HAZARD: Is an unsafe act or condition which, if left uncontrolled may contribate to an accident Risk : Chance of personal or physical loss{ exposure tothe chance ofirury or oss) What a risk assessment? Risk assessment is the process where you: ce = identify hazards, + Analyze or evaluate the risk associated with that hazard, and * Determine appropriate ways to eliminate or control the hazard. a 3 Unsafe Act: Is a violation of an accepted safe procedure which could permit the occurrence of an accident, : Unsafe_Condition: A hazardous physical condition or circumstances which éould permit the occurrence of an accident ‘ Accident : Is an undesired unplanned occurrence which resulted to an injury or death or damage to property or environment. {ncident : Is any unplanned occurrence which resulted or could have resulted to physical injury or death to person or damage to property or environment. ¢ ‘ Near Miss: Potentially significant event that did not occur due to prevailing conditions, but could have resulted from a sequence of events that did occur. Hot Work Hot work is any process that can be a source of ianition when flammable material is present or can be a fire hazard regardless of the presence of flammable material in the workplace Excavation and Trench ‘An excavation as any man-made cut, cavity, trench, or depression in the earth’s surface formed by earth removal Atrench is defined as a narrow underground excavation that is deeper than itis wide, and no wider than 15 feet (4.5 meters). Potential hazards include Cave-ins pose the “greatest risk and falls, faling loads, hazardous atmospheres, and incidents involving mobile equipment. Soil type . Stable rock . Type A - cohesive, plastic soils with unconfined compressive strength greater than 1,5 : ton/sf‘Type B - cohesive soils with unconfined comressive strength between 0.5 and 1.5 ton/sf ‘Type C - granular or cohesive soils with unconfined compressive strength less than 0.5 ton/sf TABLE B-1 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE SLOPES [SOILORROCKTYPE [MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE SLOPES (H:V)(1) FOR EXCAVATIONS LESS THAN 20 FEET| IDEEP(3) STABLE ROCK ERTICAL (90°) ITYPE A (2) i3/4:1 (63°) TYPE B 1:1 (45°) TYPE C H v4:1 (34°) Work at height Work at height means work in any place where, if precautions were not taken, a person could fall down and injure themselves. ScaffoldHach to cover access opening Typicad 3 ft high tower fea bose Birdcage scatield 4. A temporary platform, either supported from below or suspended from above, on which workers sit or stand when performing tasks at heights above the ground 2. A raised wooden framework or platform. 3. A temporary metal or wooden framework that is used to support workmen and materials during the erection, repair, etc, of a building or other construction Mobile Scaffold A rigid scaffold assembly supported by casters that can be manually moved horizontally.System Scaffold A scaffold consisting of posts (standards) with fixed connection points that accept runners (ledgers), bearers (transoms), and braces that can be interconnected at predetermined levels. ‘Tower Scaffold A supported scaffold consisting of only four (4) posts (standards) connected together longitudinally with runners (ledgers) and bearers (transoms) at right angles to each other, forming a square or rectangular tower. A tower scaffold may be constructed of tube and coupler, fabricated tubular frame, or system scaffolding, ‘Tube and Coupler Scaffold A scaffold constructed of steel tubing that serves as posts (standards), runners (ledgers), bearers (transoms), braces, and ties; a base supporting the posts; and specially designed scaffold couplers that serve to connect the various members. Under hung (Slung or Suspended) Scaffold A scaffold that is suspended by fixed length wire ropes (cables) or rigidly attached by scaffold tubes and load bearing couplers to an overhead structure directly above (not outrigger beams), and having a work platform that cannot be raised or lowered. Anchorage: Safe points of anchorage for lifelines or lanyards, which are part of a personal fall arrest system, including fixed, substantial structural members. Anchorage points shall be fixed and able to support a load of at least 2,260 kilograms (5,000 pounds). Post (Standard) Vertical scaffold tube that bears the weight of the scaffold. Runner (Ledger) A lengthwise horizontal scaffold tube that extends from post (standard) to post, that supports the bearers (transoms) and that forms a tie between the posts Sill (Sole Board or Sole Plate) A timber spreader used to distribute the load from a base plate to the ground. Base Plate: A steel plate providing a flat bearing surface with a spigot or screw jack for distributing the load from posts (standards). It has an integral spigot and fixing holes for use with sills. See Figure 11.9.2 and Figure 11.9.3. Bearer (Transom): A horizontal transverse scaffold member, that may support platform units, and which is supported by at least two runners (ledgers) or connected directly to at least two posts (standards). See Figure II.9.1 and Figure 11.9.3. Board Bearer (Intermediate Transom) : A horizontal transverse scaffold tube upon which the scaffold platform partially rests. Board bearers are supported by runners (ledgers) and are not installed near a transverse line of posts (standards). Body Belt (Safety Belt) : A strap