Occurrence of Metals

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RICHA RAGHAV
Chemistry
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Scope

• Occurrence of Metals
• Common Terms Used in Extraction
• Common Ores
 Occurrence of Metals

• The earth’s crust is the major source of metals. Seawater

also contains some soluble salts such as sodium chloride,
magnesium chloride, etc.

• Most of the metals are found in combined state and only few
metals are found in native state.
 Occurrence of Metals
Metals

Native state Combined state

Ex: Cu, Ag, Au and Pt Ex:Oxides,Sulphides,
Carbonates of Metals

Platinum Iron
Metal Oxide
 Reactivity Series of Metals
K
Na
Highly Reactive Ca
Metal Mg
Reactivity
Al
of Metal
Zn
decreases
Moderate Fe
Reactive Metal Pb
Cu
Hg
Low Reactive Ag
Metal Au
Pt
 Occurrence of Metals
• The metals at the top of the activity series (K, Na, Ca, Mg
and Al) are so reactive that they are never found in nature as
free elements.
 Occurrence of Metals
• The metals in the middle of the activity series (Zn, Fe, Pb,
etc.) are moderately reactive. They are found in the earth’s
crust mainly as oxides, sulphides or carbonates.
 Occurrence of Metals
• The metals at the bottom of the activity series are least
reactive they found in free state as Platinum, Gold, Silver,
Copper etc.
 Occurrence of Metals
Metals Main Ores
K Carnallite (KCl.MgCl2.6H2O)
Na Rock salt (NaCl in sea water)
Ca Limestone, Marble(CaCO3), Calcium sulphate dihydrate
(CaSO4.2H2O), Gypsum (CaSO4)
Mg Carnallite (KCl.MgCl2.6H2O), Magnesite (MgCO3)
Al Bauxite (Al2O3.2H2O), Cryolite (Na3AlF6), Feldspar
(KAlSi3O8), Mica KAl Si2O10(OH)2
 Occurrence of Metals
Metals Main Ores
Zn Zinc blende (ZnS), Calamine (ZnCO3)
Fe Red Haematite (Fe2O3), Brown haematite (2Fe2O3.3H2O)
Pb Galena (PbS)
Cu Copper pyrites (CuFeS2)
Hg Cinnabar (HgS)
Ag Argentite (Ag2S), Horn silver (AgCl)
 Extraction of Metals
i. Metallurgy :
• The process used for extraction of metals in their pure form
from their ores is referred to as metallurgy.
• Metallurgy deals with the production and purification of
metals and manufacture of alloys.
 Extraction of Metals
ii. Minerals :
• The naturally occurring compounds of metals which are
generally mixed with other matter such as soil, sand, limestone
and rocks are known as minerals.
 Extraction of Metals
iii. Gangue (Matrix) :
• Earthly impurities including silica (SiO2), mud, etc., are
associated with the ore called gangue or matrix.
 Extraction of Metals
iv. Ores :
• Those minerals from which the metals are extracted
commercially at a comparatively low cost and with minimum
effort are called ores.
Ores
 Minerals and Ores
• All ores are minerals but all minerals are not ores.

• Example: Al is present in earth crust in two form of minerals.

1) Bauxite (Al2O3.2H2O)
2) Clay (Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O)

• Both are minerals of Aluminium but only Bauxite is ore of

aluminium.
 Minerals and Ores

Clay Bauxite
(Mineral of (Ore and mineral
Aluminium) of Aluminium)
 Some Common Ores of Al
Ore of Al Chemical name Formula

Bauxite Hydrated aluminium Al2O3.2H2O

oxide
Cryolite Sodium aluminium Na3AlF6
fluoride
Corundum Anhydrous aluminium Al2O3
oxide
 Some Common Ores of Fe
Ore of Fe Chemical name Formula
Red haematite Anhydrous ferric oxide Fe2O3
Brown haematite Hydrated ferric oxide 2Fe2O3.3H2O
Magnetite Triferric tetraoxide Fe3O4
Iron pyrites Iron disulphide FeS2
Siderite Ferrous carbonate FeCO3
Limonite Hydrated Ferinic oxide Fe2O2.3H2O
 Some Common Ores of Zn
Ores of Zn Chemical name Formula
Zinc blende Zinc sulphide ZnS
Zincite Zinc oxide ZnO
Calamine Zinc carbonate ZnCO3
 Extraction of Metals
v. Flux :
• A flux is a substance that is added to the charge in a furnace to
remove the gangue.
• Flux combines with the gangue (impurity) to form a fusible mass
called slag.
• Acidic flux removes the basic impurity
FeO + SiO2 → FeSiO3

• Basic flux removes acidic impurity.

 Extraction of Metals
vi. Slag :
• It is fusible product formed when flux reacts with impurities
(gangue) during the extraction of metals.
SiO2 + CaSiO3 → CaSiO3 + CO2
 Extraction of Metals
vii. Smelting :
• Smelting is the process of reducing the roasted oxide ore and
moving the gangue with the help of an appropriate flux added
with the ore. It reduces the oxide ore to metals in the molten
condition.
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