3 CurrentElectricity UNACADEMY-FINAL

NUCLEUS
ENTHUSE
IIT PHYSICS
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
NUCLEUS-92, Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota (Raj.) India 324005, Mob. 9358006181, 97831-97831
KEY CONCEPTS
1. ELECTRIC CURRENT
q
iav(average current) =
t
q dq
i (instantaneous current) = Lim 
t 0 t dt
SI unit : AMPERE
2. ELECTRIC CURRENT IN A CONDUCTOR
I = nqAVd.
I = current
n = number of charge carriers per unit volume
A = area of cross section
Vd = drift velocity

 eE
vd = - τ (For derivation refer NCERT Section-3.5)
m
e = charge of electron
m = mass of electron
E = electric field
    = relaxation time
3. CURRENT DENSITY(J) & MOBILITY (µ)
 ne2 
J= τE
m
dA
+ dA

I J I J
–
n
dA cos 
 
I   J.dA
| Vd | e 
µ =
E m
SI unit m2/Vs

Ex. The current density at a point J is = (2 × 104 ˆj ) Jm–2. Find the rate of charge flow through a

cross-sectional area S  (2 ˆi  3j)
ˆ cm2 .
  
Sol. The rate of flow of charge = current = I =  J.dS  I  J.S  (2 104 ) ˆj.(2 ˆi  3j)
ˆ  104 A  64
 
Ex. A potential difference applied to the ends of a wire made up of an alloy drives a current through it.
The current density varies as J = 3 + 2r, where r is the distance of the point from the axis. If R be
the radius of the wire, then the total current through any cross section of the wire.
Sol. Consider a circular strip of radius r and thickness dr

dI = J.dS = (3+ 2r)(2rdr)cos 0° = 2(3r + 2r2 )dr
R
R  3r 2 2 2   3R 2 2R 3 
I 2(3r  2 r ) dr  2 
2
 r   2    units
0
 2 3 0  2 3 
NUCLEUS-92, Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota (Raj.) India 324005, Mob. 9358006181, 97831-97831 1
Ex. What will be the number of electron passing through a heater wire in one minute, if it carries a
current of 8 A.
Ne It 8  60
Sol. I N  19
 3 1021 electrons
t e 1.6 10
Ex. A current of 1.34 A exists in a copper wire of cross–section 1.0 mm2. Assuming each copper atom
contributes one free electron. Calculate the drift speed of the free electrons in the wire. The density
of copper is 8990 kg/m3 and atomic mass = 63.50.
Sol. Mass of 1m3 volume of the copper is = 8990 kg = 8990 × 103 g
8990 103
Number of moles in 1m3 =  1.4 105
63.5
Since each mole contains 6 × 1023 atoms therefore number of atoms in 1m3
n = (1.4 × 105) × (6 × 1023) = 8.4 × 1028
 I = neAvd
I 1.34
 vd =  = 10–4 m/s = 0.1 mm/s ( 1 mm2 = 10–6 m2)
neA 8.4 10 1.6 10 19 10 6
28
Ex. Figure shows a conductor of length  carrying current I and having a circular cross – section. The
radius of cross section varies linearly from a to b. Assuming that (b – a) << . Calculate current
density at distance x from left end.
b
a

Sol. Since radius at left end is a and that of right end is b,
Therefore increase in radius over length  is (b – a).
 ba 
Hence rate of increase of radius per unit length =  
  
 ba 
Increases in radius over length x =  x
  
 ba 
Since radius at left end is a so radius at distance x, r = a +  x
  
2
  ba  
Area at this particular section A = r =  a  
2
 x
    
I I I
Hence current density J =  2 
A r  x(b a) 
2
 a 
  
4. ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE (R) & OHM’S LAW
 eE 
I = neAVd = neA  
m
V
E
l
 ne2    A  A V
So, I     × V    × V 
 m  l   l  R
V = IR
m 1
 is called resistivity (it is also called specific resistance) and    , is called conductivity
ne  
2
SI Units:
R ohm(),
 ohm–meter(–m)
also called siemens,
–1m–1.
Dependence of Resistance on Temperature :

R = Ro (1 + T–T0).
 = thermal coefficient of resistivity (positive for conductors and negative for semi conductors
and insulators)
5. ELECTRICAL POWER
P = VI
Energy =  Pdt
V2
P = I2R = VI =
R
V2
H = VIt = I2 Rt = t
R
H = I2 RT
Ex. An electric heater and an electric bulb are rated 500 W, 220 V and 100 W, 220 V respectively.
Both are connected in series to a 220 V a.c. mains. Calculate power consumed by (i) heater (ii)
bulb.
V2 V2 (220) 2
Sol. P or R = , For heater. Resistance Rh = = 96.8 
E P 500
(220)2
 For bulb resistance RL = = 484 
100
V 220
 Current in the circuit when both are connected in series I =  = 0.38 A
R L  R h 484  96.8
(i) Power consumed by heater = I2Rh = (0.38)2 × 96.8 = 13.98 W
(ii) Power consumed by bulb = I2RL = (0.38)2 × 484 = 69.89 W
Ex. A heater coil is rated 100 W, 200 V. It is cut into two identical parts. Both parts are connected
together in parallel, to the same source of 200 V. Calculate the energy liberated per second in the
new combination.
V2 V2 (200) 2
Sol. P = R= =  400
R P 100
400
Resistance of half piece =  200 
2
400
Resistance of pieces connected in parallel =  100 
2
V 2 200  200
Energy liberated/second P =   400 W
R 100
Ex. The power of a heater is 500W at 800°C. What will be its power at 200°C. If  = 4 × 10–4 per °C?
V 2 P200 R 800 R 0 (1  4 104  800) 500 1.32
Sol. P    4
 P200   611W
R P800 R 200 R 0 (1  4 10  200) 1.08
Ex. When a battery sends current through a resistance R1 for time t, the heat produced in the resistor is
Q. When the same battery sends current through another resistance R2 for time t, the heat produced
in R2 is again Q. Determine the internal resistance of battery.
2 2
 E   E 
Sol.   R1    R 2  r  R 2R 2
 R1  r   R2  r 
Ex. How much time heater will take to increase the temperature of 100 g water by 50°C if resistance
of heating coil is 484  and supply voltage is 220 V a.c.
V2 220  220
Sol. Heat given by heater = heat taken by water  t = ms J
R 484
t = (100 × 10–3) (4.2 × 103) (50)  t = 210s
6. KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS
I - Law (Junction law or Nodal Analysis) : This law is based on law of conservation of charge .
It states that " The algebraic sum of the currents meeting at a point is zero " or total currents
entering a junction equals total current leaving the junction .
 Iin = Iout. It is also known as KCL (Kirchhoff's current law) .
II - Law (Loop analysis) :The algebraic sum of all the voltages in

closed circuit is zero.
IR + EMF = 0 in a closed loop . The closed loop can be
traversed in any direction. While traversing a loop if higher potential
point is entered, put a + ve sign in expression or if lower potential
point is entered put a negative sign .    
  
 V1 V2 +V3 V4 = 0. Boxes may contain resistor or battery or any other element (linear or
non-linear).
It is also known as KVL (Kirchhoff's voltage law) .
7. COMBINATION OF RESISTANCES : (for derivations refer NCERT Section-3.10)
(1) Resistances in Series:
R = R1 + R2 + R3 +................ + Rn (this means Req is greater than any resistor)
(2) Resistances in Parallel :

1 1 1 1 1
    .........  (this means Req is smaller than any resistor)
R eq R1 R 2 R 3 Rn
Ex. A copper wire of length ‘’ and radius ‘r’ is nickel plated till its final radius is 2r. If the resistivity
of the copper and nickel are Cu and Ni, then find the equivalent resistance of wire?
 
Sol. R=  ; Resistance of copper wire RCu = Cu 2
A r
Ni
( A = r2) r 2r Cu
 ANi = (2r)2 – r2 = 3r2 L

  Resistance of Nickel wire RNi =  Ni
3r 2
R Cu R Ni     
Both wire are connected in parallel. So equivalent resistance R =   Cu Ni  2
R Cu  R Ni  3Cu  Ni  r
Ex. The resistance 4 R, 16 R, 64 R ...  are connected in series. Find their equivalent resistance.
Sol. Resultant of the given combination Req = 4R + 16R + 64R + ...  = 
Ex. Resistance R, 2R, 4R, 8R... are connected in parallel. What is their resultant resistance ?
 
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1  1  1  2 R
Sol.     ............  1    ...       R eq 
R eq R 2R 4R 8R R 2 4  R 1  1  R 2
 2
Ex. In the given circuit calculate potential difference between the points P and Q.
Sol. Applying Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL) 8V 12V
1 2 Q
1 P
12 – 8 = (1) I + (9) I + (2) I  I = A
3 I
9
Potential difference between the points P and Q,
1
VP –VQ = 9  = 3 = volt
3
Ex. A wire of L = 10–6 / m is turned in the form of a circle of diameter 2 m. A piece of same
material is connected in diameter AB. Then find resistance between A and B.
Sol.  R = L × length R1 r
 R1 =  × 10 ,
–6
R2
R2 = 2 × 10 ,
–6 A 2r B
R3 =  × 10–6   R3 r
1 1 1 1
 6
 6
 ; R AB = 0.88 × 10–6 ohm.
R AB 10 2 10 106
8. WHEATSTONE NETWORK:
Current through the galvanometer is zero (null point or balance point) if

R1 R 2
 (Refer NCERT Section-3.14)
R4 R3
9. GROUPING OF CELLS
(1) Cells in Series :

Equivalent EMF Eeq = E1 + E2 + ....... + En [write EMF's with polarity]
Equivalent internal resistance req = r1 + r2 + r3 + r4 + .... + rn
(2) Cells in Parallel:
1  2 
  ......  n
r r2 rn
E eq  1 [Use emf with polarity]
1 1 1
  ...... 
r1 r2 rn
1 1 1 1
   ...... 
req r1 r2 rn
Ex. A battery of six cells each of e.m.f. 2 V and internal resistance 0.5  is being charged by D. C.
mains of e.m.f. 220 V by using an external resistance of 10 . What will be the charging current.
Sol. Net e.m.f of the battery = 12V and total internal resistance = 3
Total resistance of the circuit = 3 + 10 = 13  6 cells 3
Net e.m.f 220  12 220V 10
 Charging current I =   16 A
total resistance 13
Ex. A battery of six cells each of e.m.f. 2V and internal resistance 0.5  is being charged by D.C.
mains of e.m.f. 220 V by using an external resistance of 10 . What is the potential difference
across the battery?
Sol. In case of charging of battery, terminal potential V = E + Ir = 12 + 16 × 3 = 60 volt.
Ex. Four identical cells each of e.m.f. 2V are joined in parallel providing supply of current to external
circuit consisting of two 15 resistors joined in parallel. The terminal voltage of the equivalent
cell as read by an ideal voltmeter is 1.6V calculate the internal resistance of each cell.
E r
r
Sol. Total internal resistance of the combination req = r
4 E
Total e.m.f. Eeq = 2 V E r
r
15 15 15 E
Total external resistance R =   7.5
15  15 2 15
terminal potential 1.6 15

