Pressure Vessel Research Committee
WRC—50 Years of Progrsss Through Cooperative Research
Local Stresses in Vessels—Notes on the Application of
WRC-107 and WRC-297
LAC, Peng!
‘The welding Research Council (WRC) Bulletin No. 107 {1]
and Baitetin No. 297 [2} are two of the most important desiga,
‘guides ever published for the design of pressure Vessels. Wide-
ly used in the design of attachments and nozls comaections,
they have become indispensable tools fs recent years.
WRC-107 and WRC-297 are lavaluable due to their come
bined consideration of theory, experimental data, and
engineering judgment. In sores instances the theoretical values
have been adjusted several hundred percent upward to match
the avallable experimental results. They are reliable tools
‘without which the so-called “Design by Analysis” eppreach
would have been impractical, Unfortunately many designers
have misapplied the data presented, thus resulting in inconsls-
tent designs. This article describes the data availabie im these
‘wo bulletins acd explains the aatuse of inconsistency incusred
in some designs. A supplemental formula is then developed
for calculating the combined maximum stress intensity to be
used i designs.
WRC Bulletin No, 107, WRC-107 was frst published in
August 1965 [1]. It was bared on Professor Bijicard’s
Sheoretical work, with some adjustments, made based on
avtilabie experimental data, A few revisions have been made
ince is frst publication, The latest revision made in March
labeled some"of the curves. WRC-107 has been used
widely in the design of vessel nozzles and attachments. It was
ene of the major driving forces in promoting the “Design by
Analysis” philosophy. The bolletin covers bock spherical ang
cvindricat vessels,
In spherical vessels, the original theoretics! work was based
on courd rigid inserts and round nozzle connections, Square
jnsens of conneccions can be anelyzed using an equivalent
round attackment having a diameter equal to 8/7 of the ar
tachment width, On the other hand, the original theoretical
work for the cylindrival vessel was Based om square and ree-
‘angular-shaped uniform loads acting on unpecforated vessels.
Round autackments can be analyzed using an equivalent
square having the width of 7/8 of the attachment diameter.
Besause of the assumption of the unperforated shell, the ap-
“Peng Engineering, Houstun, Tex 7083,
CCootsbured bythe ressare Vessels nd Piping Dison for publication bs tke
Jovnsat or Puzssuns Visas Tacaococr, Masur secaived by the PVP
Divion, December 21, 1987.
108 / Vol. 140, FEBRUARY 1988
plicability of the cylindrical vesset portion of the bulletin is
United to rigid inserts, The Bulletin does not recommend any
specific method in analyzing an actual nozzle connection in
the cylindrical vessel i is left largely to the designers to make
heir own judgment.
‘WRC-107 presenis detalted tabular forms for calculating
auresses et four major axis locations. Stresses at both inside
and outside surfaces on these locations can be readily
cateulated following the step-by-step procedure ovtlined in the
form, The final results are the total skin stress intensities at
shese four locations in the sbell, No separate membrane siress
Intensity Is given, nor is the stress in the nozzle caicuiated.
WRC Bulletin No, 297. WRC-297 was published in
August 1984 (2). It is a supplement to WRC-107 end is
specifically applicable to oslindrical nozzles in cylindrical
vessels. This bullerin was based on Professor Stecle’s
theoretical work, 41 gives data for larger D/T ratios than in
WRC-107, and ‘also provides beiter readability for small
values of d/D by ploning the curvesusing h=@/VBT" asthe
abscissa. Most importantly, the new theory considers the
opening on the shel together with the restraining effect of the
nozzle wall. This is 2 betier model than the unperforated shell
used in WRC.107 for simulating the nozzle connections ia
ylindrical vessels.
Because most pressure vessel and piping codes have
ferent allowable stress criteria for differant siress categories,
‘WRC.297 emphasizes the separation of membrane stress end
skin bending sttess, Two examples are given oudining the
detailed procedures for calculating membrane aud total stress
intensities at points located in the longitudinal and the
‘ransverse planes. Both shell and noze stresses are
calculated,
Loestion of Muxiaum Stress
‘The fact that the examples given in both WRC-107 and
WRE-297 specifically outline the procedees for ealeuiating
stresses at the four major axis comers, has led designers 10
‘think thar the maximum stress inthe conection must be ome
of those stresses. This presumption iatroduees inconsistency
‘aad nonconservatisan ia the desien of nozzle and arachment
connections, The maximam stress fs got normally focated at
these comers. Although the calculation involves only she
secondary stress which itself involves various uncertaitties, &
Fig.t Versel attachments
Transactions of the ASMEa oo er
Fig. 2 Stogs on sphestcal shell
certain emount of deviation is always expected. For instance,
as much as a 10-percent difference may be made just from
the chart by different persons, He vever, just because
‘of is inherent unceriainty, effort is needed to meke it 2s con-
sistent 2s possible. Anything that can be done to improve its
certainty ‘should be done. In cases when deviation is
‘unavoidable, its preferred to deviate on the conservative side.
