Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: ANI SCI 1- 2ND SEM-2020-2021

College: Agriculture
Campus : Bayombong

DEGREE PROGRAM BSAB COURSE NO. ANI SCI 1

SPECIALIZATION COURSE TITLE Introduction to Animal Science
ANI SCI 1
YEAR LEVEL 1 TIME FRAME 3 WK NO. 2 IM NO. ND
2 -2020-2021

Module 2. ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY of FARM

ANIMALS
A thorough knowledge on the structures of an animal’s body imparts a lot of information about the
various functions of each structure. Anatomy and physiology is helpful in the selection and care of farm
animals. Physiology is defined as the study of functions of the parts or organ systems of the body. It
attempts to explain the physical and chemical factors that are responsible for the origin, development
and progression of life. Basic principles of animal physiology must be learnt to fully comprehend the
complexities of processes. It is also necessary that animal functions and processes be learned in a
holistic approach encompassing other disciplines in animal nutrition, breeding, reproduction and health
management.

There are many organ systems and several organ sub-systems within the body the work together
to support animal health, movement, and production. The body systems of different farm animals is
almost similar in structure and function however, they have differences which could give clues and define
the care given to those animal.

Desired Learning Outcomes:

 At the end of this module, students should be able to:

1. Differentiate anatomy from physiology; and
2. Identify the different organs in the system of the animal’s body and be able to discuss how
these structures work

The different topics to be undertaken to discern the learning outcomes are the following:

a. Skeletal system f. Endocrine system

b. Muscular system h. Digestive system
c. Nervous system i. Reproductive system
d. Respiratory system j. Urinary system
e. Circulatory system k. Thermoregulation

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: ANI SCI 1- 2ND SEM-2020-2021

TERMS
 Anatomy - Literary, it means to cut apart. It is a
science that deals with the form and structure of all
organisms

 Angiology - Study of the heart and vessels

(circulatory system)

 Arthrology - Study of the articular system

 Endocrinology - Study of hormones (endocrine

system)

 Esthesiology - Study of the sensory system (eye and

ear)

 Myology - Study of muscles (muscular system)

 Neurology - Study of the brain, spinal cord and

nerves (nervous system)

 Osteology - Study of bones (skeleton)

 Splanchnology - Study of the digestive, respiratory,

urinary and reproductive systems (stomach and
intestines; lungs and air passages; kidneys and
urinary passages; ovaries and testes)

Topic 1. SKELETAL SYSTEM

 Composed of bones that make up the skeleton or the framework of the body.
1.1. Functions:
1) Mechanical

 Protection — bones serve to protect internal organs, such as the skull and vertebral column
protecting the central nervous system and the rib cage protecting the heart and lungs.

 Structure — bones provide rigidity and frame to the body. The skeleton gives a basis for the
external structure and appearance of animals.

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: ANI SCI 1- 2ND SEM-2020-2021

 Movement — bones, skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints function together to generate
and transfer forces so that individual body parts or the whole body can be manipulated in three-
dimensional space.

2) Metabolic
 Mineral storage — bones act as reserves of minerals important for the body, most
notably calcium and phosphorus.

 Fat storage — the yellow bone marrow acts as a storage reserve of fatty acids.

 Acid-base balance — bone buffers the blood against excessive pH changes by absorbing or
releasing alkaline salts.

3) Synthetic
 Blood production — the marrow, located within the medullary cavity of long bones and
interstices of cancellous bone, produces blood cells in a process called hematopoiesis.

