paints to create a paint combinations of building applications and
system. environmental exposures. Specifying these
systems assures the owner of having proven
paint products from reputed paint
manufacturers with expert primer application.
When intermediate and finish coats are
specified for a certain project, PEB Steel
consults with the paint manufacturer on
compatibility and ease of application of the
coat before a recommendation is made.
The following recommended paint

A paint system generally consists of a systems, for the primary and secondary steel,
primer, an intermediate coat and a finish coat are a result of PEB Steel
applied in different thicknesses to achieve the experience in this field. The actual paint
total desired film thickness. For most painting system may be changed depending on the
systems, increasing the film thickness
decreases permeability and improves PEB Steel Area Offices will guide the buyer in
performance and durability. PEB Steel specifying the exact painting system required.
generally applies only a shop primer to the When a customer specifies a different painting
steel structures of its buildings in order to system or paint manufacturer, PEB Steel
provide adequate protection during transport, reserves the right to review the specifications
storage at site for a limited period, and against the quality and application
erection. Finish coats and intermediate coats requirements of PEB Steel.
are preferably applied at the job site just
before the steel is erected in order to minimize
handling damage.
Shop applied primers reduce the risk of

corrosion of steel by preventing direct contact
between moisture and air and the surface of
the steel. Zinc-rich primers prevent the rusting
of steel even if water gets through missed
spots, breaks or pinholes in the coating. With
the exception of zinc-rich paints, primers are
not formulated to be exposed to the
environment and require a finish coat for
Dry Film Thickness checking

161
Primary Steel
Primary Steel
Building
Category Surface Primer Intermediate
Environment Top Coat
Preparation Coat Coat
SP6-Sa 2
Enclosed (Commercial Alkyd, acrylic or Alkyd, acrylic or
buildings with Blast) Sigma 606P
chlorinated chlorinated
mild, well gray oxide,
1 rubber based rubber based
ventilated red oxide
paints paints
interior alkyd primer
(Recommended) (Recommended)
conditions
SP6-Sa 2
Mild (Commercial Sigma606P Alkyd, acrylic or Alkyd, acrylic or
atmosphere Blast) gray oxide, chlorinated chlorinated
2 exposure,
red oxide rubber based rubber based
interior and
alkyd primer paints (Required) paints (Required)
exterior
SP6-Sa 2 Sigma 7402

Mild to (Commercial (Required)
zinc epoxy
moderately Blast) For compatible
corrosive Hempel systems see paint
3
coastal and 1205-9A specs.
industrial (Recommended) (Recommended)
zinc
atmospheres chromate
SP6-Sa 2
Sigma 7412
(Commercial
2-pack
Blast) For compatible
Polluted or epoxy For compatible
systems see paint
4 coastal systems see paint
specs.
atmospheres Sigma 7558 specs. (Required)
(Recommended)
inorganic
zinc
Secondary Steel
For all categories, we recommend pre-

galvanized coated steel. However, for
categories 3 and 4, an expensive but viable
option is to use the same paint system as the
one recommended for the primary steel.

162
CHAPTER 11
SINGLE SKIN
PANELS
CHAPTER 11 : SINGLE SKIN PANELS
The term “panel” in this context refers to application in the building. Please refer to the
the metal skins used as roof and wall panels, publication “PEB Steel’s Panel Chart (colors &
interior roof and wall liners, partition panels, profiles)” for the most current availability of
soffit panels, etc. PEB Steel offers a variety of panel colors and thicknesses.
profiles, base metals, metal substrates and
coatings for its panels. PEB Steel panel offering can be
summarized in the following table:
PEB Steel offers eight different panel
profiles; each is suitable for one or more
TABLE OF PANEL MATERIALS
MATERIAL DESCRIPTIONS
TYPE USAGE
TOP LAYER BOTTOM LAYER
Chemical Treated Layer Chemical Treated Layer Roof
Silver180TM
Purlin
Ultimate Corrosion ZN - AL - MG ZN - AL - MG Gutter
Protection 180 gr/m2 (Both sides) 180 gr/m2 (Both sides) Deck
PVDF 20 microns (best for color
Polyester 7 microns
retentions)
Corrosion Inhibitive Primer Corrosion Inhibitive Primer
TM
coating - 5 microns coating - 5 microns
Hyper180 Roof Panel
(no color change) Chemical Treated Layer Chemical Treated Layer Wall Panel
AL-ZN Metallic coating AL-ZN Metallic coating
180 gr/m2 (Both sides) 180 gr/m2 (Both sides)
AL 55% - ZN 45% AL 55% - ZN 45%
Anti-Finger Print Anti-Finger Print
Alu-ZincTM AL-ZN Metallic coating AL-ZN Metallic coating Roof Panel
Bare AZ150 Alu Zinc 150 gr/m2 (Both sides) 150 gr/m2 (Both sides) Wall Panel
AL 55% - ZN 45% AL 55% - ZN 45%
Silicone Modified Polyester Polyester

Paint 20 microns Paint 7 microns
AluPeb® Epoxy Corrosion Inhibitive Epoxy Corrosion Inhibitive

Primer coating - 5 microns Primer coating - 5 microns Roof Panel
Painted AZ150
Wall Panel
Alu Zinc Chemical Treated Layer Chemical Treated Layer
AL 55% - ZN 45% AL 55% - ZN 45%
Special Reflective Silicone
Polyester
Modified Polyester
Paint 7 microns
Paint 20 microns
PebLeedM Epoxy Corrosion Inhibitive Epoxy Corrosion Inhibitive
Best Heat Reflectance Primer coating - 5 microns Primer coating - 5 microns Roof Panel
coils Wall Panel
SRI:84 (White Cream) Chemical Treated Layer Chemical Treated Layer
AL 55% - ZN 45% AL 55% - ZN 45%
GalvaPebTM Lightly Oiled Layer Lightly Oiled Layer Purlin

Zero spangle Galv. Purlin
Girt
Hot Dipped zinc coating 2
275 gr/m total zinc
275 gr/m2 total zinc coating (C & Z
High tensile steel coating
(Both sides) Shape)
(275 gr/m2 Total) (Both sides)
* PVDF - Polyvinylidene fluoride

164
Section 11.2 : Silver180TM 1 of 9
Silver180TM is a new hot dip coated steel With its attribute to withstand severely
sheet that has a coating layer of Zinc, corrosive environments, Silver180TM can
Aluminum, and Magnesium. replace post hot dip galvanized products and
thus enable customers to streamline
manufacturing processes.
4. Resource-saving and Environment-

friendly
Silver180TM can be called a resource-

saving product since it lasts long and provides
excellent corrosion resistance with relatively
light coating.
Silver180TM can also be called an

environment-friendly product since it satisfies
Product Description: requirements of such environmental
regulations as RoHS and ELV.
Base Metal Thickness Total Coating
(mm) Thickness (mm) The corrosion resistance of Silver180TM is
0.42 0.5
enhanced by the composite effect of adding
0.75 0.8
aluminum & magnesium to the conventional
0.95 1.0
1.45 1.5
zinc coating.
1.85 1.9
Silver180TM is application Environments
2.35 2.4
2.95 3.0 that Require Higher Corrosion/ Alkaline
Resistance.
Silver180TM can be used in a wide variety
of fields and applications due to its following
features.
1. Superior corrosion resistance
In corrosion resistance, Silver180TM is 10

to 20 times tougher than galvanized steel sheet
and 5 to 8 times better than Zinc Aluminum
alloy coated steel sheet when subjected to
Application for Rafters (PebHybrid),
accelerated testing.
Purlins, Girts, Sag Arrestors, Flange Bracing,
2. Superior scratch resistance Roofing, Mezzanine Decking, Valley Gutter for
Industrial & Commercial construction. It is
Silver180TM has better scratch resistance especially “The Right Material” for
than ordinary hot dip galvanized steel sheet. Chicken/Cow Sheds/ Animal Feed/ Fertilizer/
Garbage Treatment/ Concrete contact & Close
3. Replacement for post hot dip to Sea/Ocean project.
galvanized products (surface-treated in
their final shapes)

165
Typical Applications
Roofing
PebHybrid
PebDeck (Mezzanine decking) Sag Arrestors
Flange Bracing Valley Gutter
Purlins

166
Chicken / Cow Sheds
Animal Feed
Fertilizer
Close to Sea/Ocean
Manufacturing Processes

167
Quality Characteristics The level of its corrosion resistance rivals

that of 55% aluminum zinc alloy coated.
1. Corrosion Resistance Mechanism of
Silver180TM
Corrosion resistance mechanism
Mg and Al in the coating layer combine to

form a fine, tightly adhered protective film. This
thin surface structure suppresses corrosion of
the Silver180™ coating, thus effectively
enhancing overall corrosion resistance.
2. Comparison of Properties with Various

Types of Coated Steel Sheets
2.1 Durability of flat parts
Time to occurrence of red rust in salt spray

test (SST:JIS Z2371)
Silver180™ has better resistance to red Appearances of specimens after salt spray
rust than hot dip galvanized steel sheet and test (coating weight: 90gr/m 2 (one side),
zinc-5% aluminum alloy coated. untreated)

168
2.2 Appearances of processed parts in a 3. Anti-Chemical Performance

salt spray test (SST)
3.1 Ammonia resistance
The photos show the occurrence of ted rust
on 1 mm thick processed parts in salt spray test Silver180™ resistance to ammonia is
(SST). Due to its excellent ability to prevent better than that of hot-dip 55% aluminum-zinc
corrosion, Silver180™ has better resistance to alloy coated steel sheet.
red rust on processed parts than 55%
aluminum-zinc alloy coated steel sheet.
Materials tested
Appearances of 1 mm thick processed part
after salt spray test Type
Coatin Chemical
of Substrat
(Thickness 1mmm, 1800 bending, thickness: coatin
g
e
treatmen
weight t
3.2 mm, 120/120gr/m2, untreated) g
90gr/m2
Zn-Al-
Silver180 (one Soft steel Untreated
2.3 Appearances of processed parts after Mg
™ side)
outdoor exposure test 90gr/m2
Galvanized Zn (one Soft steel Untreated
steel side)
Silver180™ shows excellent corrosion 55% Al-Zn
90gr/m2
resistance even in processed parts. alloy 55% Al-
(one Soft steel Untreated
coated Zn
side)
steel
Testing conditions
After immersion for 24 hours in 5%

ammonia water at 22 0C, the corrosion loss
was measured. The cut ends and the rear
surfaces of the test piece were sealed.
Appearances of 1 mm thick processed part

after salt spray test
(Thickness 1mmm, 1800 bending, thickness:
3.2 mm, 120/120gr/m2, untreated)
Appearances of test pieces after half-

immersion test

169
Materials tested
Type
Coatin
of Substrat Chemical
g
coatin e treatment
weight
g
Chromiu
m free
90gr/m2
Zn-Al- organic
Silver180 (one Soft steel
Mg special
™ side)
treatment
(2µm)
Organic Garbage Treatment Facility
special
55% Al-Zn 90gr/m2 treatment
alloy (one Soft steel (2µm, Materials tested
coated side) chromium
steel contained Type
) Coatin Post-
of Substrat
g treatmen
coatin e
weight t
Testing conditions g
90gr/m2
Silver180 Zn-Al-
Ammonia solution ™ Mg
Test stat Temperature side)
concentration (pH)
90gr/m2
Half immersion Galvanized
Zn (one Soft steel Untreated
(liquid phase, Room temperature steel
10% (pH 12.5) side)
gas phase)
55% Al-Zn
90gr/m2
alloy
coated
side)
steel
Test method
Solution: Starting with an aqueous solution

3.2 Resistance to chemicals (corrosion in containing 1gr/liter Na2SO4 as the base mix, its
Acidic and Alkaline aqueous solutions) pH was varied from 1 to 14 by adding H2SO4
on the acidic side and NaOH on the alkaline
In Acidic and Alkaline aqueous solutions, side.
Silver180™ shows the same corrosion
behavior as zinc-based coated steel sheet. To measure corrosion loss test pieces
(n=3) were immersed for 24 hours in as
solution adjusted to each pH at 300C, and the
corrosion loss was determined. Ends and
bottom surface of the test pieces were sealed.
4. Outdoor Exposure Test Results
According to results of exposure tests

conducted over a period of approximately
seven years, Silver180™ is four times as
corrosion resistant as galvanized steel sheet.
Since corrosion mass loss of zinc-aluminum
coated steel sheet tends to lessen over times,
the superiority of Silver180™ in this respect is

170
likely to become more pronounced in Sulfur dioxide test conditions

subsequent years. Sulfur dioxide concentration: 100ppm
Testing temperature: 4000C
Relative humidity: 98% or more
(conforms to JIS H8502)
Outdoor exposure test site
Exposure site
Coastal environment
Okinawa Prefecture
(approx.. 30m from the
Nakagusuku mura
seashore)
Gunma Prefecture
Rural environment
Kiryu city
Silver180™ show better corrosion

resistance than post hot dip galvanized
products in acid-rain environment.
 Acid rain simulated combined-cycle

corrosion test conditions
5. Resistance to Acid & Acid-Rain
Silver180™ shows better corrosion

resistance than post hot dip galvanized
products in a sulfur dioxide (sulfurous acid gas)
environment.