Current drawn from equivalent cell I =  A r
external resistance 7.5 4
E
r r
 E  I    1.6  E  I    1.6  r  7.5 1.6V
4 4
7.5
Ex. The e.m.f. of a primary cell is 2 V, when it is shorted then it gives a current of 4 A. Calculate
internal resistance of primary cell.
E E E 2
Sol. I= , If cell is shorted then R = 0, I = r =   0.5 
rR r I 4
Ex. n rows each containing m cells in series, are joined in parallel. Maximum current is taken from
this combination in a 3  resistance. If the total number of cells used is 24 and internal resistance
of each cell is 0.5 , find the value of m and n.
Sol. Total number of cell mn = 24,
mr 3n
For maximum current  R  0.5m  3n, m   6n
n 0.5
6n × n = 24  n = 2 and m × 2 = 24  m = 12
Ex. In the given circuit calculate potential difference between A and B.
Sol. First applying KVL on left mesh 2 – 3 I1 – 2 I1 = 0  I1 = 0.4 amp. 2V 4V 4V
2 3 3 5
NUCLEUS-92, Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota (Raj.) India 324005, Mob. 9358006181, 97831-97831
I1 7 I2
A B
Now applying KVL on right mesh. 4 – 5 I2 – 3 I2 = 0 I2 = 0.5 amp.
Potential difference between points A and B
VA – VB = – 3 × 0.4 – 4 + 3 × 0.5 = – 3.7 volt.
Ex. In the following circuit diagram, the galvanometer reading is zero. If the internal resistance of
cells are negligible then what is the value of X ?
a G
400 Ig
I
10V x 2V
I
b
10
Sol.  Ig = 0  I
400  X
Also potential difference across X is 2V  1X = 2
10X  10 
 2  I    X  100
400  X  400  X 
Ex. Each resistance is of 1 in the circuit diagram shown in figure. Find out equivalent resistance
between A and B
A B
8
Sol. By symmetric line method RAB = (2 + 1 || 2) || 2 = 
7
2 1
2
A B 2
Ex. Identical resistance of resistance R are connected as in figure then find out out net resistance
between x and y.
x y
Sol. Given circuit can be modified according to following figures

F F F
R R R R R R
A B C
D B B
E X Y X Y
X Y R R R R
3 3 3 3
R R R R R R R
G G
1 1 3 1 5 2R
     R xy 
R xy 2R 2R 2R 2R 5
Ex. In the adjoining network of resistors each is of resistance r . Find the equivalent resistance
between point A and B
C
r r r
AB
r r
D E
Sol. Given circuit is balanced Wheat stone Bridge
r C C
B B
r r
r r
r
r A r A
D D
1 1 1 1
    R AB  r
R AB 2r 2r r
10. AMMETER
A shunt (small resistance) is connected in parallel with galvanometer to convert it into ammeter.
An ideal ammeter has zero resistance
Ammeter is represented as follows –
If maximum value of current to be measured by ammeter is I then IG . RG = (I – IG)S

I ·R I  RG
S= G G S= G when I >> IG.
I  IG I
where I = Maximum current that can be measured using the given ammeter.
11. VOLTMETER
A high resistance is put in series with galvanometer. It is used to measure potential difference
across a resistor in a circuit.
For maximum potential difference

V = IG . RS + IG RG
V
RS =  RG
IG
V
If RG << RS  RS 
IG
Ex. A 100 volt voltmeter whose resistance is 20 k is connected in series to a very high resistance R.
When it is joined in a line of 110 volt, it reads 5 volt. What is the magnitude of resistance R ?
110
Sol. When voltmeter connected in 110 volt line, Current through the voltmeter I =
(20 103  R)
The potential difference across the voltmeter V = IRV
110  20 103
5=
(20 103  R)
 20 × 103 + R = 440 × 103  R = 420 × 103 
Ex. When a shunt of 4 is attached to a galvanometer, the deflection reduces to 1/5th. If an additional
shunt of 2 is attached what will be the deflection?
I 4
Sol. Initial condition : When shunt of 4 used  G  I  4  G  16
5 5
I I
I
4I G
5 5
S=4
4 I
When additional shunt of 2 used I’ × 16 = (I – I’)  I' 
3 13
I
 It will reduce to of the initial deflection
13
Ex. A galvanometer having 30 divisions has current sensitivity of 20A/division. It has a resistance of
25 .
(i) How will you convert it into an ammeter measuring upto 1 ampere.
(ii) How will you convert this ammeter into a voltmeter upto 1 volt.
Sol. The current required for full scale deflection Ig = 20 A × 30 = 600 A = 6 × 10–4A
(i) To convert it into ammeter, a shunt is required in parallel with it
Ig R g  6 104 
shunt resistance R’s =   25  0.015
(I Ig )  1  6 104 
(ii) To convert galvanometer into voltmeter, a high resistance in series with it is required series
V 1
resistance R =  R g  –25 = 1666.67 – 25 = 1641.67 
ig 6 104



12. POTENTIOMETER (Reference NCERT Section-3.16)
Primary circuit :
 
I ; VA  VB  ·R
rR Rr
Potential gradient (x) Potential difference per unit
length of wire
V  VB  R
x A  ·
L Rr L
Applications of potentiometer
(a) To find emf of unknown cell and compare emf of two cells.
In case I,
In figure (1) is joint to (2) then balance length = l1
1 = xl1 ....(1)
In case II,
In figure (3) is joint to (2) then balance length = l2
2 = xl2 ....(2)
1 l1

 2 l2
If any one of 1 or 2 is known the other can be found. If x is
known then both 1 and 2 can be found.
(b) To find current if resistance is known
VA – VC = xl1
IR1 = xl1
xl1
I 1
R1
Similarly, we can find the value of R2 also.
Potentiometer is ideal voltmeter because it does not draw any current from circuit, at the
balance point.
(c) To find the internal resistance of cell.
1st arrangement 2nd arrangement
by first arrangement ’ = xl1 ...(1)
by second arrangement IR = xl2
xl 
I  2 , Also I =
R r  R
 xl xl1 xl
  2   2
r  R R r  R R
l  l 
  r   1 2  R
 l2 
(d) Ammeter and voltmeter can be graduated by potentiometer.
(e) Ammeter and voltmeter can be calibrated by potentiometer.
(f) Potentiometer can be used as a potential divider
Ex. There is a definite potential difference between the two ends of a potentiometer. Two cells are
connected in such a way that first time help each other, and second time they oppose each other.
They are balanced on the potentiometer wire at 120 cm length respectively. Compare the
electromotive force of the cells.
Sol. Suppose the potential gradient along the potentiometer wire = x and the emf's of the two cells are
E1 and E2.
When the cells help each other, the resultant emf = (E1 + E2)
E1 + E2 = x × 120 cm ...(i)
When the cells oppose each other, the resultant emf = (E1 – E2)
E1 – E2 = x × 60 cm ...(ii)
E  E 2 120 cm
From equation (i) and (ii) 1   E1 + E2 = 2(E1 – E2)  3E2 = E1  d
E1  E 2 60 cm
13. METRE BRIDGE (USED TO MEASURE UNKNOWN RESISTANCE)

(Reference NCERT Section-3.15)
If AB = l cm, then BC = (100 – l) cm.
Resistance of the wire between A and B , R  l
[ Specific resistance  and cross-sectional area A are same for whole of the wire ]
or R=l ...(1)
where  is resistance per cm of wire.
If P is the resistance of wire between A and B then
P l  P = (l)
Similarly, if Q is resistance of the wire between B and C, then
Q  100 – l
 Q = (100 – l) ...(2)
Dividing (1) by (2),
P l

Q 100  l
Applying the condition for balanced Wheatstone bridge, we get R Q = P X
Q
 x= R
P
100  l
or X R
l
Since R and l are known, therefore, the value of X can be calculated.
14. COLOUR CODE FOR CARBON RESISTORS

Colour Strip A Strip B Strip C Strip D
(Tolerance)
Black 0 0 100
Brown 1 1 100
Red 2 2 100
Orange 3 3 100
Yellow 4 4 100
Green 5 5 100
Blue 6 6 100
Violet 7 7 100
Grey 8 8 100
White 9 9 100
Gold - - 100 ± 5%
Silver - - 100 ± 10%
No colour - - - ± 20%
Ex. Draw a colour code for 42 k  ± 10% carbon resistance.
Sol. According to colour code colour for digit 4 is yellow, for digit 2 it is red, for 3 colour is orange
and 10% tolerance is represented by silver colour. So colour code should be yellow, red, orange
and silver.
Ex. What is resistance of following resistor.
Violet Gold
Sol. Number for yellow is 4, Number of violet is 7

Brown colour gives multiplier 101, Gold gives a tolerance of ± 5%
So resistance of resistor is 47 × 101  ± 5% = 470 ± 5% .
EXERCISE (S-1)
Microscopic Analysis
HCV Worked out Examples (Chapter No. 32 - 1,3,5)
1. A copper wire of length L, and cross section area A carries a current I. If the specific resistance of
copper is , the electric field in the wire is............
2. A copper wire carries a current density j ( = current per unit area). Assuming that n = No. of free
electrons per unit volume, e = electronic charge, <v> = average speed due to thermal agitation . The
distance which will be covered by an electron during its displacement l along the wire......
3. The total momentum of electrons in a straight wire of length l carrying a current I is

( mass of electron = me, charge of electron = e )
4. A long conductor of circular cross-section has radius r and lenghtl as 2

shown in the figure. The conductivity of the material nearthe axis is 1.
1
and increases linearly with the distance from axisand becomes 2 near
the surface. Find the resistance of theconductor if the current enters l
from the one end and leaves fromthe other end.
5. (a) The current density across a cylindrical conductor of radius R varies according to the equation
 r 
J = J 0  1   , where r is the distance from the axis. Thus the current density is a maximum J0 at the axis
 R
r = 0 and decreases linearly to zero at the surface r = R. Calculate the current in terms of J0 and the
conductor’s cross sectional area is A = R2.
(b) Suppose that instead the current density is a maximum J0 at the surface and decreases linearly to zero at
r
the axis so that J  J 0 .Calculate the current.
R
6. When radius of the copper wire is doubled, its specific resistance () will be......
7. Two conductors are made of the same material and have the same length. Conductor A is a solid wire of
diameter 1mm. Conductor B is a hollow tube of outer diameter 2mm and inner diameter 1mm. Find the
ratio of resistance RA to RB.
8. The earth’s surface has a negative surface charge density of 10–9 Cm–2. The potential difference of
400 kV between the top of the atmosphere and the surface results (due to the low conductivity of the
lower atmosphere) in a current of only 1800 A over the entire globe. If there were no mechanism of
sustaining atmospheric electric field, how much time (roughly) would be required to neutralise the earth’s
surface ? (This never happens in practice because there is a mechanism to replenish electric charges,
namely the continual thunderstorms and lightning in different parts of the globe).
(Radius of earth = 6.37 × 106 m.)
NUCLEUS-92, Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota (Raj.) India 324005, Mob. 9358006181, 9783197831 14
HCV Exercises (Chapter No. 32- 6,10,12,14)
Ohm's Law and Circuit Analysis

HCV Worked out Examples (Chapter No. 32- 6,10,12,147,9,11,12,13,14,18,19,20,21,22)
9. (a) Given n resistors each of resistance R, how will you combine them to get the (i) maximum
(ii) minimum effective resistance? What is the ratio of the maximum to minimum resistance?
(b) Given the resistances of 1, 2, 3, how will be combine them to get an equivalent resistance of
(i) (11/3)  (ii) (11/5)  (iii) 6 (iv) (6/11)  ?
(c) Determine the equivalent resistance of networks shown in Fig.
R
1 1 1 1 1
R
R
2 2 2 2 2 R
R
(a) (b)
10. Find the current I & voltage V in the circuit shown.
5 7
60V
41 7
0.4
I V
20V
4 8
2 10
11. Find the current through 25V cell & power supplied by 20V cell in the figure shown.
10V 5V 20V 30V
25V
10
11
5
5
12. If a cell of constant E.M.F. produces the same amount of the heat during the same time in two independent
resistors R1 and R2, when they are separately connected across the terminals of the cell, one after the
another, find the internal resistance of the cell.
13. Find the resistor in which maximum heat will be produced.
5 5
6
4
2
14. For what value of R in circuit, current through 4 resistance is zero.
R 4
2
4V 6V
10V
15. In the circuit shown in figure the reading of ammeter is the same with both switches open as with both
closed. Then find the resistance R. (ammeter is ideal)
100
A
R
50
+ –
300 1.5V
16. An electrical circuit is shown in the figure. Calculate the potential difference across the resistance of
400 ohm, as will be measured by the voltmeter V of resistance 400 ohm, either by applying Kirchhoff’s
rules or otherwise.
V
400
100 100 200
100
10V
17. Find the current (in mA) in the wire between points A and B.
1k 2k
A
2k 1k
30V
18. If the switches S1, S2 and S3 in the figure are arranged such that current through the battery is minimum,
find the voltage across points A and B.
6 3
6
A
S2
S1
1 9 1 1
S3
24V
B
19. A battery of emf 0 = 10 V is connected across a 1 m long uniform wire having resistance 10/m. Two
cells of emf 1 = 2V and 2 = 4V having internal resistances 1 and 5 respectively are connected as
shown in the figure. If a galvanometer shows no deflection at the point P, find the distance of point P from
the point A.
10
=10V
P
A B
1
 =2V G
5
=4V
HCV Exercises (Chapter No. 30 - 20,21,24,30,35,36,39,41,44,45,46)

