Power System Analysis

EE432

Chapter: 2
Basic Concepts

IGEE, Dept. of Power & Control

Spring Semester, 2013
Dr. Kheldoun A.
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 Ch2: Basic concepts
Review:

Active, reactive, apparent power and PF relationships

Power conservation

Power factor correction using power triangle

Power flow direction

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 Ch2: Basic concepts
1. Three phase-circuits :
Generation, transmission and distribution of electric energy is accomplished by
means of three-phase circuits.
At the output of the generator, the three voltages are given by the following:

Ean = Ep.sin(w.t) Ean = Ep.sin(w.t)

Ebn = Ep.sin(w.t-120°) Ecn = Ep.sin(w.t-120°)
Ecn = Ep.sin(w.t+120°) Ebn = Ep.sin(w.t+120°)

Ecn Ebn

Ean Ean

Ebn Ecn
ABC sequence ACB sequence 3
 Ch2: Basic concepts
1. Balanced three-phase circuits :
A balanced 3 phase ( ) system has
– three voltage sources with equal magnitude, but with an angle
shift of 120
– equal loads on each phase
– equal impedance on the lines connecting the generators to the
loads

0.02/3 s
Bulk power systems are almost exclusively 3
Single phase is used primarily only in low voltage, low power 4
settings, such as residential and some commercial loads
 Ch2: Basic concepts
3. Advantages of 3 Power

Can transmit more power for same amount of wire (three times as

much as single phase)

Torque produced by 3 machines is constant

Three phase machines use less material for same power rating

Three phase machines start more easily than single phase

machines

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 Ch2: Basic concepts
3. Advantages of 3 Power

Magnetic field generated by three phase coil system

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 Ch2: Basic concepts

i1 i1

v1

0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02

T= 0s 0.002s 0.004s 0.006s 0.008s 0.01s 0.012s

Magnetic field generated by a single-phase coil system 7

 Ch2: Basic concepts

i1 i1 i2

v1
i2

0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02
v2

T= 0s 0.002s 0.004s 0.006s 0.008s 0.01s 0.012s

Magnetic field generated by a two-phase coil system 8

 Ch2: Basic concepts
3. Advantages of 3 Power

va = sin(2*pi.50.t)
ia = sin(2*pi.50.t-60°) 1

s 1 = va.ia 0.8 s3
va = sin(2*pi.50.t)
0.6

vb = sin(2*pi.50.t-120°)
0.4
vc = sin(2*pi.50.t+120°)
0.2

s 3 = va.ia+ vb.ib+ vc.ic 0

va = sin(2*pi.50.t) -0.2 s1
vb = sin(2*pi.50.t-90°) -0.4
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02

s 2 = va.ia+ vb.ib 9
 Ch2: Basic concepts
3. Connection of three-phase circuits

There are two ways to connect 3 systems : Wye (Y) and Delta ( )

c c
VL-L Eca VL-L
Ean

Ebc
a
Ia1 a Ia1
VL-L Eab VL-L
b b
VL-L = EP* 3 VL-L = Ean
IL = I P IL = IP* 3
S = 3*VP*IP= 3*VL*IL S = 3*VP*IP= 3*VL*IL
P= 3*VL*IL*cos( ) P= 3*VL*IL*cos( )
Q= 3*VL*IL*sin( ) Q= 3*VL*IL*sin( ) 10
 Ch2: Basic concepts
3. Connection of three-phase circuits:

-Ebn Eab
c Ecn
VL-L 30°
Ean
a
Ia1 Ean
VL-L
Ebn
b

Eab = Ean – Ebn =EP 0°- EP -120°

=Ep(3/2 + j* 3/2)= 3Ep( 3/2 + j*1/2)
= 3Ep 30°
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 Ch2: Basic concepts
3. Connection of three-phase circuits:
Ic
b Ib

Iab Ica
ZP
a Ia ZP Ibc
ZP Iab
30°
Ic Ica
c
Ib
Ibc -Ica Ia

Ia = Iab – Ica =IP 0°- IP +120°

=Ip(3/2 - j* 3/2)= 3Ip( 3/2 - j*1/2)
= 3Ip -30°
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 Ch2: Basic concepts
3. -Y transformations
T o sim p lify a n a lys is o f b a lan c e d 3 s ys te m s:
1) -c o n n e c te d lo a d s c a n b e re p la c e d b y
1
Y -c o n n e cte d lo a d s w ith Z Y Z
3
2) -c o n n e c te d s o u rc e s c a n b e re p la c e d b y
V L in e
Y -c o n n e c te d s o u rc e s w ith V p h a s e
a
3 30
a
Ia
Ia

ZY
Z Z
ZY
Z Ib
Ib Ic
Ic b 13
b c
c
 Ch2: Basic concepts
a
3. -Y transformations
Ia
Ia I ab I ca I ab I ac
V ab V ac V ab V ac
Iab
Ica Z Z Z
Z Z
3 .V an 30 3 .V an 30 3 .V an
Z Z Z
Ib
Ic V an
c b
Ibc Z
a 3
Ia
Z
ZY
ZY 3

ZY V an
Ia
Ib ZY
Ic
c b 14
 Ch2: Basic concepts
4. Per-phase analysis:

For analyzing network problems, it is convenient to (1) convert Delta-connected

Circuits (loads or sources) to their equivalent Y-connected ones.
(2) Then analyze the circuit by considering only one phase (phase “a” for
instance). As the three-phase circuit is balanced, the other two phases carry
identical currents except for the phase shift.

