COMSATS University Islamabad

HUM111
Pakistan Studies
Terminal Examinations SP21
Hybrid Course

Time:3 Hours Total Marks:35

Student Name: Hamza yasin

Registration Number: fa17-epe-075 Campus: ABBOTTABAD_
Date:01-7-2021 Moderator Name: MUHAMMAD
SAEED

Instructions to Students

■ Write your Name, Registration Number, Campus, Date and Moderator’s Name.
■ Mobile phone, digital diaries or any other digital storage medium is not allowed.
■ Type your answers on the same document provided as question paper.
■ Submit the answer sheet via CU Online Console in the given time. No submissions are allowed via email.
■ Attempt all questions.

Declaration: It is here by informed to all examinee that use of unfair means as defined by rules and regulations is
considered as an academic offense ofhighestnaturethereis.Allexamineesfoundguiltyshallbedealtwithinaccordance to
the statutory rules pertaining to student conduct, discipline and examination. The University’s decision in all such
matters shall be the final binding on all parties.

For Faculty Use Only

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 Total
Question Q1 Q. 2 Q. 3 Q. 4 Q. 5 Q. 6
s

Short Question

Question 2 (5marks, CLO2-A3)

Briefly explain the solutions to the natural problems related to the agricultural sector of Pakistan.
ANS:

Various Plant Infections

Pests and insects harm a variety of agricultural crops, including cotton, sugarcane, tobacco, wheat,
and rice. Agriculture's annual production is reduced by pests and plant diseases.

Natural Disasters

In the agricultural sector, labour is in the hands of men, while the outcome is in the hands of
ALLAH. As a result, agriculture's growth is dominated by nature. There will be a decrease in
productivity if there is too much rain. In Pakistan, productivity has been reduced by 20% as a result
of excessive rain and bad weather conditions.

Seeds of the HYV virus are in short supply.

Due to a lack of High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds, our poor farmers are forced to use lower-
quality seeds. If seed is accessible, however, it cannot be acquired owing to a lack of funds. Seeds
of poor quality have a negative impact on agricultural production.
Under-Utilization of Land
In Pakistan, the agriculture sector is primarily associated with the poor. They are cultivating
utilizing traditional and orthodox methods. As a result of our farmer's unwillingness to embrace
innovative and modern agricultural methods, the area under cultivation remains underutilized, un-
utilized, or mis-utilized.

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Question 3(5 marks, CLO1-A1)
Write a short note on the issue of “lack of vision” regarding the political leadership of Pakistan

ANS:

Political parties serve an important role in democratic nations in voicing citizens' goals. They act as
a critical link between the state and society once they have gained people's support and electoral
trust.

The leaders of the two mainstream parties, Nawaz Sharif and Benazir Bhutto never fostered the
development of alternate leadership in their parties. In Pakistan, political parties do not raise
politicians from the ranks of workers to those of leaders, from low-ranking to high-ranking public
activists, and from weak to powerful decision-makers, controlling an ever-expanding jurisdictional
region. As a result, these parties are having difficulty motivating their disgruntled workers, who are
unwilling to make sacrifices for the leadership.

Question 4 (5 marks, CLO2-A3)

Briefly describe your project on “Current Social, Economic and Political Challenges related to
Industrial Sector of Pakistan”. State the particular challenge you chose and describe your findings
and your proposed solution.

ANS:

PROBLEM
DOWNFALL OF THE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR AS A RESULT OF TERRORISM (SINCE 2000):
Since September 2001, Pakistan has been fighting the war on terror as a cutting-edge state. Until
now, the conflict has wreaked havoc on Pakistan's economy by impeding its monetary development.
From 2009 to 2011, this research aims to investigate the social, political, and monetary effects of
the conflict on fear in Pakistan.

Terrorism has an impact on a country's monetary development by lowering unfamiliar direct

speculation, capital development, venture, and expanding risk discernment. Lower capital
development and low Gross Domestic Product per capita development are linked to more fear
mongering attacks on private residents, property, transportation, and airports. Aside from the
destruction of the country's foundation, the conflict has cost the country $67.93 billion in direct
financial losses. 4 Pakistan is facing fear-based oppressive attacks, including self-destruction
bombardment, which has undermined the legal situation and made foreign financial supporters wary

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of investing in Pakistan, posing a true threat to the country's industry. Pakistan is an agrarian
economy, with agriculture providing jobs for 45 percent of the population. Because of terrorism,
our farming business has also struggled to get traction. In 2010-11, large-scale ventures contributed
4.4 percent to Pakistan's GDP, while small-scale businesses contributed 7.5 percent.

