Power System Analysis

EE432

Chapter 4:
Series and shunt impedance of TLs

IGEE, Dept. of Power & Control

Spring Semester,
Dr. Kheldoun A.
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Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs

Review:

In chapter 3, we have seen the following concepts :

Steady state analysis of SG

Equivalent circuit of 1-phase transformer

Principle and EC of 3-phase transformers

Principle of TAP Changing transformers

Principle of Phase Shifter Transformers

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 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs

Part I: Series impedance

1. Introduction
Goals of this chapter are:
1) Calculate the series impedance of transmission lines
2) gain an intuitive feel for how the geometry of the transmission line
affects the model parameters

The function of transmission lines is to transfer electric energy from

generations sites at various locations to the distribution system
which eventually supplies loads.
The TL has four parameters which affect its ability to fulfill this function.
These parameters are: resistance, inductance, capacitance and
conductance.
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 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs

1. Introduction

The function of transmission lines is to transfer electric energy from

generations sites at various locations to the distribution system
which eventually supplies loads.
The TL has four parameters which affect its ability to fulfill this
function.
These parameters are: resistance, inductance, capacitance and
conductance. The resistance and the inductance constitute the
series impedance .
The capacitance and conductance constitute the TL’s shunt
elements. The shunt conductance is due to the leakage current
flowing through line insulators. Since the current leakage is negligible
compared to the line current, this conductance of overhead line is
assumed to be zero. 4
 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs

2. Types of conductors used in TLs

The most common methods for transfer of electric power are

1) Overhead ac
2) Underground ac
3) Overhead dc
4) Underground dc

This chapter covers only Overhead ac Transmission lines

1) Underground ac: used only for short distances due to their huge
capacitance
2) Overhead dc (HVDC) becomes economically better then ac TLs when
TL’s length becomes greater than 500 Miles.

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 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs

2. Types of conductors used in TLs

The most commonly used conductor material for high voltage TLs are:
1) ACSR: Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced
2) AAC: All Aluminum Conductor
3) AAAC: All aluminum Alloy Conductor
4) ACAR: Aluminum Conductor Alloy Reinforced

6
Transmission lines Transmission Line cable
 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs

Series impedance of TL, Z = R + j.XL, XL = wL

3. Resistance of TL
The dc resistance of a conductor is given by the following expression:
.l
R dc ,
A
Rdc : dc conductor resistance,
l: conductor length (m)
A: conductor cross-section area (m2)
: conductor resistivity, .m

In transmission line, the conductor’s ac (effective) resistance is

greater than its dc value for the following reasons:

a) Temperature effect, 2) Skin effect, and 3) Spiraling effect 7

 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs

3. Resistance of TL
a)Temperature effect, b) Skin effect, and c) Spiraling effect

a) The conductor resistance increases as temperature arises

228 T2
R2 (T2 ) R1 (T1 ). ,
228 T1

a) Temperature effect, b) Skin effect, and c) Spiraling effect

b) When ac current flows in a conductor, the current distribution is not

uniform over the cross sectional area and the current density is greater
at the surface of the conductor. This causes the ac resistance to be
somewhat higher than the dc resistance. This behavior is known as the
skin effect.
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 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs
3A
Skin effect
2
9A 3A Ploss = 3*2*32=54W
2
3A R=Ploss/I2=54/81=0.667
2
4A
2
9A 1A Ploss = 2*2*42 + 1*2*12 = 66W
2
4A R=Ploss/I2=66/81=0.815
2

Current inside conductor tends to travel on the outside of the conductor due to the

skin effect. The penetration of the current into the conductor is approximated using

the skin depth

1 where f is the frequency and is the conductivity
.f.
in mho/m
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 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs

Skin effect
1
h
.f.

h 1.19cm f =50Hz, = 1/ (Al) = 3.5336.107 mhos/m, = 4. .10-7 H/m

h 1.09cm f =60Hz, = 1/ (Al) = 3.5336.107 mhos/m, = 4. .10-7 H/m

h 0.8644 cm f =60Hz, = 1/ (cu) = 5.6497.107mhos/m, = 4. .10-7 H/m

h 0.9469cm f =50Hz, = 1/ (cu) = 5.6497.107mhos/m, = 4. .10-7 H/m

In general, the increase in the ac resistance due to Skin effect 10

is about 2% (approximation).
 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs

3. Resistance of TL
a) Temperature effect, b) Skin effect, and c) Spiraling effect

c) Spiraling effect

The total dc resistance of the

cable is the equivalent resistance
of the strands. The spiraling
makes some strands longer than
others and therefore the
resistances are different. This
increase is about 2% (see
textbook).
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 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs
3. Resistance of TL: Tabulated resistance values

Conclusion: Because of these effects, actual resistance of ACSR needs to

be determined from tables.
ACSR Table Data

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 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs

Series impedance of TL, Z = R + j.XL, XL = w.L

Inductance of TL ?