171
 Corrosion rate of Silver180™ and post hot How to scratch load was measured a
dip galvanized products in acid rain simulated sapphire testing needle having a top radius of
combined-cycle corrosion test 0.05mm was pressed vertically against the test
piece with a force of -.0196-0.196 N (2-20gf).
Corrosion rate The needle scratched across the test piece for
Silver180™ 0.05gr/m2/cycle
a distance of 20mm. after the surface was
visually examine for any scratching, and the
post hot dip galvanized products 0.05gr/m2/cycle
minimum load that produced scratching was
taken as the scratching load.
Note: Mean value at 500 cycle
Materials tested
Type
Coatin Post-
of Substrat
g treatmen
coatin e
weight t
g
90gr/m2
Silver180 Zn-Al-
™ Mg
side)
90gr/m2
Galvanized
Zn (one Soft steel Untreated
steel
side)
55% Al-Zn
90gr/m2
alloy
coated
side)
PebDekTM (Mezzanine Decking with
steel
Silver180™ Coating)
6. Scratch resistance if the coating layer Hardness of the coating layer

(Vickers hardness (Hv): measurement
Silver180™ has harder coating layer than
examples)
hot dip galvanized steel sheet or hot dip 55%
aluminum-zinc alloy coated steel sheet, which Silver180™ 140 ~ 160 Hv
gives it better scratch resistance and allows it
55% Al-Zn alloy coated steel 100 ~ 110 Hv
to be used in applications that are subject to
scratching and repeated friction during Zn-5% Al alloy coated steel 80 ~ 100 Hv
processing. Galvanized steel 55 ~ 65 Hv
7. Chromium-free treatment
7.1 Chromium-free inorganic special

treatment
Superior compatibility with the

environment
With its inorganic after-treatment involving

no chromium at all, this material is gentle on
the environment.

172
Excellent electrical conductivity Minimum average

Minimum coating
Symbol of coating coating mass in
mass at a single
mass Standard-1 triple-spot test
spot (gr/m2)
The inorganic special treatment chromium- (gr/m2)
free layer has low electrical resistance and K12 120 102
K14 140 119
excellent surface conductivity. This gives
K18 180 153
Silver180™ the same electrical conductivity
K20 200 170
and suitability for spot welding as conventional
K22 220 187
materials K25 250 213
K27 275 234
Corrosion resistance
Quality and Quality Tables
This chromium-free treated material has
sufficient corrosion resistance on flat and Silver180™ Mass table for coating weight
machined parts. symbol K18
7.2 Chromium-free organic special Coating

K18
treatment weight
Coating Nominal 3x6 4x8
weight
With the chromium-free organic film, there symbol K18 Width (mm) 914 1.219
is no elution of chromium (VI) compound and Length (mm) 1.829 2.438
hence chromium-free organic special Area (m2) 1.672 2.972

Coating
treatment products are environment-friendly. weight 0.244
constants
Damage prevention at processing Thickness Unit mass One-sheet One-sheet
(mm) (kg/m2) mass (kg) mass (kg)
Enhanced scratch resistance can be 0.27 2.364 3.95 7.03

0.3 2.599 4.34 7.72
attained at roll forming and other processes.
0.4 3.384 5.66 10.1
0.5 4.169 6.97 12.4
Superior corrosion resistance
0.6 4.954 8.28 14.7
The special film provides better corrosion 0.8 6.524 10.9 19.4
1.0 8.094 13.5 24.1
resistance both on flat and processed parts.
1.2 9.664 16.2 28.7
1.6 12.80 21.4 38.1
Good resistance to finger smudges
2.0 15.94 26.6 47.4
2.3 18.30 30.6 54.4
The fingerprint at handing is hardly visible.
3.2 25.36 42.4 75.4
Standards 4.0 31.64 52.9 94.0

4.5 35.57 59.5 106
Products can be manufactured with the 6.0 47.34 79.1 141
coating mass listed in the following table.
Minimum coating mass (total mass on both

surfaces)

173
Section 11.3 : Hyper180TM 1 of 4
Hyper180™ is AZ180 coating with PVDF has a very high corrosion resistance for
paint. AZ180 coating is the Best Coating medium/-severe Environment conditions.
Protection for Severe corrosion (Salt, Alkaline,
Fertilizer, Chemical, Etc.). PVDF paints have
extremely good gloss and color retention.
Hyper180™ Roof and Wall use for the Aircraft

Hangar in Pakistan
Product Description:
Base Metal Total Coating

Thickness (mm) Thickness (mm)
0.42 0.50 No Color Change for 20 years
0.52 0.60
Also suitable for those projects where No
0.72 0.80 color change is absolutely necessary such as
Airports, Buildings, Shopping Centers, Office
Top Coat: PVDF 20 microns which
buildings etc.
provides color pleasing appearance and a
barrier film to enhance long-term durability. Color Choices
Extremely good gloss and color retention.
Primer Coat: Corrosion inhibitive primer

coating - 5 microns to prevent undercutting of
paint and enhance corrosion resistance.
Chemical treated layer: chemical treated

layer applied for good adhesion and to
enhance corrosion resistance.
Zinc-Alum (Zinc-Aluminum) steel

substrate: substrate is extremely high Hyper180™: Guarantee No Color Change
corrosion resistance that consists of Zinc-
Aluminum Coated Layer 180gr/m2 (both side),

174
Feature
 Hyper180™ has the following features.

 Excellent corrosion resistance
 Substrate is extremely high corrosion
resistance
 The surface of Hyper180™ is coated by
paints that demonstrate excellent corrosion
resistance.
Performance List
Examination item Test method Result

Surface hardness
Pencil hardness “2H”
test
Extrusion cross-
Formability test No stripping
hatch
Ø 1/2in 1kg No Crack &
Impart test
500mm height Stripping
5% salt solution,
Salt-spray test No blistering
500h
Sunshine WOM No change in
Weathering test
1,000h appearance
The following photomicrographs [1000 x

magnification] of test panels dramatically
depict how Hyper180™ PVDF resin-based
coatings resist degradation caused by photo
initiated oxidation and hydrolysis when
exposed to a subtropical environment form 60
to 160 months

175
Nothing works better longer
In applications worldwide, Hyper180™

PVDF resin-based metal coatings have
demonstrated superior performance and
outstanding resistance to film degradation.
These coatings will withstand extended
exterior exposure to water, humidity,
temperature, ultraviolet rays, oxygen and
atmospheric pollutants
The performance comparisons to the right

were compile by an independent, accredited
testing laboratory and are based on actual
exposure time.
In typical formulations [see shaded areas],

Hyper180™ resin-based coatings contain
higher fluorine levels than FEVE-based
coatings, resulting in greater resiliency, color
and gloss retention.

176
Higher Performance of Hyper180™ PVDR dramatically higher performance than other

Resin0Based Coatings coating products. The charts below show
relative performance based on published
In all critical measures of performance, evaluations of generic coatings and the
Hyper180™ resin-based finishes deliver opinions of leading coating formulators.
Application Environments that Require Higher Corrosion Resistance
Weathering properties Hyper180™ Acrylic Silicon Polyester Polyester Vinyl Plastisol Urethane Anodized
Color Retention 5 3 4 2 2 3 3
Gloss Retention 5 3 4 2 2 3 3
Chalk Retention 5 3 4 2 2 3 3
Humidity Retention 4 4 4 4 4 4 2
Physical properties Hyper180™ Acrylic Silicon Polyester Polyester Vinyl Plastisol Urethane Anodized
Abrasion Retention 5 3 3 2 3 4 3
Impart Resistance 5 3 3 3 5 3 3
Film Flexibility 5 2 2 3 5 4 2
Hardness 3 5 4 5 3 4 4
Mar 3 4 4 4 3 3 4
Chemical resistance Hyper180™ Acrylic Silicon Polyester Polyester Vinyl Plastisol Urethane Anodized
Acids & Alkalies 5 2 3 3 5 3 2
Oil Stain 4 3 4 4 4 3 3
Water Immersion 5 3 3 3 4 3 4
5= Highest Performance 1= Lowest Performance

177
Section 11.4 : Alu-ZincTM 1 of 1
Alu-ZincTM (bare AZ150 Alu-Zinc) is an Zinc-Alum (Zinc-Aluminum) steel

aluminum-zinc coated steel. Alu-Zinc™ is substrate: Zinc-Aluminum Coated Layer
150gr/m2 Alu-Zinc coating for both side, 150gr/m2 (that consist of 55% Al-Zn 43.4%-
unpainted economical solution. Si1.6%) Chromate-free, has a very high
corrosion resistance for medium/severe
Environment conditions.
According to
Alu-Zinc™
SS-EN 10327:2004
Thickness 0.50 ± 0.06 mm
Minimum bending radius 1T
Protection against
Very good
corrosion on the edges
Fire Resistance
A1 (EN 13501-1)
Classification
81% (new)
Reflection of solar heat
39% (aged)
Product Description Corrosion
The AZ150 coating will guarantee excellent

corrosion protection. Alu-Zinc™ is suitable for
mild corrosive environment
Alu-zinc has an ability to repair itself which

makes the material resistant to corrosion
caused by scratches. The long lifetime is due
to the fact that the aluminum-zinc coating
provides the steel sheet with a double
protection against corrosion.
Environment
The long lifetime of Alu-zinc, in comparison

Base Metal Total Coating with for instance hot dip galvanized sheets,
Thickness (mm) Thickness (mm) entails major environmental benefits. There is
a worldwide infrastructure for recycling steel
0.45 0.50
that works well. Once steel is produced, it is
The surface has been treated with SPT part of a constant cycle as steel always
(Surface Protection Treatment) to prevent contains recycled materials. Steel is always
stains during handling and to ease shaping. 100% recyclable, the metal layer does not
pose any problems for remelting.

178
Section 11.5 : AluPeb® 1 of 5
AluPeb® panel is a most innovative, super- Primer Coat: Epoxy corrosion inhibitive
durable and Environment-Friendly product to primer coating - 5 microns to prevent
provide superb durability in color retention and undercutting of paint and enhance corrosion
very high corrosion resistance for resistance.
medium/severe environment condition.
Chemical treated layer: chemical treated
 Long-term durability layer applied for good adhesion and to
 Environment-Friendly product (Chromate- enhance corrosion resistance.
free)
Zinc-Alum (Zinc-Aluminum) steel
 Good heat resistance
substrate: Zinc-Aluminum Coated Layer
 Good heat reflectance
150gr/m2 (that consist of 55% Al-Zn 43.4%-
Si1.6%) Chromate-free, has a very high
corrosion resistance for medium/-severe
Environment conditions.
Specialty of Zinc:
Zinc having Self Physical Property called

Cathodic reaction. Whenever any cut happens
in the material the adjacent side of the zinc
reacts with atmosphere O2 and ZnO2 layer will
form on the cut edges to protect from the
atmosphere (Self Healing Property)
Specialty of Al-Zn:
Aluminum having good barrier protection

and Zinc having good self-healing property.
Combination of both will give better resistance
to atmosphere corrosion.
Base metal: JIS G3322 CGLC440, or

equipment
Superior back side coating of 12 micron
Performance List
Product Description
Examination item Test method Result
Surface hardness
Base Metal Total Coating Pencil hardness “2H”
test
Thickness (mm) Thickness (mm) Formability test
Extrusion cross-
No stripping
hatch
0.42 0.50 Impart test
Ø 1/2in 1kg No Crack &
500mm height Stripping
0.52 0.60 5% salt solution,
Salt-spray test No blistering
2,000h
Sunshine WOM No change in
Topcoat: Silicone Modified Polyester 20 Weathering test
2,000h appearance
micron which provides color pleasing
appearance and a barrier film to enhance long-
term durability.

179
Generic Humidity General Corrosion Color Abrasion Gloss

Formability Chalk
Coating Type Resistance Resistance (*) Permanence Resistance Retention
Silicone
Very
Modified Very Good Very Good Very Good Very Good Good Very Good
Good
Polyester
(*) includes resistance to severe natural and

industrial environments.
Capability List AluPeb®
ZINC-ALUM
Classification of Durability of Paint Coating Sheet
Types
and Designations (Chromate-
Coated Base free)
Metal
Coating Code AZ150
Durability test
Al:55%;
Coating Content
Zn:45%
Duration of
Polyester
Paint dew-cycle Resin
Classification Resin
coating Duration type
of durability of salt accelerated Thickness
system Top 20
spray test weathering in micron
test (for Paint
2H
reference) Hardness
Paint
Polyester
paint
Resin
Class 1 One-coat 200 hours … Reverse
Thickness
Class 2 Two-coat 500 hours … 7 micron
in micron
Two-coat 2,000 2 coat, 2
Class 3 1,500 hours Coat & Bake
and more hours bake
Peeling
2T no peel
Test
Roofing & wall cladding, gutter & Formability
180-Degree
Crack
Bending Test
downspout in industrial, residential & (Loupe 7T no crack
Inspection)
commercial construction, sheds, fences… Blister
Observation
Corrosion in SST (flat No blister
General exterior architectural users. Resistance surface) as for 2,000hrs
per JIS
Z2371
2,000Hr
Color Sunshine
Weather ΔE: 8
Difference, Weather
Resistance GR:
Gloss meter
15%
From Setup,
First
Schedule *15 years
Maintenance
Repaint

180
Corrosion Resistance
Both zinc and aluminum for protecting steel

sheet
ZINC-ALUM (55%Al-Zn ALLOY COATED)

STEEL exhibits the corrosion prevention of
aluminum and the galvanic protection and self-
mending action of zinc in a good balance that
prevents steel sheet from rusting for a long
period of time.
The layering of the ZINC-ALUM sheet

plating begins by solidifying aluminum and then
crystallizing zinc within that layer to form the
crystal cross-section shown in the next figure.
Over a long period of time, the zinc in the

crystalline structure solves out and tiny
cohesive oxides from the aluminum fill those
spaces, creating what is known as the “self-
mending action” of ZINC-ALUM steel.

