Group 1-7

MODERN PERIOD
1500 - 1920
GROUP 1-7
EVOLUTION OF TOWNS IN INDIA
Towns flourished since prehistoric times in India. On the basis of their evolution in different periods, Indian
towns may be classified as:
ANCIENT TOWNS
● There are number of towns in India having historical background spanning over 2000 years. Most of
them developed as religious and cultural centres.
● Varanasi is one of the important towns among these. Prayag (Allahabad), Pataliputra (Patna), Madurai
are some other examples of ancient towns in the country.
Varanasi Allahabad Madurai

MEDIEVAL TOWNS
● Most of the towns developed as headquarters of principalities and kingdoms. These are fort towns
which came up on the ruins of ancient towns.
● Important among them are Delhi, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Lucknow, Agra and Nagpur.
Hyderabad- Golconda Fort Delhi- Red Fort Jaipur- Amber Fort

MODERN TOWNS
● The first developed trading ports are Surat, Daman, Goa, Pondicherry, etc.
● The British later consolidated their hold around three principal nodes – Mumbai (Bombay), Chennai
(Madras), and Kolkata (Calcutta) – and built them in the British style.
Mumbai- Gateway of India Chennai- Ripon Building Kolkata- St. Paul’s Cathedral
DURING 16th AND 17th CENTURY

● The towns built by the Mughals were famous for their concentration of populations, their monumental
buildings and their imperial grandeur and wealth.
● Agra, Delhi and Lahore were important centres of imperial administration and control.
● The town was enclosed by a wall, with entry and exit being regulated by different gates. Within these
towns were gardens, mosques, temples, tombs, colleges, bazaars and caravanserais.
● The focus of the town was oriented towards the palace and the principal mosque.
Lahore-Badshani Mosque Agra- Jama Masjid

BY THE 18th CENTURY AND 19th CENTURY
● Madras, Calcutta and Bombay had become important ports.
The settlements that came up here were convenient points for
collecting goods.
● From the mid-nineteenth century the expanding network of
railways linked these cities to the rest of the country.
● After the 1850s, cotton mills were set up by Indian merchants
and entrepreneurs in Bombay.
● Bombay was initially seven islands. As the population grew,
the islands were joined to create more space and they
gradually fused into one big city.
Bombay Port- 18th century
The architectural style was usually European.
● It expressed the British desire to create a familiar landscape in an alien country, and thus to feel at home
in the colony.
● The British felt that European styles would best symbolise their superiority, authority and power.
● They thought that buildings that looked European would mark out the difference and distance between
the colonial masters and their Indian subjects.
EXAMPLE-
Post office Victoria Terminus David Sasson LIbrary Crawford Market

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF TOWNS
Some towns and cities specialise in certain functions and they are known for some specific activities,
products or services. Indian cities and towns can be broadly classified as follows:
Administrative towns and cities
Chandigarh, New Delhi, Bhopal, Shillong, Guwahati, Imphal, Srinagar, Gandhinagar, Jaipur, Chennai, etc.
Industrial towns
Mumbai, Salem, Coimbatore, Modinagar, Jamshedpur, Hugli, Bhilai, etc.
Commercial towns
Kolkata, Saharanpur, Satna, etc., are some examples.
Mining towns
Raniganj, Jharia, Digboi, Ankaleshwar, Singrauli, etc. Garrisson Cantonment towns. These towns emerged as
garrisson towns such as Ambala, Jalandhar, Mhow, Babina, Udhampur, etc.
Educational towns
Roorki, Varanasi, Aligarh, Pilani, Allahabad, etc.
Religious and cultural towns

Varanasi, Mathura, Amritsar, Madurai, Puri, Ajmer, Pushkar, Tirupati, Kurukshetra, Haridwar, Ujjain.
Tourist towns
Nainital, Mussoorie, Shimla, Pachmarhi, Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Udagamandalam (Ooty), Mount Abu.
The functions may change due to their dynamic nature. Even specialised cities, as they grow into metropolises
become multifunctional wherein industry, business, administration, transport, etc., become important.
DELHI- ZONING
GOVERNMENT COMPLEX
BUNGALOW ZONE
COMMERCIAL DISTRICT
FACILITIES & FEATURES
● Green Spaces
● Lawns
● Water courses
● Flower and Fruit Bearing Trees
● Parks around Monuments
● Geometric symmetry
● Sequences of Triangles and

