SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

for
Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering
By
Dr. N. Balaji
Professor of ECE
JNTUK
Session: 4
Topic : Fourier Series
Date : 14.05.2020

By
Dr. N. Balaji
Professor of ECE
 Syllabus

Continuous-time signals: Fourier series and Fourier transform

representations, sampling theorem and applications; Discrete-time
signals: discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT), DFT, FFT, Z-
transform, interpolation of discrete-time signals;
LTI systems: definition and properties, causality, stability, impulse
response, convolution, poles and zeros, parallel and cascade
structure, frequency response, group delay, phase delay, digital
filter design techniques.

3
 Contents

 Periodic Function
 Fourier Series
 Use of Fourier series
 Existence of Fourier series
 Types of Fourier series

4
 Periodic and Non-periodic Signals
Periodic: A signal repeats itself after some time period, the
signal is said to be periodic.

where n is an integer

Fundamental Time Period(FTP): It is the smallest positive and

5
fixed value of the time for which signal is periodic
 Example problem on Fundamental Time Period

f (t )  cos 1t  cos 2t Find its period.

f (t )  f (t  T ) cos 1t  cos 2t  cos 1 (t  T )  cos 2 (t  T )

1T  2m 1 m 1 must be a


2 n 2 rational number
2T  2n
6
 Example problem on Fundamental Time Period

f (t )  cos10t  cos(10  )t

Is this function a periodic one?

1 10 not a rational

2 10   number

7
 Example problem on Fundamental Time Period
Q: Find FTP of signal if it is periodic

8
 Example problem on FTP

9
 Example problem on Periodicity and the fundamental frequency
Whether the following signals is/are periodic, if periodic find the fundamental frequency?
a)
b)
c)
d)

Solution:
a) Answer: Non Periodic

Irrational number, so Aperiodic

10
 Example Problem on Periodicity and the Fundamental Frequency
b) Clamped sinusoidal = 3 rad/sec
c) Clamped sinusoidal = rad/sec

d)

Rational number so, periodic

LCM=3

=LCM X =3X = = = = 7/10 = 0.7 rad/sec

11
 Introduction to Fourier series
 A Fourier series is an approximate technique which can
convert any non sinusoidal signal so that all periodic
signals can be represented in unique form.
 It is useful for analyzing periodic signals only.
 A Fourier series is only defined for functions defined on an
interval of finite length, including periodic signals.
 An aperiodic signal cannot be defied on an interval of finite
length

12
 Fourier Series

Any periodic Infinite sum of

power signal sines and cosines
at different frequencies

Fourier Series

13
 Examples of successive approximations to common functions using Fourier series

14
 Condition for existence of FS expansion
• Condition for existence of FS expansion: (Dirichlet’s condition):
• Signal should have finite number of maxima and minima over its time
period.

15
 Condition for existence of FS expansion
• Signal should have finite number of discontinuities over its time-
period.

16
 Condition for existence of FS expansion
• Signal should be absolutely integrable over its time-periods. i.e.

T0

As tan(x)=sin(x)/cos(x) so anywhere cos(x) is zero, the tanx function is infinite.

17
This happens at π/2 plus or minus integer multiples of π.
 Types of Fourier series

 Trigonometric Fourier series

 Exponential Fourier series

18
 Trigonometric Fourier series
Any function can be expressed as a (infinite) linear combination of sines and cosines

19
 Trigonometric Fourier series

a0  
x(t )    an cos(n0t )   bn sin( n0t )
2 n 1 n 1
DC Part Even Part Odd Part

2 t 0 T
a0   x(t )dt
T t0
2 t 0 T
an   x(t ) cos n0tdt n  1,2, 
T t0
2 t 0 T
bn   x(t ) sin n0tdt n  1,2, 
T t0
20
 Some standard Trigonometric Results

Define 0=2/T.
T /2 T /2
T / 2
cos( m0t )dt  0, m0 T / 2
sin( m0t )dt  0, m0

T /2  0 mn
T / 2 cos(m0t ) cos(n0t )dt  T / 2 m  n
T /2  0 mn
T / 2 sin(m0t ) sin(n0t )dt  T / 2 m  n
T /2
T / 2
sin( m0t ) cos( n0t )dt  0, for all m and n

21
 2 t 0 T
a0   x(t )dt
T t0
2 t 0 T
an   x(t ) cos n0tdt n  1,2,
T t0

22
23
24
25
 Find the Fourier series expansion of the periodic waveform given

Period T=2
26
27
28
29
30
 Fourier series expansion of the periodic waveform
a0  
x(t )    an cos n t   bn sin nt
2 n 1 n 1

a0 
   (an cos n t  bn sin n t )
2 n 1
a0   an bn 
2
   an  bn
2
cos n t  sin n t 
2 n 1  a2  b2 a 2
 b 2 
 n n n n 
a0 
   an2  bn2 cos  n cos nt  sin  n sin n t 
2 n 1