181
Corrosion Resistance In Acidic Rain
Damage from acidic rain has recently

become a social issue, but ZINC-ALUM
(55%Al-Zn ALLOY COATED) STEEL
demonstrates excellent durability against
acidic rain damage. The graph at right shows
corrosion in various types of plated steel sheet
by pH. Both 55% Al-Zn ALLOY COATED
STEEL and aluminized steel sheet exhibited
very stable properties in the acidic range. In the
alkaline range on the other hand, aluminized
steel sheet was weak against weak alkalinity
of pH9~pH11, whereas 55% Al-Zn ALLOY
<Accelerated weathering test> Sunshine
COATED STEEL maintained excellent
weather meter 2,000 hours
properties
Weathering Performance
<Exposure test> Exposure site: Miyazaki

Prefecture, Japan; Exposed: 10 years

182
Resistance to Dirt Staining
When pre-painted steel products are used

for outer panels for a certain period of time,
vertical streaks of dirt may appear on the
surface; particles of dirt remain on the surface
of the panel are NOT washed off by rainfall.
AluPeb® with resistance to dirt staining can

prevent dirt particle on the surface & easily
wash off by rainfall, ensuring your building Exposure Tests Result, Chikura Beach, Japan
looks new. (10years)
Before
After
Outdoor Exposure Tests
According to results of exposure tests

conducted over a period of several years,
AluPeb® is about three to six times as corrosion
resistant as galvanized steel sheet.
Sample Testing

183
Section 11.6 : PebLeedTM 1 of 2
PebLeed™ is needed to lower surface

temperature by absorbing less heat from the
sun. PebLeed™ can reflect the solar heat of a
roofing material.
Lower Energy Consumption
PebLeed™ solar reflectance technology

acts as added insulation in hot weather.
In moderate to hot climates, compared to

roofing material of similar color with lower solar
reflectance, PebLeed™ can reduce annual
cooling energy consumption.
PebLeed™ reduces peak roof temperature

by up to 50C for White Cream Color.
PebLeed™ panel (White Cream Color) Greater comfort while using less energy
results in reduced heat retention after a long helps to reduce cost and is friendlier to the
hot summer day, providing an opportunity to environment.
achieve cooler surface temperatures.
Increased global warming and government

focus on climate change, have directed the
attention to the need for greater thermal
efficiency especially in a tropical climate
Green building rating tool such as

Leadership in Energy and Environment Design
(LEED), require materials with high SRI values.
PebLeed™ offers higher SRI values thus
complying to the green building requirements.

184
Section 11.6 : PebLeedTM 2 of 2
Manufacturing Process by Japanese way

185
Section 11.7 : GalvaPeb™ 1 of 1
GalvaPeb™ is 275gr/m2 hop-dipped zinc

coating high tensile steel with Zero Spangle.
- High Corrosion Protection

- Lead-free Zinc coating
- Smooth surface Regular Spangle Minimized Spangle
Zero Spangle
In years past, a common method of zinc

refining included smelting, distillation and
One of specification of GalvaPeb™ is Zero condensation. Lead is a metal found in most
Spangle, it is the most factors to show high zinc-containing ores, and this refining process
product quality. Because spangle size carried it through as an impurity in the zinc.
terminology is qualitative. Spangle size can be Lead is a reason of spangle’s appearance.
affected not only by the zinc chemistry and Lead levels of even 100 ppm in zinc coatings
cooling rate, but also by other factors such as can result in an increased rate of spangle
the smoothness of the substrate. Consistently boundary corrosion in humid, warm
controlling spangle formation to a specified environments, which can create a problem
size, and then verifying compliance, would be known as 'delayed adhesion failure of the
an extremely difficult task. It is defined in ASTM coating. Essentially, bimetallic corrosion cells
A653/A653M, Specification for Steel Sheet, are created between lead and zinc, which
Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) as follows: progressively undermines zinc adherence.
Using lead-free zinc avoids this issue. The
- Regular spangle – zinc-coated steel sheet absence of lead can only enhance corrosion
with a visible multifaceted zinc crystal resistance.
structure. The cooling rate is uncontrolled,
which produces a variable grain size. As there is now much more concern about
- Minimized spangle – zinc-coated steel the environmental and health hazards of lead,
sheet in which the grain pattern is visible to the we should choose GalvaPeb™, an galvanized
unaided eye, and is typically smaller and less product without lead.
distinct than the pattern visible on regular
Zero spangle coatings, when combined
spangle. The zinc crystal growth is arrested by
with temper rolling by the galvanized sheet
special production techniques, or is inhibited by
producer, can very easily be made extra
a combination of coating bath chemistry plus
smooth. The large grain boundary depressions
cooling.
and surface relief of a spangled coating are not
- Zero spangle – zinc-coated steel sheet
present.
with a uniform finish in which the surface
irregularities created by spangle formation are The Zero spangles of lead-free coatings
not visible to the naked eye. The finish is have an as-coated shiny metallic and very
produced by a combination of coating bath uniform appearance, unlike that of regular
chemistry, or cooling, or both. spangle, lead-bearing zinc coatings, where the
luster of each spangle differs, giving the sheet
a non-uniform appearance

186
Section 11.8 : LokSeam® 1 of 1
LokSeam® is a standing seam panel float  Heat expansion NOT transferable to purlin
on a system of sliding clips that prevent due to clip: Extra safety factor.
damage from thermal expansion and
contraction. Standing seam designs also  A weather roof system: resulting in no air
eliminate 80% of the through fasteners found leak; savings in air conditioning.
in other systems for greater weather tightness.
Basic Use
LokSeam® panels provide 470mm width
coverage with 66mm high ribs including the LokSeam® is used for a roof covering
seam. Minimum roof slope for the LokSeam®
system for new or retrofit construction.
roof panels is 3%.
Installation
Product Description
LokSeam® panels are joined at the side-
lap with an interlocking seam standing 25mm
above the major rib. Panel side-laps are
seamed by a special mechanical seaming
machine. It is seamed together creating a 360-
degree double lock seam, which has machine-
applied butyl sealant to ensure a secure,
weather tight leak-proof joint.
Profile
Section Properties Per. 470mm Width
Top in Bottom in
Compression Compression
Thickness
WT/M2
BMT(mm)
Ix Sx (T) Iy Sx (B)
(cm4) (cm3) (cm4) (cm3)
0.42 5.01 12.56 2.414 12.56 7.893
0.52 6.01 15.36 2.954 15.36 9.702
 Full single piece roof length up to 120m

with no end lap joints.
 Safe in strong typhoon up to a wind speed

of 220km/hr.

187
Section 11.9 : PebSeamTM 1 of 1
PebSeam™ is a standing seam panel

which is developed from LokSeam® for wider  Full single piece roof length up to 150m
roof system. PebSeam™ panels provide with no end lap joints.
400mm width coverage with 128mm high ribs
 Safe in strong typhoon up to a wind speed
including the seam. Minimum roof slope for the
PebSeam™ roof panels is 3%. of 220km/h.
Product Description  Heat expansion NOT transferable to purlin

due to clip: Extra safety factor.
 A weather roof system: resulting in no air

leak; savings in air conditioning.
Basic Use
PebSeam™ is used for a roof covering

system for new or retrofit construction.
Installation
PebSeam™ panels are joined at the side-

lap with an interlocking seam standing 25mm
above the major rib. Panel side-laps are
seamed by a special mechanical seaming
machine. It is seamed together creating a 360
degree double lock seam, which has machine-
applied butyl sealant to ensure a secure,
weather tight leak-proof joint.
Profile
Top in Bottom in
Thickness Compression Compression
WT/M2
BMT(mm)
Ix Sx (T) Iy Sx (B)
(cm4) (cm3) (cm4) (cm3)
0.42 5.89 41.17 4.886 41.17 9.536
0.52 7.07 50.60 6.012 50.60 11.728
0.72 9.53 69.35 8.259 69.35 16.082

188
Section 11.10 : PebRoofTM 1 of 3
PebRoof™ is a classically designed considerations. Apply sealant tape or caulking

exposed fastener panel with 250 mm rib as necessary at flashing and panel joints to
spacing. prevent water penetration.
Product Description
Profile
Top in Bottom in
WT/M2
BMT(mm) Ix Sx (T) Iy Sx (B)
(cm4) (cm3) (cm4) (cm3)
Fastener Specification
0.42 4.71 7.20 3.122 7.20 7.302
0.52 5.66 8.90 3.85 8.90 9.07
PEB Steel is using high class fasteners for
0.72 7.54 12.30 5.29 12.30 12.43
all projects. As for surface treatment, PEB Steel
When PebRoof™ used as metal roofing, provides class 4 fasteners of anti-corrosion
the PebRoof™ panel is commonly installed on resistance. The special high-functioned
roof slopes as low as 8%. This panel can be coating of WAKAI JAPAN fasteners protects
installed as a metal roof over both purlins and them against the corrosion above and holds
decked applications. The PebRoof™ panel can sheet metal tight without spoiling construction's
be installed vertically or horizontally as a wall look.
panel. PebRoof™ can easily be used for
fascias, liners, walls, soffit, ridge vent and
canopy.
Basic Use
PebRoof™ is used for almost commercial

buildings. The unique construction of
PebRoof™ allows panels to follow every curve
of your design. And it’s suitable for use on both
wall and roof applications.
Installation
Corrosion of fasteners can be caused by
Install panels plumb, level and straight so it salt-laden air from the sea, airborne acids from
is watertight and without waves or other industry and chemical sprays, U.V. from the
distortions, allowing for thermal movement sun or humidity in tropical and moist areas.
Corrosion of fasteners may affect dramatically

189
the performance of whole construction. There ISO Class 4 environments is 2.1 – 4.2micron
is Category of Corrosivity of the atmosphere: zinc per year. The environment is described as:
Description of typical  Marine environments ranging from

Category Corrosivity
corrosive atmosphere 100m to 400m from breaking surf although
C1 Very Low Interior: Dry prevailing winds and topography may extend
Interior: Occasional this distance.
C2 Low
condensation  Industrial environments characterized
External: Urban inland or
mild environments by fall-out and emissions from stacks, Sulphur
Interior: High humidity; some and acid smells. Includes buildings with high
air pollution internal humidity and / or corrosion from
C3 Medium External: Mild, moderate
industrial or marine operations within.
environments
Interior: Swimming pools; The test result of WAKAI screws, conducted
chemical plants etc.
C4 High
External: Severe marine or
by the internationally accredited laboratories,
industrial environments shows that they comply with the corrosion
External: Very severe resistance requirements of Australian
marine or industrial Standard AS3566.2(2002). It contains:
C5 Very High
environment, off shore
environments
 2.000 hrs. of neutral salt Spray test –
Class of fasteners depend on Category of AS 2331.3.1.
Corrosivity of the atmosphere:  2.000 hrs. of U.V condensation test –
ASTM G154.
Class 1 is for internal use only and is not
 1.000 hrs. of humidity test - ASTM
applicable to roofing applications.
D2247.
Class 2 is for use in urban and rural  15 cycles of sulfur dioxide test - DIN
environments away from industrial pollution 50018.
and marine environments. The corrosion rate
Plus, 2.000 hrs. of neutral salt spray test
for ISO Class2 environments is 0.1 – 0.7micron
according to Japanese Industrial Standard JIS
zinc per year.
2371NO5.
Class 3 is for use in mild to moderate
Anti-Leaking
industrial and marine environments. The
corrosion rate for ISO Class 3 environments is Screws for the roofing use are assembled
0.7 – 2.1micron zinc per year. This with metal and EPDM Bonded Washer with its
environment is described as: diameter 19mm. Metal washer prevents the
screw from over-driving as well as for
 Marine environments ranging from
unscrewing due to vibration of construction.
400m to 1000m from breaking surf although
prevailing winds and topography may extend
this distance.
 Light industrial environments and
environments adjacent to severe industrial
environments.
Class 4 is for use in severe industrial and

marine environments. The corrosion rate for 3mm-thick EPDM rubber (ethylene
propylene diene monomer (M-class) rubber) is

