MAPÚA UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING

ME160P-2 / OL51

INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL ENGINEERING

WRITTEN REPORT ON

INSTRUMENTATION HYDRAULIC EXERCISES (27-30, 32, 33, 35, 38)

EXPERIMENT NO. 3

SUBMITTED BY:

CATAPANG, JAMIEL S.

2016142388

SUBMITTED TO:

ENGR. PAULO RAFAEL V. MERIS

APRIL 7, 2021

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ABSTRACT

Hydraulic systems are drive technologies in which energy is moved from an electric motor to
an actuator, such as a hydraulic cylinder, with the use of a specific fluid. In theory, the fluid utilized
and applied is uncompressible. The fluid direction, similar to electric cords, has the ability to be
adjustable. The hydraulic system is predominantly used and utilized in circumstances where a high
power density is required or load conditions change regularly (Hansen n.d.). For one of the
hydraulic system’s components, there is the hydraulic valve. A hydraulic valve is an automated
component that utilizes and actuates hydraulic solenoids in order to regulate the pressure, flow,
and trajectory of a liquid (“Introduction of Hydraulic Valve Types” n.d.). Pascal's law, which states
that pressure exerted everywhere on a confined liquid is conveyed undiminished in all directions
to the interior of the tube, is the basis for all hydraulic systems. This theory allows for the
production of massive forces with a relatively small effort. In this paper, there are three objectives
that are needed to be done. For those to be achieved, the researchers were advised to conduct the
experiment by means of utilizing the software, FluidSIM. With this, the researchers were able to
apply the exercises and execute them in the software. Each exercise has its own instructions and
descriptions to be followed in order for it to be completed and played. Specifically, the students
were instructed to simulate exercises 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, and 38.

Keywords: Hydraulics; FluidSIM; Pascal’s Law; Simulation; Types of Valves; Fluid

OBJECTIVES

1. To be familiar with the basic components of hydraulic systems

2. To construct hydraulic systems to perform specific functions related in mechanical and
manufacturing processes
3. To know the purpose of different valves used in hydraulics

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE i

ABSTRACT ii

OBJECTIVES ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iii

THEORIES AND PRINCIPLES 1

DISCUSSION 3

FINAL DATA SHEET / SET-UP 5

CONCLUSION 11

RECOMMENDATION 11

REFERENCES 12

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THEORIES AND PRINCIPLES

In general, hydraulic systems are drive technologies in which energy is moved from an electric
motor to an actuator, such as a hydraulic cylinder, with the use of a specific fluid. In theory, the
fluid utilized and applied is uncompressible. Also, the fluid direction, similar to an electric cord,
has the ability to be adjustable. The hydraulic system is predominantly used and utilized in
circumstances where a high power density is required or load conditions change regularly.
Particularly, this is true of mobile machineries (e.g. excavators) and manufacturing structures (e.g.
presses) (Hansen n.d.).
Moreover, from the same source, it was stated that hydraulics are applied in wind turbines for
the purpose of regulating the pitch and stop. Additionally, hydraulic systems are often used to
operate auxiliary systems such as hatches and cranes in some situations. To put it simply, the high
strength density of hydraulics, as well as the versatility of using few components to build
complicated and fast-moving devices with a high degree of protection, are the primary and
predominant reasons for their utilization and application.
For one of the hydraulic system’s essential components, there is the hydraulic valve. A
hydraulic valve is an automated component that utilizes and actuates hydraulic solenoids in order
to regulate the pressure, flow, and trajectory of a liquid. Hydraulic valves are classified into many
groups, and various kinds of hydraulic valves apply different kinds of hydraulic solenoids as
actuators. Depending on control methods, there are the electrical control hydraulic valves, pilot-
operated valves, and manual hydraulic valves (“Introduction of Hydraulic Valve Types” n.d.).
Furthermore, in the bases of variety of functions, there are hydraulic pressure valves (e.g.
pressure reducing valves, unloading valves, sequence valves, and relief valves), hydraulic
directional valves (e.g. manual directional valves, solenoid, directional valves, pilot-operated
check valves, and check valves), and hydraulic flow valves (e.g. flow control valves, diverter
valves, and throttle valves). Lastly, there are the tube valves, sandwich plate valves, cover valves,
threaded cartridge valves, and plate valves that are all based on installation ways and processes
(“Introduction of Hydraulic Valve Types” n.d.).
In addition to this, Pascal's law, which states that pressure exerted everywhere on a confined
liquid is conveyed undiminished in all directions to the interior of the tube, is the basis for all
hydraulic systems. This theory allows for the production of massive forces with a relatively small
effort. An internal pressure of 5 psi is generated by exerting a 5 pound force in opposition to a 1
inch square area, as shown and illustrated in figure 1. The force quantity of 50 pounds is developed
and created by the pressure acting on the 10 square inch field (“Basic Hydraulic Theory” n.d.).