SOLUTION

It is both shocking and calming to take note of that Pakistan doesn't yet have a lawful structure to
stop the event of psychological oppressor acts. Under the current law, the police lawfully will
undoubtedly sit tight for an act of fear to happen before it's anything but a First Data Report (FIR)
and take discernment of the matter. As such, the police should hang tight for the psychological
oppressor act to happen before it assumes responsibility for the matter.

Right now, insight offices wiretap the discussions of suspects, yet since this sort of knowledge
gathering comes up short on any legitimate inclusion. It is prohibited as proof in an official
courtroom. Consequently, there is a dire need to foster a lawful structure that licenses knowledge
organizations and law authorization offices to gather proof with legal endorsement or a warrant of
capture attempt so that such proof is allowable.

In such manner, both common law and custom-based law wards across the world have created
legitimate systems fortifying the forces of their exploring offices. Late points of reference
incorporate the Guideline of Investigatory Forces Act 2000("RIPA") in the Unified Realm and the
Unfamiliar Insight Reconnaissance Act of 1978 ("FISA") in the US.

The two enactments grant their examining and insight offices to use and profit with capture of
interchanges, property impedance, human reconnaissance, and other current strategies for the
assortment of proof. The benefit of such a system is that it permits the state to effectively forestall
an act of dread while at the same time taking part in interference activity under legal oversight.

In fact, investigators in the Assembled Realm and the US essentially depend on legitimately
captured messages or correspondences to fabricate their case instead of utilizing observers, which
are hardly depended upon. Interestingly, the indictment in Pakistan is vigorously dependent and
ward on witness declaration.

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 Long Question

Question 5 (10 marks, CLO1-A1)

Discuss in detail the political system of Pakistan. In your opinion which system is suitable for
Pakistan?

ANS:

Pakistan's Political System

A political system is the means by which a state is governed. We have already discussed the
constitutions of Pakistan in 1956, 1962, and 1973. In essence, these constitutions define Pakistan's
political system. We had a unicameral legislature or parliamentary system under the 1956
constitution. The term "unicameral" refers to the fact that there is only one house of parliament,
while the term "parliamentary system" refers to the fact that the country's executive (i.e. the Prime
Minister) is chosen from among the members of parliament. In a parliamentary system, all cabinet
members must also be members of parliament. President Ayub Khan signed the 1962 constitution,
which was essentially a unicameral presidential administration. The parliament consisted of only
one house. The government was presided over by a president. The people elected an electoral
college, and in exchange, the electoral college elected the president. Under a presidential system,
the president is the country's chief executive, whereas in a parliamentary system, the prime minister
is the country's chief executive. In a presidential system, the president is free to appoint cabinet
members who are not necessarily members of parliament. The constitution of 1973 was a bicameral,
parliamentary system. One senate and one national assembly make up a bicameral government. All
provinces were given equal representation in the Senate. While representation in the national
assembly (lower house) was based on population. This constitution was based on a parliamentary
system, which means that the country's executive and cabinet should be made up of members of
parliament. Pakistan has a multi-party system in its legislative system. We have different provinces,
and the presidential system is implemented in different provinces, but there is unicameral legislation
and no upper house, and he can be elected by the people as the leader of a political party and a
member of that house of provincial assembly, and then he becomes the chief minister and selects
members from the provincial assembly, and then he makes his decisions.

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Identifying and Defining Political Parties

A political party is an organized collection of people with at least broadly similar political goals and
ideas who strive to influence public policy by electing their candidates to public office.