Instruments
HCV Worked out Examples (Chapter No. 32- Q.29)
20. A potentiometer wire AB is 100 cm long and has a total resistance of 10 ohm. If the galvanometer shows
zero deflection at the position C, then find the value of unknown resistance R.
10V
40 cm
C
A B
5V r=1
G
R
21. In the figure shown for which values of R1 and R2 the balance point for Jockey is at 40 cm from A. When
R2 is shunted by a resistance of 10 , balance shifts to 50 cm. Find R1 and R2. (AB = 1 m ):
R1 R2
A B
R
22. A part of a circuit is shown in figure. A
Here reading of ammeter is 5 ampere and voltmeter is 96V &
voltmeter resistance is 480 ohm. Then find the resistance R. V
23. An accumulator of emf 2 Volt and negligible internal resistance is connected across a uniform wire of
length 10m and resistance 30. The appropriate terminals of a cell of emf 1.5 Volt and internal resistance
1 is connected to one end of the wire, and the other terminal of the cell is connected through a sensitive
galvanometer to a slider on the wire. What length of the wire will be required to produce zero deflection
of the galvanometer ? How will the balancing change (a) when a coil of resistance 5 is placed in series
with the accumulator, (b) the cell of 1.5 volt is shunted with 5 resistor?
24. In the circuit shown in figure potential difference between point A and B is 16V. Find the current passing
through 2 resistance.
4 9V 1 3V 4
A B
2
25. A network of resistance is constructed with R1 & R2 as shown in the figure. The potential at the points
1, 2, 3,.. N are V1, V2, V3,.., Vn respectively each having a potential k time smaller than previous one.
Find :
V0 R1 V1 R1 V2 R1 V3 VN–1 R1 VN
V0 = kV1 R2 R2 R2 R2 R3
R1 R2
(i) R and R in terms of k.
2 3
(ii) Current that passes through the resistance R2 nearest to the V0 in terms V0, k & R3.
26. The resistance of the galvanometer G in the circuit is 25. The meterdeflects full scale for a current of
10 mA. The meter behaves as an ammeter of three different ranges. The range is 0–10A, if the terminals
O and P are taken; range is 0–1 A between O and Q; range is 0–0.1 A between O and R. Calculate the
resistance R1, R2 and R3.
G
R1 R2 R3
+ 10A 1A 0.1A
O P Q R
27. A galvanometer having 50 divisions provided with a variable shunt s is used to measure the current as a
ammeter when connected in series with a resistance of 90  and a battery of internal resistance 10. It
is observed that when the shunt resistance are 10, 50, respectively the deflection arerespectively
9 & 30 divisions. What is the resistance of the galvanometer? Further if the full scale deflection of the
galvanometer movement is 300 mA, find the emf of the cell.
28. A galvanometer (coil resistance 99) is converted into a 12V 12V r

r
ammeter using a shunt of 1 and connected as shown in the
figure (i). The ammeter reads 3A. The same galvanometer is 2
A
converted into a voltmeter by connected a resistance of 101
in series. This voltmeter is connected as shown in figure (ii). Its V
reading is found to be 4/5 of the full scale reading. Find 2
(i) internal resistance r of the cell Fig (i) Fig (ii)
(ii) range of the ammeter and voltmeter
(iii) full scale deflection current of the galvanometer
29. In a potentiometer arrangement, a cell of emf 1.25 V gives a balaqnce point at 35.0 cm length of the
wire. If the cell is replaced by another cell and the balance point shifts to 63.0 cm, what is the emf of the
second cell ?
HCV Exercises (Chapter No. 32 – 50,51,52,54,55,56)
Joule Heating
HCV Worked out Examples (Chapter No. 33 – 2,3) 
30. The coil of a calorimeter C has a resistance of R1 = 60. The coil R1 is connected to the
A
circuit as shown in figure. What is the rise in temperature (°C) of 240 grams of water R2
poured into the calorimeter when it is heated for 7 minutes during which a current flows
through the coil and the ammeter shows 3A? The resistance R2=30. [Disregard the
R1
resistances of the battery and the ammeter, and the heat losses and heat capacity of the
C
calorimeter and the resistor and specific heat of water = 4200 J/kg°C]
31. An electric kettle has two windings. When one of them is switched on, the water in the kettle begins to
boil in 15 minutes, and when the other is switched on it takes 30 minutes for water to boil. If the two

windings are joined in series and switched on, water in the kettle begin to boil in hr. Assuming no heat
4
loss to the surrounding find the value of .
HCV Exercises (Chapter No. 33 – 5,6,8,9)
EXERCISE (S-2)
1. A long cylinder with uniformly charged surface and cross sectional radius a = 1.0 cm moves with a
constant velocity v = 10 m/s, along its axis. An electric field strength at the surface of the cylinder is equal
to E = 0.9 KV/cm. Find the resulting covection current, that is, the current caused by mechanical transfer
of charge.
2. The current I through a rod of a certain metallic oxide is given by I = 0.2 V5/2, where V is the potential
difference across it. The rod is connected in series with a resistance to a 6V battery of negligible internal
resistance. What value should the series resistance have so that :
(i) the current in the circuit is 0.44
(ii) the power dissipated in the rod is twice that dissipated in the resistance.
3. A person decides to use his bath tub water to generate electric power to run a 40 watt bulb. The bath tub
is located at a height of 10 m from the ground & it holds 200 litres of water. If we install a water driven
wheel generator on the ground, at what rate should the water drain from the bath tub to light bulb? How
long can we keep the bulb on, if the bath tub was full initially. The efficiency of generatoris 90%.
(g = 10m/s2)
4. In the circuit shown in figure, calculate the following :

(i) Potential difference between points a and b when switch S is open.
(ii) Current through S in the circuit when S is closed.
36V
6 3
a S b
3 6
5. An ideal cell having a steady emf of 2 volt is connected across the potentiometer wire of length 10 m.
The potentiometer wire is of magnesium and having resistance of 11.5 /m. An another cell gives a null
point at 6.9 m. If a resistance of 5 is put in series with potentiometer wire, find the new position of the
null point.
6. Find the potential difference VA – VB for the circuit shown in the figure.
1V 1V 1V 1V
B
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
A
1V 1V 1V 1V
7. A resistance R of thermal coefficient of resistivity =  is connected in parallel with a resistance = 3R,
having thermal coefficient of resistivity = 2. Find the value of eff .
8. The circuit of a carbon arc lamp is shown in the figure (to ignite the lamp the carbon electrodes are
touched together, then they are slowly drawn apart.) The voltage across the gap between the carbon
rods as a function of the currentcan be given by the following formula : V = A + B/I, where A and B are
constants.
R
+ –
V0
If the voltage of the battery V0 can be considered constant what is the maximum resistance of the
rheostat Rmax, that should be connected in series to ignite the lamp.
Data : A = 40 V, B = 20 W, V0 = 100 V
9. In the primary circuit of potentiometer the rheostat can be varied from 0 to 10. Initially it is at minimum
resistance (zero)
10V 1
10
 P
A B
12m
G
r
4.5V S
2
(i) Find the length AP of the wire such that the galvanometer shows zero deflection.
(ii) Now the rheostat is put at maximum resistance (10) and the switch S is closed. New balancing
length is found to 8m. Find the internal resistance r of the 4.5V cell.
10. Relation between current in conductor and time is shown in figure then determine.
(i) Total charge flow through the conductor i
(ii) Write expression of current in terms of time i0
(iii) If resistance of conductor is R then total heat dissipated
across resistance R is t
t
0
11. A total charge Q flows across a resistor R during a time interval T in such a way that the current v/s time
graph for 0  T is like the loop of a sin curve in the range 0 . What will be the total heat generated
in the resistor.
EXERCISE (O-1)
Microscopic Analysis
1. Two wires each of radius of cross section r but of different materials are connected together end to end
(in series). If the densities of charge carriers in the two wires are in the ratio 1 : 4, the drift velocity of
electrons in the two wires will be in the ratio:
(A) 1 : 2 (B) 2 : 1 (C) 4 : 1 (D) 1 : 4
2. An insulating pipe of cross-section area 'A' contains an electrolyte which has two types of ionstheir
charges being –e and +2e. A potential difference applied between the ends of the pipe result in the
drifting of the two types of ions, having drift speed = v (–ve ion) and v/4 (+ve ion). Both ions have the
same number per unit volume = n. The current flowing through the pipe is
(A) nev A/2 (B) nev A/4 (C) 5nev A/2 (D) 3nev A/2
3. A current I flows through a uniform wire of diameter d when the mean electron drift velocity is V. The
same current will flow through a wire of diameter d/2 made of the same material if the mean drift velocity
of the electron is :
(A) v/4 (B) v/2 (C) 2v (D) 4v
4. A wire has a non-uniform cross-section as shown in figure. A steady current flows through it. The drift
speed of electrons at points P and Q is vP and vQ.
(A) vP = vQ (B) vP < vQ (C) vP > vQ (D) Data insufficient

5. A uniform copper wire carries a current i amperes and has p carriers per metre3. The length of the wire
is  metres and its cross-section area is s metre2. If the charge on a carrier is q coulombs, the drift
velocity in ms–1 is given by
(A) i/  sq (B) i/psq (C) psq/i (D) i/ps  q
6. The current in a metallic conductor is plotted against voltage at two different temperatures T1 and T2.
Which is correct.
(A) T1 > T2 (B) T1 < T2 (C) T1 = T2 (D) None of these

Ohm's Law and Circuit Analysis
7. A storage battery is connected to a charger for charging with a voltage of 12.5Volts. The internal resistance
of the storage battery is 1. When the charging current is 0.5 A, the emf of the storage battery is:
(A) 13 Volts (B) 12.5 Volts (C) 12 Volts (D) 11.5 Volts
8. Under what condition current passing through the resistance R can be increased by short circuiting the
battery of emf E2. The internal resistances of the two batteries are r1 and r2 respectively.
(A) E2r1 > E1 (R + r2) (B) E1r2 > E2 (R + r1) (C) E2r2 > E1 (R + r2) (D) E1r1 > E2 (R + r1)
9. A battery consists of a variable number n of identical cells having internal resistance connected in series.
The terminals of the battery are short circuited and the current I measured. Which one of the graph
below shows the relationship between I and n?
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
10. In previous problem, if the cell had been connected in parallel (instead of in series) which of the above
graphs would have shown the relationship between total current I and n?
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
11. In the figure shown, battery 1 has emf = 6 V and internal resistance = 1 . Battery 2 has emf = 2V and
internal resistance = 3 . The wires have negligible resistance. What is the potential difference across the
terminals of battery 2 ?
(A) 4 V (B) 1.5 V (C) 5 V (D) 0.5 V

12. A circuit is comprised of eight identical batteries and a resistor R = 0.8. Each battery has an emf of 1.0
V and internal resistance of 0.2. The voltage difference across any of the battery is
(A) 0.5V (B) 1.0V (C) 0 V (D) 2 V