When a conductor is carrying current, a magnetic field results around this

conductor. The magnetic field lines are concentric closed circles with
direction given by the right hand rule. When the current changes, the flux
changes and a voltage is induced in the circuit

Hx

Hx
x r

I 13
 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs

Series impedance of TL, Z = R + j.XL, XL = wL

Inductance of TL ?

When the current changes, the flux changes and a voltage is induced in
the circuit
d d di
e N L. Faraday’s law
dt dt dt

If the flux linkage of the circuit varies linearly with current, which means
the circuit has a constant permeability:

L .i L …………………………..(*)
i
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 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs
4. Inductance of single conductor
The inductance of the conductor can be defined as the sum of the
contributions from internal and external flux linkages:
1. flux linkages within the wire results in internal inductance, Lint
2. flux linkages outside of the wire results in external inductance, Lext

The magnetic field Hx, around a circle of radius r, is constant and tangent
to the circle. The Ampere’s Law relating Hx to Ix is given by:

H .ds I enclosed Ix
2 .x Hx
Hx’
H x .dl I x H x .2 . x
x’
0 Hx
x
I dx
I x
H x r 1m
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2 .x
 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs
a) Inductance due Internal flux, Lint
We’ll assume that the current density within the wire is uniform and that the wire
has a radius of r. We'll think of the wire as a single loop closed at infinity.

Ix I x2 1 x2 I
Ix I Substituting in Hx: Hx .I . .x
.x 2 .r 2 r2 2 .x r 2 2 .r 2

For non magnetic conductor with constant permeability 0,

The flux density Bx is given by 0.Hx, or :

0I
Bx 2
.x ………………...(**)
2 .r
Hx
And the differential flux d x for a
thickness dx is given by: x Hx
I dx
d x Bx .ds Bx .1.dx 16
r 1m
 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs
a) Inductance due Internal flux, Lint

0I And the differential flux d x for a

Bx .x d Bx .ds Bx .1.dx
2 .r 2 thickness dx is given by: x

The flux d x links only a fraction of the conductor from the center to
radius x and as the flux linkage = N. or d = N. d :

.x 2 x2 0I 0I 3
d x d x .x.dx . x .dx
.r 2 r 2 2 .r 2
2 .r 4

The total flux linkage is found by integration from 0 to r, i.e.

r r
4
0I 3 0I x 0I
4
.x .dx 4
. Wb / m
0
2 .r 2 .r 4 8
0
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 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs
a) Inductance due Internal flux, Lint
The total internal flux linkage is found by integration from 0 to r, i.e.

r r
4
0I 3 0I x 0I
int 4
.x .dx 4
. Wb / m
0
2 .r 2 .r 4 8
0

Using equation (*), the internal inductance Lint due to internal flux is :

1
Lint int / I
0
H /m .10 7 H / m
8 2

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 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs
a) Inductance due to External flux, Lext
Consider Hx external to the conductor at radius x>r. Since the circle
encloses the entire current, Ix=I, therefore Hx will be as follows:

Ix I 0I
Hx And the flux density Bx Bx
2 .x 2 .x 2 .x
Hx

r
I
x
D2 dx
D1
1m
p2 p1
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 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs
a) Inductance due to External flux, Lext

0I
Bx
2 .x

The flux d x links all the conductor, thus the flux linkage d is numerically equal
to the flux d , i.e.

0I
d x d x B x .ds B x .1.dx .dx
2 .x

The total external flux linkage between points p1 and p2 is found by

integration from D1 to D2, i.e.
D2
0I 0I 0I 0I D2
ext .dx . ln(x) D
D
2
(ln(D2 ) ln(D1 )) ln( ),Wb / m
D1
2 .x 2 1
2 2 D1
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 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs
a) Inductance due to External flux, Lext
The total external flux linkage between points p1 and p2 is found by
integration from D1 to D2, i.e.
D2
0I 0I 0I 0I D2
ext .dx . ln(x) D
D
2
(ln(D2 ) ln(D1 )) ln( ),Wb / m
D1
2 .x 2 1
2 2 D1
D2
ext 2.10 7.I . ln( ),Wb / m
D1

Using equation (*), the inductance Lext due only to the external flux
linkage between p1 and p2 is :
D2
Lext ext /I 2.10 7. ln( ), H / m
D1

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 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs
5. Inductance of single-phase lines
Single-phase line has two conductors separated with a distance D.
Conductor 1 carries the phase current I1 and conductor 2 carries return
current I2 = I1. a Using equation (*), the inductance Lext due only to the
external flux linkage between p1 and p2 is :
D
Key point: the flux linkage beyond
D links a net current equals zero,
so it doesn’t contribute to the net
r1 r2
magnetic flux linkage in the circuit.