People's elections are contested by these political parties. Voting for religion, voting for equality,
voting for justice are all examples of political parties with diverse goals and possibilities. These
goals and prospects must be in line with the goals of people who have not yet achieved their goals
or who are seeking to do so. These political parties then create a manifesto and a slogan before
asking people to vote for them. When these political parties are established, they proceed to public
positions to carry out their manifestos, which include any promises they make to the people. An
organization of people who share the same beliefs about how power should be utilized in a country
or society, according to another definition of political party (through government, policy-making,
etc.). Political parties frequently state that power should be exercised in a humble and non-editorial
manner. Political parties go to the ground and ask people how power should be exerted, and after
they learn about the people's opinions, they design their own goals for whatever the people are
requesting.

Pakistani political parties

There are over 90 political parties in the periphery. Fringe parties are essentially small events that
are limited to a certain district. There are about a dozen mainstream political parties in the country.
Such include the PMLN, the Baluchistan National Party, and the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf, to name
a few. These political parties, as well as fringe political groups, can join forces to enhance their vote
totals. These groups are mostly concerned with finding a safe haven and surviving. However, given
the country's numerous concerns, Pakistan is regarded as one of the most fertile states for political
parties. In Pakistan, there are numerous issues, and each political party claims to be able to handle
them. As a result, political parties play an important role in the country. Because of Pakistan's
authoritarian political culture and the imbalance between powerful state and weak political
institutions, political parties have remained underdeveloped. Although there is no authoritarian
political culture in the West, elites normally form political parties in Pakistan. As a result, in
Pakistan, authoritarian political culture is more prevalent. There is no authoritarian political culture
in western political parties. A politician that we elect or that the public elects is considered to be a
very humble person because he hasn't seen his predecessor's political approach, but when we look at
Pakistan's authoritarian culture, we realize that those parties are created by the country's elites. Take
these political parties (NAWABs) as an example. They had gotten into the habit of serving the
multitude. If we look at the Pakistani political parties, we can see that they are divided. It was
created by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, a landlord, and the problem in this scenario was that there were no
internal democrats in the party, because if you bring internal democracy in the party, it is a
procedure that people from the elite class will be voted out. The majority of political parties in
Pakistan, with the exception of right-wing religious political parties, are uninterested in any type of
mass political education. This is the biggest problem that political parties face since they do not
educate the general public. As a result, the uneducated masses would vote for the wrong candidate,
who would be ineligible for the office. The majority of political party supporters rely mostly on
their leaders' public statements or the ideas of their leaders conveyed through print and electronic
media. In the late 1960s, the tradition of study groups and position papers by leaders and workers
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was prevalent, but it faded with the passage of time.

Weak Political Parties' Historical Reasons

State institutions, such as the military and civil bureaucracy, were significantly more established
than political institutions, such as legislatures and political parties, within the colonial state
framework that Pakistan inherited.

The All-India Muslim League, which took power in August 1947, was unable to turn itself from a
movement to a legitimate national political organization. It was and continues to be an elitist
organization that lacks internal democracy.

Question 6 (10 marks, CLO3-A1)

Write a detail note on the last pact signed between the Congress and the Muslim league.

ANS:
With a shift in the Muslim League's political theory, the Lucknow agreement took on a new
dimension. The incorporation of Quaid-e-Azam in the Muslim League was a watershed moment in
the Muslim League's political battle. India's self-rule drew the Muslim League and the Congress
closer together. Both parties' leaders agreed that they should work together to persuade the British
to approve their proposals. They accepted that the goals can be attained if India's two largest
communities put aside their differences on little problems and work together on key national
challenges. The political situation had improved, paving the way for the long-awaited Hindu-
Muslim union.

Factors Influencing the Agreement

Because of the British government's aggressive and unilateral tactics, relations between the British
government and Muslims were strained. The annulment of the partition of Bengal in 1911 came as a
shock to India's Muslims, shattering their faith in the British and uniting Muslims with Hindus in
opposition to the British. Similarly, the incident at the Kanpur mosque, as well as British policy in
the international system, have caused Muslims great distress. Following the annulment of Bengal in
1911, the Muslim leaderships decided to shift the Muslim league's tactics. In December 1912, the
Muslim League shifted its focus from allegiance to the formation of self-government that was
appropriate for India. The league, on the other hand, retained the power to change self-rule to suit
its needs and desires.