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 Figure 1: A Basic Hydraulic System Expressed by Law of Pascal
Lastly, in accord to the same source, the figure 2 below shows the one of the simplest hydraulic
circuit diagrams in hydraulics. A tank, pump, relief valve, 3-way lateral control valve, single acting
cylinder, connectors, and lines make up the most basic hydraulic circuit. The cylinder piston is
returned by mechanical force in this diagram. Pump flow flows through the control valve and back
to the tank when the control valve is in a neutral stage. In addition, oil is situated and positioned
to the cylinder’s piston side as the valve is shifted. This will then allow the piston to move; thus,
causing the rod to extend. When the valve is set back to neutral, the oil will be stuck in the cylinder,
which holds it in place as the pump flow returns to the reservoir. Shifting the valve in a reverse
direction allows the oil to return to the reservoir or tank through the valve. The machine pressure
is restricted by the relief valve to a fixed pre-set amount. Relief valves are often built into
directional control valves.

Figure 2: Hydraulic System Diagram with a Single-acting Cylinder

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DISCUSSION

In the experiment 3, the instructor assign the group with three specific objectives. These are
(1) to be familiar with the basic components of hydraulic systems, (2) to construct hydraulic
systems to perform specific functions related in mechanical and manufacturing processes, and (3)
to know the purpose of different valves used in hydraulics. In order for all objectives to be
successfully finished, the instructor required his students to conduct and perform the experiment
by means of using a simulation software, FluidSIM. To define, FluidSIM is a versatile software or
instrument used to develop, replicate, instruct, and study electro-pneumatic, electro-hydraulic,
digital, and electrical circuits (“FluidSIM,” n.d.). This program was also applied and utilized in
the previous experiments (i.e. experiment 1 and experiment 2; pneumatic systems). The figure 2
below shows the interface and view of a FluidSIM application.

Figure 3: Graphical User Interface of FluidSIM

To introduce in a broad manner, there are a number of flaws within a specific location of the
transmitting power as opposed on the grid of mechanical power. Here, it is different from the
power lines that run hydraulically and that will be mounted everywhere. This is in regardless of
shaft placement on the power transmission as within the mechanical installation. Hydraulic
electricity is more versatile when it comes to facility transfer locations (“Engineering Essentials:
Fundamentals of Hydraulic Pumps,” 2012). The figure 3 below shows some equipment used in
hydraulic systems.

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 Figure 4: Hydraulic systems equipment
For utilizing the FluidSIM software, the third experiment with regard to hydraulic systems was
conducted. In this program, every essential component (e.g. pressure relief valve, pump unit,
actuators, manometer, throttle valve, shutoff valve, cylinder, and etc.) was then made available
and provided. Afterward, with this assistance, the researchers were able to apply the exercises and
execute them in the software. Each exercise has its own instructions and descriptions to be
followed in order for it to be completed and played.
Specifically, exercise 27 requires the students to make a simulation that provides a lathe
spindle. For the exercise 28, it suggests a lifting machine where it must transfer specific products
to a higher altitude or elevation. In this part, the instructor requires the student to determine the
necessary relationship between the flow rate and the pressure occurred. Moreover, on the exercise
29, a pressing machine was done wherein its mechanics are to test the components of the hydraulic
systems’ resistance for the purpose of evaluating the pressure for the action of pressing.
Furthermore, there is the exercise 30 which involves a feed lifter. Here, it instructs the
researchers to lift rolls of papers to a machine by means of a feed device. Exercise 32 was done
essentially for a storage door to be opened. It will be opened, particularly, by a cylinder. Exercise
33 talks about an embossing machine wherein it must have controlled movement on its pressing
action. For exercise 35, a door lifter was simulated. Here, it must have the capacity to lift a
furnace’s heavy door when a specific button will be pressed. A counter-holding device is also
installed in order for the rod of the cylinder to be pulled out. Lastly, there is the exercise 38 which
performs an automatic reciprocating cylinder using a double-acting cylinder that must move
forward. In this part, there is a retraction of the cylinder when the maximum position is reached
(Note: Each problem has a recorded explanation and simulation video and was uploaded in the
PDS submission link in blackboard).