1.2. Classification of Bones According to Gross Appearance

a. Long bones

 consists of a relatively cylindrical shaft (central

portion) called diaphysis and two extremities
called epiphysis.
 A long bone grows in length only at the
epiphyseal cartilage/ plate).
 Long bones function chiefly as levers and aid in
support, locomotion and prehension.
 Examples are the femur, humerus, radius and
ulna.

b. Short bones

 somewhat cuboid in shape

approximately equal in all
dimensions.
 There is no marrow cavity.
Examples, carpals (hands) and
tarsals (feet)

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: ANI SCI 1- 2ND SEM-2020-2021

c. Flat bones
scapula
 are relatively thin and expanded in two
dimensions. They consist of two plates of
compact substance separated by diploe.
 Flat bones function chiefly for protection of
vital organs such as the brain, heart and lungs
but many provide large areas for muscle
attachment.
 Examples are the frontal base of skull, scapula
and pelvic bones.

d. Sesamoid bones

 Resembles a sesame seed and are found

along the course of tendons primarily to
reduce friction or change the angle of the
pull of muscles and thus give a greater
mechanical advantage.
 Patella (knee cap) is the largest
sesamoid in the body.

e. Irregular bones

 are unpaired bones located on the median plane.

 include the vertebrae and unpaired bones of the
skull.
 Functions for protection, support and muscle
attachment.

f. Pneumatic bones

 contain air spaces or sinuses that

communicate with the exterior.
 Examples are the long bones of bird,
frontal bones and maxillary bones of the
skull.

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: ANI SCI 1- 2ND SEM-2020-2021

1.3. Division of the Skeletal System

A. Axial skeleton
 The axial skeleton includes particularly all bones except those of the limbs or appendages. It is made
up of skull, vertebral column, sternum and ribs.

1) Skull
 Forms the basis of the head.
 Consists of cranial bones, which surround the brain and facial bones, which exhibits observable
variation among the animal species.
 Protection of brain, supports many sense organs and forms a passage for the beginning of
digestive and respiratory system.

2) Vertebral column
 Cervical vertebrae (C) - neck region
 Thoracic or dorsal (T) - chest region
 Lumbar (L) - loin region
 Sacral (S) - region of pelvis
 Fused Lumbar and Sacral (LS)- in fowl
 Caudal or Coccygeal (Cd) - located in tail

Table 2. Vertebral formula of some animal specie

Animal
Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccygeal
species
Cattle C7 T13 L6 S5 Cy18-20
Sheep C7 T13 L6 S4 Cy16-18
Goat C7 T13 L7 S4 Cy12
Swine C7 T14-15 L6-7 S4 Cy20-23
Chicken C4 T7 L14 S4 Cy6
Human C7 T13 L5 S5 Cy4
Horse C7 T18 L6 S5 Cy15-20

3) Ribs
a) True ribs – forms the lateral walls of the bony thorax. The spaces between the adjacent ribs are
called the intercostal spaces and are numbered to correspond to the number of the rib in front of the
space.

b) Asternal or False ribs – extends from the thoracic vertebrae to the sternum where they are
connected by costal cartilages. Not directly connected with the sternum.

c) Floating ribs – last one or two pairs that have no connection with other ribs at the ventral end. It is
connected only with the vertebrae.

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: ANI SCI 1- 2ND SEM-2020-2021

4) Sternum
 The sternum consists of segments called sternebrae which tend to fuse together as age
advances.

True ribs
False ribs

B. Appendicular skeleton
 Appendicular skeleton is made up of the bones of the limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdles.
a. Forelimb
 Shoulder – scapula
 Arms – humerus
 Forearm – radius and ulna
 Wrist (knee) – carpals
 Manus (forefoot) – metacarpals and phalanges

b. Hindlimb
 Hip – composed of ilium, ischium and pubis)
 Thigh – femur
 Kneecap – patella
 Leg/Shank – tibia and fibula
 Ankle (hock) – tarsals
 Pes (hindfoot) – metatarsals and phalanges

c. Visceral bones
 Bones developed in soft tissues of certain organs or parts.
a) Os rostri – found in snout of pigs
b) Os cordis – in the heart of cattle and sheep
c) Os penis – in the penis of dogs

1.4. Joints
 Joints are articulations (unions) between bones.

Classifications:
 Based on the degree of movement they permit.