The Pact and Jinnah

Jinnah grew to prominence as a devout supporter of Hindu-Muslim unification, persuading the

Muslim League of India to adopt their views for the betterment of India. In his early years,
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Muhammad Ali Jinnah was a member of both the Congress and the Muslim League, and he was
renowned as a man who was free of religious prejudice as well as a superb advocate and debater.
Both the Muslim League and the Congress Party had their annual meetings in Bombay in 1915,
largely due to his efforts. A committee was constituted at the conclusion of the meeting with the
goal of sorting out the common understanding between the two communities. In November of 1916,
the group devised a plan. Both parties agreed to the idea in December 1916 at their respective
sessions in Lucknow. “India's true progress can only be accomplished by a true understanding and
healthy relations between the two major communities,” Quaid-e-Azam stated in his presidential
speech in Lucknow. We can rely on no one but ourselves when it comes to our own affairs.”

Characteristics of the Pact

For the first and final time in the history of the subcontinent, the Congress party agreed to separate
electorates for Muslims. The Hindus agreed to give the Muslims a third of the seats in the imperial
legislative council. A weighting mechanism was proposed, according to which Muslims would have
less representation in the legislative council than their population in provinces where they were the
majority, but more in provinces where they were the minority. The provincial legislative council
will have four-fifths of its members elected and one-fifth of its members nominated. Members
would be directly elected by the public for a five-year tenure. The legislative councils in the major
provinces would have a strength of 125 members, while the legislative councils in the minor
provinces would have a strength of 50 to 75 members. Muslims will be elected through special
electorates, with the following percentages in each province: Punjab 50 percent, Bengal 40 percent,
Uttar Pradesh 30 percent, Bihar 25 percent, Central Punjab 15 percent, Madras 15 percent, and
Bombay 33 percent.

Without the permission of the concern group, no measure, nor any section thereof, nor a resolution
introduced by a non-official member affecting one or more communities shall be submitted in the
assembly. Provincial autonomy will be granted to the province, with the provincial council having
the most power. The provincial council will be able to levy taxes, raise debt, and vote on the budget.
All revenue-raising initiatives must be submitted to the provincial council for approval. In the
province, there will be an executive council led by the governor, with half of its members being
Indian nationals elected by the legislative council's elected members for a five-year term. Members
of the assemblies will be able to propose an adjournment motion. Under the system weightages,
seats were designated for Muslims in provinces where they were a minority. Hindus living in
Muslim-majority provinces would be protected. A 150-member imperial legislative council will be
located in the heart of the city. Direct election will be used to elect four fifths of the members for a
five-year term. Muslims will be allocated 1/3 of the elected seats and will be elected by separate
Muslim electorates. The Governor General, who will be assisted by an executive council, will lead
the central government. Indians will make up half of the executive council, which will be chosen by
the imperial legislative council's elected members.

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The Pact's Importance

The Lucknow pact was a significant triumph for Hindu and Muslim leaders, who were successful in
giving a mutually acceptable solution to the Hindu-Muslim dilemma for the first and only time. It
seems to have a special significance in Indian history. It was the Quaid-e-Azam, who had always
advocated for Hindu-Muslim harmony. The project offered for a significant step forward in the
formation of self-rule in India, which was the main focus of the jointly funded Lucknow agreement
scheme. For the first time, the Congress agreed to the demand for a separate electorate for Muslims.
The accord assured that Muslims' political rights were protected. Separate status for the Muslim
league was also granted. Both groups were able to present a joint demand to the British as a result
of the pact. Because to the support of the All India Muslim League, the Congress gained political
and popular strength.

It was essentially a give-and-take arrangement between the two sides. To get these concessions, the
Muslims had to pay a high price: they had to lose their majority in Bengal and Punjab. Similarly, it
would have far-reaching constitutional implications in the future for a variety of situations. The
Montague Chelmsford changes mostly followed the Lucknow pact's idea of Muslim participation in
the federal and provincial legislatures.

Conclusion

The agreement was remarkable, and when its goals were realized, the entire political landscape of
the Indian subcontinent changed. The parties, however, found it impossible to create a united India.
Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nations with distinct cultures and civilizations. As a result, the
Lucknow Pact failed to establish long-term collaboration between Muslims and Hindus in India.

Good Luck

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