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FINAL DATA SHEET / SET-UP
Exercise No. 27

Figure 5: Lathe Spindle

Table 1: Relationship of Pressure to Flow Rate (Lathe Spindle)

System Pressure (bar) Flow rate (l/min) Shutoff Valve Value
15 2.34 53.24
20 2.32 44.36
25 2.3 38.66
30 2.28 34.6
35 2.26 31.5
40 2.24 29.035
45 2.22 27.01
50 2.2 25.303

Pump Characteristic

2.36 2.34
2.34 2.32
2.32 2.3
2.3 2.28
Flow Rate

2.28 2.26
2.26 2.24
2.24 2.22
2.22 2.2
2.2
2.18
System Pressure
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Figure 6: Characteristic of Pump Graph (Lathe Spindle)

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Exercise No. 28

Figure 7: Lifting Machine

Table 2: Relationship of Pressure to Flow Rate (Lifting Machine)

Working Pressure p 35 40 42.5 45 47.5 50 bar
Flow Rate q 0 0 0 0.47 1.28 2.1 l/min
Shutoff valve 28.866 26.75 25.83 19.4 9.52 0

Pump Characteristics
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Working Pressure p (bar)

50

40

30

20

10

0
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Flow Rate q (l/min)

Figure 8: Characteristic of Pump Graph (Lifting Machine)

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Exercise No. 29

Figure 9: Pressing Machine

Table 3: Changes in Pressure on Pressing Machine

Flow Rate (L/min) P1 (Bar) P2 (Bar) dP (Bar)
0.2 0.26 0.25 0.02
0.4 0.56 0.49 0.07
0.6 0.88 0.73 0.15
0.8 1.23 0.96 0.27
1.0 1.61 1.20 0.41
1.2 2.01 1.42 0.58
1.4 2.43 1.65 0.78
1.6 2.88 1.87 1.00
1.8 3.34 2.09 1.25
2.0 3.83 2.31 1.53
2.2 4.29 2.50 1.79
2.4 4.31 2.51 1.80

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Exercise No. 30

Figure 10: Feed Lifter

Exercise No. 32

Figure 11: Storage Door Opener

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Exercise No. 33

Figure 12: Embossing Machine

Exercise No. 35

Figure 13: Door Lifter

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Exercise No. 38

Figure 14: Automatic Reciprocating Cylinder

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CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the specific objectives of the experiment were namely (1) to have the
familiarization with regard to the basic parts and constituents of hydraulic systems, (2) to be able
to construct hydraulic systems for the purpose of performing specific functions in relation to
mechanical and manufacturing processes, and (3) to have the capacity of recognizing the purpose
of different valves utilized in hydraulics. In line with these, the students conclude that the
experiment was accomplished successfully. Through the use of the software, FluidSIM, the data
sheet required in order to finish the experiment were gathered and acquired. The basic parameters,
components, elements (e.g. types of valves, manometer, pump unit, and the like) and principles
with regard to the hydraulic system were learned. At the same time, the FluidSIM software used
was able to reach the researchers’ needs and requirements for improving the knowledge and
visualization throughout the experiment.
Furthermore, through the FluidSIM program, eight exercises were successfully done (i.e.
exercises 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, and 38). Each of the exercises acquired has met the conditions
required and asked from each statement of the problems. Lastly, it was concluded that this
simulation program was an essential software in the modern generation for it has the ability and
application for making every student around the world apply their knowledge, particularly, in
hydraulic systems.

RECOMMENDATION

In line with the recommendation, the researcher proposes that if there will be a chance, the
experiment must be conducted in a proper laboratory room. This is for the reason that the virtual
experiment happening and being applied today has more flaws compared to real experiments.
Another is that there is a certainty that some of the students happen to have difficulties and
hardships in understanding the occurrences on the exercises that are simulated.
In layman’s terms, there are quantities of factors that students are being limited to with regard
to understanding the specified topic (i.e. Hydraulic Systems). With a real face-to-face experience
on the laboratory experiment, there are chances that more students will be able to correctly
recognize the objectives and occurrences happened, familiarize on-hand instruments, and etc.
Finally, it is advisable for future students to firstly familiarize themselves with the application
being used (i.e. FluidSIM), read its guides and helps. And check out some tutorial videos outside
for easier accessibility with the software.

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REFERENCES

“Basic Hydraulic Theory.” Cross MFG. Accessed April 02, 2021.

https://crossmfg.com/resources/technical-and-terminology/basic-hydraulic-theory.
“Engineering Essentials: Fundamentals of Hydraulic Pumps.” Hydraulics & Pneumatics. January
1, 2012. Accessed April 02, 2021. https://www.hydraulicspneumatics.com/fluid-power-
basics/article/21884136/engineering-essentials-fundamentals-of-hydraulic-pumps.
Hansen, Dennis Damborg. "Hydraulic System - What Is a Hydraulic System?" Fritz Schur Energy.
Accessed April 02, 2021. https://www.fsenergy.com/technology/hydraulic-system/#.
“Introduction of Hydraulic Valve Types.” Kaidi Electromagnetic. November 28, 2019. Accessed
April 02, 2021. http://www.solenoidsupplier.com/hydraulic-valve-types/.

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