Chemistry *their mass and charge are

identifiable by the addition of

THE COMPOSITION the mass and charge of the
OF MATTER quarks they are made of
States of matter Atoms: Systems composed of
Kjahsjhajs different fundamental
particles
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Atomic number
Elementary particles
The atomic number (Z) of an
Elementary particle or atom is the number of protons
fundamental particle is a present in its atomic nucleus.
subatomic particle with no
substructure/not composed of Each specific element has
other particles. atoms with the same atomic
number, different from the
Examples of elementary other elements.
particles (internal
structure): In the atomic representation
of the periodic table, the
- Quarks (which make up atomic number is indicated on
protons and neutrons the bottom left.
and matter overall): Up
and down quarks (each Mass number
with their own mass, The mass number (A = Z +
charge, and spin) N) of an atom is the number
- Electrons (e-) of protons plus the number of
- Photons (quantum of neutrons present in the atomic
light/electromagnetic nucleus.
radiation)
Atoms of the same element
- Neutrinos
don’t necessarily have the
Protons (p+): 2 up quarks exact same mass number,
and 1 down quark though they are pretty similar.
Neutrons (n): 1 up quark and
2 down quarks
In the atomic representation
the mass number is indicated
on the top left.
Calculating the average
atomic mass: Using weighted
average, calculate the mass
based off of the
frequency/percentage of each
isotope.
Isotopes
Isotopes are atoms with the
same atomic number (same
number of protons and,
therefore, of the same
element) but with a different
mass number (different
number of neutrons).
Examples:
Electronic structure of atoms
of different elements
The electrons around the
nucleus can be divided into
electron shells (energy
levels): K, L, M, N, O, P, Q
and R (it gets more energetic)
Shells can hold a maximum
number of electrons:
*however, atoms are stable
with 8e- in their valence shell
(outermost shell)
*pulling out atoms to outer
layers requires energy and
bringing them back to inner
layers releases energy
Each electron shell can be
divided in subshells (energy
sublevels) (which are also a
group or orbitals): s, p, d, and
f
*s is made out of 1 orbital, p
3 orbitals and d 5 orbitals
*electrons in the same
subshell have the same energy
level
Subshells can hold a
maximum number of
electrons:

Subshell’s energy diagram:
Electronic distribution:
Example:
Ground-state atom: All
electrons are in the lowest
possible energy levels.
Electronic distribution for
ions:
Anions: Count the electrons
and distribute them as normal.
Cations: Distribute as if it was
not an ion then organize it in
distance order and remove
electrons from the farthest
subshell (regardless of the
energy level).
THE PERIODIC
TABLE OF
ELEMENTS
Groups and periods
Periods (lines): Number of
shells
- 1-7
Groups (columns): Number
of electrons in the outer shell
(for the A part)
- US: 1A, 2A, Bs, 3A-8A
- Europe: 1-18
Group names:
1: Alkali metals
2: Alkali earth metals
3-12: Transition metals
(which can be external – the
ones on the main part of the
table - or internal –
lanthanides and actinides)
13: Boron group
14: Carbon group
15: Pnictogens
16: Chalcogens
17: Halogens
18: Noble gases
Representative elements Metals:
(A): Electronic distribution
ends in s (left blue) and p - Malleable and ductile
(right blue). - Good conductor of heat
and electricity
Typical elements: First two - Lustrous and can be
periods of the representative polished
elements (excluding - Solids at room
hydrogen). temperature (except for
Transition metals (B): mercury, which is
Electronic distribution ends in liquid)
d (external/top pink) and f - Strong and tough
(internal/bottom pink). - Form basic oxides,
displace hydrogen from
water, displace
hydrogen from dilute
acids, form ionic
chlorides with chlorine
and usually do not
combine with hydrogen
(only a few reactive
Metals and nonmetals: metals do, to form ionic
metal hydrides)
Nonmetals:
- Brittle (break easily)
and are not malleable or
ductile
 - Bad conductors of heat *a cation has smaller atomic
and electricity (except radius but higher ionization
for graphite, which is a potential (each electron is
good conductor of harder to pull out than the last
electricity) one)
- Non-lustrous (dull) and *a big jump in the ionization
cannot be polished potential value indicates a
(except for iodine) shell change
- May be solid, liquid or
gases at the room Electron affinity: Energy
temperature released by a gaseous atom as
- Not strong or tough it receives an electron (the
- Form acidic or neutral inner the layer such electron
oxides, do not react with goes to the higher the energy
water, do not react with released).
dilute acids, form *it is the ability to receive
covalent chlorides with electrons, basically the
chlorine and react with opposite of the ionization
hydrogen to form stable, potential
covalent hydrides
Metallic character (electro
Periodic properties of positivity): An element’s
elements ability to lose its valence
Atomic radius: The more electrons.
shells/subshells the bigger it *the element with the highest
is and the more protons in the metallic character is Fr.
nucleus the smaller it is.
Electronegativity: It is the
*cations have smaller atomic ability to attract electrons (not
radiuses and anions have receive) and it increases in the
bigger atomic radiuses same directions as the
Ionization potential: The electron affinity.
energy necessary to pull out *F O N Cl Br I S C P H
an electron from an atom/ion (electro negativity decreases)
in a gaseous state.
*the element with the highest
electronegativity is F

Relationship between
electronic structure, position
in the table and element
properties
Electronic distribution ends
in s: Left blue
Electronic distribution ends
in p: Right blue
Electronic distribution ends
in d: Top pink
Electronic distribution ends
in f: Bottom pink).

*memorize groups 1, 2, 7, 8,
17 and 18 + the first four
rows of the table + the first
row of transitional metals