13. A wire of length L and 3 identical cells of negligible internal resistances are connected in series. Due to
the current, the temperature of the wire is raised by T in time t. N number of similar cells is now
connected in series with a wire of the same material and cross section but of length 2L. The temperature
of the wire is raised by the same amount DT in the same time t. The value of N is :
(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 9
14. A wire of cross-section area A, length L1, resistivity 1 and temperature coefficient of resistivity 1 is
connected to a second wire of length L2, resistivity 2, temperature coefficient of resistivity 2 and the
same area A, so that wire carries same current. Total resistance R is independent of temperature for
small temperature change if (Thermal expansion effect is negligible)
(A) 1 = –2 (B) 1L11+2L22=0
(C) L11 + L2 2 = 0 (D) None of these
15. Resistances R1 and R2 each 60 are connected in series as shown in

figure. The Potential difference between A and B is kept 120 volt. Then
what will be the reading of voltmeter connected between the point C &
D if resistanceof voltmeter is 120.
(A) 48 V (B) 24 V (C) 40V (D) None of these
16. Consider an infinte ladder network shown in figure. A voltage V is applied between the points A and B.
This applied value of voltage is halved after each section.
(A) R1/R2 = 1 (B) R1/R2 = 1/2 (C) R1/R2 = 2 (D) R1/R2 = 3
17. In the given circuit the current flowing through the resisitance 20 ohms is 0.3 ampere while the ammetre
reads 0.8 ampere. What is the value of R1?
(A) 30 ohms (B) 40 ohms (C) 50 ohms (D) 60 ohms
18. A brass disc and a carbon disc of same radius are assembled alternatively to make a cylindrical conductor.
The resistance of the cylinder is independent of the temperature. The ratio of thickness of the brass disc
to that of the carbon disc is [ is temperature coefficient of resistance & Neglect linear expansion ]
 C C  C B  B C  B B
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
B B B C C B C C
19. In the circuit shown, what is the potential difference VPQ?
(A) + 3V (B) + 2V (C) –2V (D) None of these
20. In the circuit shown in figure reading of voltmeter is V1 when only S1 is closed, reading of voltmeter is V2
when only S2 is closed. The reading of voltmeter is V3 when both S1 and S2 are closed then
(A) V2 > V1 > V3 (B) V3 > V2 > V1 (C) V3 > V1 > V2 (D) V1 > V2 > V3
21. One end of a Nichrome wire of length 2L and cross-sectional area A is attatched to an end of another
Nichrome wire of length L and cross-sectional area 2A. If the free end of the longer wire is at an electric
potential of 8.0 volts, and the free end of the shorter wire is at an electric potential of 1.0 volt, the
potential at the junction of the two wires is equal to
(A) 2.4 V (B) 3.2 V (C) 4.5 V (D) 5.6 V
22. In the diagram resistance between any two junctions is R. Equivalent resistance across
terminals A and B is
11R 18R 7R 11R
(A) (B) (C) (D)
7 11 11 18
23. A cell of emf E has an internal resistance r & is connected to rheostat. When resistance R of rheostat is
changed correct graph of potential difference across it is
(A) (B) (C) (D)
24. The battery in the diagram is to be charged by the generator G. The generator has a terminal voltage of
120 volts when the charging current is10 amperes. The battery has an emf of 100 volts and an internal
resistance of 1 ohm. In order to charge the battery at 10 amperes charging current, the resistance R
should be set at
(A) 0.1  (B) 0.5  (C) 1.0  (D) 5.0 

25. Which of the following wiring diagrams could be used to experimentally determine R using ohm's law?
Assume an ideal voltmeter and an ideal ammeter.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
26. In the circuit shown in the figure, the current through :
(A) the 3 resistor is 0.50 A (B) the 3 resistor is 0.25 A

(C) 4  resistor is 0.50 A (D) the 4 resistor is 0.25 A
Instruments
27. In the figure shown the power generated in y is maximum when y = 5. Then R is
(A) 2  (B) 6  (C) 5  (D) 3
28. The variation of current (I) and voltage (V) is as shown in figure A. The variation of power P with current
I is best shown by which of the following graph
(A) (B) (C) (D)
29. When an ammeter of negligible internal resistance is inserted in series with circuit it reads 1A. When the
voltmeter of very large resistance is connected across X it reads 1V. When the point A and B are shorted
by a conducting wire, the voltmeter measures 10 V across the battery. The internal resistance of the
battery is equal to X Y
A B
12V
(A) zero (B) 0.5  (C) 0.2  (D) 0.1 
Joule Heating
30. Power generated across a uniform wire connected across a supply is H. If the wire is cut into n equal
parts and all the parts are connected in parallel across the same supply, the total power generated in the
wire is
H H
(A) (B) n2H (C) nH (D)
n2 n
31. When electric bulbs of same power, but different marked voltage are connected in series across the
power line, their brightness will be :
(A) proportional to their marked voltage
(B) inversely proportional to their marked voltage
(C) proportional to the square of their marked voltage
(D) inversely proportional to the square of their marked voltage
32. Two bulbs rated (25 W – 220V) and (100W – 220V) are connected in series to a 440 V line. Which
one is likely to fuse?
(A) 25 W bulb (B) 100 W bulb (C) both bulbs (D) None of these
33. Rate of dissipation of Joule’s heat in resistance per unit volume is (symbols have usual meaning)
(A)  E (B)  J (C) J E (D) None of these
34. If the length of the filament of a heater is reduced by 10%, the power of the heater will
(A) increase by about 9% (B) increase by about 11%
(C) increase by about 19% (D) decrease by about 10%
35. Two bulbs one of 200 volts, 60 watts & the other of 200 volts, 100 watts are connected in series to a
200 volt supply. The power consumed will be
(A) 37.5 watt (B) 160 watt (C) 62.5 watt (D) 110 watt
36. Three 60 W light bulbs are mistakenly wired in series and connected to a 120 V power supply. Assume
the light bulbs are rated for single connection to 120 V. With the mistaken connection, the power dissipated
by each bulb is:
(A) 6.7 W (B) 13.3 W (C) 20 W (D) 40 W
37. In a galvanometer, the deflection becomes one half when the galvanometer is shunted by a 20 resistor.
The galvanometer resistance is
(A) 5  (B) 10  (C) 40  (D) 20 

38. A galvanometer has a resistance of 20 and reads full-scale when 0.2 V is applied across it. To convert
it into a 10 A ammeter, the galvanometer coil should have a
(A) 0.01 resistor connected across it (B) 0.02 resistor connected across it
(C) 200 resistor connected in series with it (D) 2000  resistor connected in series with it
39. A milliammeter of range 10 mA and resistance 9  is joined in a circuit as shown. The metre gives
full-scale deflection for current I when A and B are used as its terminals, i.e., current enters at A and
leaves at B (C is left isolated). The value of I is
(A) 100 mA (B) 900 mA (C) 1 A (D) 1.1 A

40. A galvanometer coil has a resistance 90  and full scale deflection current 10 mA. A 910 resistance is
connected in series with the galvanometer to make a voltmeter. If the least count of the voltmeter is 0.1V,
the number of divisions on its scale is
(A) 90 (B) 91 (C) 100 (D) None of these
41. By error, a student places moving-coil voltmeter V (nearly ideal) in series with the resistance in a circuit
in order to read the current, as shown. The voltmeter reading will be
(A) 0 (B) 4V (C) 6V (D) 12V

42. ln a balanced wheat stone bridge, current in the galvanometer is zero. It remains zero when:
[1] battery emf is increased [2] all resistances are increased by 10 ohms
[3] all resistances are made five times [4] the battery and the galvanometer are interchanged
(A) only [1] is correct (B) [1], [2] and [3] are correct
(C) [1], [3] and [4] are correct (D) [1] and [3] are correct
43. A Wheatstone's bridge is balanced with a resistance of 625  in the third arm,where P, Q and S are in
the 1st, 2nd and 4th arm respectively. If P and Q are interchanged, the resistance in the third arm has to be
increased by 51 to secure balance. The unknown resistance in the fourth arm is
(A) 625  (B) 650  (C) 676  (D) 600 
44. The figure shows a metre-bridge circuit, with AB = 100 cm, X = 12 and R = 18, and the jockey
J in the position of balance. If R is now made 8, through what distance will J have to be moved to
obtain balance?
(A) 10 cm (B) 20 cm (C) 30 cm (D) 40 cm

45. A 6 V battery of negligible internal resistance is connected across a uniform wire of length 1 m. The
positive terminal of another battery of emf 4V and internal resistance 1  is joined to the point A as
shown in figure. The ammetershows zero deflection when the jockey touches the wire at the point C.
TheAC is equal to
(A) 2/3 m (B) 1/3 m (C) 3/5 m (D) 1/2 m
46. A potentiometer wire has length 10 m and resistance 10. It is connected to a battery of EMF 11 volt
and internal resistance 1 , then the potential gradient in the wire is
(A) 10 V/m (B) 1 V/m (C) 0.1 V/m (D) none
47. The length of a potentiometer wire is l. A cell of emf E is balanced at a length l/3 from the positive end of
the wire. If the length of the wire is increased by l/2. At what distance will the same cell give a balance
point.
2l l l 4l
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 2 6 3
48. An ammeter A of finite resistance, and a resistor R are joined in series to an ideal cell C. A potentiometer P
is joined in parallel to R. The ammeter reading is I0 and the potentiometer reading is V0. P is now replaced
by a voltmeter of finite resistance. The ammeter reading now is I and the volt meter reading is V.
C
R
A
(A) I > I0, V < V0 (B) I > I0, V = V0 (C) I = I0, V < V0 (D) I < I0, V =V0
49. In the given potentiometer circuit length of the wire AB is 3 m and resistance is R = 4.5 . The length
AC for no deflection in galvanometer is
(A) 2 m (B) 1.8 m (C) dependent on r1 (D) None of these
50. In the arrangement shown in figure when the switch S2 is open, the galvanometer shows no deflection for
l = L/2. When the switch S2 is closed, the galvanometer shows no deflection for l =5L/12. The internal
resistance (r) of 6 V cell, and the emf E of the other batteryare respectively
(A) 3, 8V (B) 2, 12V (C) 2, 24V (D) 3, 12V
EXERCISE (O-2)
1. A metallic conductor of irregular cross-section is as shown in the figure. A constant potential difference
is applied across the ends (1) and (2). Then :
(1) ×P ×Q (2)
(A) the current at the cross-section P equals the current at the cross-section Q
(B) the electric field intensity at P is less than that at Q.
(C) the rate of heat generated per unit time at Q is greater than that at P
(D) the number of electrons crossing per unit area of cross-section at P is less than that at Q.
2. Which of the following quantities do not change when an ohmic resistor connected to a battery isheated
due to the current?
(A) drift speed (B) resistivity (C) resistance (D) number of free electrons
3. A current passes through an ohmic conductor of nonuniform cross section. Which of the following
quantities are independent of the cross-section?
(A) the charge crossing in a given time interval. (B) drift speed
(C) current density (D) free-electron density
4. In the circuit shown E, F, G and H are cells of e.m.f. 2V, 1V, 3V and 1V respectively and their internal
resistances are 2, 1, 3 and 1respectively. A
(A) VD – VB = – 2/13 V F E

(B) VD – VB = 2/13 V D B
(C) VG = 21/13 V = potential difference across G.
G H
(D) VH = 19/13 V = potential difference across H.
C
5. Consider the circuit shown in the figure

(A) the current in the 5  resistor is 2 A
(B) the current in the 5  resistor is 1 A
(C) the potential difference VA – VB is 10 V
(D) the potential difference VA – VB is 5 V
6. A battery is of emf E is being charged from a charger such that positive terminal of the battery is connected
to terminal A of charger and negative terminal of the battery is connected to terminal B of charger. The
internal resistance of the battery is r.
(A) Potential difference across points A and B must be more than E.
(B) A must be at higher potential than B
(C) In battery, current flows from positive terminal to the negative terminal
(D) No current flows through battery
7. A simple circuit contains an ideal battery and a resistance R. If a second resistor is placed in parallel with
the first,
(A) the potential across R will decrease
(B) the current through R will decreased
(C) the current delivered by the battery will increase
(D) the power dissipated by R will increased.
8. The equivalent resistance of a group of resistances is R. If another resistance is connected in parallel to
the group, its new equivalent becomes R1 & if it is connected in series to the group, its new equivalent
becomes R2 we have :
(A) R1 > R (B) R1 < R (C) R2 > R (D) R2 < R
9. Two identical fuses are rated at 10A. If they are joined

(A) in parallel, the combination acts as a fuse of rating 20A
(B) in parallel, the combination acts as a fuse of rating 5A
(C) in series, the combination acts as a fuse of rating 10A.
(D) in series, the combination acts as a fuse of rating 20A.
10. A battery of emf E and internal resistance r is connected across a resistance R. Resistance R can be
adjusted to any value greater than or equal to zero. A graph is plotted between the current (i) passing
through the resistance and potential difference (V) across it. Select the correct alternative(s).
v
(A) internal resistance of battery is 5 (volt)
(B) emf of the battery is 20V 10
(C) maximum current which can be taken from the battery is 4A
(D) V- i graph can never be a straight line as shown in figure. 2
i
(ampere)
11. The value of the resistance R in figure is adjusted such that power dissipated in the 2 resistor is

maximum. Under this condition
(A) R = 0
(B) R = 8
12V
R
(C) Power dissipated in the 2  resistor is 72 W. 
(D) Power dissipated in the 2  resistor is 8 W.