with means both for securing it about the waist and for attaching it (with a lanyard) to a lifeline or anchorage. Used to provide personnel positioning limits against a fall (ie., keep wearer away from edge of a roof). Body belts shall not be used as part of a personal fall arrest system. Box Tie: An assembly of tubes and couplers forming a frame around a column or other part of a building to provide an anchor point for scaffold tie tubes. Also known as a column box tie.100% | 80% | 200% | 140% | 100% | LK Colour Wet | | we | Sean mm f at |O 1M) —| tooo | 800 | 2000 | 1400 | 1000 | e000 1600 | 4000 | 2800 | 2000 | 12000 Taooo | szoo | 000 | 8600 | 4000 | 24000 4000 10000 | 7000 $000 | 30000 o00__| 4200 | 12000 | e400 | 6000 | 36000 0 | 400 | e000 | 11200 | e000 | 48000 0000 | 8000 | 20000 | 14000 | 10000 | soco0 Flash points The lowest temperature at which a liquid produces enough vapor to form an ignitable mixture. Liquids with low flash points pose the greatest danger. Fire Point. Temperature of a quid at or above which enough flammable vapors is produced to maintain combustion of the liquid for at least five seconds. Confined Space. ‘A ‘confined space” is defined as any space: + Large enough and so configured that an employee can bodily enter and perform assigned work with limited or restricted means of ingress or egress. + With limited or no natural ventilation. Having Deficiency of Oxygen and accumulation of Toxic or flammable gas. Primary Hazards Toxic Chemicals, Flammables, Oxygen Deficiency. ‘Secondary Hazards + Slips, Trips and Falls + Falling Objects + Heat StressBrace: A rigid connection of scaffold tubing that holds one scaffold member in a fixed position with respect to another member to give the scaffold rigidity. Cross Bracing: Two diagonal braces joined at their center to form an “X.” Also called *X” bracing or cross braces. Diagonal Brace: A scaffold tube placed diagonally with respect to the vertical and horizontal members of a scaffold and fixed to them to give the scaffold stability. Longitudinal (Facade or Sway) Bracing :Diagonal braces installed in the plane of the longer dimension (length) of the scaffold. Plan Bracing: Diagonal braces installed in a horizontal plane, particularly used in mobile and tower scaffolds. Transverse (Sectional or Ledger) Bracing : Diagonal braces installed in the plane of the shorter dimension (width) of the scaffold. Zig-Zag (Dog-leg) Bracing :Diagonal braces placed end-to-end and that alternate back and forth. Caster (Castor): A pivoting wheel, containing a wheel lock, which is attached to a vertical post (standard) of a mobile scaffold to allow for manual movement of the scaffold, Coupler (Fitting, Clamp): A component or device used to fix scaffold tubes together. Types of couplers include: Adjustable (Swivel) Coupler : A device used for connecting two tubes together at an angle other than 900 Bearer (Single or Putlog) Coupler : A device used for fixing a bearer (transom or putlog) to a runner (ledger), or to connect a tube used only as a guardrail to a post (standard), Check (Safety) Coupler : A Right-angle coupler added to a loaded joint on an Under hung scaffold to give supplementary security against slip to the coupler carrying the load. End-to-End (Sleeve) Coupler : A device used for externally joining two (2) scaffold tubes co-axially end to end. The steel divider is located centrally to ensure equal insertion of each tube. Girder Coupler : A device used for connecting a scaffold tube to a steel wide flange beam (I-beam). Girder couplers shall only be used in pairs, one on each opposite flange. Also called an “Sk” (Steel-Klamp). Right-Angle (Double, 90 Degree, Load Bearing, or Standard) Coupler : A load bearing coupler used for connecting two tubes together at right angles. It is a critical component in the scaffold structure and must resist both slip and distortion Guardrail System : A barrier consisting of top rails, mid rails, toe boards, and supporting uprights, erected to prevent workers from falling off an elevated work area and to prevent objects from falling onto workers below. Toprail The uppermost horizontal rail of a guardrail system. Midrail : A horizontal rail approximately midway between the top rail of a guardrail system and the platform. Toeboard : A barrier secured along the sides and the ends of a platform to guard against the falling of material, tools, and other objects. Guys : Tension members (i.¢., wire ropes) used between the scaffold and theground, building, o structure to enhance the scaffold's lateral stability Hanger Tube : Vertical tube similar to and serving the same load-carrying purpose as posts(standards), except that hanger tubes are hung from an existing structure and loaded in tension. Joint Pin (Expanding Spigot) : An expanding fitting placed in the bore of a scaffold post (standard) to connect one post to another coaxially. This device is used to connect posts (standards) in tube and coupler scaffolds vertically and handles compression, but not tension, loads. Ladder : A device used for climbing vertically between levels, including: Extension Ladder A portable ladder that cannot support itself but can be adjusted in length. It consists of two sections that are arranged to permit length adjustment. Straight Ladder : A portable ladder that consists of one section that determines its overall length. It cannot support itself or be adjusted in