 C0   Cn cos(nt   n )
n 1

31
 Amplitude and Phase Angles


f (t )  C0   Cn cos(n t   n )
n 1

harmonic amplitude phase angle

a0
C0 
2  bn 
 n  tan  
1

Cn  an2  bn2  an 

32
 Exponential Fourier series
Complex Exponentials

e jn0t  cos n0t  j sin n0t

e  jn0t  cos n0t  j sin n0t

cos n0t 
2

1 jn0t
e  e  jn0t 
sin n0t 
2j

1 jn0t
e  j

 e  jn0t   e jn0t  e  jn0t
2

33
 a0  
x(t )    an cos n0t   bn sin n0t
2 n 1 n 1

a0 1 
   an e
2 2 n 1
jn0 t
e 
 jn0t j 
 
  bn e jn0t  e  jn0t
2 n 1
 c0 
a0
2
a0   1 1  1
    (an  jbn )e jn0t  (an  jbn )e  jn0t  cn  (an  jbn )
2 n 1  2 2  2
1
 

 c0   cn e jn0t  c n e  jn0t c n  (an  jbn )
2
n 1

 

x(t )  c0   cn e jn0t  c n e  jn0t
n 1

 1
 c0   cn e jn0t
  cn e jn0t
n 1 n  


xt   n
c e jn0t

34
n  
 Exponential Fourier Series
a0 1 T /2
c0  
2 T T / 2
x(t )dt
a0
c0 
1 2
cn  (an  jbn )
2 1
cn  ( an  jbn )
1 T /2 2
   x(t ) cos n0tdt  j  x(t ) sin n0tdt 
T /2

T  T / 2 T / 2  1
c n  (an  jbn )
1 T /2 2
  x(t )(cos n0t  j sin n0t ) dt
T T / 2
1 T /2
  x(t )e  jn0t dt
T T / 2
1 1 T /2
c n 
2
( an  jbn ) 
T T / 2
x(t )e jn0t dt

35
 Example problem on Exponential Fourier Series
f(t)
A 1 T /2

t

T  T / 2
x ( t ) e  jn  0 t dt

T T d d T T
 
2 2 2 2

A d / 2  jn0t A 1
 (2 j sin n0 d / 2)
T  d / 2
cn  e dt
T  jn0
d /2 A 1
A 1  1 sin n0 d / 2
 e  jn0t T 2 n0
T  jn0 d / 2
 nd 
sin  
Ad  T 
A 1 1  
  e  jn0 d / 2  e jn0 d / 2  T  nd 
T   jn0  jn0   
 T 

xt   n
c e jn0t

36
n  
Find the coefficient of Fourier Series for the given signal

Sol :
1 1
𝐶 = 𝑥 𝑡 e d𝑡 = 𝛿 𝑡 e d𝑡
𝑇 𝑇

Since: x(t).𝛿 𝑡 = x(0).𝛿 𝑡 and area under impulse is unity

= ∫ 𝛿 𝑡 e d𝑡 = ∫ 𝛿 𝑡 d𝑡 =

𝐶 =
37
 Problem
• Q: The signal has FTP & the following Fourier coefficients

Find

38
 =

=1+

39
 Example Problem2
f(t)
A

t
T
0 d T

A d A 1
cn   e  jn0t dt  (1  e  jn0d )
T 0 T jn0
d A 1  jn0 d / 2 jn0 d / 2  jn0 d / 2
A 1  e (e e )
 e  jn0t T jn0
T  jn0 0
 nd 
sin  
Ad  T   jn0d / 2
A 1 1   e
  e  jn0 d   T  nd 
T   jn0  jn0   
 T 

xt   n
c e jn0t

40 n  
 Fourier Coefficients of Symmetrical Waveforms

 The use of symmetry properties simplifies the calculation of

Fourier coefficients.
 Even Functions x (t )  x( t )
 Odd Functions x(t )   x(t )

41
 Even Symmetricity in Fourier series
a0  
x(t )    an cos(n0t )   bn sin( n0t )
2 n 1 n 1
DC Part Even Part Odd Part

 DC part is even.
 Fourier series expansion of even signal does not contain sine terms

a0 
x(t )    an cos n0t
2 n 1
4 T /2
an   x(t ) cos(n0t )dt
42
T 0
 Odd Symmetricity in Fourier series
a0  
x(t )    an cos(n0t )   bn sin( n0t )
2 n 1 n 1
DC Part Even Part Odd Part

 Fourier series expansion of odd signal contain sine terms only


x(t )   bn sin n0t
n 1

4 T /2
bn   x(t ) sin( n0t )dt
T 0
43
 Fourier series properties:
1) Linearity:

where

2) Time reversal:

3) Conjugation:
∗ ∗

44
 4) Time shifting:

5) Frequency shifting:

6) Convolution in time :

(
7) Multiplication in time :