12. A galvanometer may be converted into ammeter or voltmeter. In which of the following cases the resistance
of the device will be the largest ? (Asssume maximum range of galvanometer = 1 mA)
(A) an ammeter of range 10A (B) a voltmeter of range 5 V
(C) an ammeter of range 5 A (D) a voltmeter of range 10 V.
13. Mark out the correct options.
(A) An ammeter should have small resistance. (B) An ammeter should have large resistance.
(C) A voltmeter should have small resistance. (D) A voltmeter should have large resistance.
14 In the circuit shown the readings of ammeter and voltmeter are 4A and 20V respectively. The meters are
non ideal, then R is :
(A) 5 (B) less than 5
(C) greater than 5 (D) between 4 & 5
15. A micrometer has a resistance of 100 and a full scale range of 50A. It can be used as a voltmeter or
a higher range ammeter provided a resistance is added to it. Pick the correct range and resistance
combination(s).
(A) 50 V range with 10k resistance in series (B) 10 V range with 200 k resistance in series.
(C) 5 mA range with 1 resistance in parallel. (D) 10 mA range with 1 k resistance in parallel
16. In a potentiometer wire experiment the emf of a battery in the primary circuit is 20V and its internal
resistance is 5. There is a resistance box in series with the battery and the potentiometer wire, whose
resistance can be varied from 120 to 170. Resistance of the potentiometer wire is 75. The following
potential differences can be measured using this potentiometer.
(A) 5V (B) 6V (C) 7V (D) 8V
17. In the given potentiometer circuit, the resistance of the potentiometer wire AB is R0. C is a cell of internal
resistance r. The galvanometer G does not give zero deflection for any position of the jockey J. Which of
the following cannot be a reason for this?
(A) r > R0 (B) R > > R0

(C) emf of C > emf of D (D) The negative terminal of C is connected to A.
18. Electrons are emitted by a hot filament and are accelerated by an electric field as shown in figure. The
two stops at the left ensure that the electron beam has a uniform cross-section. Match the entries of
column-I with column-II as electron move from A to B :
E
A B
Column-I Column-II
(A) Speed of an electron (P) Inreases
(B) Number of free electrons per unit volume (Q) Decreases
(C) Current density (R) Remains same
(D) Electric potential (S) any of the above is possible
19. In the potentiometer arrangement shown in figure, null point is obtained at length  .
E1 R

J
E2
Column I Column II
(A) If E1 is increased (P)  should increase
(B) If R is increased (Q)  should decrease
(C) If E2 is increased (R)  should remain the same to
again get the null point
20. The diagram shows a circuit with two identical resistors. The battery has a negligible internal
resistance.What will the effect on the ammeter and voltmeter be if the switch S is closed?
Column I Column II
(A) Ammeter reading (P) Increases
(B) Voltmeter reading (Q) Decreases
(C) Equivalent resistance of circuit (R) Does not change
(D) Power dissipated across R in right branch. (S) Becomes zero
Comprehension#1
Ram and Shyam purchased two electric tea kettles 'A' and 'B' of same size, same thickness and same
volume of 0.4 litre. They studied the specification of kettles as under.
Kettle – A Kettle – B
Specific heat capacity = 1680 J/kg–K Specific heat capacity = 2520 J/kg–K
Mass = 200 gm Mass = 400 gm
Cost = 400 Rs. Cost = 400 Rs.
When kettle 'A' is switched on with constant source, the tea begins to boil in 6 minute. When kettle 'B'
is switched on with the same source separately then tea begins to boil in 8 minute.
energy used for liquid heating
The efficiency of kettle is defined as =
total energy supplied
They made discussion on specification and efficiency of kettles and subsequently prepared a list of
questions to draw the conclusions. Some of them are as under – (Assume specific heat of tea liquid as
4200 J/Kg–K and density as 1000 kg/m3)
21. Efficiency of kettle 'A' is
(A) 63.34 % (B) 83.33 % (C) 93.34 % (D) 73.34 %
22. Efficiency of kettle 'B' is
(A) 82.5 % (B) 72.5 % (C) 92.5 % (D) 62.5 %
23. Ratio of electricity consumed charges for one time boiling of tea in kettle A and kettle B
(A) 3 : 5 (B) 2 : 3 (C) 3 : 4 (D) 1 : 1
24. The resistance of coil of kettles A and B are 'RA' and 'RB' respectively, then we can say
(A) RA > RB (B) RA = RB
(C) RA < RB (D) can not be ascertained by above data.
25. If both the kettles are joined with the same source in series one after the other. Then boiling starts in
kettle 'A' and kettle 'B' after
(A) 4 times of their original time (B) equal to their original time
(C) 2 times of their original time (D) can not be ascertained by above data
Comprehension#2
Important aspect of fuse wire and battery
Electric fuse a protective device used in series with an electric circuit or an electric appliance to save
it from damage due to overheating produced by strong current in the circuit or appliance. Fuse wire
is generally made from an alloy of lead and tin which has high resistance and low melting point. It
is connected in series in an electric installation. If a circuit gets accidentally short–circuited, a large
current flows, then fuse wire melts away which causes a break in the circuit.
The power through fuse (P) is equal to heat energy lost per unit area per unit time (h) (neglecting heat
  
loses from ends of the wire). P = I2R = h × 2r .....  R   r and  are the length and radius
 r 2 
of fuse wire. A battery is described by it's Emf (E) and internal resistance (r) Efficiency of battery
is defined as the ratio of the output power and the input power
E r
output power E
= 100 % but I = ,
input power Rr
I
input power = EI , output power = EI – I2r R
 EI  I 2 r   Ir   E  r   R 
then     100  1    100  1       100     100
 EI   E  R  r  E  Rr
We know that output power of a source is maximum when the external resistance is equal to internal
resistance, i.e., R = r.
26. Two fuse wire of same material are having length ratio 1 : 2 and radius ratio 4 : 1. Then respective
ratio of their current rating will be
(A) 8 : 1 (B) 2 : 1 (C) 1 : 8 (D) 4 : 1
27. The maximum power rating of a 20.0  fuse wire is 2.0 kW, then this fuse wire can be connected
safely to a D.C. source (negligible internal resistance) of
(A) 300 volt (B) 190 volt (C) 250 volt (D) 220 volt
28. Efficiency of a battery (non–ideal) when delivering maximum power is

(A) 100% (B) 50% (C) 90% (D) 40%
EXERCISE - JM
1. Shown in the figure below is a meter - bridge set up with null deflection in the galvanometer
55 R
20cm [AIEEE-2008]
The value of the unknown resistor R is

(1) 13.75 (2) 220  (3) 110 (4) 55
2. A 5V battery with internal resistance 2 and a 2V battery with internal resistance1 are connected to
a 10  resistor as shown in the figure. The current in the 10 resistor is [AIEEE-2008]
P2
5V 10 2V
2 1
P1
(1) 0.27 A P2 to P1 (2) 0.03 A P1 to P2 (3) 0.03 A P2 to P1 (4) 0.27 A P1 to P2
Directions : Question No. 3 and 4 are based on the following paragraph.

Consider a block of conducting material of resistivey '  ' shown in the figure. Current ‘I’ enters at
‘A’ and leaves from ‘D’. We apply superposition prinicple to find voltage ' V ' developed between
‘B’ and ‘C’. The calculation is done in the following steps : [AIEEE-2008]
V
I I
A B C D
(i) Take current ‘I’ entering from ‘A’ and assume it to spread over a hemispherical surface in the block.
(ii) Calculate field E(r) at distance ‘r’ from A by using Ohm’s law E = j , where j is the current
per unit area at ‘r’
(iii) From the ‘r’ dependence of E(r), obtain the potential V(r) at r.
(iv) Repeat (i), (ii) and (iii) for current ‘I’ leaving ‘D’ and superpose results for ‘A’ and ‘D’
3. For current entering at A, the electric field at a distance ‘r’ from A is
I I I I
(1) (2) (3) (4)
8 r 2 r2 2 r 2 4 r 2
4. V measured between B and C is
I I I I I I I
(1) a    a  b  (2) a   a  b  (3) 2 a  2   a  b  (4) 2   a  b 
5. Statement–1 : The temperature dependence of resistance is usually given as R = R0(1+t). The

resistance of a wire changes from 100 to 150 when its temperature is increased from 27°C to 227°C.
This implies that  = 2.5 × 10–3/°C. [AIEEE-2009]
Statement–2 : R = R0(1 +t) is valid only when the change in the temperature T is small and
R = (R – R0) << R0.
(1) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true; Statement–2 is not the correct explanation of
Statement–1
(2) Statement–1 is false, Statement–2 is true
(3) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is false
(4) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true; Statement–2 is the correct explanation of Statement–1
6. Two conductors have the same resistance at 0°C but their temperature coefficients of resistance are 1
and 2. The respective temperature coefficients of their series and parallel combinations are nearly :
[AIEEE-2010]
1   2  1   2 1   2 1   2 1 2
(1) , (2) , 1   2 (3) 1  2 , (4) 1  2 ,   
2 2 2 2 1 2
7. If a wire is stretched to make it 0.1 % longer its resistance will :- [AIEEE-2011]