length. Puncheon (False Upright) A vertical tube supported at its lower end by another scaffold tube or beam and not by the ground or deck Load Rating Live load for scaffold design and maximum intended loading shall be per the following categories: Light-duty: Scaffold designed and constructed to carry the weight of workmen only, with no material storage other than the weight of tools. Commonly used for inspection, painting, access and light cleaning. Uniformly distributed maximum intended load is 120 kg/m2 (1.2 kNim2) (25 Ib./t2). Medium-duty: Scaffold designed and constructed to carry the weight of light materials, tools and workmen. Scatfolds used for abrasive blast cleaning (‘sandblasting’) shall be classified Medium-duty if there is potential for buildup of abrasive on the platforms (all platforms are not continuously cleaned of abrasive) Uniformly distributed maximum intended load is 240 kg/m2 (2.4 kN/m2) (50 Ib/ft2). Special-duty: Scaffold specially designed and constructed to carry maximum intended loads greater than 240 kg/m2 (2.4 kN/m2) (50 psf), such as masonry work, piping or equipment, and is classified as a Special Scaffold. Plank (Scaffold Board) : An individual timber board or fabricated component (without end hooks) that serves as a flooring member of a platform. Lifting to raise from a lower to a higher position Colour coding of Slinas.+ Electric Shocks & Burns + Engulfment (Entrap & Asphyxiate) + Welding or Cutting Fumes Electricity: Electricity is @ fundamental phenomenon of nature consisting of negative and positive kind composed respectively of electrons and protons. ‘The primary hazards of electricity. Shock, Bums, Arc-Blast, Explosions, Fires Preventing Electrical Accidents: Protection from electrical hazards is one way to prevent accidents caused by electric current. Protective methods to control electrical hazards include: Insulation. Electrical protective devices. Guarding. Grounding. PPE. Lockout / Tag out Program LOCKOUT/TAGOUT DEFINITIONS Lockout - The placement of a lockout device on energy — isolating device, in accordance with an established procedure, ensures that the energy — isolating device and the equipment being controlled cannot be operated until the lockout device is removed. Lockout device — Any device that uses positive means such as a lock, either key or combination type. Tag-out - the placement of a tag-out device on an energy-isolating device, in accordance with ‘an established procedure, to indicate that the energy-isolating device and the equipment being controlled may not operated until the tag-out device is removed. Tag-out device — Any prominent warming device, such as a tag and a means of attachment, that can be securely fastened to an energy-isolating device, ELECTRICAL SAFETY TIP: + All tools and equipments must be insulated + All tools and equipments must be grounded. + When the “circuit breaker and fuses” cut the current. Do not try to turn it on before you check the cause of the problem. + Do not over load the current source. + Do not over loads cables.+ Keep cables a way from heat sources. + Donotignore the bad parts of cables, do not tape it. What Is Chemical ? A chemical is a substance (as an element or compound) obtained by a chemical process or used for producing a chemical effect. Chemicals can cause burns and health problems, Occurs immediately or after years of exposure. Chemical trianale : What is an MSDS? “A comprehensive fact sheet that provides information on the identification, health hazards, and the precautions required for the safe use and handling of a specific substance” Routes of Entry © Inhalation Chemicals can enter the body by breathing chemicals into the lungs. & Absorption (skin/eye! This enters the body in the form of vapor, liquid, spray or mist. ‘® Ingestion Enters the body either from eating or drinking + InjectionChemicals enter the body through needle, syringe or pressure What is Heat Stress? Body's reaction to overheating when body cannot cool itself by sweating Prevention: + Drink Lots of Water + Don't Skip Your Meals + Take Rest Breaks — In Shade or Air Conditioning + Know Symptoms of Heat Stress + Avoid the Following - Risk Factors + Coffee + Alcohol + Caffeinated Drinks (Coke / Pepsi) * Everyone should monitor their co-workers * Always work in Buddy System) «Remind each other to drink water * Check your urine color + Ensure adequate ventilation + Rotate work (from hot to cool areas) Sandblasting ‘Sandblasting is a general term used to describe the act of propelling very fine bits of material at high-velocity to clean or etch a surface. Sand used to be the most commonly used material, but since the lung disease silicosis is caused by extended inhalation of the dust created by sand, Silcia sand, sand containing a lot of the chemical compound called silicon dioxide, is the type of sand most commonly used in sandblasting around the world Pri Te Test A pressure test verifies the pressure capacity or tests the current pressure of a system. A pneumatic test is one type of pressure test. Common pneumatic measurement test equipment includes gauges that read pressure and @ source of compressed gases. Pressure testing is critical in a number of industrial areas for safety reasons and in the proper functioning of the equipment. In pressure testing, if the fluid used to pressurize the system is liquid, usually water, the test is called a hydrostatic test.