ZL Ib
c
Z
Ean a ZL Ia Z
Z

ZL Ic
b

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 Ch2: Basic concepts
4. Per-phase analysis:

ZL Ib
c
c
Z
Ean a ZL Ia Z
Z

ZL Ic
b
b
ZL

b
c
c
Ib
Ean a ZL Ia Z
a ZY
3
ZL ZY
b Ic
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b

c
 Ch2: Basic concepts
4. Per-phase analysis:
ZL

b
c
c
Ib
Ean a ZL Ia Z
a ZY
3
ZL ZY
b Ic
b

c
ZL
Ia a
+

Ea 0 Ea 0
Ean Ia
Z L ZY Z
ZL
3

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 Ch2: Basic concepts
4. Per-phase analysis:

2 2
P I R P V /R
2 2
Q I X Q V /X

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 Ch2: Basic concepts
4. Per-phase analysis:

Example1:
A three-phase line has an impedance 2+j5 as shown by the next slide. The line
feeds three-phase loads that are connected in parallel. The first load is Y-
connected and has an impedance of 30+j40 per phase. The second load is
-connected and has an impedance of 60-j45 per phase. The line is
energized at the sending end from a three-phase balanced supply line voltage
207.85-V. Taking the phase voltage Va as reference, determine:
a) the current, real power and the reactive power drawn from the supply.
b) The line voltage at the combined loads (point of coupling of loads).
c) The current per phase in each load.
d) The total real and reactive powers in each load and the line.

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 Ch2: Basic concepts
Example 1 (continued) :

2+j4 Ia a’
a

VL=207.85V
ZL Ib
b 60-j45
b’
ZL Ic
c
c’

30+j40

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 Ch2: Basic concepts
Example 1 (continued) :

2+j4 Ia a’
a

Va=207.85/ 3V
30+j40 60/3-j45/3
=20-j15

2+j4 Ia
a

(20 j15)(30 j40)

Va=207.85/ 3V Z12
20 j15 30 j40
22- 4j

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 Ch2: Basic concepts
Example 1 (continued) :

2+j4 Ia a’
a

Va=207.85/ 3 0°-V (20 j15)(30 j40)

Z12
20 j15 30 j40
22- 4j

Ia a
a

120
Va=120 0°-V Zeq 24 Ia 5A
24

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 Ch2: Basic concepts
Example 1 (continued) :

1) Ia , Ps, Qs 120
Ia 5A
24
Zeq 24
S 3Va I a * 3 * 120 0 * 5 0 1800 j 0VA
P 1800W , Q 0

2) Va’ Ia
2+j4 a’
a
Va’ =Va-(2+4j)*Ia
Va Va’
= 120 0°- (2+4j)*5 0°
= 110-20j = 111.8 -10.30°

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 Ch2: Basic concepts
Example 1 (continued) :
2+j4 Ia a’
a
3) Ia , Ps, Qs
Ia1 Ia2
Va’ = 111.8 -10.30° 30+j40 20-j15
VL=207.85V

Ia1= 111.8 -10.30°/(30+j40)

= 1-2j=2.2361 -63.43°A

Ia2= 111.8 -10.30°/(20-j15)

= 4+2j = 4.47 26.56°-A

Iab= 4.47/( 3) (26.56°+30°)=2.58 56.56°- A

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 Ch2: Basic concepts
Example 1 (continued) :
4) P, Q at each load

S1=3*Va’*Ia1*= 3*111.8 -10.30°* 2.23 63.43°

= 450 +600i VA, P1=450W, Q1=600var
S2=3*Va’*Ia2*= 3*111.8 -10.30°*4.47 -26.56°
=1200 -900i VA, P1=1200W, Q2 =-900var

SL= 3*(R+jX).|I|2 = 3*(2 + j*4)*52

= 150 + j*300 - VA
Checking the power conservation law:
Pi = PG 150 + 450 + 1200 = 1800 W
Qi = Qi 300 + 600 + (-900) =0 var
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 Ch2: Basic concepts

Homework
Stevension’s Textbook

Pages 33 & 34

Ex# 1,2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.

Ex# 12, 13, 14,15, 18 & 19

Due date

Sunday, March 12 2017 26