(1) decrease by 0.2% (2) decrease by 0.05%(3) increase by 0.05% (4) increase by 0.2%
8. If 400  of resistance is made by adding four 100  resistance of tolerance 5%, then the tolerance
of the combination is : [AIEEE-2011]
(1) 20% (2) 5% (3) 10% (4) 15%
9. The current in the primary circuit of a potentiometer is 0.2 A. The specific resistance and cross-section
of the potentiometer wire are 4 × 10–7 ohm metre and 8 × 10–7 m2 respectively. The potential gradient
will be equal to :- [AIEEE-2011]
(1) 0.2 V/m (2) 1 V/m (3) 0.5 V/m (4) 0.1 V/m
10. Two electric bulbs marked 25W-220 V and100 W-220 V are connected in series to a
440 V supply. Which of the bulbs will fuse ? [AIEEE-2012]
(1) Neither (2) Both (3) 100 W (4) 25 W
11. The supply voltage to a room is 120V. The resistance of the lead wires is 6. A 60 W bulb is already
switched on. What is the decrease of voltage across the bulb, when a 240 W heater is switched on in
parallel to the bulb? [AIEEE-2013]
(1) zero Volt (2) 2.9 Volt (3) 13.3 Volt (4) 10.04 Volt
12. This question has Statement I and Statement II. Of the four choice given after the Statements, choose
the one that best describes the two Statemens. [AIEEE-2013]
Statement-I : Higher the range, greater is the resistance of ammeter.
Statement-II : To increase the ragne of ammeter, additional shunt needs to be used across it.
(1) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is true, Statement-II is the correct explanation of Statement-I
(2) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is true, Statement-II is not the correct explanation of Statement-I.
(3) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is false.
(4) Statement-I is false, Statement-II is true.
13. In the circuit shown, the current in the 1 resistor is : 3 [JEE MAIN 2015]
6V P
(1) 0 A
(2) 0.13 A, from Q to P 9V
(3) 0.13 A, from P to Q
(4) 1.3 A, from P to Q
3 Q 3
14. When 5V potential difference is applied across a wire of length 0.1 m, the drift speed of electrons is
2.5 × 10–4ms–1 . If the electron density in the wire 8 × 1028 m–3, the resistivity of the material is close to :
[JEE MAIN 2015]
–7
(1) 1.6 × 10 m –6
(2) 1.6 × 10 m
–5
(3) 1.6 × 10 m (4) 1.6 × 10–8 m
15. A galvanometer having a coil resistance of 100  gives a full scale deflection, when a current of 1 mA is
passed through it. The value of the resistance, which can convert this galvanometer into ammeter giving a
full scale deflection for a current of 10 A is : [JEE MAIN 2016]
(1) 2 (2) 0.1  (3) 3  (4) 0.01 
16. 2V 2V 2V
2V 2V 2V
In the above circuit the current in each resistance is : [JEE MAIN 2017]
(1) 1 A (2) 0.25 A (3) 0.5 A (4) 0 A
17. When a current of 5 mA is passed through a galvanometer having a coil of resistance 15 , it shows full
scale deflection. The value of the resistance to be put in series with the galvanometer to convert it into a
voltmeter range 0– 10 V is : [JEE MAIN 2017]
(1) 1.985 × 10 3 (2) 2.045 × 10  3
(3) 2.535 × 10 3 (4) 4.005 × 103 
18. Two batteries with e.m.f. 12 V and 13 V are connected in parallel across a load resistor of 10. The
internal resisttance of the two batteries are 1  and 2  respectively. The voltage across the load lies
between : [JEE MAIN 2018]
(1) 11.7 V and 11.8 V (2) 11.6 V and 11.7 V
(3) 11.5 V and 11.6 V (4) 11.4 V and 11.5 V
19. On interchanging the resistances, the balance point of the meter bridge shifts to the left by 10 cm. The
resistance of their series combination is 1KHow much was the resistance on the left slot before
interchanging the resistance. [JEE MAIN 2018]
(1) 910  (2) 990  (3) 505  (4) 550 
20. In a potentiometer experiment, it is found that no current passes through the galvanometer when the
terminals of the cell are connected across 52 cm of the potentiometer wire. If the cell is shunted by the
resistance of 5, a balance is found when the cell is connected across 40 cm of the wire. Find the
internal resistance of the cell. [JEE MAIN 2018]
(1) 2.5 (2) 1 (3) 1.5 (4) 2
21. A carbon resistance has a following colour code. What is the value of the resistance?
[JEE Main-2019]
(1) 6.4 M  5% (2) 530 k  5% (3) 64 k  10% (4) 5.3 M  5%
22. A potentiometer wire AB having length L and resistance 12 r is joined to a cell D of emf  and internal
resistance r. A cell C having emf /2 and internal resistance 3r is connected. The length AJ at which
the galvanometer as shown in fig. shows no deflection is :
[JEE Main-2019]
13 11 5 11
(1) L (2) L (3) L (4) L
24 24 12 12
23. In the given circuit the cells have zero internal resistance. The currents (in Amperes) passing through
resistance R1, and R2 respectively, are:
[JEE Main-2019]
(1) 2, 2 (2) 0.5,0 (3) 1,2 (4) 0, 1
24. The actual value of resistance R, shown in the figure is 30. This is measured in an experiment as shown
V
using the standard formula R = , where V and I are the readings of the voltmeter and ammeter,,
I
respectively. If the measured value of R is 5% less, then the internal resistance of the voltmeter is :
[JEE Main-2019]
(1) 35 (2) 350 (3) 600 (4) 570
25. In a Wheatstone bridge (see fig.), Resistances P and Q are approximately equal. When R = 400 , the
bridge is balanced. On inter-changing P and Q, the value of R, for balance, is 405. The value of X is
close to :
[JEE Main-2019]
(1) 401.5 ohm (2) 404.5 ohm (3) 403.5 ohm (4) 402.5 ohm
26. In the experimental set up of metre bridge shown in the figure, the null point is obtained at a distance of
40 cm from A. If a 10 resistor is connected in series with R1, the null point shifts by 10 cm. The
resistance that should be connected in parallel with (R1 + 10) such that the null point shifts back to its
initial position is [JEE Main-2019]
(1) 20  (2) 60 (3) 40  (4) 30
27. A galvanometer having a resistance of 20  and 30 divisions on both sides has figure of merit 0.005
ampere/division. The resistance that should be connected in series such that it can be used as a voltmeter
upto 15 volt, is :- [JEE Main-2019]
(1) 80  (2) 125  (3) 120  (4) 120 
28. The galvanometer deflection, when key K1 is closed but K2 is open, equals 0 (see figure). On closing
0
K2 also and adjusting R2 to 5, the deflection in galvanometer becomes . The resistance of the
5
galvanometer is, then, given by [Neglect the internal resistance of battery]: [JEE Main-2019]
(1) 5 (2) 25 (3) 22 (4) 12
dR
29. In a meter bridge, the wire of length 1 m has a non-uniform cross-section such that, the variation of
d
dR 1
its resistance R with length  is  Two equal resistances are connected as shown in the figure.
d 
The galvanometer has zero deflection when the jockey is at point P. What is the length AP?
[JEE Main-2019]
(1) 0.2m (2) 0.35 m (3) 0.25m (4) 0.3 m
30. In a conductor, if the number of conduction electrons per unit volume is 8.5 × 1028 m–3 and mean free
time is 25 fs (femto second), it’s approximate resistivity is :
[JEE Main-2019]
–31
(me = 9.1 × 10 kg)
(1)10–6m (2) 10–8 m (3) 10–5 m (4) 10–7 m
31. A current of 5 A passes through a copper conductor (resistivity = 1.7 × 10–8 m) of radius of cross-
section 5 mm. Find the mobility of the charges if their drift velocity is 1.1 × 10–3 m/s
[JEE Main-2019]
(1) 1.3 m2 /Vs (2) 1.0 m2 /Vs (3) 1.5 m2 /Vs (4) 1.8 m2 /Vs
32. In an experiment, the resistance of a material is plotted as a function of temperature (in some range). As
shown in the figure, it is a straight line One may conclude that [JEE Main-2019]
2
T02 2
T02
(1) R(T)  R 0 e T (2) R(T)  R 0 e  T
2
T2
R0
(3) R (T)  R 0 e  T 0
(4) R(T) 
T2
33. To verify Ohm’s law, a student connects the voltmeter across the battery as, shown in the figure. The
measure d voltage is plotted as a function of the current, and the following graph is obtained
[JEE Main-2019]
If V0 is almost zero, identify the correct statement:

(1) The potential different across the battery is 1.5 V when it sends a current of 1000 mA
(2) The value of the resistance R is 1.5 
(3) The emf of the battery is 1.5 V and the value of R is 1.5 
(4) The emf of the battery is 1.5 V and its internal resistance is 1.5 
34. A moving coil galvanometer, having a resistance G, produces full scale deflection when a current Ig flows
through it. This galvanometer can be converted into (i) an ammeter of range 0 to I0 (I0 > Ig) by connecting
a shunt resistance RA to it and (ii) into a voltmeter of range 0 to V (V = GI0) by connecting a series
resistance RV to it. Then, [JEE Main-2019]
2
RA Ig  I0  Ig  R  Ig 
2
(1) RARV = G and R  2 
(2) RARV = G  I  and A   
V (I0  Ig )  g  R V  (I0  Ig ) 
2 2
 Ig  R  I0  Ig  R  Ig 
2 
(3) RARV = G  I  I  and A    (4) RARV = G2 and A   
 0 g  R V  Ig  R V  (I 0  I g ) 
35. The current I1 (in A) flowing through 1 resistor in the following circuit is : [JEE Main-2020]
(1) 0.25 (2) 0.4 (3) 0.5 (4) 0.2

36. The length of a potentiometer wire is 1200 cm and it carries a current of 60 mA. For a cell of emf 5 V
and internal resistance of 20 , the null point on it is found to be at 1000 cm. The resistance of whole
wire is: [JEE Main-2020]
(1) 60  (2) 80  (3) 100  (4) 120 
37. In a meter bridge experiment S is a standard resistance. R is a resistance

wire. It is found that balancing length is l = 25 cm. If R is replaced by a
wire of half length and half diameter that of R of same material, then the
balancing distance l’ (in cm) will now be _______. [JEE Main-2020]
38. Consider four conducting materials copper, tungsten, mercury and aluminium with resistivity C, T, M
and A respectively. Then: [JEE Main-2020]
(1)A > M > C (2) A > T > C (3)M > A > C (4) C > A > T
39. A potentiometer wire PQ of 1 m length is connected to a standard cell E1. Another cell E2 of emf 1.02 V
is connected with a resistance V and switch S (as shown in figure). With switch S open, the null position
is obtained at a distance of 49 cm from Q. The potential gradient in the potentiometer wire is :
[JEE Main-2020]
(1) 0.04 V/cm (2) 0.02 V/cm (3) 0.03 V/cm (4) 0.01 V/cm
40. An ideal cell of emf 10 V is connected in circuit shown in figure. Each resistance is 2. The potential
difference (in V) across the capacitor when it is fully charged is _______. [JEE Main-2020]
41. Two resistors 400  and 800  are connected in series across a 6 V battery. The potential difference
measured by a voltmeter of 10 k across 400 resistor is close to : [JEE Main-2020]
(1) 1.95 V (2) 2 V (3) 2.05 V (4) 1.8 V
42. Which of the following will NOT be observed when a multimeter (operating in resistance measuring
mode) probes connected across a component, are just reversed ? [JEE Main-2020]
(1) Both cases i.e. before and after reversing the probes if the chosen component is metal wire.
(2) Multimeter shows NO deflection in both cases i.e. before and after reversing the probes if the chosen
component is capacitor.
(3) Multimeter shows an equal deflection in both cases i.e. befor and afte reversing the probes if the
chosen component is resistor.
(4) Multimeter shows a deflection, accompanied by a splash of light out of connected component in one
direction and NO deflection on reversing the probes if the chosen components is LED.
43. A galvanometer coil has 500 turns and each turn has an average area of 3 ×10–4 m2. If a torque of 1.5
Nm is required to keep this coil parallel to a magnetic field when a current of 0.5 A is flowing through it
the strength of the field (in T) is____________, [JEE Main-2020]
44. A battery of 3.0 V is connected to a resistor dissipating 0.5 W of power. If the terminal voltage of the
battery is 2.5 V, the power dissipated within the internal resistance is: [JEE Main-2020]
(1) 0.50 W (2) 0.10 W (3) 0.125 W (4) 0.072 W
45.
Four resistances 40 , 60 , 90  and 110  make the arms of a quadrilateral ABCD. Across AC is
a battery of emf 40 V and internal resistance negligible. The potential difference across BD in V is
_______. [JEE Main-2020]
46. An electrical power line, having a total resistance of 2 , delivers 1 kW at 220 V. The efficiency of the
transmission line is approximately: [JEE Main-2020]
(1) 91% (2) 72% (3) 85% (4) 96%
47. A galvanometer of resistance G is converted into a voltmeter of range 0–IV by connecting a resistance
R, in series with it. The additional resistance that should be connected in series with R1 to increase the
range of the voltmeter to 0–2V will be: [JEE Main-2020]
(1) R1 (2) G (3) R1 – G (4) R1 + G
48. In the circuit, given in the figure currents in different branches and value of one resistor are shown Then
potential at point B with respect to the point A is : [JEE Main-2020]
(1) +1 V (2) – 2V (3) + 2V (4) –1 V
49. A galvanometer is used in laboratory for detecting the null point in electrical experiments. If, on passing
a current of 6 mA it produces a deflection of 2°, its figure of merit is close to : [JEE Main-2020]
–3
(1) 666° A/div. (2) 333° A/div. (3) 3 × l0 A/div. (4) 6 × 10–3 A/div.
50. A circuit to verify Ohm’s law uses ammeter and voltmeter in series or parallel connected correctly to the
resistor. In the circuit : [JEE Main-2020]
(1) ammeter is always connected series and voltmeter in parallel.
(2) Both, ammeter and voltmeter mast be connected in series.
(3) Both ammeter and voltmeter must be connected in parallel.
(4) ammeter is always used in parallel and voltmeter is series.
51. In the figure shown, the current in the 10 V battery is close to : [JEE Main-2020]
(1) 0.36 A from negative to positive terminal.