190
high-elastic rubber. The main properties of the washer pushes the roof downwards. The
EPDM are its outstanding heat, ozone, and upward pressure made by the additional thread
weather resistance. The resistance to polar may straighten or even push back the indent
substances and steam are also good. It has made on the initial drilling and prevent from the
good resistance to ketones, ordinary diluted possibility of leaking.
acids, and alkalis. Therefore, it has good
capability for anti-leaking.
Mechanical properties of EPDM

Property Value
Hardness,
40–90
Shore A
Tensile failure
25MPa
stress, ultimate
Elongation after
≥ 300% Advantages of the additional thread under the
fracture in%
screw head:
Can be compounded
Density
from 0.90 to >2.00g/cm3  Gives you a feeling of the thread bite
The additional thread under the head: which is a clear signal to stop driving.
 Controls on over driving.
The long screw has an additional thread  Prevents roof from bending down on
just under the head. On driving screws this walking on the roof walked on
additional thread brings the roof upwards while

191
Section 11.11 : PebWallTM 1 of 1
PebWall™ is a through-fastened wall metal panel with full 900mm net coverage and is ideal for
commercial, industrial, and architectural wall applications. PebWall™ is a special product of PEB
Steel for the wall only.
Product Description
Profile
Top in Compression Bottom in Compression

Thickness
WT/M2
BMT(mm)
Ix (cm4) Sx (T) (cm3) Iy (cm4) Sx (B) (cm3)
0.42 5.23 11.09 7.957 11.09 4.135

0.52 6.28 13.673 9.793 13.673 5.093
PebWall™ panel design provides superior load and span capacities which often allow savings in
the structural support system. We can see allowable uniform loads of PebWall™ and PebRoof™ as
below table:
Panel Type PebWall™ PebRoof™

Wind load Suction (Sheet spans 1.5m, nos. of spans =3, panel thickness 0.6mm) 5.21 (KN/m2) 3.21 (KN/m2)
Wind load Suction (Sheet spans 1.75m, nos. of spans =3, panel thickness 0.6mm) 3.77 (KN/m2) 2.37 (KN/m2)
PebWall™ with high Rib (42mm) and narrow Rib (150mm) can hide more screws than low Rib
panels. It’s make beautiful building appearance more than.

192
PebWall™ panel
Low Rib Panel
Basic use
PebWall™ can be used for all vertical and horizontal walls.
Installation
Install panels plumb, level and straight so it is watertight and without waves or other distortions,
allowing for thermal movement considerations.

193
Section 11.11 : PebCoolTM 1 of 1
PebWall™ is a through-fastened wall metal

panel with full 900mm net coverage and is ideal
for commercial, industrial, and architectural
wall applications. PebWall™ is a special
product of PEB Steel for the wall only.
Product Description
PebCool™ panel
Profile
Top in Bottom in
Thickness
WT/M2
(mm) Sx
Ix Iy Sx (B)
(T)
(cm4) (cm4) (cm3)
(cm3)
50 5.23 11.09 7.957 11.09 4.135
Low Rib Panel
Top in Bottom in Basic use

WT/M2
BMT(mm) Ix
(cm4)
Sx (T)
(cm3)
Iy
(cm4)
Sx (B)
(cm3)
PebCool™ can be used for all vertical and
0.42 4.71 7.20 3.122 7.20 7.302 horizontal walls.
0.52 5.66 8.90 3.85 8.90 9.07
0.72 7.54 12.30 5.29 12.30 12.43
PebCool™ panel design provides superior

load and span capacities which often allow
savings in the structural support system. We
can see allowable uniform loads of PebCool™
as below table:
Panel Type PebCool™

Wind load Suction (Sheet spans 1.5m, nos. of 5.21
spans =3, panel thickness 0.6mm) (KN/m2)
Wind load Suction (Sheet spans 1.75m, nos. of 3.77
spans =3, panel thickness 0.6mm) (KN/m2) Installation
PebCool™ with high Rib (32mm) and Install panels plumb, level and straight so it
narrow Rib (250mm). is watertight and without waves or other
distortions, allowing for thermal movement
considerations.

194
Section 11.12 : PebLiner™ 1 of 1
PebLiner™ panels are interior walls of

steel paneling. Similar to exterior walls, they
consist of standard 1000mm wide panels that
are screwed to the framing. Full-height liners
run from floor to roof and attach at the top to
the eave purlins on the sidewalls and to the
rake rafter on endwalls.
Product Description
Basic Use
PebLiner™ panel is used both for the roof

and walls. The PebLiner™ panel’s deep ribs
create an even-shadowed appearance. The
area between the ribs is reinforced.
Profile
PebLiner™ can be used for all kind of Pre-
Section Properties Per. 1000mm Width Engineered buildings, especial it is used for
office buildings, coal and mill storage, cleaning
Top in Bottom in
Thickness Compression Compression room…
(mm)
WT/M2
Sx Sx
Ix Iy
(T) (B)
BMT APT (cm4) (cm4)
(cm3) (cm3)
0.32 0.4 4.142 8.496 6.11 8.496 3.172
0.42 0.5 5.23 11.09 7.957 11.09 4.135
0.52 0.6 6.28 13.673 9.793 13.673 5.093
PebLiner™ panels serve two purposes.

They enhance appearance, giving the interior
a more finished look. Just as importantly, liners
protect the insulation and the outside walls.
Unreinforced insulation facings tear easily, and
even the best reinforced materials can be
damaged by sharp objects or power tools. A
steel liner that has been designed for your
metal building will perform far better than
plywood and usually cost much less than
sheetrock walls, which will require their own Installation
framing.
Install panels plumb, level and straight so it
The common reasoning in using is watertight and without waves or other
PebLiner™ panel, is they are far lighter in distortions, allowing for thermal movement
weight, so the roof trusses do not need to carry considerations.
as high of a load.

195
Section 11.13 : PebDek® 55 1 of 1
PebDek® 55 panel is a cold formed as a positive reinforcement and a permanent

corrugated steel sheet supported by steel joists form support, providing savings in concrete
or beams. PebDek® 55 is available only as and reinforcement steel.
unpainted panel in 1.0mm thick pre-galvanized
coated steel conforming to ASTM A653 SS
Grade 550 & Z180 coating.
Product Description
Basic Use
PebDek® 55 is the steel decking supports

the wet concrete and construction loads.
Temporary propping is eliminated and steel
lost formwork is left in site which gives fast,
easy construction. PebDek® 55 can be used for
Profile high-rise building, office, car building…
Installation
Install panels straight and fix screw to
Top in Bottom in
Thickness Compression Compression mezzanine beam as PEB Steel details.
WT/M2
BMT(mm) Ix Sx (T)
Sx (B) (cm3)
(cm4) (cm3)
0.95 11.33 67.2 20.77 21.55
Notes:
1. Defection of L/180 Controls
2. Yield Strength, Fy = 34.5 KN/cm2
The smaller ribs and flutes enhance

PebDek® 55 panel composite action and
rigidity. Used in a composite design, it performs

196
Section 11.14 : PebDek® 76 1 of 1
PebDek® 76 panel is a cold formed The smaller ribs and flutes enhance
corrugated steel sheet supported by steel joists PebDek® 76 panel composite action and
or beams. PebDek® 76 is available only as rigidity. Used in a composite design, it performs
unpainted panel in 1.0mm thick pre-galvanized as a positive reinforcement and a permanent
coated steel conforming to ASTM A653 SS form support, providing savings in concrete
Grade 550 & Z180 coating. and reinforcement steel.
PebDek® 76 is developed from PebDek ®

55, it make decrease weight of building
because we can design bigger span of
mezzanine hosts.
Product Description
Basic Use
Profile
PebDek® 76 is the steel decking supports
Section Properties Per. 895mm Width the wet concrete and construction loads.
Temporary propping is eliminated and steel
Top in Bottom in lost formwork is left in site which gives fast,
WT/M2 easy construction. PebDek® 76 can be used for
BMT(mm) Ix Sx (T)
Sx (B) (cm3)
(cm4) (cm3)
high-rise building, office, car building…
0.95 10.56 108.06 27.82 29.49
Notes:
1. Defection of L/180 Controls
2. Yield Strength, Fy = 34.5 KN/cm2

197
Section 11.15 : PebLok® 1 of 1
PebLok® is the new generation of widest- Position the first clips on each purlin by
cover concealed-fixed cladding. PebLok(R) is placing onto the purlin nearest to the gutter.
945 mm wide profile with nominal 40 mm deep Fix the first clip on the purlin so that they
ribs and pitch of 315 mm. The specially point in the direction of laying. Ensure the clip
designed shape of the profile combined with is 900 to the edge of the sheet.
the high tensile property of the base steel help Align the clips with the spacer using a string
in better interlocking of the panels on lateral line to align the clips as you fix a clip to each
ends. The profile is fixed on a specially purlin working towards the high end of the roof.
designed clip to base purlin, avoiding any
Drive countersunk head screw through the
external screw on the roof, making it watertight
bottom of the clip, into the purlin.
and leak proof in comparison to any
Position the first sheet so that the
conventional screw down profile.
overhangs are of the desired amount to the
Product description gutter. It is important to ensure this first sheet
is placed squarely to adjacent edges.
Engage the sheet with clips using vertical
foot pressure on all the ribs over each clip.
Fix the next row of clips, one to each
support with the slots and tabs engaged. Be
sure the clip is 900 to the edge of the sheet.
As before, place the next sheet over its
clips also engaging the edge of the preceding
sheet.
Accurately position the sheet so that it
overhangs the desired amount into the gutter.
Profile It is important that you keep the gutter-end of
all sheets in a straight line.
Section Properties Per. 945mm Width Fully engage the two sheets along the
overlapping rip. You can do this by walking
Top in Bottom in along the full length of the sheet with one foot
Thickness
BMT(mm)
WT/M2
Sx in the center pan of the previous sheet and the
Ix Iy Sx (B)
(cm4)
(T)
(cm4) (cm3) other foot applying vertical pressure to the top
(cm3)
0.42 4.98 8.509 2.642 8.509 9.882 of the interlocking ribs at regular intervals. It is
0.52 5.98 10.531 3.265 10.531 12.163 important that you don’t walk in the
unsupported pan besides the overlap. A rubber
mallet may help engagement of laps on long
Notes: spans.
1. Loads have been increased by 33% Similarly, engage all the clips by applying
for uplift values (due to wind uplift). vertical foot pressure to the top of the other ribs
over each clip. It is essential that the sheets
2. Deflection of L/180 controls. interlock completely.
3. Yield strength, Fy = 34.5 KN/cm².
Installation

198
Section 11.16 : Exterior Roof and Wall Panel Details 1 of 27
PebRoof Peak Detail

199
PebRoof Panel Detail
PebRoof Sky Light Detail

200
Peak Box Detail
Gable Trim For PebRoof Detail

201
Eave Gutter Detail

202
Valley Gutter For PebRoof Detail
Ridge Cap For Hip Rafter Detail

203
Curved Outside Corner PebRoof Panel Detail
Curved Inside Corner PebRoof Panel Detail

204
LokSeam Peak Detail
Peak Box Detail

205
LokSeam Skylight Detail
Gable Trim For LokSeam Detail

206
Eave Gutter Detail
Valley Gutter For LokSeam Detail

207
Peak PebLok Detail
PebLok Panel Detail

208
PebLok Skylight Detail
PebLok Gable Trim Detail

209
Ridge Cap For Roof PebSeam Detail
Peak Box Detail

210
PebSeam Detail
Gable Trim for PebSeam Detail

211
Eave Gutter for PebSeam Detail
Concrete Gutter for PebSeam Detail

212
Outside Corner Wall for PebWall Detail
Inside Corner Wall for PebWall Detail

213
Wall Light Detail
Flashing Cover Wall Panel with Block Wall Detail

214
Edge Trim Cover Wall Panel with Block-Wall Detail
Drip Flashing For PebWall Detail

215
Cover Flashing Detail
PVC Downspout Detail

216
Metal Downspout Detail
Eave Gutter and Metal Downspout Detail

217
Outside Corner Wall for Pebroof Detail
Inside Corner Wall for PebRoof Detail

218
PebRoof Wall Detail
PebRoof Wall Light Detail

219
Drip Flahsing for PebRoof Detail
Drip Flahsing for PebRoof Detail

220
End Canopy Detail
Corner Canopy Detail

221
Curved End Canopy Detail
Gable Flashing at Side Wall for Canopy Detail

222
ROOF PANEL
PE-1000
Eave Flashing for PebRoof Roof and Wall Detail
Gable Flashing for PebRoof Detail

223
Single Personal Door Detail
Window Detail

224
Winddow with Blockwall Detail
Jamb Flashing of Louver Detail

225
Top Flashing of Louver Detail
Louver Detail

226
CHAPTER 12
PANEL RELATED
ACCESSORIES
CHAPTER 12 : PANEL RELATED ACCESSORIES
Panels related accessories are items that • Curved Eaves

are manufactured from the same materials as
single skin panels i.e., from sheeting coils. • Flashing and Trims
These are the items that contribute to the • Gutters and Downspouts
function, beauty, tightness and completeness
of PEB Steel pre-engineered buildings.
Panel related accessories include

primarily the following:

228
Section 12.2 : Curved Eaves 1 of 1
PEB Steel’s standard curved eave is a impressive look that distinguishes it from
Euro styled corrugated panel that matches the neighboring buildings providing a curved eave
profile of the roof and wall panels. It is to your building is a sound and economical
available in PebRoof™ Profile. decision. Buildings surrounded by trees can
also benefit from the special shape of the
A curved eave can be an attractive feature curved eave.
in canopies, vehicle parking shelters, service
stations and other structures requiring an When building budgets are tight, curved
even and smooth architectural style at the eaves can be a good alternative to fascia.
eave. They greatly enhance the beauty of buildings
without incurring high costs or sacrificing the
The graceful appearance of a curved eave beauty and grandeur of the building.
adds elegance to a building and gives it an

229
Section 12.3 : Flashing and Trims 1 of 1
Flashing and trims are sheet metal All the common trims are noted below.
closures designed primarily to provide They are roll-formed from 0.6mm thick
weather tightness and neat appearance at (nominal) pre-painted AluPeb® sheeting coils
corners and junctions. (The name flashing available in all PEB Steel standard colors.
and trims are used synonymously).
• Eave trims
Nothing enhances the overall appearance
of a pre- engineered steel building more than • Gable trims
the correct and appropriate trim. Standard
• Corner trims
building accessories (such as, ridge
ventilators, windows, personnel doors, Any type of flashing or trim can be
louvers, roll-up doors, sliding doors, framed manufactured at PEB Steel. Architects can
openings etc.), partitions, fascia, canopies develop elegant details using trims that they
and other special supplemental attachments create to suit any desired application.
combined with flashing and trims create a
blend of artistic harmony and serene splendor
for the most discriminating engineers,
architects and the public.