8) Differentiation in time :

45
 9) Integration in time :

10) Parseval’s power theorem:

Calculation of power of a signal using Parseval’s power theorem

Question: Calculate power of given signal x(t)
Sol:

19
46
 Problem and Solution
Question: Find C’n in terms of Cn

where y(t) C’n

x(t) Cn
(i) x(t) (ii) x(t-to)
Sol: (i 𝑛 +2

𝑛 = 𝑛 + Cn
+ ]

𝑛=2Cn cos(n oto)

47
 Problem and Solution
Que: find C’n in terms of Cn
where y(t) C’n
x(t) Cn

( )
(iii)

even [x(t)]

(iii) real [x(t)]

48
 Problem and Solution
(iii) 𝑛 𝑜
2 2
𝑜
2
𝑛

( )
(iv)
∗

C’n Time reversal property, where c*𝑛 is the complex conjugate of 𝑛

(v)

( ) ∗( )
conjugation
∗
𝑛 𝑛
𝑛

49
 Fourier series for LTI System

x 𝑡 = 𝐶 e H 𝜔 y 𝑡 = 𝐶 e

𝐶 = 𝐶 H 𝑛𝜔

50
 Example Problem

51
 Solution Contd…

52
 Question & Answer
1. A periodic signal which can be expanded in Fourier Series
a) is power signal
b) is energy signal
c) is neither a power nor an energy signal
d) can be either a power or an energy signal depending on the nature
Answer: All periodic signals are power signals but not vice-versa.
A periodic signal which can be expanded as a Fourier series is a power
signal

53
 Problem

02. Determine whether the functions given can be represented by a Fourier series?

a)
b)

c) 1 2 ) where

54
 Solution

Sol:
ᴨ ᴨ ᴨ ᴨ
1 = 2 = 3

ᴨ⁄ ᴨ⁄
ᴨ⁄ = =
ᴨ

Rational numbers, so periodic, so it can be represented by Fourier series.

55
 Solution

b)
ᴨ ᴨ
1 = 2ᴨ 2 =2
ᴨ

Irrational number, so aperiodic, no Fourier series exist

56
 c) )
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 𝑡 = sin 𝑡 + sin 𝑡
6 3

𝑇 = = =12 2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑇 = = 𝜋 =6
𝜔
3
𝑇 12
= =2 Rational numbers, so periodic, so it can be represented by Fourier series
𝑇 6

57
 Problem and Solution

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Problem: For the signal 𝑥 𝑡 = 16cos( 20𝜋𝑡 + ) + 6cos( 30𝜋𝑡 + ) + 4cos( 40𝜋𝑡 + )
4 6 3
the power contained in the frequency band 12 Hz to 22 Hz is

a) 22W b) 26W c) 10W d) 20W

Sol:
𝑓 = 10 𝑓 = 15 𝑓 = 20

6 4
Power in given band is + = 26W
2 2
58
 Find the average value of signal shown below

a) -0.66 b) 0 c) 0.25 d) none

Sol: |
DC value or average value is |
1
3 d𝑡 + (−5) d𝑡 + 3 d𝑡
2𝜋
|
= − + = = 0.25

59
 The amplitude of first odd harmonic of the signal shown below is

a) b) c) d) 0

60
 Solution

61
62
 2𝜋
𝑇𝑜 = 2𝜋 𝑤 = =1
𝑇
𝑥 𝑡 =1 0<𝑡<𝜋
= −2 𝜋 < 𝑡 < 2𝜋
1 1
𝐶 = 𝑥 𝑡 e d𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 e d𝑡
𝑇 2𝜋

= ( e d𝑡 − ∫ 2e d𝑡)

1
= (e − 1 − 2(e -e ))
−2𝜋𝑗𝑛

1
= [ −1 − 1 − 2(1 − −1 )]
−2𝜋𝑗𝑛
3[1 − −1 ]
=
2𝜋𝑗𝑛

x 𝑡 = 𝐶 e
63
 Previous GATE Question

64
 Solution

65
 Previous GATE Question

66
67
 Previous GATE Question

68
 Solution

69
 Previous GATE Question

70
 Solution

71
 Previous GATE Question

72
 Solution

73
 Sources, References and Acknowledgement
i) Lecture slides of Michael D. Adams

ii) Lecture slides of Prof. Paul Cuff

iii) A.V. Oppenheim, A.S. Willsky and S. H. Nawab, “Signals and Systems”, PHI, 2nd Edition, 1997.

iv) GATE Previous Questions with Solutions, Nodia Publications

v) MIT Open Courseware http://ocw.mit.edu

vi) https://www.aceenggacademy.com/

vii) https://www.madeeasy.in/

 Disclaimer: The material presented in this presentation is taken from various standard
Textbooks and Internet Resources and the presenter is acknowledging all the authors.
74 Acknowledgement : Lecture slides of Michael D. Adams and Prof. Paul Cuff