Hist.3AI.

13. The Hist. Of Modern Europe. Ch.8 - The New Philosophy of Science
1. What does the story about Galileo Galilei and Pope Urban VIII tell us about the situation in
Europe at that time? It tells us that The Church decided whether a thing is true or not and
their decesion was based on old beliefs and that everything that oppose them is wrong and
should be punished.
2. Up to the 17th century, which ideas about the cosmos had been dominating? That the earth
is located at the center of the universe and that the cosmos have a heirarchial order
comprised of a seires of spheres that became progressively purer.
3. The text mentions the advancement in certain scientific fields during the Middle Ages. What
were they? If you mean feilds they are( astronomy, medicine, biology and physics) If you
mean inventions they only mentioned eye glasses.
4. Again, how did the Arabs and Byzantium constribute to the rise of the Renaissance?
Byzantium kept greek texts so, when arabs conquered it they translated these texts. When
Italian scholars went to constantinoble they brought greek texts which was one of the main
elements in the Renaissance.
5. In short, what is the importance of Copernicus? How did he contradict Aristotle and
Ptolemy? He was a very important figure as he made many discoveries and theories the
most important of which is suggesting that the earth moves around the sun and the sun is
the center of universe which contridicted with Sristotle and Ptolemy because their claim was
that the earth is at the center of the universe.(even though his claim was not 100% right but
it was the start point to find the truth)
6. What was Luther´s view of Copernicus? Luther viewed Copernicus as a fool. Just like most
people at that time.
7. What are Vesalius and Harvey´s contribution to science? Vesalius can be considered as the
founder of modern biologies he rejected old explainations for blood circulation and started
to dissect bodies in the middle ages. Harvey made many disoveries and was an important
scientist his main discovery is the blood circulation.
8. On p.294: „False turns and setbacks were part of the story.“ What does the author mean?
He meant that wrong theories and inaccurate calculation were part in finding the truth later.
9. Why would the Catholic Church feel threatened by Kepler´s assumptions? One reason was
that his ideas contradicted with Church teachings. The second reason was that if people
were to contradict with the Church teachings, they weakened the Church. Church officials
feared that scientific ideas would threaten the powerful influence of the Church.
10. In short, what is the importance of Francis Bacon? His works are credited with developing
the scientific method and remained influential through the scientific revolution. Bacon has
been called the father of empiricism.
11. In short, what is the importance of Galielo Galilei? He is considered the father of modern
science and made major contributions to the fields of physics, astronomy, cosmology,
mathematics and philosophy such as the telescope.
12. Was Galileo enthusiastic in sharing his knowledge with the public? Yes, he published his worj
in Netherland and continued his research even after he went blind.
13. In short, what is the importance of Descartes? He is considered the first modern
philosopher. He is famous for having made an important connection between geometry and
algebra, which allowed for the solving of geometrical problems by way of algebraic
equations.
 14. In short, what is the importance of Newton? Newton is one of the most important figures in
history as he suggested the universal law of gravity and is for having invented the calculus.
15. On p. 302, it states: „Attracted by scientific discoveries, rulers realized that science could be
put to use in the interest of their states.“ Give examples from the text. 1.A bequest made
possible the establishment of Gresham college, which became a center for scientific
research and discussion. 2.In Paris Marin Mersenne (A monk that translated Galileo‘s work
to French) stood at the center of a network of vigorous scientific exchange that cut across
national boundaries of states. In England the culture of science became part of public life.
With the vocabulary of science joining the discourse of the English upper classes. Newton‘s
prestige further spurred intreset in the scientific methods.

„The seventeenth-century Scientific Revolution was above all a revolution in thought. Technologial
inventions that would change the way people lived lay for the most part in the future. But during the
second half of the seventeenth century, scientific experimentation led to the practical application of
some discoveries.“ (p.307)

16. Name some of these examples. 1.Both men and women have equal sense organs by
disscting bodies. 2.New land discovered by making new navigational intruments.
3.Measuring atmoshperic pressure by using the Barometer.
17. How are the views of the Catholic Church and Protestantism on science different on p.308-
309? Catholic church rejected scientific advancement compeltely as it opposes their
teachings but protestantism was associated with scientific advancements(not all)
18. In the last paragraph on p.311, it states that the Scientific Revolution would ultimately call
absolutism into doubt. Can you elaborate on that? Scientific revolution was opposing the
church which was an absolute ruler at the time this meant that the church will be doubted
after these scientific discoveries. Thus absoultism would be doubted(used math to prove
that a single force keeps planets in their orbits around the sun, and that force is called
gravity. - the Scientific Revolution led to people questioning the model of Absolute monarchs
and replacing it with a democratic government instead.)