230
Section 12.4 : Gutters and Downspouts 1 of 1
A proper roof drainage system is essential Shape to create a distinctive look along
for prolonging the life of the roof system of a the eave of the building.
pre-engineered steel building. It must be
adequately designed to prevent water A downspout is a hollow cold-formed
overflow over the sides of the building. section used to carry the water from the roof
gutter to the ground or to a storm drainage
The integrity of a roof drainage system is system. Downspouts have fluted sides that
influenced by the design of its gutters and add stiffness to their shape.
downspouts and by the proper spacing of the
downspouts. Internal downspouts for valley gutters are
not supplied by PEB Steel but can be
A gutter is a cold formed “channel shaped” provided upon request. Consult a PEB Steel
member designed to carry water from the roof representative nearest you.
of the building to the downspouts. There are
two types of gutters: eave gutters and valley
gutters. Valley gutters are normally located
between two adjacent buildings, having equal
or unequal eave heights. Eave gutters are
uniquely

231
CHAPTER 13
INSULATION
CHAPTER 13 : INSULATION
The most practical and common type of • Rockwool blanket

insulation for pre-engineered steel buildings is
a form of rolled blanket insulation that is PEB Steel strongly recommends the use
available in two types: of PebFoam™ insulation due to the light-
weight of the blanket, ease of installation, high
• PebFoam™ performance thermal insulation and benefits
of environment.
• PebInsulTM (Fiberglass blanket)

233
Section 13.2 : PebFoam™ 1 of 1
PebFoamTM, is the cross –linked

polyethylene foam, an eco-friendly energy
saving product that always provide the best ANTIMICROBIAL ASSESSMENT
insulation solutions to your green building.
Description Test Method Typical Value
PebFoamTM is able to provide energy efficient
Resistance to <0.1% bacteria
without creating environment and human ISO 22196
bacteria survival
health risk caused by CFC’s, HCFC’s and Resistance to
ASTM C 1338 No Growth
VOC. It is one of the most exciting fungal
developments in green technology. Resistance to

ASTM G21 - 96 No Growth
mould
PRODUCT FEATURES
FIRE AND SMOKE BEHAVIOUR
 Excellent thermal insulation
Description Typical Value
performance
Spread of Flame Index 0
Heat Evolved Index 0
 Excellent acoustical dampening
Ignitability Index 0
properties
Smoke develop index 0-1
 Improves indoor air quality Satisfies max allowable

concentrations for the following
Smoke Toxicity
combustion gases: CO, HCL,
 Environmental friendly HBr, HF, HCN, NOx, SO2
Satisfies combustion gases to

 Non-hazardous Smoke density toxicity
IDLH values.
 Fire retardant * Measured on PebFoam TM
 In-Built anti-microbial ROOF INSULATION
 Light weight PebFoamTM roof insulation provides high

performance thermal insulation and also can
 Easy installation be used as vapour barrier.
 Durable, strong and tough PebFoamTM roof Insulation can help to

improve indoor temperature and increase
 Reflects up to 97% heat radiation energy saving.
 Super clean, fiber free, non-allergenic
 Bacterial & fungi resistance
 Water resistance, unaffected by

moisture
 Extra-long life span
 Rodent & insect resistance

234
Section 13.3 : PebInsul™ 1 of 4
Pre-Engineered Building Insulation resistance (R-Values*) at 250 is shown in the

(PebINSULTM) is a highly efficient, lightweight, following table:
strong, resilient, and easy to handle flexible
blanket insulation composed of fine, stable Insulation
R-Value (m2.K/W) at densities
and uniformly textured inorganic glass fibers thickness (mm)

10kg/m3 12kg/m3 16kg/m3 20kg/m3
bonded together by a non-water soluble and
50 1.190 1.250 1.282 1.389
fire-retardant thermosetting and heat resistant
resin. It is free from coarse fibers and shot 100 2.381 2.500 2.564 2.778
due to its mineral composition.

* The higher the R-Value, the better the
APPLICATION insulation
PebINSUL™ is manufactured specifically Thermal conduction, “C” value (ASTM

for use in the roofs and side walls of C518, ASTM C 177)
commercial, industrial, residential, agricultural
and poultry farms metal building construction. 1 𝑊 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝐶= = 2 . ℃ 𝑜𝑟 . 𝑓𝑡 2 . ℉
This insulation greatly reduces heat gain or 𝑅 𝑚 ℎ𝑟
loss through the building envelop. It will not
It is the ability of the product to conduct heat
rot, disintegrate or slump.
Thermal conduction, “U” value
PebINSUL™ can be applied directly
against steel sheets, over or under steel 1
purlins beneath the exterior cladding sheets. 𝑈=
𝑅𝑇
Standard Nominal Density
U-Value
Insulation thickness (mm)
10-12 kg/m3 – 0.625-0.75 lbs/ft3 Roof Wall
W/m2.K W/m2.K
Nominal Thermal Conductivity (K-Values)
(ASTM C518, B.S.874) – For all thickness 50 0.642 0.678
100 0.364 0.375

Thermal conductivity (K-values) at 250C is
shown in the following table:
PERFORMANCE & PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISTICS
K-Value (W/m2.K) at densities
Insulation
thickness (mm)
10kg/m3 12kg/m3 16kg/m3 20kg/m3 Working Temperature limitations (ASTM C
50 to 100 0.042 0.040 0.039 0.036
411)
-4 0C to +2600C. at excessive
Thermal resistance, “R” value (ASTM
temperatures, a limited migration of binder
C167)
may occur in the insulation in contact with the
Insulation performance can be directly hot surface. This is no way impairs the
measured in terms of the thermal resistance performance of the insulation.
(R-Values) of the material expressed in
Alkalinity (ASTM C871)
m2K/W, which is obtained by the equation,
R=T/K where T=Thickness in meters and pH9
K=Thermal conductivity in W/m.K. Thermal

235
Corrosiveness (ASTM C 665) Sound Transmission Loss in dB
Chemical inert. Will not cause of Metal Building Walls

accelerate corrosion of steel, stainless steel,
Octave Band Center Frequencies, Hz
copper or aluminum, due to its particular
Construction
inorganic and mineral composition. NFR-1 Type
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 NRC
facing has no metal content thus it does not

Metal
promote any corrosion when in direct contact building wall
11 15 16 29 31 37 24
+2”
with the steel Purlins/Beams/Cladding. insulation
Metal
building wall
Mold Growth (ASTM D 2020, UL 181, ASTM +4”
11 17 21 34 35 42 27
C 991) insulation
Does not breed or sustain mold, fungus, Over Heat Transmission Coefficient:
bacteria or rodents, non-toxic, rot proof,
Manufactures
odorless and non-hygroscopic data for
MBMA/TMA test value**
uncompressed
insulation
Moisture absorption (ASTM D-07 B, ASTM
C 553) Insulation
compressed
Insulation
compressed
Insulation over girts and over girts
Theoretical
thickness purlins, and purlins,
Moisture absorption is less than one fasteners on fasteners on
12” centers 6” centers
percent by weight when tested in accordance
with ASTM C 553, BS 2972 or BS 6676. The Inches “K” “R” “U” “R” “U” “R” “U”
fiberglass insulation does not absorb moisture
2 0.28 7.14 0.14 5.23 0.17 4.64 0.19
from the ambient air not water by capillary
action. Only water pressure will wet the 4 0.28 14.29 0.07 7.60 0.12 6.45 0.14
insulation, which will quickly dry out due to the

material’s open cell structure. Maintenance
Vapor Permeability (ASTM E96 A) PebINSUL™ has a high resistance to

accidental damage from knocks and handling
0.02 installation and maintenance. Dimensionally
stable under varying conditions of
Compressive Strength temperature and humidity, rot-proof, odorless,
non-hygroscopic and will not sustain vermin or
PCF at 10% Deformation 5
fungus due to its inorganic and mineral
PCF at 25% Deformation 10 composition.
Fire Properties The product will maintain its thermal

properties throughout the lifetime of the
B.S 476 part 4 – Non combustible construction and will not age. PebINSUL™ is
non-toxic and not hazardous to health.
B.S 476 part 5 – Ignitability
B.S 476 part 6 – Fire propagation
B.S 476 part 7 – Surface spread of flame.
Class “0” fire rating to the building

regulations section E15.

236
Storage
To avoid moisture in the building

construction, PebINSUL™ products which are
stored outside, must be kept dry.
PebINSUL™ reserves the right to alter

product specifications without prior notice, as
part of its policy of continued development
and improvement. The choice of PebINSUL™
materials and methods of fixing are the VERY STRONG FACING
decision of the specifies, consultant or
A 50mm (2inch) stapling and taping
contractor. For further information or advice
overlap flange on one side or both sides of
on specification of PebINSUL™ products,
these facings is available.
contact your local sales office.
USA-Technology
PebINSUL™ utilizes the manufacturing

specifications and technology of (OCF),
Toledo, Ohio, USA.
FACING: NFR-1
NFR-1 PebINSUL™ is designed and

factory laminated to a choice of functional
finishes to provide attractive interiors, abuse
Construction of the vapor barrier shall be:
resistance, and assistance in the control of
moisture or vapor condensation. PebINSUL™
 Film thickness …1.5 mil with
is available with a factory-applied Reinforced
metalized
White Metalized Scrim Kraft facing.
 Adhesive …Flame retardant
The use of the proper facing helps to
 Reinforcing …Tri-directional
preserve the inherent fire safety of metal
fiberglass yarn.
buildings
 Backing …12# natural kraft.
NFR-1 facing brighten the building
interiors due to its high light reflectance,
reduce the cost of interior lighting, contribute
to an effective vapor barrier and to the control
of condensation and dripping moisture.

237
Wire mesh is not required under the

insulation.
NFR-1 Facing has no metal content, thus

it does not promote any corrosion when in
direct contact with the steel There are three basic perm levels offered
Purlins/Beams/Cladding. by the facing suppliers: 0.02, 0.09 and 1.0.
Lower perm facings reduce the amount of
Puncture Resistance (ASTM D 781) moisture entering future moisture related
problems. Theoretically*, in a 5,000 square
NFR-1 25 Units
meter building, a 0.02 perm facing will only
Surface Burning Characteristics (UL 723, allow 1 gallon of water to pass through the
ASTM E 84, ASTM E 136) facing in one week. This compares to 5 gallon
of water to pass with a 0.09 perm and 50
Base glass fiber is non-combustible when gallons for a facing with a 1.0 perm rating.
tested to ASTM E 84.
Flame- Smoke- Fuel-

Facing
Spread Developed Contributed
NFR-1 20 30 0
PROTECT YOUR BUILDING WITH A LOW

PERM RWMSK FACING
Avoid future moisture problems by using a

low perm NFR-1 facing:
Reduces the moisture entering the

fiberglass insulation
Enables the insulation to perform as

designed.
Reduces the likelihood of water problems.
MOISTURE THAT PASSES THROUGH *Test Conditions: ASTM E 96 Procedure

FACING 5,000 SQ. METERS A-73 0F (230C) and 50% RH on one side of
the vapor retarder, and 73 0F (230C) and 0%
The word “Perm” is used to quantify the RH on the other side.
rate of water vapor transfer through the facing
into the fiberglass and onto the metal skin of
the building.