To demonstrate when an incousistency may occur, the at-
tachment on a spherical abell can be used 2s an example.
Figure 2(¢) shows @ bending moment, M, acting on a nozzle
conection at @ spherical vessel. By choosing & coordinate
system as shown in Fig, 2(0) the soresses at the four mrajor axis
Points ace SA=S, SB=S, SC=0, aud SD=0. However, if a
designer happens to have the coordinate system set up as
shown in Fig, 2(), the applied moment will be decomposed in-
fo My=M,=0.7G71M two components. The stresses at the
four major axis points, in this case, are SA=SB=
SC=SD=0.7071S. This stress is about 40 percent below the
expecied maximum stress. The same nazzle connection and
the same applied moment, yet the calculated stresses are
substantially different depending solely on how the coordicate
system is setup. From the foregoing demonstration, itis clear
that in Fig, 2(¢), the maximum stress is not located at the ma-
Jor axis zoints, but at the off-axis points P and N. In general,
Hf the moments acting sround both coordiaate axes are
nonzero, the maximum stress is not located at the major axcs.
‘This warning was properly stated in Paragraph 3.3.5,
WRC-107, which said, “However, in the general cast of ar-
bitrary loading, one has no assurance that the absolure imax
am sess intensity in che siell will be located at one of the
eight poims considered in the above discussion.” The eight
points mectioned are the inside and outside surfaces of the
four major axis points. Strangely, this message has been large-
4y ignored.
Maximum Stress Intensity
‘The calculation of the stresses at the four major axis points
is helpful in understanding the stress distzibuden, However,
for the design purposes itis essential to calculate the maximirm
stress intensity occurring throughout the entire connection. In
developing the calculation procedure, the following notations
are used:
P = radiat load
Mg = circumferential moment (or moment in [-1
disection)
‘AM, = longitudinat moment (or moment in 2-2
dicection)
Mg, = total bending moment
‘My = torsional moment
Vz = circumferential force {or shear force in 2-2
direction)
Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology
¥, = longitudinal force (or shear force in 14
direction}
V = total shear force
Sy(L) = 1 disection J category stress due to lead Zs
ier, 8, for tadial and circumferential, respective.
ly; /= Mb, for membrane and bending,
respectively
SS m shear stress
‘The applied ioading cun generally be divided inco four com-
pouent groups. They are radial force, bending moment, tor-
sional moment, and shear foree. Im the following discussion
the stress contributed by ezci componeat group is described
frst. They are then combined to become the maximum siress.
The discussion follows the WRC-297 stress oriencation of
radial and circumferential directions with respect to the n02-
ile, Because of the different stress orientation edopied in the
cylindrical shel! portion of the WRC-107, reorientation of the
WRC-107 data is requited for the cylindrical vesse’ The pro-
cedure shows the method for calculating the stress in the shell,
‘The same procedure can be used for calculating the siress in
the nozzle.
Stress due io P. ina spherical vessel, it is Obvious that the
stresses created by the radial loed are uniform around the ex
tire attachment circumference, In a cylindrical vessel, though
the stresses differ from location to location, it can also be
regarded as uniform taking the maximum around the attach-
reat cirsumference as te uniform value, This asussptioe in
troduces some conservatism but is not overly conservative,
‘WRC-297 has already adopred this approach in developing the
‘design curves. In reference to the aztachment orientation, the
stress created by the radial load caa be written symbolicaly 2s
Membrane sess: Sym (P), Soq(P)
Bending stress: 5,,(P), Sy(P)
‘They are constant around the entire attachment ci-
cumference.
a
Siress due to Mc and M,. Steesses created by Mf and M,
are not independent os assumed by some daiigners, In a
spherical vesel the M, and Mf, can be conveatently combined
as
MgaVHOTHD @
‘The combined stress can then be calculated based on M,
rather than on Mc and M, individually. However, to haves
sommion methad appiicable ro both spherical and cylindrical
vessels, @. more general approach is preferred. Professor
Bijlaard has shown that the stress, due to bending moment,
varies according to the casine function in a spherical shell. As
showa in Fig. 3(o), when the attachment is loaded
simultaneously with Mc and. Mf, each M, aad Af, commands
a cosine shape stress distribution. With this type of cosine
distribution, it can be shown that the niaximum combined
[a2 Somericat Yesse!
(03 Cyuaeient eoens
Fig. 3 Combined stress dus to bending moments
FEBRUARY 1988. Vol. 110/107