a. Synarthroses
 immovable joints which may be subdivided according to the uniting medium:

i.Suture – refers to the junction between bones of the skull that are united by fibrous tissue early
in life but may ossify at maturity.
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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: ANI SCI 1- 2ND SEM-2020-2021

ii. Gomphosis – refers to the articulation of teeth and their sockets in the mandible and maxillae.
iii. Synchondrosis – an immovable joint in which the uniting medium is a bone.
 Example is the union between the diaphysis and the epiphysis

iv. Synthosis – a joint in which the uniting medium is bone

 Example is the normal ossification of the epiphyseal cartilage of a long bone.

b. Amphiarthroses
 slightly movable joints, which include:

i. Symphyses - cartilaginous joints in which the end of the articulating bones are covered with
hyaline cartilage. Example is the intervertebral joints.

ii. Syndesmosis – refers to joints with a fibrous tissue uniting medium that permit slight
movement. Example is the distal tibio-fibular joint.

c. Diarthroses
 are freely movable joints. They are also called synovial joints and are the most important from the
standpoint of movement.
 Example is the knee joint.

Assignment 1
Direction: Answer the following briefly but comprehensively. Write your answers in a yellow
paper.
1. Differentiate a compact bone from spongy bone. Why do birds fly and pigs cannot?
2. Discuss the process of blood production in the red bone marrow.

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: ANI SCI 1- 2ND SEM-2020-2021

Topic 2. MUSCULAR SYSTEM

2.1. Functions
1) It produces body movement
2) Maintains posture and stabilizes body positions
3) Stores and moves substances within the body; and,
4) Generates heat.

2.2. Properties of Muscle

A. Excitability (irritability) B. Contractility

 ability to receive and respond to stimuli  ability to shorten or produce tension
via generation of an electrical pulse which between its ends
causes contraction of the muscle cells.

C. Extensibility D. Elasticity
 ability to be stretched or extended  ability of a muscle fiber to recoil and
resume its resting length

2.3. Types of Muscles

a. SMOOTH (Involuntary/ Visceral/ Unstriated muscle)
 Found in systems which are automatic or involuntary in function
 Located in hollow internal walls of things like blood vessels, stomach and intestines.
 This muscle helps regulate the flow of blood in the arteries and helps food through the digestive
system.

b. CARDIAC MUSCLE (Involuntary striated muscles)

 These are involuntary muscle found in the walls of the heart.
 Are meant for automatic rhythmic contractions for long period of time.
 The rate is regulated by the autonomic nervous system.

c. SKELETAL (Voluntary striated muscle)

 These muscles comprise the flesh (meat) and is attached to the skeleton of domestic animals.
 Usually under conscious control. They respond quickly to stimuli and are capable of rapid contractions.

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: ANI SCI 1- 2ND SEM-2020-2021

Figure 3. Comparison of the different muscle tissue

2.4. Functional Groups of Muscles

A. Adductors vs. Abductors

 Muscles that tend to pull the limb toward the median plane
are called adductors while, muscles that tend to pull the
muscles away from the median plane are called abductors.

B. Flexor vs. Extensor

 A flexor muscle is located on the
side of the limb toward which the
joint when bent decreases the
angle between the segments. On
the other hand, an extensor is a
muscle located on the opposite
side of the flexor and increases
the angle of a joint.

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: ANI SCI 1- 2ND SEM-2020-2021

C. Agonist vs. Antagonist

 The agonists (prime movers) are the
muscles directly responsible for the
desired action. The antagonists are
the muscles that may oppose the
desired action of the agonist.

D. Sphincters
 muscles that surround an opening, whether they
are striated or smooth.
 E.g.

i. Pyloric sphincter, which control the

passage of food from the stomach.

ii. Orbicularis oculi muscles of the eyelid,

which closes the eyelids are example of
striated muscle sphincter..

E. Cutaneous muscles
 These muscles are attached to the skin
and are responsible for the movement
of the skin. Example is the Cutaneous
trunci muscle which enables the
horses to shake their skin in the
presence of irritants.

ATTACHMENT
origin
 Most muscles have two ends attaching to two
different bones. The least movable attachment
is called the origin and the more movable end is
the insertion. Example is the Biceps brachii
originating from the scapula and inserting on
the radius.
 Hence, the scapula is less movable while the insertion
radius is the more movable bone.

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