238
Section 13.4 : Rockwool 1 of 2
Rockwool is a mineral non-organic Rockwool characteristics and

fibrous material of insulating properties and applications:
fire resistance characteristics. It is commonly
utilized in many fields of thermo-acoustic Rockwool products possess superior
applications. characteristics and properties among all other
thermo-acoustical insulation materials.
Rockwool is:
a) Efficient in thermal insulation

applications
b) An inorganic, non-aging and

dimensionally stable material
c) A water repellent material
d) Anon-combustible and non-flammable

material
e) Chemically and electrically inert

Rockwool is manufactured by melting
certain basaltic igneous volcanic rocks in a f) A non-hazardous and medically safe
furnace at a considerably high temperature material
(1500oC). The molten rock is then spun into
wool fibers that are further processed through g) Suitable for high temperature
different chemical and mechanical operations applications, as it maintains its
to end up with the final desired product. insulating characteristics efficiently at
temperatures of up to 700oC
Rockwool insulation products are made in
different types and sizes to suit numerous Rockwool products have many practical
application needs. The basic types of uses, some of which are:
Rockwool are:
• Insulation of roofs and walls of
• Stitched mattresses buildings such as, factories, cold
stores, recreational and commercial
• Felted blankets facilities
• Loose wool (long fibers) • Insulation of refineries and

petrochemical plants
• Carded loose wool (short fibers)
• Insulation of boilers and chimneys
• Semi rigid panels
• Insulation of refrigeration equipment
• Rigid panels and ducting
• Pipe sections • As a main component in the

manufacture of false ceilings, etc.

239
Section 13.4 : Rockwool 2 of 2
Rockwool insulating properties: Coefficients of Sound Absorption (BS-

3638-1980, ISO 354)
Insulation
Thickness Sound Frequencies in HZ
Below are the R-Values for 30 kg/m 3
(mm)
density rock-wool insulation which is 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
recommended for use on the roofs and walls
50 0.25 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.00
of pre-engineered metal buildings.
80 0.35 0.70 0.90 1.00 1.00 1.00
3
30 kg/m Density 100 0.55 0.85 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Insulation
o
Thickness R-Value @ 20 C
(mm)
(h.ft2.oF/Btu) (m2. K/W)
30 4.07 0.71 Sound Reduction Index (dB)
50 6.75 1.19 Insulation

Sound Frequencies in Hz
Thickness (mm)
100 13.51 2.38 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000
50 15 21 22 38 52 61
Typical acoustic insulation values for
Rockwool are listed in the following two 80 16 22 23 40 54 63
tables. 100 16 22 24 43 57 67

240
Section 13.5 : Double Face Tape 1 of 1
Double faced tape is mainly used in PEB

Steel pre-engineered buildings where
insulation is to be secured to the eave strut,
gable angle, base and other secondary
structural members.
Double faced tape comes in rolls and has

a high tack pressure-sensitive rubber based
adhesive on both sides of a paper carrier. It
has an excellent adhesion property aside from
being easy and quick to apply. It exhibits good
weather ability when exposed to extreme
Although double faced tape is not
temperatures ranging from - 29½C to 79½C.
intended to support the insulation weight by
itself, it maintains a secured seal that assures
the optimum efficiency of the insulation
system.

241
Section 13.6 : Stapler and Staples 1 of 1
PEB Steel uses a special type of stapler The stapler and staples are standard supplied
and staples for joining metal building sundries of PEB Steel.
insulation tabs or end projections. The stapler
is a “pliers type” which is light and easy to use
and requires minimal amount of energy to
operate. The staples are unique in the sense
that they have an undulated or wave like
appearance aside from having chisel point
ends. These undulated staples keep
insulation tabs locked tighter and provide
more holding power than any other staple.

242
Section 13.7 : Mesh and Strap 1 of 1
PEB Steel uses a Meh and Strap

especially when the building has Fiberglass
insulations and skylight. These accessories
are required for safety requirement to prevent
workers from falling and insulation from
sagging. Mesh material can be Steel or
Plastic type.

243
CHAPTER 14
BUILDING
ACCESSORIES
CHAPTER 14 : BUILDING ACCESSORIES
A basic PEB Steel building is comprised specifications that is unique to PEB Steel
of primary rigid frames, secondary structural Such items include insulation, personnel
members (roof, purlins, wall girts, purlins doors, roll-up doors, windows, louvers,
struts), bracing systems (diagonal X-bracing ventilators, etc.
or portal frames), post & beam end walls
(corner columns, end wall wind columns & Building accessories enable a basic PEB
load bearing rafters) and sheeting (roof and Steel building to be customized according to
wall panels). functional requirements.
Building accessories consists of two This chapter lists the building accessories
categories: that are most common to pre-engineered
buildings and highlights the interface details
• Manufactured items (by PEB Steel) for incorporating these accessories in PEB
such as sliding doors, ridge vent. Steel pre-engineered buildings economically
& aesthetically.
• Special buyout items that are
manufactured by others according to

245
Section 14.2 : Personnel Walk Door 1 of 1
PEB Steel supplies two types of

personnel walk doors: single personnel
doors and double personnel doors.
Single personnel doors are available in

one standard size: 915 mm wide x 2135 mm
long. Double personnel doors are available in
one standard size: 1829 mm wide x 2135 mm
long.
Door Frames
Door frames are fabricated from 1.5 mm

cold-formed steel, galvanized according to
specification ASTM A525 M (Z-180)
classification. The frames are treated with a
metal-prepared zinc-chromate wash and
painted in a white finish. They are delivered to
site in a knocked-down condition.
Frame head attachments are field-bolted

to the secondary structural members of the
building. However, the holes in girts are field
located.
The door frame base clip is flush welded

to the bottom of the frame at the factory and Doors have full mortise hinge preparation
anchored to the concrete slab with 12 mm with 4 mm hinge reinforcement. Each door
diameter expansion bolts. leaf has three mortise hinges (115 mm x 115
mm) with ball bearings, for moderate use, and
Door Leaf
a non-removable stainless steel pin. The
Single and double door leaves are flush, finish is dull chrome.
44 mm thick, solid or factory glazed with a 5
The lockset is a key type cylindrical
mm thick clear tempered side vision glass.
lockset with dull chrome finish.
The door leaf is reversible for left or right
A “Z” shaped astragal is furnished for all
hand swing and may be installed to open from
double leaf doors and painted with white
inside or outside. The leaf is fabricated from
color.
leather grained embossed cold-rolled steel of
0.9 mm minimum thickness and painted with a Panic devices, thresholds, weather
white finish. It is stiffened and sound stripping, and door closers are optional and
deadened with a honeycomb core or may be supplied at additional cost.
polystyrene. The core is impregnated with
water resistant resin and has crush strength of
0.02 KN/cm2.

246
Section 14.3 : Sliding Doors 1 of 2
Double sliding doors are suspended from

PEB Steel supplies both single sliding a 1.5 mm thick galvanized steel trolley rail that
doors and double sliding doors. is attached to a built-up door header and
guided at the bottom by a projecting guide.
Standard single sliding doors slide
The trolley truck has 4 wheels whose axles
horizontally in one direction whereas the
are mounted on hardened steel roller bearings
leaves of double sliding doors slide in
and a one-piece galvanized steel casting truck
opposite directions.
body which is grooved and embedded in the
The framing of the door is made from concrete ramp. A plate connected to the
galvanized cold-formed channels having yield bottom member of the door leaf slides through
strength of 34.5 KN/cm2 and a minimum the groove, thereby, guiding the horizontal
thickness of 1.5 mm. It is delivered knocked- movement of the door.
down for field assembly. The door leaves are
Double sliding doors are guided by a top
sheeted with 0.6 mm pre-painted Aluminum-
guide that runs on a top track which is
Zincalume panels normally matching the color
connected to a cold-formed header. The
of the wall panels. The interior liner (optional)
bottom of the door leaves is supported by
of the sliding door shall be made from 0.5 mm
rollers, which travel along a roller guide that is
Profile “PEB WALL” panel matching the color
embedded in the concrete ramp.
of the interior wall liner.
PEB Steel manufactures the three types
of double sliding doors in any combination of
width and length up to a maximum size of
6000 mm x 6000 mm.
Field assembly and installation of double

sliding doors is made in accordance with the
erection drawings and instructions issued by
PEB Steel.

247
Section 14.3 : Sliding Doors 2 of 2

248
Section 14.4 : Frame Opening 1 of 1
Framed openings are provided in walls Framed Openings in Roofs

and roofs to accommodate special
accessories that are not made or supplied by Framed openings in the roof are designed
PEB Steel. to support lightweight equipment such as
fans, air conditioning package units, special
The framing details described in this gravity or power ventilators and other roof
section are for standard framed openings. For accessories which should not or could not be
complex conditions requiring special framing, mounted directly on the roof framing or the
the highly trained and experienced staff of roof panels.
PEB Steel Engineering Department can
design and develop the right framed openings
you need.
Framed Openings in Walls
Framed openings in the walls are

commonly used to accommodate special
doors, windows, louvers, exhaust fans, etc.
Opening frame for pipe rack

249
Section 14.5 : Louvers 1 of 1
PEB Steel louvers are used to The free inlet area of a building is
provide natural air flow into a building. equal to 1.50 x ventilation area.
Louvers are generally used in

industrial and storage buildings. They form a
part of the ventilation system that is often
required to reduce build-up of dust, vapor and
heat inside buildings to practical levels. The
use of louvers, suitably positioned in the
perimeter walls of a building, in combination The following equation is used to
with roof ventilators provides continuous determine the effective inlet area of one
circulation of natural air and creates a louver.
healthier atmosphere for the building
occupants. AEFF = N x C x L where,
N = Number of openings in louver.
C = Opening depth between blades

(m).
L = Opening length (m).
Note that when using an insect

The total effective area of louvers is screen, the effective inlet area (AEFF) of the
equal to the free inlet area of the building louver should be further reduced by 50%.
minus the area of permanent opening.

250
Section 14.6 : Translucent Panels 1 of 1
PEB Steel's translucent panels for

roof and walls are used to allow natural light
into the building and, thus, reduce electrical
lighting requirements. Translucent panels are
available in the same widths as PEB Steel’s
steel panels and are supplied in fewer than
12000 mm lengths.
Fiberglass translucent panels shall

have the nominal values as per the table
below. All specimens for testing should be
conditioned as per ASTM D618, procedure A.
The corrugations of translucent

panel’s match the profile of PEB Steel's
standard panel profiles for the roof and wall
and are available in translucent white only.
They are made of white light-

stabilized weather resistant polyester resins
mixed with silane-finished split strand
fiberglass and weigh 2.4 kg/m 2.
Fiberglass Translucent Panel Specifications

Characteristic Value Test Method
Light Transmission 80% + 5% ASTM D1494
Solar Transmission 25% + 5% ASTM E424
Tensile Strength 10.3 KN/cm2 ASTM D638
Compressive Strength 20.7 KN/cm2 ASTM D695
Water Absorption Rate < 0.3%, in 24 h @ 23½C ASTM D570
Specific Gravity 1.4 @ 23½C (min.) ASTM D792
Flexural Strength 20.7 KN/cm2 ASTM D790
Shear Strength 10.3 KN/cm2 ASTM D73
Bearing Strength 13.8 KN/cm2 ASTM D953 A
Flammability > 51 mm/minute* ASTM D635
Impact Strength 4.27 N.m/cm* ASTM D256
Thermal Transmittance (U) 4.46 W/m2.K ASTM C236
* Values vary with thickness

251
CHAPTER 15
SUNDRY PARTS
CHAPTER 15 : SUNDRY PARTS
Sundry parts consist of two categories: • Miscellaneous items that are

manufactured by PEB Steel such as clips,
• Standard buyouts which are items flange braces, sag rods, brackets, stiffeners,
that form a part of the basic PEB Steel end plates, pre-galvanized grating, chequered
buildings but are not manufactured by PEB plates, etc. that are required to complete a
Steel. These include anchor bolts, primary building.
connections bolts, secondary connection
bolts, sheeting fasteners, pop rivets, foam PEB Steel maintains a steady and
closures, bead mastics, flow able mastics, up-to-date stock of all these items to ensure
double face (insulation) tape, packing tape, immediate availability.
and stapler with staples.

