‫‪Experiment 1‬‬

‫‪Hydrostatic Force and Center of Pressure‬‬

‫االسم‪ /‬أحمدخالدعبده الجبري ‪293/2011‬‬

‫تحت إشراف أ‪ .‬د‪/‬‬
‫عادل عبدالجليل‬
 :CONTENT

 Objective of experiment.
 Equipment set-up.
 Theory of experiment
 Assumption
 Procedure.
 Results & Calculations.
 Discussion of the results.
 Conclution.
OBJECTIVE OF EXPERIMENT
The purpose of this experiment is to determain the center of pressure on
a partially submerged plane surface.

Equipment set-up

The equipment of this experiment is consists of:

1) A quadrant putting in a tank of water and attached to a balance
beam.
2) Set of weights putting on a balance pan on one sides of tank
hunged on the balance beam.
3) A metric ruler.
4) Water to add in the tank.

quadrant
balance beam

A
balance
pan to
carry
weights A stop
tank to d
wa

A metric ruler

Figure ( 2 ) Analysis experiment equipment

Figure ( 2 ) Analysis experiment equipment

THEORY OF EXPERIMENT
 Because no shear stresses can exist in a static fluid, all hydrostatic forces
on any element of a submerged surface must act in a direction normal to
the surface. The hydrostatic forces acting on the two sides of the toroid
counter-balance themselves, and the forces exerted on the curved surfaces
(the circular arc top and bottom faces) act through the pivot point of the
moment arm of the toroid, hence contributing nothing to the net moment
about the pivot point. The only hydrostatic
forces that act on the toroid and have a net
moment about the pivot point are those
acting on the plane end face of the toroid.
The point force equivalent to the distributed
hydrostatic forces and the location of the
force action can calculate from the following
.Assumptions and Formulation

:Assumptions

Standard atmospheric pressure acts -1

equally on all sides
.Incompressible fluid -2
.Acceleration of gravity is constant -3
:Formulation

From fig 2 the center of pressure

 Ixx
ypc= yGc +
yGc × A

Figure 2: Detailed nomenclature for

locating the center of pressure.
According to Hydrostatic
Theory, the hydrostatic force (F)
:on the face of the quadrant can calculate by using the formula
F= ρ× g× yGc × A

Where
gk
3 Density of fluid = 1000 :ρ
m

m
g= 9.810 gravitational acceleration
s2

A: the area of the submerged plane surface

Distance from the free surface to the center of gravity of the :yGc
submerged

plane surface

The area moment of inertia of the plane surface area about its centroid :Ixx
X

.Axis , which is horizontal (or parallel with the free surface)

Distance from the free surface to the centre of pressure of the -ypc
.submerged surface

The above two equations can be used to derive expressions for the
moment of the hydrodynamic forces on the end face of the toroid about
.the pivot
Consider the situation when the end face of the apparatus
Is partially submerged

Partial Immersion (d< l )

.In this case, we have

 y
yGc=
2

A= y× b

b× y 3
Ixx=
21

1
∴ F= bgρ y2
2

y y
ypc− yGc= → ypc=
6 3

The moment M due to the force F about the pivot is given by

M = F× { a( + d−) ypc }

1 y
M = bgρ y 2{(a+ d −
) } Then
2 3

This hydrostatic moment is balanced in this experiment by the moment of

the
,gravitational force due to the mass placed in the balance pan. That is
MLgm
=
 1 y
Lm = bρ y 2{a+ d− } M=M so
2 3

Where
m - Mass placed in the balance pan
L - Distance from the pivot point to the balance pan suspension rod axis
m 1 bρ
= bρ [a+ d −
] y
y 2L 6L
2

bρ m 1
m= , Y , X= bρ [a+ d ]
2 = Let
6L y 2L

Y= X−ym Therefore

This equation is of straight line, this line has the slop of (-m) and the
.intercept of this line with Y-axis is (X)

:THE EXPIRMENT PROCEDURES

 Place the quadrant on the two dowel pins and using the clamping
screw, fasten to the balance arm.
 Measure a, l, depth d and width b, of the quadrant end face.
 With the Perspex tank on the bench. position the balance arm on
the knife edges (pivot).
 Hang the balance pan from the end of the balance arm.
 Connect a length of hose from the drink cock to the sump and a
length from the bench feed to the triangular aperture on the top of
the Perspex tank.
 Level the tank using the adjustable feet and spirit level
 Move the counter balance weight until the balance arm is
horizontal.
 Close the drain cock and admit water until the level reaches the
bottom edge of the quadrant.
 Place a weight on the balance pan, slowly adding water in to the
tank until the balance arm is horizontal.
 Record the water level on the quadrant and the weight on the
balance pan.
 Find adjustment of the water level can be achieved by overfilling
and slowly draining, using the stop cock.
  Repeat the above for each increment of the weight until the water
level reaches the top of the quadrant end face. Then remove each
increment of the weight noting weights and water levels until the
weights have been removed.

:RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS

.b=75mm

.L=275mm

.a=100mm

.d=100mm

Measured Data
thgiew thgih thgih thgiew thgih x y
05 5.74 74 50.0 52.7452652322.0 574883.5
001 76 76 1.0 76 9844.0 9785.3-
051 5.28 28 51.0 52.2852605676.0 520915.01-
002 69 59 2.0 5.59 520219.0 51145.61-
052 801 801 52.0 801 4661.1 4222.22-
003 121 021 3.0 5.021 520254.1 56309.72-
053 331 5.231 53.0 57.231 52652267.1 572174.33-
004 541 5.441 4.0 57.441 52652590.2 572529.83-
054 5.751 651 54.0 57.651 52650754.2 572973.44-
064 061 5.851 64.0 52.951 52650635.2 525515.54-

y wal yb setanedrooc
01

0
3 5.2 2 5.1 1 5.0 0
01-
y wal yb setanedrooc
elitT sixA wal yb setanedrooc(
02- raeniL
)y
03-

04-

05-
elitT sixA

From graph we have

 Y=0.0000271−¿5.53×10−8x

yd
xd
The slop can express by

yd
×01 −8
∴
5.53 =− m=− ¿
xd

The intercept between the vertical axis and line = 0.0000271

Remark
Until now, we have been gotten the experimental values & to get the
:theoretical values we will do the following step

The slop
g
100.0
− ( )×57 mm( )
−bρ mm 3 −5 g
m= = 4545.4
=− ×01 ( 3
)
6L 6×
572 mm
( ) mm

:The intercept point

1 100.0 ×57 g
X= bρ a[ + d=] ×001[ 001
+72720.0
=] ( )
2L 2×
572 mm 2

g
∴72720.0
X= ( 2
)
mm

:Thus the summary of calculations

= Error Experimental Theoretical Parameter

laciteroehT latnemirepxE
−
lacitroehT

−8 −5
0.22115- 35.5
− ×01 4545.4
− ×01 Slope
3
mm
(g / )

0.99 720000.0 2720.0 Intercept Point

2
mm
(g / )
 Discussion

We find from these results that there is a very small difference between
experimental and theoretical results and this came from some problems
:have been done during the experiment such as
The water used to fill the tank was not pure 100 %.
The error of taking the exact readings of (y).
The atmospheric pressure affects the readings.
The vibrating of the balance arm.
There was not enough time for us to take complete lap.

 Conclusion

The results of this experiment were very good and proofed the correct of
the theoretical calculations. Accurate results can be obtained if the errors
are repairer . These results proofed that the theoretical calculations are
true