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Tools of Algebra Packet
Tools of Algebra Packet
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Example 2: Consider the numbers 2. 3́, π, √ −5, 2 , and 2.7652.
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Number Sets
A set is a collection of items called elements. The empty set (Ø) contains no
elements.
a. b.
-1 4 -1 4
________ ________
c. d.
-1 4 -1 4
________ ________
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4. Set Builder Notation – uses inequalities (usually) to define the set
-may contain the element symbol (є)
{x | 8 < x ≤ 15 and x N}
Read the above as “the set of all numbers x such that x is greater than 8
and less than or equal to 15 and x is a natural number.”
The symbol means “is an element of.” So x N is read “x is an element
of the set of natural numbers,” or “x is a natural number.”
c. d.
Representing Intervals
Set-
Interval
Number Line Inequality Builder Words
Notation
Notation
x2
x2
x2
1 x 1
OR
3x4
Brackets [ ] include the endpoints.
Parentheses ( ) do not include endpoints.
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Could the roster notation be used to represent any of the sets in this table?
Why or why not?
1.2 Properties
Properties of Real Numbers
4m 3
c) (7x + 3) + 0 = 7x + 3 d) 3 ∙ 4 m =1
Properties of Equality
Property Example
Reflexive
Symmetric
Transitive
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Example 7: Which property is illustrated?
a) 5(a + 7b) = 5(a + 7b)
b) If 2m = n and n = 6, then 2m = 6
c) If 9x – 8 = 10, then 10 = 9x – 8
d) If y = 3x + 2 and y = 4x – 7 then 3x + 2 = 4x – 7.
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1.4 Simplifying Algebraic Expressions
Variable – a symbol or letter that represents a number
Like Terms – terms that have the same variables with the same exponents
(2x and 4x; 3y2 and -9y2, -5xyz3 and 2xyz3)
Example 10: Find the perimeter of this figure. Simplify the answer.
c
2
d d–c
c
2
d
c
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1.4 Practice Problems
1. Evaluate each expression for c = -3 and d = 5.
c. y(1 + y) – 3y2 – (y + 1)
3c - d
a. 3x b.
2x – y
2x
y 3x – y
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1.6/1.7 Functions
A relation is a pairing of input values with output values. It can be shown as:
a set of ordered pairs (x,y), where x is an input and y is an output.
A table of values where the x column lists inputs and the y column lists
output values.
A mapping diagram where corresponding input (x) and output (y) values
are connected with arrows.
A graph where (x,y) pairs are plotted as points.
The set of input values (x) for a relation is called the ________, and the set
of output values (y) is called the _________.
The domain and range are represented in roster notation whenever the
relation is a finite set of ordered pairs.
When a relation is an infinite line or curve on a graph, the domain and
range can be represented as infinite sets using either interval or set-
builder notation.
y
c) -5
-5 5
-5
-5 5 10
A relation in which the first coordinate is never repeated is called a function.
In a function, there is only one output for each input, so each element of the
domain is mapped to exactly one element in the range.
2. Use the vertical line test on the graph of the relation. (If any
vertical line passes through more than one point on the graph of a
relation, then the relation is not a function.)
x x
-5 -5
-5 5 -5 5
Example 2: Find the domain and range in roster notation. (If needed write the
ordered pairs for the graphs.) Then tell if the relation is a function .
y y
a) b)
x x
c) {(4, 2), (1, 3), (-5, 0), (4, 3)} d) {(0, 4), (1, 5), (0, 2), (5, 1)}
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Example 3: Use the vertical-line test to determine if each graph is a function.
Then find the domain & range in interval and/or set-builder notation .
y y
y
a) b) c)
x x
x
-5 -5
-5
( Interval & Set-builder) -5 (Interval) 5 -5 (Set-Builder) 5
-5 5
When the ordered pairs of a function can be defined by an equation, the equation can be
written in function notation.
f(x) = 2x + 1 is read “the function of x equals 2x +1” or “f of x equals 2x + 1”
y y
c) d)
x x
Examples: Solve.
1. 9x – 6 = 12 2. 2x + 3 = 5x – 1 3. 2(3y – 1) = 4y + 7
4. -2 (x - 3) = -4 5. 12 - 3(w + 7) = 15 6. 4(8 - p) - (7 - p) = 22
3t
5 2
7. 18 - 4y = -2(6 + 2y) 8. 7t + 6 - 2 = 5t - 11
9. 32 + 4 (c -1) = - (4c + 5)
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Identities and Contradictions
When solving an equation results in a statement that is true for all values,
the equation is an identity and the solution set is all real numbers ().
When solving an equation results in a statement that is false for all values,
the equation is a contradiction and the solution set is the empty set ( ).
Examples: Solve.
1. 3x + 4x + 5 = 7x + 5 2. 8(y + 7) = 6y – 8 + 2y
Solving Inequalities
Follow the same steps as solving equations, EXCEPT: If you multiply or divide
both sides by a negative number, you must reverse the inequality symbol.
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2.8 Solving Absolute Value Equations & Inequalities
Compound Inequalities
A disjunction is a compound statement that uses the word or.
x ≤ –3 OR x > 2
To solve compound inequalities, solve each inequality and graph the solution.
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Absolute Value
Recall that the absolute value of a number x, written |x|, is the distance from
x to zero on the number line. Absolute-value equations and inequalities can
be represented by compound statements.
For Example:
a) |2x + 1| = 3 b) |2x + 1| < 3 c) |2x + 1| ≥ 3
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Examples: Solve and describe the solution set.
k+6 =9 2x + 3 5
1. 2.
5z + 3 - 7 < 34 -2 x +1 + 5 -3
5. 6.
m-4 -5 =0
7. 8. 3 |6y – 9| + 12 > 24
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