253
Section 15.2 : Anchor Bolts 1 of 1
Plastic Cap
Straight Anchor Bolts Dimensions (mm) Weight (kg)
Size (mm)
DxP Anchor
Component Total (A. Pipe
QTY. SYM. Size Thread T1 T2 L Pro. Bolt Washer Nut L1
ID B+2W+4N) D
Pitch (A.B)
1 M20 SAB:20 M20 x 2.5 125 30 450 80 1.11 0.03 0.11 1.60 Ø49 80
1 M24 SAB:24 M24 x 3 145 35 510 95 1.81 0.06 0.19 2.68 Ø60 90
1 M30 SAB:30 M30 x 3.5 165 40 630 110 3.49 0.08 0.34 5.03 Ø76 100
1 M36 SAB:36 M36 x 4 190 45 750 130 5.49 0.12 0.59 8.59 Ø90 120
1 M42 SAB:42 M42 x 4.5 230 55 870 160 9.46 0.23 0.94 13.68 Ø110 140
1 M48 SAB:48 M48 x 5 260 60 980 180 13.91 0.37 1.41 20.28 Ø110 150
• Material specifications:
• Anchor rod: ASTM F1554 grade 36
• Nut: ASTM A563 & washer: ASTM F436
• Coating finish: electro galvanized

254
Section 15.3 : Primary Connection Bolts 1 of 2
HIGH STRENGTH BOLT
Dimensional Properties (All figures are in mm, unless noted)
E F G H R
Bolt
Available Bolt Length “L”
Body Width Across Width Across Radius of And Thread Length “LT”
Height
Diameter Flats Corners Fillet
Nominal Thread
Dia. Pitch
Max. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. L LT L LT
M12 1.75 12.00 19.00 18.67 - 21.10 7.68 7.32 - 0.23 35 FULL 55 FULL
M16 2.00 16.70 27.00 26.16 31.18 29.56 10.75 9.25 - 0.53 50 FULL 70 FULL
M20 2.50 20.84 34.00 33.00 39.26 37.29 13.40 11.60 - 0.53 60 FULL 80 FULL
M24 3.00 24.84 41.00 40.00 47.34 45.20 15.90 14.10 - 0.79 70 FULL 90 FULL
M27 3.00 27.84 46.00 45.00 53.12 50.85 17.90 16.10 - 1.57 90 FULL 100 FULL
M30 3.50 30.84 50.00 49.00 57.74 55.37 19.75 17.65 - 1.57 100 FULL 120 FULL
Allowable loads
Bolt Shear
Tension
Single Double
Nominal Diameter Thread Pitch
(KN) (KN) (KN)
M12 1.75 30.16 15.38 30.76
M16 2.00 55.63 28.37 56.74
M20 2.50 86.92 44.33 88.66
M24 3.00 125.16 63.83 127.66
M27 3..00 158.41 80.79 161.57
M30 3.50 195.56 99.74 199.48
Notes:
1. Tension is based on gross nominal area.

2. Shear is based on bearing type connection with threads
1. Included in shear plane.
2. All bolts are high strength bolts and hot dip galvanized.
3. Usage: for primary frame connections.
4. Available tensile & shear stress:
• For M12 bolts: (Ft=26.67 KN/cm 2) Tensile (Fv=13.60 KN/cm2) shear
• For bolts>M12: (Ft=27.67 KN/cm 2) Tensile (Fv=14.11 KN/cm2) shear

255
Section 15.3 : Primary Connection Bolts 2 of 2
NUT WASHER
Nut
Bolt Sizes F G H h
Width Across Flats Width Across Corners Thickness Thickness
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
Nom. Thread
Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min.
Dia. Pitch
M12 1.75 19.00 18.67 - 21.10 10.00 9.64 0.4 0.8
M16 2.00 27.00 26.16 31.18 29.56 17.10 16.40 0.4 0.8
M20 2.50 34.00 33.00 39.26 37.29 20.70 19.40 0.4 0.8
M24 3.00 41.00 40.00 47.34 45.20 24.20 22.90 0.4 0.8
M27 3.00 46.00 45.00 53.12 50.85 27.60 26.30 0.4 0.8
M30 3.50 50.00 49.00 57.74 55.37 30.70 29.10 0.4 0.8
WASHER
A B T
Inside Diameter (mm) Outside Diameter (mm) Thickness (mm)
Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min.
14.40 14.00 27.00 25.70 4.60 3.10
18.40 18.00 34.00 32.40 4.60 3.10
22.50 22.00 42.00 40.40 4.60 3.10
26.50 26.00 50.00 48.40 4.60 3.40
30.50 30.00 56.00 54.10 4.60 3.40
33.60 33.00 60.00 58.10 4.60 3.40

256
Section 15.4 : Secondary Connection Bolts 1 of 1
MILD BOLTS
E F G H R LT L
Bolt
Body Thread Thread Shear
Width Across Width Across Radius of
Diameter Height (mm) Length Length Tension
Flats (mm) Corners (mm) Fillet (mm)
Nom. Thread (mm) (mm) (mm) Single Double
Dia. Pitch Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. (KN) (KN) (KN)
M12 1.75 12.00 - 19.01 18.67 - 21.10 7.65 7.32 - 0.60 Full 35 17.3 7.69 15.38
Note:

2. Shear is based on bearing type connection with threads included in shear plane.
3. Mild steel bolts are electro galvanized with allowable tensile and shear strength:
• (Ft = 13.33 KN/cm2) tensile
• (Fv = 6.80 KN/cm 2) shear
4. Usage: for purlin and girt connections.
FIN NECK BOLT
Bolts L LT
Description Nominal Thread Bolt Length Thread Length Tensile
Diameter Pitch (mm) (mm) Strength (KN)
Fin Neck
M12 1.75 30 Full 15.08
Bolt
Note:

2. Material and quality conforms to mild steel
1. Bolt specifications.
2. Usage:
a) Counter sunk bolt - for single and double sliding doors
b) Fin neck bolt - for framed openings,
3. Mezzanine’s checkered plates, and fascias.

257
Section 15.5 : Sheeting Fasteners 1 of 1
AVAILABLE SHEETING SCREWS
Screw type Size Washer Head type
Self-drilling Stitching Self-Tapping None EPDM T19 Hex Countersunk
No. Part mark

d p L h
1 SC-0001   14 14 20 8   
  
2 SC-0002    10 24 20 8   
 
3 SC-1001    12 14 20 12     
4 SC-1001A    12 14 35 12     
5 SC-1002    12 14 20 12     
6 SC-1002A    12 14 35 12     
7 SC-1003    12 14 20 12     
8 SC-1003A    12 14 30 12     
9 SC-2002    12 14 55 12     
10 SC-2002A    12 14 55 12     
11 SC-2003    12 14 68 12     
12 SC-7001    12 24 38 12    

13 SC-7001A    12 24 38 17    

14 SC-7003    12 24 38 17   
 
15 SC-7004   12 11 40 17   
  
Note:
p: Pitch
L: Screw length
d: Screw diameter in gauge
Size of hex head: 5.5 mm
Table of conversion gauge number to millimeter
d (gauge number) Size (mm)

4 2.9
6 3.5
8 4.2
10 4.8
12 5.5
14 6.3
18 8

258
Section 15.6 : Pop rivets 1 of 1
Rivet Selection Chart
“D” Rivet “L” “E”

Hole Grip “H” Head Typical
Body Length Head
Rivet Type Size Range Diameter Ultimate
Diameter Under Height
(mm) (mm) (mm) Strengths (KN)
(Inches) Head (mm)
Carbon Steel Plated Rivet with Coated Carbon Steel Mandrel
3.28- 7.95-
SD46BS 1/8 13.08 6.35 1.02 1.312 1.890
3.38 9.53
Stainless Steel Rivet with Stainless Steel Mandrel
3.28- 7.95-
SSD46SSBS 1/8 13.08 6.35 1.02 2.446 3.114
3.38 9.53

259
Section 15.7 : Foam Closures 1 of 1
Foam closures are PEB Steel withstand harsh environments and resists
standard supplied sundry parts for weather some aggressive chemical attacks. The
tight sealing between panels and trims at the polyethylene foam can also resist the usual
eave, gable, base, canopy, and ridge as well damaging effects of ozone in the air.
as above block wall areas. The types of foam
closures supplied depend on the panel profile Vapor absorption and water vapor
used in the pre-engineered steel building. The transmissions characteristics of foam closures
company keeps inventories of all these types are barely measurable making the eave,
in anticipation of the growing demands for gable and base of the building walls free of
PEB Steel building products worldwide. moisture that causes rust and mildew. The
ease and speed of installation, due to the
PEB Steel foam closures are made of interlocking dovetail shape at the end of each
soft, but rigid, polyethylene foam that has very foam closure, eliminate gaps at connections
high resistance to ultraviolet rays can and assure a snug fit with no closure sag out.

260
Section 15.8 : Bead Mastic 1 of 1
Bead mastic Excellent adhesion to  Meets ASTM E1680 Air Infiltration

oily Galvalume Plus, ACRYLUME,
 Meets ASTM E1646 Water Leakage
ZINCCALUME, KYNAR 500, Aluminum,
Aluminized steel, Polyvinyl fluoride and  Light Gray
Siliconized polyester painted metal, Concrete
FRP and Glass. PEB Steel uses two types of bead
mastic, single and double bead mastic.
 No cracking or loss of adhesion at - Although both types can be used for sealing
40 ̊F purposes in a wide variety, single bead mastic
 Service Temperature Range -40 ̊F to is primarily used for roof end laps while
200 ̊F double bead mastic is specifically used for
heavy duty sealing of valley gutters.
 Application Temperature Range -5 ̊F
̊
to 120 F
 Elongation (ASTM C908)>1000%
 Adhesive Tensile Strength (ASTM
C907) 20 psi minimum
 Will resist fungal attack and not
support mildew growth
 Meets AAMA 804-92 and 807-92 (this
specification supersedes obsolete NAAMM
Standard SS-1B-68)

261
Section 15.9 : Silicone Sealant 1 of 1
SILICONE SEALANT are elastic pre-engineered building. Most silicone

sealing materials that offer outstanding sealants release acetic while curing. This
durability, weather resistance, and adhesion, gives off characteristic vinegar like smell. In
as steel buildings and structures move, such some circumstances this odor may be
as during earthquakes and typhoons, silicone undesirable, or the acetic acid may have a
sealants move flexibly with them. They are negative impact on the materials being
therefore commonly used in sealing sealed. But neutral cure silicone products
applications in high-rise buildings and reduce or eliminate the production of acetic
housing, civil engineering, clean rooms, and in acid while curing.
the joints of aquariums. Beside that silicone
sealants are highly resistant o salt damage, Neutral cure sealant is supplied in
so they can be used in buildings and factories cartridges. Standard caulking guns, or
in coastal areas, offering high durability. Its industrial pumps and flow gun equipment, can
key Benefits are: be used successfully for easy and quick
compound application. Hoses from pumps or
 Remains permanent elastic after curing. header systems and all seals or packing must
 Long life expectancy in many applications. be Teflon or polypropylene.
 Does not shrink.
Before application, clean metal
 Keeps its color and is waterproof.
surface with cleaning solvent that is
 Resist most chemicals and solvent.
recommended by the manufacturer.
 Is non- toxic after curing.
Detergents or soaps and water cleaning
 Has very good adhesion to glass and all
treatments are not recommended. Excessive
commonly used building materials?
uncured materials should be quickly removed
 Resists temperatures ranging from -60 ̊c to + from the surface with isopropyl alcohol,
200 ̊C. aromatic or ketone type solvents.
PEB Steel is using neutral cure
sealant, one of the best silicone sealants for

262
CHAPTER 16
SPECIAL
BUYOUTS
CHAPTER 16 : SPECIAL BUYOUTS
Special Buyouts are products that are buyouts. Since special buyouts are not
supplied by PEB Steel but are not stocked at PEB Steel, they have to be ordered
manufactured by PEB Steel. They are on a job by job basis. The special buyout
characterized by the following: engineers:
• They do not form a part of any • Ensure that the technical

product manufactured by PEB Steel. specifications of the special buyouts (supplied
by PEB Steel) are in accordance with the
• They are not essential for producing a contract documents.
complete basic pre-engineered building.
• Ensure that the special buyouts are
Standard Buyouts are also products that delivered to PEB Steel factory in time to meet
are supplied by PEB Steel but are not contractual delivery commitments.
manufactured by PEB Steel. They are
characterized by the following: • Coordinate with the Engineering
Department to develop proper interface
• They form a part of a manufactured details to accommodate the special buyouts
PEB Steel product. Examples include door within the building shell. Special buyouts are
guides and door handles for sliding doors, normally identified, described and priced
mechanical ridge vent parts for gravity ridge separately in PEB Steel’s quotation offers
ventilators, etc. since they are outside the scope of the basic
building supply.
• They are essential for producing a
complete basic pre-engineered building. Special buyouts normally take a longer
Examples include connection bolts (including time to price and require longer delivery
nuts & washers), self-drilling sheeting schedules as they fall outside the direct
fasteners, foam closures, bead mastic, etc. control of PEB Steel. In many instances they
Please refer to chapter 15 on Sundry Parts. are purchased from foreign sources in the
United States or Europe.
PEB Steel has a staff of two engineers
totally dedicated to the supply of special

264
CHAPTER 16 : SPECIAL BUYOUTS
Section 16.2 : Example 1 of 1
Examples of Special Buyouts include:
• Fiberglass insulation
• Aluminum windows
• Personnel doors
• Roll up doors (single skin or insulated)
• Power ventilators
• Fire rated doors of all types
• Crane systems (crane rails, crane bridge, bus bars, etc.)
• Hangar door operating systems
• Air-conditioning packages
• Demountable gypsum board partitions
• Suspended ceiling
• Insulated skylights
• Fiberglass roof curbs
• Wire mesh to retain roof insulation