Thus to obtain the inductance of conductor 1 due to the net external flux
linkage, it is necessary to integrate from D1 = r1 to D2 = D.

7 D2 7 D
Lext 2.10 ln( ) 2.10 ln( ), H / m
D1 r1
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 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs
5. Inductance of single-phase lines
Thus to obtain the inductance of conductor 1 due to the net external flux
linkage, it is necessary to integrate from D1 = r1 to D2 = D.

Lext 2.10 7
ln(
D2
) 2.10 7
ln(
D
), H / m D
D1 r1

The total inductance of conductor 1 is : r2

r1
1 7 D
L1 Lint Lext .10 2.10 7. ln( ), H / m
2 r1
1 D 1 1 D
2.10 7. ln( ) 2.10 7. ln( ) ln( )
4 r1 4 r1 1
1 D
2.10 7. ln( 14
) ln( )
r1e 1
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 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs
5. Inductance of single-phase lines

7 1 D Let r1’ = r1.e-1/4=r1.0,7788 , the inductance of

L1 2.10 . ln( 14
) ln( )
r1e 1 conductor 1 becomes :

1 D
L1 2.10 7. ln( ) ln( ) H / m Similarly, the inductance of conductor 2 is :
r1 ' 1

7 1 D If the two conductors are identical, r1=r2=r,

L2 2.10 . ln( ) ln( ) H / m then the inductance per conductor per meter
r2 ' 1
length will be given by:

7 1 D 7 D
L1 L2 L 2.10 . ln( ) ln( ) 2.10 . ln( ) H / m
r' 1 r'
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 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs
5. Inductance of single-phase lines

1 D D
L1 L2 L 2.10 7. ln( ) 2.10 7. ln( ) 2.10 7. ln( ) H / m
r' 1 r'
1 D D
L 2.10 7. ln( ) 2.10 7. ln( ) 2.10 7. ln( ) H / m
r' 1 r'

r ’=r.e-1/4 is called the geometric mean radius (abbreviated GMR)

This term is the inductance of 1m spacing single-phase line
This term is known as the inductance spacing factor
Both terms are available in manufacturers tables in English units

1 D
XL w.L 2.10 7.w. ln( ) 2.10 7.w. ln( ), / m
r' 1
Xa Xd 25
 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs
6. Flux linkage in terms of self-and mutual inductances
L12
The magnetic polarity is indicated by dot I1
symbols. The flux linkage 1 and 2 are given
by:
L11.I1 L12 .I 2 I2 L21
1
Since I1= - I2,, we have:
2 L21.I1 L22 .I 2

1 ( L11 L12 ).I1 1

L11 2.10 7. ln( )H /m
2 ( L21 L22 ).I 2 r1 '
1
L22 2.10 7. ln( )H /m
1 1 r2 '
L1 2.10 7. ln( ) ln( ) H / m
r1 ' D 1
L12 L21 2.10 7. ln( ) H / m
D
1 1
L2 2.10 7. ln( ) ln( ) H / m 26
r2 ' D
 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs
6. Flux linkage in terms of self-and mutual inductances
1
L1 2.10 7 . ln( )H /m Self-inductance of Cond.1
r1 '
1
L2 2.10 7. ln( )H /m Self-inductance of Cond.2
r2 '
1
L12 L21 2.10 7. ln( )H /m Mutual inductance
D

The concept of self- and mutual inductance can be extended to a group of n

conductors. Consider n conductors carrying phasor currents I1, I2, …….In .
The flux linkage of conductor 1 is 1 1 L11.I1 L12.I 2 ................. L1n .I n
Generalizing, the later equation, the flux linkage of conductor i is i

n
i L ii . I i L ij .I j i j
j 1 27
 Ch4:Series and shunt impedance of TLs
6. Flux linkage in terms of self-and mutual inductances

Generalizing, the later equation, the flux linkage of conductor i is i

n
i L ii .I i L ij . I j i j
j 1

1 1
Lii 2.10 7. ln( )H /m Lij 2.10 7. ln( )H /m
ri ' Dij

n
7 1 7 1
i 2 . 10 . I i . ln( ) 2 . 10 . I j . ln( ) i j
ri ' j 1 D ij
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