(2) 0.71 A from positive to negative terminal.
52. Model a torch battery of length l to be made up of a thin cylindrical bar of radius ‘a’ and a concentric thin
cylindrical shell of radius ‘b’ filled in between with an electrolyte of resistivity  (see figure). If the battery
is connected to a resistance of value R, the maximum Joule heating in R will take place for:
[JEE Main-2020]
 b 2  b   b  b

(1) R  ln  (2) R  ln  (3) R  ln  (4) R  ln 
2l  a  l  a  2l  a  l  a 
53. The value of current i1 flowing from A to C in the circuit diagram is : [JEE Main-2020]
(1) 2 A (2) 5 A (3) 1 A (4) 4 A
54. A current through a wire depends on time as i = 0t + t2 where 0 = 20 A/s and  = 8 As–2. Find the
charge crossed through a section of the wire in 15 s. [JEE Main-2021]
(1) 2250 C (2) 11250 C (3) 2100 C (4) 260 C
55. A cell E1 of emf 6V and internal resistance 2is connected with another cell E2 of emf 4V and internal
resistance 8 (as shown in the figure). The potential difference across points X and Y is :
[JEE Main-2021]
(1) 10.0 V (2) 3.6 V (3) 5.6V (4) 2.0 V
56. A uniform metallic wire is elongated by 0.04 m when subjected to a linear force F. The elongation, if its
length and diameter is doubled and subjected to the same force will be _____ cm.
[JEE Main-2021]
57. A cylindrical wire of radius 0.5 mm and conductivity 5 × 107 S/m is subjected to an electric field of 10
mV/m. The expected value of current in the wire will be x3 mA. The value of x is ____.
[JEE Main-2021]
58. In the given circuit of potentiometer, the potential difference E across AB (10m length) is larger than E1
and E2 as well. For key K1 (closed), the jockey is adjusted to touch the wire at point J1 so that there is
no deflection in the galvanometer. Now the first battery (E1) is replaced by second battery (E2) for
working by making K1 open and K2 closed. The galvanometer gives then null deflection at J2. The value
E1 a
of E is , where a = _______. [JEE Main-2021]
2 b
EXERCISE (JA)
1. Arrange the order of power dissipated in the given circuits, if the same current is passing through all
circuits and each resistor is 'r' [IIT JEE- 2003 (Scr)]
A B
(1) (2) A B
(3) A B (4) A B
(A) P2 > P3 > P4 > P1 (B) P3 > P2 > P4 > P1 (C) P4 > P3 > P2 > P1 (D) P1 > P2 > P3 > P4
2. In the given circuit, no current is passing through the galvanometer. fi the cross-sectional diameter of
AB is doubled then for null point of galvanometer the value of AC would [IIT JEE-2003]
A B
x C
(A) x (B) x/2 (C) 2x (D) None
3. How a battery is to be connected so that shown rheostat will behave like a potential divider? Also
indicate the points about which output can be taken. [IIT JEE-2003]
C
A B
R
4. Which of the following set–up can be used to verify Ohm's law ? [IIT JEE-2003]
A A V
(A) V (B) A V (C) (D)

V A
5. Six equal resistances are connected between points P,Q and R as shown in the figure. Then, the net
resistance will be maximum between [IIT JEE-2004 (Scr)]
P
Q R
(A) P and Q (B) Q and R (C) P and R (D) any two points
6. For the post office box arrangement to determine the value of unknown B C D
resistance, the unknown resistance should be connected between
[IIT JEE-2004 (Scr)]
(A) B and C (B) C and D
(C) A and D (D) B1 and C1 A
B1 C1
7. Draw the circuit for experimental verification of Ohm's law using a source of variable DC voltage, a main
resistance of 100 , two galvanometers and two resistances of values 106  and 10–3  respectively.
Clearly show the positions of the voltmeter and the ammeter. [IIT JEE-2004]
8. In the figure shown the current through 2 resistor is [IIT JEE- 2005]
10V 10
5
2 20V
(A) 2A (B) 0 A (C) 4 (D) 6 A
9. Which of the following groups do not have same dimensions [IIT JEE- 2005 (Scr)]
(A) Young’s modulus, pressure, stress
(B) work, heat, energy
(C) electromotive force, potential difference, voltage
(D) electric dipole, electric flux, electric field
10. A galvanometer has resistance 100 and it requires current 100A for full scale deflection. A resistor
0.1 is connected to make it an ammeter. The smallest current required in the circuit to produce the full
scale deflection is [IIT JEE- 2005 (Scr)]
(A) 1000.1 mA (B) 1.1 mA (C) 10.1 mA (D) 100.1 mA
11. An unknown resistance X is to be determined using resistances R1, R2 or R3. Their corresponding null
points are A, B and C. Find which of the above will give the most accurate reading and why?
[IIT JEE-2005]
X R
G
A B C
R=R1 or R2 or R3
12. A rigid container with thermally insulated walls contains a coil of resistance 100 , carrying current 1 A.
Change in internal energy after 5 min will be [IIT JEE- 2005]
(A) zero (B) 10 kJ (C) 20 kJ (D) 30 kJ
13. Consider a cylindrical element as shown in the figure. Current flowing through the element is I and
resistivity of material of thecylinder is . Choose the correct option out the following. [IIT JEE- 2006]
A B
C
4r I 2r
l/2 l/2
(A) Power loss in second half is four times the power loss in first half.
(B) Voltage drop in first half is twice of voltage drop in second half.
(C) Current density in both halves are equal.
(D) Electric field in both halves is equal.
14. A resistance of 2 is connected across one gap of a metre–bridge (the length of the wire is 100 cm) and
an unknown resistance, greater than 2, is connected across the other gap. When these resistances are
interchanged, the balance point shifts by 20 cm. Neglecting any corrections, the unknown resistance is :
[IIT JEE- 2007]
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6
15. Figure shows three resistor configurations R1, R2 and R3 connected to 3V battery. If the power dissipated
by the configuration R1, R2 and R3 is P1, P2 and P3, respectively, then : [IIT JEE- 2008]
1 1
1 3V
1 3V 1
1
1 3V 1
1 1 1
1 1
1 1
R1 R2 R3
(A) P1 > P2 > P3 (B) P1 > P3 > P2 (C) P2 > P1 > P3 (D) P3 > P2 > P1
16. STATEMENT–1 : In a Meter Bridge experiment, null point for an unknown resistance is measured.
Now, the unknown resistance is put inside an enclosure maintained at a higher temperature. The null
point can be obtained at the same point as before by decreasing the value of the standard resistance.
and [IIT JEE- 2008]
STATEMENT-2 : Resistance of a metal increases with increase in temperature.
(A)Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True ; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for Statement1
(C) Statement–1 is True, Statement–2 is False.
(D) Statement–1 is False, Statement–2 is True.
17. For the circuit shown in the figure [IIT-JEE 2009]

I 2k
(A) the current I through the battery is 7.5 mA R1
(B) the potential difference across RL is 18 V

24V 6k R2 RL 1.5k
(C) ratio of powers dissipated in R1 and R2 is 3
(D) If R1 and R2 are interchanged magnitude of the power dissipated in RL will decrease by a factor of 9
18. Incandescent bulbs are designed by keeping in mind that the resistance of their filament increases with
the increase in temperature. If at room temperature, 100 W, 60 W and 40 W bulbs have filament
resistance R100, R60 and R40, respectively, the relation between these resistances is [IIT JEE- 2010]
1 1 1
(A) R  R  R (B) R100 = R40 + R60
100 40 60
1 1 1
(C) R100 > R60 > R40 (D) R  R  R
100 60 40
19. To verify Ohm’s law, a student is provided with a test resistor RT, a high resistance R1, a small
resistance R2, two identical galvanometers G1 and G2, and a variable voltage source V. The correct
circuit to carry out the experiment is : [IIT JEE- 2010]
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
20. Consider a thin square sheet of side L and thickness t, made of a material of resistivity . The resistance
between two opposite faces, shown by the shaded areas in the figure is [IIT JEE- 2010]
(A) directly proportional to L (B) directly proportional to t