265
CHAPTER 17
SPECIALTY
BUILDINGS
CHAPTER 17 : SPECIALTY BUILDINGS
PEB Steel classifies specialty buildings attributed to each specialty building. These
as pre- engineered buildings that are used in features can be used as basic ideas and
specific applications. They include: guidelines for architects and designers in
similar projects. The pre-engineered building
• Vehicle Parking Shelters system is flexible and can accommodate
• Poultry Farm or Animal Shed almost any architectural feature that can be
Buildings conceived by the architect.
• Bulk Storage Sheds
• Aircraft Hangars
• Retail Buildings
Standard designs and standard layouts for

the above specialty buildings have been
developed by PEB Steel in view of the fact
that the functional and aesthetic requirements
for these buildings are often established by
architects whose input is greatly influenced by
a project’s overall character and special
requirements and/or by the environment
surrounding these buildings.
Thus, in this chapter, we have attempted

to demonstrate only the unique features

267
Section 17.2 : Vehicle Parking Shelters 1 of 1
Outdoor Vehicle Parking Shelters have hundreds of projects. Owners, architects and
become a common feature of commercial, contractors need not be limited to these
industrial and residential developments standards only; PEB Steel standards are
throughout Asia and Africa. Because the intended to serve as a starting point for
structural integrity and aesthetic appearance developing specific project applications
of these parking shelters vary greatly (from intended to satisfy the customer’s most
the very basic to the exotic) depending on the unique requirements.
structural design approach, material
specifications and finishes, PEB Steel has
opted to create parking shelters that are
engineered to structurally resist the specified
loads (wind, earthquake, etc.) without
sacrificing their aesthetic appearance.
The advantages of using pre-engineered

steel buildings as vehicle parking shelters are:
• Fewer columns. Large bay lengths

significantly reduce the number of columns
needed, thus improving safety and utility.
Four-Floor Car Parking
• Architectural versatility. Appearances can
be enhanced by using any of the following Note: All “standard”, vehicle parking
options: shelters are shown with recessed column
base plates that are embedded beneath the
• Vertical or curved fascias
finished floor level. The shelters are supplied
• Flat, sculptured or profiled soffit with roof sheeting, gable and eave trim. All
panels column base plan dimensions shown are not
for construction Final dimensions are shown
• A variety of panel and trim profiles in the anchor bolt plans issued for
and colors construction by PEB Steel.
• A wide range of special paint systems

and custom colors for the primary and
secondary structural members
• Reliable structural design. Like all PEB

Steel products, these shelters are designed in
accordance with the latest applicable
American codes (AISC, AISI, AWS, and
MBMA).
• Quick delivery.
• Fast and simple erection.

Motor parking with solar energy
The standard parking shelter systems
described in this section have been proven to
be practical and durable, time after time, in

268
Section 17.3 : Poultry Buildings 1 of 1
Poultry buildings are used as rearing factor to consider when evaluating the initial
houses, broiler houses, laying houses and for purchase price of a poultry building. These
any other poultry farm application. PEB Steel buildings were developed
specifically for the poultry industry and are
The high cost of livestock and equipment designed to accommodate the equipment and
demands that dependable, quality built ventilation systems normally required for this
structures protect the owner’s investment. specific application. The buildings may also
Special care must be taken to protect the be configured to meet other requirements.
steel from the corrosive environment
generated inside the buildings as well as from The features provided in a standard
harsh external weather conditions. PEB Steel poultry building result in functional
Maintenance costs for PEB Steel’s poultry and durable structures such as noted below.
buildings are minimal; this is an important
Feature Description
This premium coating for the structural
members protects the structure against the high
Galvanized structural steel members
moisture content and the corrosive nature of the
material normally present in poultry buildings.
These panel options provide the optimum

Galvanized steel or aluminum Panels corrosion resistance and protection needed for
these buildings.
Electro galvanized bolts with yellow
Electro galvanized connection machine bolts Dacromet conversion coatings for corrosion
protection.
Rust resistant plated and dichromate dipped
screws with a neoprene weather seal under the
Corrosion resistant panel fasteners
washer firmly attach the roof and wall panel to
the steel framing.
A 100mm thick vinyl faced fiberglass blanket
Fiberglass insulation helps to maintain the desired temperature
inside.
Tight fitting profiled closures, matching the
ribs of roof and wall panels, provide a secured
Weather tight neoprene closure strips
building against intrusion by rodents and
enhance the efficiency of the building insulation.

269
Section 17.4 : Bulk Storage Buildings 1 of 2
Bulk storage buildings for granular material, an adequate wall liner panel must be
materials such as, wheat, sugar, cement, etc. provided to transfer this load to the wall girts
require special engineering considerations. and, in turn, to the rigid frame columns.
The angle of repose (which is the maximum
stable natural slope that a specific material For chemically active materials, it is
can assume) and the required storage recommended to consider wall surface
capacity are factors that influence the finishes other than steel liner panels.
geometry and design of the bulk storage Alternatively, the building geometry may be
building. configured in such a way so as to ensure that
the granular material piles away from the wall.
The pressure that granular material exerts Another common approach is to have a
on the bearing walls is a function of the reinforced concrete wall up to an eave height,
material height, unit weight and angle of to avoid direct loads on the steel structure
internal friction. The table below lists these from the granular material.
properties for different granular materials.
Mechanical subsystems, such as cranes,
Bulk storage buildings are normally Clear conveyor belts and walkways can be easily
Span buildings characterized by a steep roof accommodated within these buildings.
slope that permits the efficient storage of piled
granular material above the building eave When required, PEB Steel can provide
height. structural members that are shot-blasted and
painted with premium paint systems to meet
If the interior metal walls are required to the demanding requirements of hygienic
resist the horizontal pressure of the granular sanitation.
Angle of internal Angle of Repose Unit Weight

Materials
Friction*(Degrees) (Degrees) (KN/m³)
Wheat 26 25 8.8
Maize 26 25 8.1
Barley 31 25 7.4
Oats 33 25 5.9
Rye 29 24 7.6
Corn 35 32 7.6
Peas 34 30 7.5
Beans 33 27 8.4
Flour - 40 4.4
Sugar - 35 10.0
Coal 35 35 9.1
Ashes 35 45 7.1
Cement 10 15 14.1
Lime - 35 10.0

270
Section 17.4 : Bulk Storage Buildings 2 of 2
Coal Storage Warehouse of Mong Duong II Power Plant (AES-USA)
Fertilizer Storage (PT Pupuk Kaltim – Indonesia)

271
Section 17.5 : Aircraft Hangars 1 of 3
Pre-engineered steel buildings are often Hangar Doors

used to shelter and/or maintain commercial,
civilian and military aircraft. A hangar door typically consists of several
electrically controlled steel framed door leaves
Hangar Building Structures which telescope into covered pockets on one
side or both sides of the building. The weight
Aircraft hangar buildings are characterized of a hangar door is supported on wheels
by large clear span widths (ranging from 48 traveling on a steel rail that is recessed below
m) and very high eave heights (ranging the finished floor level.
between 24 m and 36 m).
The design of a hangar door is a complex
exercise and is considered as a major input in
the design of a hangar building. Furthermore,
since the supporting system of the hanger
door is an integral part of the main structure of
the building, the system must be considered
in the structural analysis and design of the
complete building. PEB Steel recommends
that hangar doors be ordered directly from a
specialized hangar door manufacturer who
Pre-engineered buildings can be efficiently will be responsible for coordinating the design
utilized for building widths up to 84 m. For and interface of the door with the PEB Steel
wider spans, structural steel truss systems Engineering Department.
become more practical. PEB Steel’s expertise
Wind load and gravity load deflections are
in hangar buildings extends beyond the use of
major factors in the design of a building with a
only pre-engineered buildings. PEB Steel has
hangar door. Deflection values of the
designed, manufactured and supplied spans
supporting frames of the door are extremely
up to 96 m for aircraft hangar buildings using
important and must be defined to the door
structural trusses.
manufacturer as they represent an important
The following pages are intended to design input for the hangar door. Vertical end
illustrate typical details incorporated in hangar frame deflection is normally limited to a
buildings using the pre-engineered building maximum of 100 mm.
approach. Actual building details may differ
The insulation of the hanger door, the
depending on the specific requirements of the
exterior wall panel and the interior wall liner
project and the actual live load, wind load,
panel are normally supplied by PEB Steel in
collateral loads, deflection criteria, etc. that
order to match the color and profile of the
are specified. The dimensions of aircraft
exterior wall panel of the building.
shown are intended as a guide only; owners
should contact aircraft manufacturers to verify
these dimensions for their specific
requirements.

272
Some type of Aircrafts in the world:
Type of aircraft Wing span (W) Overall Length (L) Overall height (H)
Airbus A310 43.89 46.66 15.8
Airbus A319CJ 33.91 33.8 11.8
Airbus A330-300 60.3 63.69 16.83
Airbus A340-200/300 60.3 59.39 16.74
Airbus A340-500/600 63.7 67.8 17.8
Airbus A380 79.8 72.75 24.08
Antonov An-124 Ruslan 73.3 69.1 20.78
Antonov An-22 Antei 64.49 57.92 12.53
Antonov An-225 Mriya 88.4 84 18.1
Boeing 737-700/800 BBJ2 35.79 39.47 12.55
Boeing 747-400 64.44 70.67 19.41
Boeing 767-400 51.92 61.37 16.87
Boeing 777-200 60.93 63.73 18.51
Boeing 777-300 60.93 73.86 18.51
Boeing 787-9 60.12 62.81 17.02
Boeing 787-10 60.12 68.3 17.02
Lockheed L-100 Hercules 40.41 34.37 11.66
Lockheed L-1011 Tristar 500 50.09 50.05 16.87
McDonnell Douglas DC-10 50.4 55.5 17.7
McDonnell Douglas MC-11 51.66 61.22 17.6
Sort Belfast 48.41 41.58 14.33

273
Lufthansa Hangar (Philippine)
Aircraft Hangar (Pakistan)

274
Section 17.6 : Retail Buildings 1 of 1
Retail buildings are of five basic types; Many retailers, particularly supermarkets,
down-town shopping centres, single storey are owner occupiers and therefore, unlike
supermarkets, warehouse-type distribution some other commercial sectors, they have a
centres, mixed use retail and greater interest in whole life cost and added
commercial/residential buildings in which the value through sustainable design.
retail units generally occupy the ground floor Consequently, the retail sector is leading in
and superstores. The retail sector is very the procurement of sustainable, low carbon
competitive and therefore the attributes of buildings.
steel construction to deliver flexible,
lightweight solutions fast and cost effectively
makes steel the material of choice for the
sector.
Aeon Mall (Vietnam and Cambodia)
Large retailers also procure large

distribution centres and many supermarket
chains are diversifying and consequently
procuring mixed-use buildings that for
planning reasons often include a number of
upper floors of residential use.
Manila Bay Resorts (Philippine)
Customer experience is paramount in

retail buildings. Using steel construction, retail
floor plans are maximised giving retailers the
maximum scope to configure store layouts to
maximise sales to their targeted customers.
The Pre-Engineered Building is good at

easy installation, stable structure, earthquake
proofing, waterproofing, energy conserving
and environmental protection and more.
Four-Storey Sopping Center

275

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TABLE OF CONTENT

Table of contents iii 9.8. Ladders 141

Technical Manual, August 2016

For PEB Steel to be recognized as the

To bring the PEB technology to where it is

To (jointly) build high capacity, efficient &

To design and fabricate safe and

To offer customers versatility in design &

To offer customer services second to none

Be a Leader and not a follower.

Share Knowledge and Success with others.

Forge local alliances wherever you go.

Apply only the Latest design and buildings

Continually improve our products.

Customer service makes all the difference;

The longest journey begins with the

Technical Manual, August 2016 iv

PEB Steel Buildings Co., Ltd boasts an

Technical Manual, August 2016

No Limit to Architectural Imagination

Many impressive architectural projects

Technical Manual, August 2016

Aesthetic features include fascias,

The use of pre-engineered buildings was

Optional structural subsystems are widely

Technical Manual, August 2016

The advantages of pre-engineered steel

A published standard Quality Plan, with

The cost of initial engineering of the

Technical Manual, August 2016

Aesthetic features such as fascias,

Modular construction. (Both the length and

Large unobstructed space utility.

Clear spans up to 128 m.

Fast erection of the steel building(s)

Standard and special trims and flashing

Technical Manual, August 2016

Readily available interface details Watertight roofs: PEB Steel recommends

Roof panels require only periodic

Technical Manual, August 2016

Technical Manual, August 2016

Technical Manual, August 2016

With over 5,500 buildings already

2017 PEB Steel Myanmar factory

1999 PEB INDOCHINA opened its

2004 The first modern factory in

Technical Manual, August 2016

Technical Manual, August 2016

Fast Quotations Turn around

Every attempt is made to respond to

We reserve the right to change and Proposal drawings consist of a column

Technical Manual, August 2016

A Site Specialist, available at each Area

Technical Manual, August 2016

Should any accessory or part of a PEB Steel

PEB Steel is committed to producing

The following PEB Steel literature is currently

Pre-Engineered Steel Buildings

Panel Chart (colors & profile)

Standard Terms and Conditions of Sale

Owners Maintenance Manual

PEB Steel Corporate Video & CD-ROM

Pre-Engineered Buildings Technical Video