Hexagons
BUILDING TYPOLOGY
GOVERNMENT COMPLEX COMMERCIAL DISTRICT
G+1
Typology
Government complex
includes all focal points
on the visual axis.
Pedestrian path of connaught place.
G+3 Multistorey
Typology Typology
LUTYEN’S BUNGALOW ZONE
Building component is only 7% of the

ground area.
G+1 Typology
GOVERNMENT COMPLEX
BUNGALOW ZONE
COMMERCIAL DISTRICT
PUBLIC BUILDINGS
Most of the public and government buildings are situated in Central vista of Delhi master plan. These
structures are interconnected with major Streets and Circles or Chowks.
MAJOR STREET
● The streets were narrow and

crooked in the Mughal capital.
● Further need of more wide and

straight streets arrived and city
was growing.
● The streets views started to

become the place landmark.
● The streets also assumed

importance for ritual events.
Streetscapes
View of Old Delhi street

MAJOR STREET
● The streets were narrow and

crooked in the Mughal capital.
● Further need of more wide and

straight streets arrived and city
was growing.
● The streets views started to

become the place landmark.
● The streets also assumed

importance for ritual events.
Streetscapes
View of Old Delhi street

ROADWAYS
The road network consisted of diagonals and

radials, at 30-degrees/ 60-degree angles to
the main axis, forming triangles and
hexagons.
Pattern in settlement and Road connectivity
Schematic view showing

Typical hexagonal node
with roads converging
into the roundabout.
GREEN ZONES
Creation of a sustainable physical and social

environment for improving quality of life is one of
the major objectives of creators of Delhi. The
city’s environment can essentially be seen in
terms of two components of urban management.
The former pertains to the natural features and
resources including: the elements of air and
noise, water (water bodies-river, lakes, drains
and ponds and groundwater) and land with
reference to open spaces, green areas and other
surface and subsurface conditions. The latter is
related to the built environment and includes the
environmental infrastructure - water supply,
sewerage, solid waste disposal, and the
transportation network.
Evolution
of Mumbai
‘ISLAND CITY’ EVOLUTION.
1600 - Original Seven Islands
CAUSEWAYS RECLAMATIONS
A Mahim-Sion Causeway 1 Filling of Great Breach 12 Filling of Flats at Nagaum 23 Bandra-Kurla Complex
B Umarkhadi 2 Dharavi 13 Ballard Estate 24 Naval Dockyard
C Pydhonie 3 Carnac Bunder 14 Hay Bunder 25 New Financial District
D Worli-Mahim Causeway 4 Fort George 15 Worli Sluice 26 Creative & Innovation District
E Hornby Vellard 5 Further Filling of Great Breach 16 Filling of Mahim River Flats 27 Diplomatic District
F Colaba Causeway 6 Filling at Mahim Bay 17 Filling of Salt Pans 28 Expo District
G Sion-Kurla Causeway 7 First Back Bay 18 Filling at Malabar and 29 Recreational District
H Lady Jamsetji’s Causeway 8 Dockyards Cumballa 30 Port Expansion
I Bandra-Worli Sea Link 9 Apollo Bunder 19 Second Back Bay 31 Proposed Airport
J Proposed Future Linkages 10 Tank Bunder 20 Filling of Thane Creek Flats
11 Filling of Flats at Matoonga 21 Filling of Mahul Creek Flats
22 Third Back Bay
Zoning,
Building
Typologies,
& Other
amenities
Study of Housing Typologies
Agrarian and Fishing
Single Ownership Multiple Ownership
Fishing House
Agrarian Wada
Evolution
of Mumbai
PORTOGUESE
ENGLAND OCCUPATION
OCCUPATION
1508 - 1775,
1661 1661, Population
Creation ofgrew
the
Fortified
from Cityto 60,000
10,000
Evolution
of Mumbai
1700-1785, Early Causeways
Worli
22 Third Back Bay
Evolution
of Mumbai
1785-1820
22 Third Back Bay
Evolution
of Mumbai
1820 - 1880
Indians
C Pydhonie 3 Carnac Bunder 14 Hay Bunder 25 New Financial District British
I Bandra-Worli Sea Link 9 Apollo Bunder 19 Second Back Bay 31 Proposed Airport Segregation between
11 Filling of Flats at Matoonga 21 Filling of Mahul Creek Flats the Indians and the
22 Third Back Bay British was enforced
Agrarian and Fishing Mercantile
1680 - 1850
Single Ownership Multiple Ownership Extended Family
English
Bungalows Mercantile Houses
Evolution
of Mumbai
1820 – 1880
1862 – Destruction of the
fort walls
C Pydhonie 3 Carnac Bunder 14 Hay Bunder 25 New Financial District With British Control of
E Hornby Vellard 5 Further Filling of Great Breach 16 Filling of Mahim River Flats 27 Diplomatic District Bombay confirmed,
city planning began
H Lady Jamsetji’s Causeway 8 Dockyards Cumballa 30 Port Expansion with the restriction of
J Proposed Future Linkages 10 Tank Bunder 20 Filling of Thane Creek Flats heights
22 Third Back Bay
Grid Housing
Evolution
of Mumbai
1820 - 1880
Indians
D Worli-Mahim Causeway
E Hornby Vellard
4 Fort George
5 Further Filling of Great Breach
15 Worli Sluice
16 Filling of Mahim River Flats
26 Creative & Innovation District
27 Diplomatic District
Cotton
Railway
G Sion-Kurla Causeway 7 First Back Bay 18 Filling at Malabar and 29 Recreational District Mills
Lines
22 Third Back Bay
Evolution
of Mumbai
1880-1930
The Suburbia
Development
affected by People’s
Movement
I Bandra-Worli Sea Link
J Proposed Future Linkages
9 Apollo Bunder
10 Tank Bunder
19 Second Back Bay
20 Filling of Thane Creek Flats
31 Proposed Airport Electrified Suburban
22 Third Back Bay
Trains and completion
of Northern Suburbs
Zoning,
Building
Typologies,
& Other
amenities
Zoning,
Building
Typologies,
& Other
amenities
Agrarian and Fishing Mercantile Industrial
1680 - 1850 1850 - 1950
Single Ownership Multiple Ownership Extended Family
Chawls
Apartments
Architecture of important buildings
Portuguese Style - 1534-1737 Neo Classical Style – early Victorian Gothic - 18th Indo Saracenic - second half of Art Deco -1900s
18th century and early 19th centuries the 19th century
Town Hall
Bandra Fort Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu

Sangrahalaya
Art Deco building at the Marine

Drive
Municipal Corporation
Building
Fort Bassein
Gateway Of India
Victoria Terminus
Portuguese church
Eros Cinema
Watson’s Hotel
ROAD NETWORK :
● Over 2000 kms length of

roads in Mumbai.
● Inadequate capacity of
existing arterial roads.
● Introducing more number of

bridges and flyovers for
smooth traffic flow.
● No specific pattern in
connectivity of the roads.
ARTERIAL ROADS
OTHER ROADS
RAIL ROUTES
RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES :
(2)
(1)
1. Prithvi Theatre 2. Film city

(3)
3. NCPA Mumbai
(4)
(6)
4. Nehru Planetarium
(5)
6. Maratha Mandir
5. Taraporewala Aquarium

Group 1-7

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MODERN PERIOD

Varanasi Allahabad Madurai

Hyderabad- Golconda Fort Delhi- Red Fort Jaipur- Amber Fort

DURING 16th AND 17th CENTURY

Lahore-Badshani Mosque Agra- Jama Masjid

Post oﬃce Victoria Terminus David Sasson LIbrary Crawford Market

Religious and cultural towns

● Flower and Fruit Bearing Trees

● Parks around Monuments

● Sequences of Triangles and

Building component is only 7% of the

● The streets were narrow and

● Further need of more wide and

● The streets views started to

● The streets also assumed

View of Old Delhi street

● The streets were narrow and

● Further need of more wide and

● The streets views started to

● The streets also assumed

View of Old Delhi street

The road network consisted of diagonals and

Pattern in settlement and Road connectivity

Schematic view showing

Creation of a sustainable physical and social

Single Ownership Multiple Ownership

Single Ownership Multiple Ownership Extended Family

Single Ownership Multiple Ownership Extended Family

Bandra Fort Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu

Art Deco building at the Marine

● Over 2000 kms length of

● Introducing more number of

1. Prithvi Theatre 2. Film city

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