(C) independent of L (D) independent of t
21. When two identical batteries of internal resistance 1 each are connected in series across a resistor R,
the rate of heat produced in R is J1. When the same batteries are connected in parallel across R, the rate
is J2. If J1 = 2.25 J2 then the value of R in  is [IIT JEE- 2010]
22. Two batteries of different emfs and different internal resistances are connected as shown. The voltage
across AB in volts is [IIT JEE- 2011]
6V 1
A B
3V 2
23. A meter bridge is set-up as shown, to determine an unknown resistance ‘X’ using a standard 10 ohm
resistor. The galvanometer shows null point when tapping-key is at 52 cm mark. The end-corrections
are 1 cm and 2 cm respectively for the ends A and B. The determined value of ‘X’ is [IIT JEE- 2011]
X 10
A B
(A) 10.2 ohm (B) 10.6 ohm (C) 10.8 ohm (D) 11.1 ohm
24. For the resistance network shown in the figure, choose the correct option(s).
P I2 2 S
[IIT JEE- 2012] 2 2
(A) the current through PQ is zero 1 1
4
(B) I1 = 3A 4 4
Q T
(C) The potential at S is less than that at Q I1
(D) I2 = 2A
12V
25. Heater of an electric kettle is made of a wire of length L and diameter d. It takes 4 minutes to raise the
temperature of 0.5 kg water by 40 K. This heater is replaced by a new heater having two wires of the
same material, each of length L and diameter 2d. The way these wires are connected is given in the
options. How much time in minutes will it take to raise the temperature of the same amount of water by
40K? [JEE Adv.-2014(Paper-1)]
(A) 4 if wires are in parallel (B) 2 if wires are in series
(C) 1 if wires are in series (D) 0.5 if wires are in parallel.
26. Two ideal batteries of emf V1 and V2 and three resistances R1, R2 and R3 are connected as shown in the
figure. The current in resistance R2 would be zero if
V1 R1
R2
R3
[JEE Adv.-2014(Paper-1)]
(A) V1 = V2 and R1 = R2 = R3 (B) V1 = V2 and R1 = 2R2 = R3
(C) V1 = 2V2 and 2R1 = 2R2 = R3 (D) 2V1 = V2 and 2R1 = R2 = R3
27. A galvanometer gives full scale deflection with 0.006 A current. By connecting it to a 4990  resistance,
2n
it can be converted into a voltmeter of range 0 –30 V. If connected to a  resistance, it becomes
249
an ammeter of range 0 – 1.5 A. The value of n is [JEE Adv.-2014(Paper-1)]
28. During an experiment with a metre bridge, the galvanometer shows a null point when the jockey is
pressed at 40.0 cm using a standard resistance of 90, as shown in the figure. The least count of the
scale used in the metre bridge is 1 mm. The unknown resistance is [JEE Adv.-2014(Paper-2)]
R 90
40.0cm
(A) 60  0.15 (B) 135  0.56 (C) 60  0.25 (D) 135  0.23
29. In an aluminium (Al) bar of square cross section, a square hole is drilled and is filled with iron (Fe) as
shown in the figure. The electrical resistivities of A l and Fe are 2.7 × 10–8 m and 1.0 × 10–7 m,
respectively. The electrical resistance between the two faces P and Q of the composite bar is
A1 50 mm
Fe
2 mm P
7 mm
2475 1875 1875 2475
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D) 
64 64 49 132
30. In the following circuit, the current through the resistor R  (2 ) is I Amperes. The value of I is
31. An infinite line charge of uniform electric charge density  lies along the axis of an electrically conducting
infinite cylindrical shell of radius R. At tme t = 0, the space inside the cylinder is filled with a material of
permittivity  and electrical conductivity . The electrical conduction in the material follows Ohm's law.
Which one of the following graphs best describes the subsequent variation of the magnitude of current
density j(t) at any point the material? [JEE Adv.-2016(Paper-1)]
j(t) j(t)
(A) (B)
t t
(0,0) (0,0)
j(t) j(t)
(C) (D)
t t
(0,0) (0,0)
32. An incandescent bulb has a thin filament of tungsten that is heated to high temperature by passing an
electric current. The hot filament emits black-body radiation. The filament is observed to break up at
random location after a sufficiently long time of operation due to non-uniform evaporation of tungsten
from the filament. If the bulb is powered at constant voltage, which of the following statement(s) is(are)
ture? [JEE Adv.-2016(Paper-1)]
(A) The temeprature distribution over the filament is uniform
(B) The resistance over small sections of the filament decreases with time
(C) The filament emits more light at higher band of frequencies before it breaks up
(D) The filament consumes less electrical power towards the end of the life of the bulb
33. Consider two identical galvanometers and two identical resistors with resistance R. If the internalresistance
of the galvanometers RC < R/2, which of the following statement(s) about any one of the galvanometers
is(are) true? [JEE Adv.-2016(Paper-2)]
(A) The maximum voltage range is obtained when all the components are connected in series
(B) The maximum voltage range is obtained when the two resistors and one galvanometer are connected
in series, and the second galvanometer is connected in parallel to the first galvanometer
(C) The maximum current range is obtained when all the components are connected in parallel
(D) The maximum current range is obtained when the two galvanometers are connected in series and the
combination is connected in parallel with both the resistors
34. Two identical moving coil galvanometers have 10  resistance and full scale deflection at 2 A current.
One of them is converted into a voltmeter of 100 mV full scale reading and the other into an Ammeter of
1mA full scale current using appropriate resistors. These are then used to measure the voltage and
current in the Ohm’s law experiment with R = 1000  H resistor by using an ideal cell. Which of the
following statement(s) is are correct? [JEE Advanced–2019]
(A) The resistance of the Voltmeter will be 100 
(B) The resistance of the Ammeter will be 0.02 (round off to 2nd decimal place)
(C) The measured value of R will be 978 < R < 982 
(D) If the ideal cell is replaced by a cell having internal resistance of 5  then the measured value of R
will be more than 1000 
35. Shown in the figure is a semicircular metallic strip that has thickness t and resistivity  . Its inner radius is
R1 and outer radius is R2. If a voltage V0 is applied between its two ends, a current Ι flows in it. In
addition, it is observed that a transverse voltage ΔV develops between its inner and outer surfaces due to
purely kinetic effects of moving electrons (ignore any role of the magnetic field due to the current). Then
(figure is schematic and not drawn to scale)- [JEE Advanced–2020]
V0 t  R 2 
(A) I  ln
  R1 
(B) the outer surface is at a higher voltage than the inner surface
(C) the outer surface is at a lower voltage than the inner surface
(D) ΔV  I2
36. In the balanced condition, the values of the resistances of the four arms of a Wheatstone bridge are
shown in the figure below. The resistance R3 has temperature coefficient 0.0004 °C–1. 0If the temperature
of R3 is increased by 100 °C, the voltage developed between S and T will be ________volt.
[JEE Advanced–2020]
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE (S-1)
1 r 2
1. I/A 2. S = en l <v> / j 3. P = I me l/e 4.  (22  1 )
R 3l
5. (a) J0A / 3; (b) 2J0 A/3 6. Remains same 7. 3:1

8. Take the radius of the earth = 6.37 × 106 m and obtain total charge of the globe. Divide it by current to
obtain time = 283 s. Still this method gives you only an estimate: it is not strictly correct.Why?
9. (a) (i) in series, (ii) all in parallel: n2.
(b) (i) Join 1, 2 in parallel and the combination in series with 3,
(ii) Parallel combination of 2 and 3 in series with 1,
(iii) all in series, (iv) all in parallel.
(c) (i) (16/3) , (ii) 5 R.
10. I = 2.5 A. V = 3.5 Volts 11. 12A, –20W 12. R 1R 2 13. 4
14. 1 15. 600 16. 20/3 V 17. 7.5 mA 18. 1V 19. 46.67 cm
10
20. 4 ohm 21. , 5 22. 20 ohm 23. 7.5 m, 8.75 m,6.25 m
3
24. 3.5 A
(k  1) 2 k ((k  1) / k 2 )v0
25. (i) , (ii)
k (k  1) R3
26. R1 = 0.0278, R2 = 0.25, R3 = 2.5 27. 233.3, 144V
28. (i) 1.01 (ii) 0-5A, 0-10V, (iii) 0.05 A 29. 2.25 V 30. 025 31. 3
EXERCISE (S-2)
1. 5 × 10–7 a 2. (i) 10.52 ; (ii) 0.3125  3. 4/9 kg/ sec., 450 sec.
22
4. (i) Vab = –12 V, (ii) 3 amp from b to a 5. 7.2 m 6.  Vn
9
5
7.  eff   8. Rmax = 45 9. (a) 6 M, (b) 1
4
1  t  Rt i 2 Q2 2 R
10. (i) i 0 t 0 ; (ii) i  i 0 1   ; (iii) 0 0 11.
2  t0  3 8T
EXERCISE (O-1)
1. C 2. D 3. D 4. C 5. B 6. B 7. C
8. B 9. D 10. A 11. C 12. C 13. B 14. B
15. A 16. B 17. D 18. A 19. B 20. A 21. A
22. D 23. D 24. C 25. B 26. D 27. D 28. B
29. C 30. B 31. C 32. A 33. C 34. B 35. A
36. A 37. D 38. B 39. C 40. C 41. D 42. C
43. B 44. B 45. A 46. B 47. B 48. A 49. D
50. B
EXERCISE (O-2)
1. ABCD 2. D 3. AD 4. ACD 5. A 6. ABC 7. C
8. BC 9. AC 10. A 11. AC 12. D 13. AD 14 C
15. BC 16. ABC 17. A 18. (A)P; (B)Q; (C)R;(D)P;
19. (A)Q; (B)P; (C)P; 20. (A) P; (B) P; (C) Q; (D) Q, S
21. B 22. D 23. C 24. B 25. A 26. A 27. B
28. B
EXERCISE - JM
1. 2 2. 3 3. 3 4. 3 5. 2 6. 1 7. 4
8. 2 9. 4 10. 4 11. 4 12. 4 13. 2 14. 3
15. 4 16. 4 17. 1 18. 3 19. 4 20. 3 21. 2
22. 1 23. 2 24. 4 25. 4 26. 2 27. 1 28. 3
29. 3 30. 2 31. 2 32. 3 33. 4 34. 4 35. 4
36. 3 37. (40.00) 38. 3 39. 2 40. 8.00 41. 1 42. 2
43. 20.00 44. 2 45. 2 46. 4 47. 4 48. 1 49. 3
50. 1 51. 3 52. 1 53. 3 54. 2 55. 3 56. 2
57. 5 58. 1
EXERCISE (JA)
1. A 2. A
3. Battery should be connected across A and B.
Out put can be taken across the terminals A and C or B and C
Voltmeter
6
10 
G1
100 Ammeter
4. A 5. A 6. C 7.
G2 10 
–3
E
8. B 9. D 10. D 12. D 13. A 14. A 15. C
16. D 17. AD 18. D 19. C 20. C 21. 4 22. 5
23. B 24. ABCD 25. BD 26. ABD 27. 5 28. C 29. B
30. 1 31. C 32. CD 33. BC 34. BC 35. ACD
36. 0.26 to 0.27
Child Help Line No. 1098, Hope Society Kota + 91-72443 33666

3 CurrentElectricity UNACADEMY-FINAL

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NUCLEUS

Dependence of Resistance on Temperature :

II - Law (Loop analysis) :The algebraic sum of all the voltages in

(2) Resistances in Parallel :

Current through the galvanometer is zero (null point or balance point) if

terminal potential 1.6 15

Sol. Given circuit can be modified according to following figures

Ammeter is represented as follows –

If maximum value of current to be measured by ammeter is I then IG . RG = (I – IG)S

For maximum potential difference

13. METRE BRIDGE (USED TO MEASURE UNKNOWN RESISTANCE)

14. COLOUR CODE FOR CARBON RESISTORS

Ex. Draw a colour code for 42 k  ± 10% carbon resistance.

Sol. Number for yellow is 4, Number of violet is 7

3. The total momentum of electrons in a straight wire of length l carrying a current I is

4. A long conductor of circular cross-section has radius r and lenghtl as 2

Ohm's Law and Circuit Analysis

100 100 200

HCV Exercises (Chapter No. 30 - 20,21,24,30,35,36,39,41,44,45,46)

28. A galvanometer (coil resistance 99) is converted into a 12V 12V r

HCV Exercises (Chapter No. 32 – 50,51,52,54,55,56)

4. In the circuit shown in figure, calculate the following :

(A) vP = vQ (B) vP < vQ (C) vP > vQ (D) Data insufficient

(A) T1 > T2 (B) T1 < T2 (C) T1 = T2 (D) None of these

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

(A) 4 V (B) 1.5 V (C) 5 V (D) 0.5 V

(A) 0.5V (B) 1.0V (C) 0 V (D) 2 V

15. Resistances R1 and R2 each 60 are connected in series as shown in

(A) R1/R2 = 1 (B) R1/R2 = 1/2 (C) R1/R2 = 2 (D) R1/R2 = 3

(A) 30 ohms (B) 40 ohms (C) 50 ohms (D) 60 ohms

19. In the circuit shown, what is the potential difference VPQ?

(A) + 3V (B) + 2V (C) –2V (D) None of these

(A) (B) (C) (D)

(A) 0.1  (B) 0.5  (C) 1.0  (D) 5.0 

(A) (B) (C) (D)

26. In the circuit shown in the figure, the current through :

(A) the 3 resistor is 0.50 A (B) the 3 resistor is 0.25 A

(A) 2  (B) 6  (C) 5  (D) 3

(A) (B) (C) (D)

(A) zero (B) 0.5  (C) 0.2  (D) 0.1 

(A) 5  (B) 10  (C) 40  (D) 20 

(A) 100 mA (B) 900 mA (C) 1 A (D) 1.1 A

(A) 0 (B) 4V (C) 6V (D) 12V

(A) 625  (B) 650  (C) 676  (D) 600 

(A) 10 cm (B) 20 cm (C) 30 cm (D) 40 cm

(A) 2/3 m (B) 1/3 m (C) 3/5 m (D) 1/2 m

(A) 2 m (B) 1.8 m (C) dependent on r1 (D) None of these

5. Consider the circuit shown in the figure

9. Two identical fuses are rated at 10A. If they are joined

(D) Power dissipated in the 2  resistor is 8 W.

(A) r > R0 (B) R > > R0

28. Efficiency of a battery (non–ideal) when delivering maximum power is

The value of the unknown resistor R is

(1) 0.27 A P2 to P1 (2) 0.03 A P1 to P2 (3) 0.03 A P2 to P1 (4) 0.27 A P1 to P2

Directions : Question No. 3 and 4 are based on the following paragraph.

5. Statement–1 : The temperature dependence of resistance is usually given as R = R0(1+t). The

7. If a wire is stretched to make it 0.1 % longer its resistance will :- [AIEEE-2011]

(3) 2.535 × 10 3 (4) 4.005 × 103 

(1) 2, 2 (2) 0.5,0 (3) 1,2 (4) 0, 1

(1) 35 (2) 350 (3) 600 (4) 570

(1) 20  (2) 60 (3) 40  (4) 30